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Tesi Di Laurea Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate - International Relations Tesi di Laurea L'internamento dei giapponesi-americani negli Stati Uniti dopo Pearl Harbor: il confinamento nei relocation centers, il redress movement e gli sviluppi post 11 settembre Relatore Ch. Prof.ssa Rosa Caroli Correlatore Ch. Prof. Duccio Basosi Laureando Stefano Meneghin Matricola 826691 Anno Accademico 2015/2016 INDICE INDICE FIGURE E TABELLE ........................................................................................................................ v GLOSSARIO ............................................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUZIONE ....................................................................................................................................... 9 CAPITOLO 1: LA DECISIONE DI TRASFERIRE E INTERNARE LE PERSONE DI ORIGINE GIAPPONESE DELLA COSTA PACIFICA ................................................................................................... 15 1.1. I retroscena dell'internamento: il tracollo delle relazioni tra Stati Uniti e Giappone nella prima metà del Novecento ............................................................................................................... 15 1.2. Il percorso verso l'evacuazione: dal Munson Report all'Executive Order 9066 ......................... 22 1.3. I motivi che spinsero Franklin Delano Roosevelt ad approvare l'Executive Order 9066 ........... 31 1.4. L'evacuazione dei giapponesi-americani dalla Costa Pacifica .................................................... 35 CAPITOLO 2: IL RUOLO AVUTO DALL'OPINIONE PUBBLICA E DAI MASS MEDIA STATUNITENSI NELL'INTERNAMENTO DELLA POPOLAZIONE DI ORIGINE GIAPPONESE ............................................... 43 2.1. Stati Uniti e Hawaii: opinioni contrastanti sull'internamento.................................................... 43 2.2. Il mito della quinta colonna nipponica secondo Martin Dies Jr. e i quotidiani di Los Angeles .............................................................................................................................................. 45 2.3. Il peso politico delle opinioni di Earl Warren e Walter Lippman sull'internamento giapponese-americano ...................................................................................................................... 50 2.4. Stampa locale a confronto: il caso dei settimanali dell'area di Seattle ..................................... 55 2.5. I documentari propagandistici ................................................................................................... 60 CAPITOLO 3: LA NUOVA REALTÀ DEI RELOCATION CENTERS ............................................................... 63 3.1. La vita nei campi di internamento ............................................................................................. 63 3.2. Le tensioni interne nei relocation centers .................................................................................. 69 iii 3.3. La stampa all'interno dei campi di internamento: la supervisione della War Relocation Authority ........................................................................................................................................... 72 3.4. Come lasciare i relocation centers? I permessi dati ai giapponesi-americani e il Questionario di Lealtà ....................................................................................................................... 75 CAPITOLO 4: I GIAPPONESI-AMERICANI DAVANTI ALLA CORTE SUPREMA DEGLI STATI UNITI E LA FINE DELL'INTERNAMENTO .............................................................................................................. 85 4.1. Da Hirabayashi a Ex Parte Endo: le sentenze della Corte Suprema e il rinvio della chiusura dei campi di internamento ................................................................................................. 85 4.2. La fine dell'internamento nei relocation centers e il ritorno nella West Coast ......................... 92 4.3. Il Japanese-American Claims Act .............................................................................................. 100 CAPITOLO 5: I DIRITTI CIVILI E IL REDRESS MOVEMENT ..................................................................... 103 5.1. Gli anni Sessanta e la lotta per i diritti civili: la fine del silenzio sull'internamento ................. 103 5.2. La mobilitazione delle associazioni giapponesi-americane per ottenere le riparazioni dal governo degli Stati Uniti ............................................................................................................ 109 5.3. Il lavoro della Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians .................... 113 5.4. L'implementazione delle raccomandazioni della Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians: il Civil Liberties Act firmato da Ronald Reagan .................................. 122 5.5. Il caso dei licenziamenti senza giusta causa: il redress movement prosegue anche negli anni Novanta e Duemila .................................................................................................................. 125 CAPITOLO 6: IL REVIVAL DELL'INTERNAMENTO DELLE PERSONE DI ORIGINE GIAPPONESE .............. 129 6.1. Il processo di declassificazione e la fine della Guerra Fredda .................................................. 129 6.2. L'attacco terroristico dell'11 settembre 2001: l'inizio del parallelismo tra l'internamento dei giapponesi-americani e le possibili restrizioni di libertà per i musulmani- americani ......................................................................................................................................... 137 CONCLUSIONI ...................................................................................................................................... 147 BIBLIOGRAFIA & RISORSE DIGITALI ..................................................................................................... 153 iv INDICE FIGURE E TABELLE Figura 1: La distribuzione degli assembly centers e relocation centers. L'Area Militare 2 non fu più considerata "zona libera" a partire dal 29 marzo 1942. ................................................................. 41 Figura 2: West Seattle Herald, 26 febbraio 1942: L'articolo "GET 'EM OUT!", con cui la redazione del settimanale chiedeva che i giapponesi-americani del territorio dell'area metropolitana di Seattle fossero trasferiti nei campi di internamento. ............................................... 60 Figura 3: La tipica disposizione di un isolato del campo di internamento di Manzanar. ..................... 65 Figura 4: Uno dei prefabbricati del relocation center di Manzanar, in California. Al suo interno si potevano creare dai quattro ai sei alloggi per le famiglie giapponesi-americane............................. 66 Figura 5: Una casa vandalizzata di una famiglia giapponese-americana, al ritorno dall'internamento nei relocation centers (Hunt, Idaho). ...................................................................... 98 Figura 6: Il momento di tensione in aula tra Lillian Baker e Jim Kawaminami (Los Angeles, 1981). .................................................................................................................................................. 118 Figura 7: Ronald Reagan sigla il Civil Liberties Act a Washington, D.C., il 10 agosto 1988. ............... 124 Figura 8: La controversa copertina del libro di Michelle Malkin, "In Defense of Internment". A sinistra, Richard Kotoshirodo, sospetta spia per il consolato giapponese di Honolulu, Hawaii. A destra, Mohamed Atta, una delle menti dell'attacco terroristico dell'11 settembre. ........................ 145 Tabella 1: I relocation centers della War Relocation Authority. .......................................................... 64 Tabella 2: Le percentuali di americani favorevoli, contrari e indecisi all'introduzione di limitazioni di libertà nei confronti dei musulmano-americani. Studio condotto dalla Cornell University nel 2004, su un campione di 715 cittadini statunitensi. .................................................... 140 v vi GLOSSARIO Issei: La prima generazione giapponese che emigrò negli Stati Uniti dopo il 1907, e a cui non fu permesso di ottenere la cittadinanza americana fino al 1952.1 Kibei: Una particolare seconda generazione giapponese. I Kibei, figli di genitori Issei, erano nati negli Stati Uniti, ottenendo la cittadinanza americana. In gioventù, i Kibei furono mandati in Giappone a studiare negli istituti nipponici, per poi fare ritorno in America al termine degli studi. Essi avevano difficoltà di adattamento sia in Giappone, dove venivano considerati degli estranei, che negli Stati Uniti, ove erano ritenuti troppo "nipponici" dai loro pari età Nisei, che si consideravano completamente statunitensi.2 Nisei: La classica seconda generazione giapponese. I Nisei, figli di genitori Issei, erano nati e cresciuti negli Stati Uniti, ed erano in possesso della cittadinanza americana.3 Sansei: Costituiscono la terza generazione giapponese. Sono i figli dei Nisei, e, come loro, sono in possesso della cittadinanza americana.4 1 Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/issei, data di consultazione 7 febbraio 2017
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