Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman Two Great Anarchists and World Servers

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Living our Lives in Anarchy by Philippe L. De Coster, B.Th., D.D. With contribution to Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman Two Great Anarchists and World Servers

Philippe L. De Coster, B.Th., D.D.

I like to tell you something of the purpose which lies behind Anarchism and of the general plan into which it is strongly recommended that the Anarchists fit. A quote from Emma Goldman in the book “Living My Life”: Anarchism: - The philosophy of a new social order based on liberty unrestricted by man-made law: the theory that all forms of government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful as well as unnecessary.” Anarchism is in fact a work of loving synthesis and it emphasizes the unity in real brotherhood, and a channel for humanitarian activities. In fact, the platform of Anarchism, outside all world religions is built by many “left-handed” groups, but working under the same inspiration. As such the Anarchists are world- servers. Among the Anarchists are the Scientific Servers. They reveal the essential of all scientific work motivated by love of humanity and its welfare. Among the Anarchists are the Psychologists in service, with an up-to-date psychology. Their major task today is to relate, through approved techniques, the mind “Higher Self Within” and the personality, for a better humanity. This is a transition of energy from within to without, from a thought centre to another thought centre, transmitting as such the energy of ideas. Never forget that the world of ideas is a world of dynamic force centres. These ideas have to be contacted and noted and their energy has to be assimilated and transmitted. Among the Anarchists there are also Financiers and Economists, working exclusively with the energies and forces which express themselves through the interchange and the values of commerce for the good of the people and meet the needs of the poor and the working class. They deal with the Law of Supply and Demand and with the great principle of Sharing which governs Anarchy purposes. However, all the different groups are intended to work together eventually just as the various departments of a huge organisation work effectively together as a unit.

Anarchists endeavour to function smoothly and intelligently among themselves and in interrelation with each other. Integrity, fusion and understanding is the Anarchy order of our task and the sequence of development. Anarchism bring each group member into conscious rapport through naming and loving, and as such seeing all members as a circle of living points of light within our own circle, but also beyond. Imagine the powerful effect of all those Anarchic points of light as fusing and blending to make a radiant sun, with rays of light going out towards the four corners of the earth. All our teaching today, based on our founders of Anarchism as Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman and others, are handed over today through Internet and any other media in true and selfless service to mankind. The strength and the weakness of Anarchism lie in the fact that the individuals who compose it are not only egoically linked but that there is also a strong personality tie among us, with all the weaknesses which that may entail, and a deep, if unrealised, affection between us. The strength of this situation is found in the fact that this condition of unconscious friendship is to be found as the result of many lives of close association in the Anarchic work and also in past personality relations and family ties we have among us. Together we must hold to the Anarchic values, assuming the willingness to listen to each other and to admit the possibility of failure confronting governments and capitalism, and in self-forgetfulness in the other. Look yourselves and life squarely in the face and fearlessly see things just as they are in truth. One of the first lessons which an Anarchist needs to learn is that where he thinks he is the strongest and where he finds the most satisfaction is very frequently the point of greatest danger and of weakness. Let us move on, Anarchists, comrades along the path of service to mankind for freedom. Let us enter into that only light and tread the way as such to world peace and not to personal illumination as do the capitalists. Lose sight of yourself in loving other people as such you also love yourself. This means not to feed on personal satisfaction in a constant managing of other’s personal affairs. Within you is the gift of love and understanding. Use it for the sake of Anarchy, and that means for others and yourself. © Philippe De Coster, Ghent, Belgium.

The Jobless

Alexander Berkman

Generally speaking, there is neither any sincere and intelligent plan among the reformers, of whatever hue, to solve this great problem, nor any possibility of a thorough and final solution of unemployment within the legal and industrial boundaries of present-day capitalist society. Unemployment is no sporadic phenomenon [sic] of modern life. It is inherent in the character and mode of functioning of our industrial system. The jobless man is always with us, and industrial crises or stagnation, eliminating hundreds of thousands of workers, for a longer or shorter period, from the field of labour, are events of regular and inevitable recurrence.

The causes of unemployment are ridiculously simple, and therefore so little understood. Sociologists, political economists, and reformists have succeeded in so confusing the issue that the real facts of the problem have been all but buried beneath a mass of fictious issues concerning the tariff, money problems, stringency of the market, and similar aberrations. Yet the fundamental causes underlying all these so-called problems and, above all, the paramount problem of constant unemployment on a comparatively small scale and periodic unemployment for great masses of workers, are only too evident. They are these: the producer, deprived of the full equivalent of his product, cannot buy the latter back. As a result, products accumulate in the hands of the non-producers, till a point is reached when a halt is called to production. Hence closed mills and factories, and men out of work.

In other words: when much food, clothing and shelter has been produced, the producer is thrown out of work and is thus doomed to do without the very things of which we have the greatest abundance. That is to say, the more wealth the worker creates, the poorer he is; the more food on hand, the greater the starvation; the more products are being accumulated, the greater the army of the unemployed.

Surely 'tis no more simple a problem that its existence is a travesty upon all sanity or humanity.

The solution -- the only possible one -- consists in the producer receiving the full value of his product, or its equivalent. This involves the termination of capitalist

production for profit, and the organization of co-operative social production for use.

Such a change in the very fundamentals of capitalist society is inevitable, both for reasons of social necessity as well as because of the growing class consciousness and solidarity of labour. But though inevitable, its accomplishment will require considerable time.

Meanwhile the unemployed by the hundred thousands are tramping the streets of our industrial centres, many of them homeless and hungry. What is being done in this matter by the lords of life, or by the municipal, State and national governments? Why, practically nothing. Even the labor unions, nay, even the Socialist party organs know no better solution to offer than the need of new legislation. And while new laws are being discussed, proposed, voted on and passed, then vetoed or declared unconstitutional, only to be discussed again, amended and passed, and finally found inapplicable or impossible of execution; then labor departments created and commissioners appointed to "investigate thoroughly" the whole situation and catalogue the unemployed by trade, number, nationality, sex, age, and colour, -- while months, aye, years, pass in this graft game of high-paid politicians and reformers, what are the unemployed, hungry and homeless, to do? How are they to exist?

Surely, every hungry man has a right to bread; has a right to demand it, for he is entitled to it by laws more sacred than any man-made statutes -- the laws of human need, of self-preservation. And whoever dare refuse a starving man bread, let him take heed. It was Marie Antoinette, if we remember right, who scorned the demand of the Paris mob, when it cried for bread. She probably regretted her hauteur when the same "mob" took her head in exchange.

Convention of unemployed, N.Y., May 1908, J. Eads How & Alex Berkman disputing

Emma Goldman, Companion of Alexander Berkman, Anarchists

Emma Emma Goldman with Alexander Berkman

Emma Emma Goldman was a crusader for Anarchism, feminism, and the labour movement. She was also an essayist and is best known as the first editor of Mother Earth, a magazine providing a forum for feminist and anarchist writers.

Emma Goldman was born June 27, 1869, in Kaunas, Lithuania, a province of the Russian Empire, during the early stages of revolt against czarism and the rise in popularity of communism. The seeds of the Bolshevik revolt were already being sown in the towns and villages throughout the country where discontent with czarist rule was strongest. Emma Goldman, who described herself as a born rebel, came into the world as the third daughter of Abraham Emma Goldman and Taube Emma Goldman. Her parents' marriage, like many Jewish Orthodox unions of the time, had been arranged.

Emma Emma Goldman suffered the fate of being a female in a culture that valued males. When she was young, her father made no effort to disguise his disappointment at having still another daughter instead of the much-prized son 11

he hoped for. He has been described as hot tempered and impatient, particularly with Emma Goldman's rebelliousness, which she showed at an early age. He was a traditional Jewish father, and he planned to arrange a marriage for his daughter when she was 15. Emma Goldman, however, had different ideas: she longed for an education and hoped someday to marry someone she loved. Emma Goldman described her mother as cold and distant, but also strong and assertive, and she may have served as a role model for Emma Goldman's own forthright manner.

After spending her childhood in Kaunas, Königsberg, and St. Petersburg, Emma Goldman emigrated to the United States in 1885 with a sister. They joined another sister who had settled in Rochester, New York, where Emma Goldman found work in a coat factory, sewing ten-and-a-half hours daily at a salary of $2.50 a week. She lived in a crowded apartment with her two sisters and her brother-in-law. Their working and living conditions, as well as those of others even more destitute, sparked her interest in anarchism and the labour movement, which was in its infancy.

She joined radical groups agitating for an eight-hour workday and other improvements in factory conditions.

Emma Goldman was intensely interested in the Haymarket Square incident in Chicago in 1886. A labour rally called by a small group of anarchists was interrupted by a bomb explosion and gunfire. When it was over, seven police officers and four spectators were dead and one hundred were injured. Eight anarchists were tried and convicted of inciting a riot. Four of the convicted were hanged, one committed suicide in prison, and the other three served prison sentences. Spurred by her outrage at this alleged injustice, Emma Goldman began attending anarchist meetings and reading the militant anarchist newspaper Die Freiheit (Freedom). She felt herself irresistibly drawn to the movement, and in the summer of 1889, at the age of 20, she moved to New York City to be near the centre of anarchist activity.

After arriving in New York, Emma Goldman befriended Johann J. Most, a well- known anarchist and publisher of Die Freiheit. She also met Alexander Berkman, who became her lover and with whom she remained close throughout her life. By this time, she was known as Red Emma, and she was followed by detectives wherever she went. She wrote, travelled, and lectured to promote anarchism and the labour movement. In 1893, she was briefly jailed for inciting workers to riot. After her release from jail, she travelled to Vienna to train as a nurse and midwife. She then returned to New York and resumed her lecturing. In 1901, she was accused of provoking the assassination of President William 12

McKinley, because the assassin had attended one of her lectures. No charges were ever brought against her, but newspapers throughout the United States portrayed her as an evil traitor because of her controversial ideas.

In 1906, Emma Goldman published the first issue of a magazine that was to serve as a platform for feminist and anarchist ideas. She called her venture Mother Earth, and within six months, it became a leading voice for feminism and anarchism. With Berkman, Emma Goldman published the magazine until 1917, while she continued to travel, write, and lecture. During this time, she carried on an eight-year relationship with Ben Reitman, Chicago's King of the Hobos, a well-known anarchist and labour activist who became her manager. Emma Goldman had long since given up her idealistic notions about marriage. She had been married twice to the same man, both times with disastrous results, and had carried on a number of love affairs. Emma Goldman preferred the impermanence and freedom of short-term affairs and wrote in more than one essay that marriage was women's greatest enemy because it robbed them of their independence.

The entry of the United States into World War I in 1917 precipitated a wave of hostility toward leftists, pacifists, anarchists, and foreigners. Legislation such as the Selective Service Act, the Espionage Act, and the Sedition Act were passed during 1917 and 1918 in order to suppress opposition to the war or the draft and to restrict certain civil liberties. Heedless of the repressive mood of the country, Emma Goldman and Berkman, along with Leonard D. Abbott and Eleanor Fitzgerald, organized the No-Conscription League to oppose "all wars by capitalist governments." In the June 1917 issue of Mother Earth, they declared, "We will resist conscription by every means in our power, and we will sustain those who … refuse to be conscripted." As a result of their antiwar activities, Emma Goldman and Berkman were arrested and charged with conspiring to prevent draft registration. They were tried and convicted and each received the maximum sentence of two years in prison and $10,000 in fines. In December 1919, in the wake of a red scare that led to the arrest and deportation of hundreds of leftists, anarchists, and labor organizers, Emma Goldman and Berkman were deported to Russia.

Emma Goldman was optimistic about resuming life in Russia now that the czar had been toppled by the Bolsheviks, but her hopes quickly dissipated as the realities of the new government became apparent. In her opinion,"the old cruel regime … had simply been replaced by a new, equally cruel one." She and Berkman left Russia in 1921 and eventually went to Germany. During their years in Germany, Emma Goldman lectured and wrote a book, My

Disillusionment in Russia (1923), detailing her disillusionment with Bolshevik rule.

"All wars are wars among thieves who are too cowardly to fight and who therefore induce the young manhood of the whole world to do the fighting for them." (Emma Goldman)

In 1924, Emma Goldman moved to England, but she longed to return to the United States. Accepting an offer of marriage to James Colton, a staunch Scottish anarchist she had known for many years, provided her with an opportunity for British citizenship and the possibility of obtaining a British passport. She hoped to make her way to Canada and somehow gain entry into the United States. During the 1920s and 1930s, she travelled through Europe, writing and lecturing, and in 1931, she published her autobiography, Living My Life.

Emma Goldman's wish to return to the United States was granted for a brief 90- day lecture tour in 1934, after which she returned to Europe. In 1940, while on a trip to Canada to enlist support for the anti-Franco forces in Spain, Emma Goldman suffered a stroke. She died several months later, on May 14, 1940, in Toronto. Her body was allowed to be returned to the United States for burial in Chicago near the graves of other anarchists she admired.

Very important noting, from 1906 she was associated with Alexander Berkman in publishing the anarchist paper Mother Earth, and in whatever circumstances they remained companions. In 1916 she too was imprisoned for publicly advocating birth control, and in 1917 for obstructing the draft. With Berkman, Emma Goldman was deported in 1919 to Russia but left that country in 1921 because of her disagreement with the Bolshevik government. In 1926 she married James Colton, a Welshman. She was permitted to re-enter the United States for a lecture tour in 1934 on condition that she refrain from public discussion of politics. She took an active part in the Spanish civil war in 1936.

Anarchism: What it Really Stands For

by Emma Goldman

(From the 1917 edition of Emma Goldman's Anarchism and Other Essays)

The history of human growth and development is at the same time the history of the terrible struggle of every new idea heralding the approach of a brighter dawn. In its tenacious hold on tradition, the Old has never hesitated to make use of the foulest and cruelest means to stay the advent of the New, in whatever form or period the latter may have asserted itself. Nor need we retrace our steps into the distant past to realize the enormity of opposition, difficulties, and hardships placed in the path of every progressive idea. The rack, the thumbscrew, and the knout are still with us; so are the convict's garb and the social wrath, all conspiring against the spirit that is serenely marching on.

Anarchism could not hope to escape the fate of all other ideas of innovation. Indeed, as the most revolutionary and uncompromising innovator, Anarchism must needs meet with the combined ignorance and venom of the world it aims to reconstruct.

To deal even remotely with all that is being said and done against Anarchism would necessitate the writing of a whole volume. I shall therefore meet only two of the principal objections. In so doing, I shall attempt to elucidate what Anarchism really stands for.

The strange phenomenon of the opposition to Anarchism is that it brings to light the relation between so-called intelligence and ignorance. And yet this is not so 15

very strange when we consider the relativity of all things. The ignorant mass has in its favor that it makes no pretense of knowledge or tolerance. Acting, as it always does, by mere impulse, its reasons are like those of a child. "Why?" "Because." Yet the opposition of the uneducated to Anarchism deserves the same consideration as that of the intelligent man.

What, then, are the objections? First, Anarchism is impractical, though a beautiful ideal. Second, Anarchism stands for violence and destruction, hence it must be repudiated as vile and dangerous. Both the intelligent man and the ignorant mass judge not from a thorough knowledge of the subject, but either from hearsay or false interpretation.

A practical scheme, says Oscar Wilde, is either one already in existence, or a scheme that could be carried out under the existing conditions; but it is exactly the existing conditions that one objects to, and any scheme that could accept these conditions is wrong and foolish. The true criterion of the practical, therefore, is not whether the latter can keep intact the wrong or foolish; rather is it whether the scheme has vitality enough to leave the stagnant waters of the old, and build, as well as sustain, new life. In the light of this conception, Anarchism is indeed practical. More than any other idea, it is helping to do away with the wrong and foolish; more than any other idea, it is building and sustaining new life.

The emotions of the ignorant man are continuously kept at a pitch by the most blood-curdling stories about Anarchism. Not a thing too outrageous to be employed against this philosophy and its exponents. Therefore Anarchism represents to the unthinking what the proverbial bad man does to the child,--a black monster bent on swallowing everything; in short, destruction and violence.

Destruction and violence! How is the ordinary man to know that the most violent element in society is ignorance; that its power of destruction is the very thing Anarchism is combating? Nor is he aware that Anarchism, whose roots, as it were, are part of nature's forces, destroys, not healthful tissue, but parasitic growths that feed on the life's essence of society. It is merely clearing the soil from weeds and sagebrush, that it may eventually bear healthy fruit.

Someone has said that it requires less mental effort to condemn than to think. The widespread mental indolence, so prevalent in society, proves this to be only too true. Rather than to go to the bottom of any given idea, to examine into its origin and meaning, most people will either condemn it altogether, or rely on some superficial or prejudicial definition of non-essentials.

Anarchism urges man to think, to investigate, to analyze every proposition; but that the brain capacity of the average reader be not taxed too much, I also shall begin with a definition, and then elaborate on the latter.

ANARCHISM:--The philosophy of a new social order based on liberty unrestricted by man-made law; the theory that all forms of government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful, as well as unnecessary.

The new social order rests, of course, on the materialistic basis of life; but while all Anarchists agree that the main evil today is an economic one, they maintain that the solution of that evil can be brought about only through the consideration of EVERY PHASE of life,--individual, as well as the collective; the internal, as well as the external phases.

A thorough perusal of the history of human development will disclose two elements in bitter conflict with each other; elements that are only now beginning to be understood, not as foreign to each other, but as closely related and truly harmonious, if only placed in proper environment: the individual and social instincts. The individual and society have waged a relentless and bloody battle for ages, each striving for supremacy, because each was blind to the value and importance of the other. The individual and social instincts,--the one a most potent factor for individual endeavour, for growth, aspiration, self-realization; the other an equally potent factor for mutual helpfulness and social well-being.

The explanation of the storm raging within the individual, and between him and his surroundings, is not far to seek. The primitive man, unable to understand his being, much less the unity of all life, felt himself absolutely dependent on blind, hidden forces ever ready to mock and taunt him. Out of that attitude grew the religious concepts of man as a mere speck of dust dependent on superior powers on high, who can only be appeased by complete surrender. All the early sagas rest on that idea, which continues to be the LEIT-MOTIF of the biblical tales dealing with the relation of man to God, to the State, to society. Again and again the same motif, MAN IS NOTHING, THE POWERS ARE EVERYTHING. Thus Jehovah would only endure man on condition of complete surrender. Man can have all the glories of the earth, but he must not become conscious of himself. The State, society, and moral laws all sing the same refrain: Man can have all the glories of the earth, but he must not become conscious of himself.

Anarchism is the only philosophy which brings to man the consciousness of himself; which maintains that God, the State, and society are non-existent, that their promises are null and void, since they can be fulfilled only through man's subordination. Anarchism is therefore the teacher of the unity of life; not merely

in nature, but in man. There is no conflict between the individual and the social instincts, any more than there is between the heart and the lungs: the one the receptacle of a precious life essence, the other the repository of the element that keeps the essence pure and strong. The individual is the heart of society, conserving the essence of social life; society is the lungs which are distributing the element to keep the life essence--that is, the individual--pure and strong.

"The one thing of value in the world," says Emerson, "is the active soul; this every man contains within him. The soul active sees absolute truth and utters truth and creates." In other words, the individual instinct is the thing of value in the world. It is the true soul that sees and creates the truth alive, out of which is to come a still greater truth, the re-born social soul.

Anarchism is the great liberator of man from the phantoms that have held him captive; it is the arbiter and pacifier of the two forces for individual and social harmony. To accomplish that unity, Anarchism has declared war on the pernicious influences which have so far prevented the harmonious blending of individual and social instincts, the individual and society.

Religion, the dominion of the human mind; Property, the dominion of human needs; and Government, the dominion of human conduct, represent the stronghold of man's enslavement and all the horrors it entails. Religion! How it dominates man's mind, how it humiliates and degrades his soul. God is everything, man is nothing, says religion. But out of that nothing God has created a kingdom so despotic, so tyrannical, so cruel, so terribly exacting that naught but gloom and tears and blood have ruled the world since gods began. Anarchism rouses man to rebellion against this black monster. Break your mental fetters, says Anarchism to man, for not until you think and judge for yourself will you get rid of the dominion of darkness, the greatest obstacle to all progress.

Property, the dominion of man's needs, the denial of the right to satisfy his needs. Time was when property claimed a divine right, when it came to man with the same refrain, even as religion, "Sacrifice! Abnegate! Submit!" The spirit of Anarchism has lifted man from his prostrate position. He now stands erect, with his face toward the light. He has learned to see the insatiable, devouring, devastating nature of property, and he is preparing to strike the monster dead.

"Property is robbery," said the great French Anarchist, Proudhon. Yes, but without risk and danger to the robber. Monopolizing the accumulated efforts of man, property has robbed him of his birthright, and has turned him loose a

pauper and an outcast. Property has not even the time-worn excuse that man does not create enough to satisfy all needs. The A B C student of economics knows that the productivity of labour within the last few decades far exceeds normal demand a hundredfold. But what are normal demands to an abnormal institution? The only demand that property recognizes is its own gluttonous appetite for greater wealth, because wealth means power; the power to subdue, to crush, to exploit, the power to enslave, to outrage, to degrade. America is particularly boastful of her great power, her enormous national wealth. Poor America, of what avail is all her wealth, if the individuals comprising the nation are wretchedly poor? If they live in squalor, in filth, in crime, with hope and joy gone, a homeless, soilless army of human prey.

It is generally conceded that unless the returns of any business venture exceed the cost, bankruptcy is inevitable. But those engaged in the business of producing wealth have not yet learned even this simple lesson. Every year the cost of production in human life is growing larger (50,000 killed, 100,000 wounded in America last year); the returns to the masses, who help to create wealth, are ever getting smaller. Yet America continues to be blind to the inevitable bankruptcy of our business of production. Nor is this the only crime of the latter. Still more fatal is the crime of turning the producer into a mere particle of a machine, with less will and decision than his master of steel and iron. Man is being robbed not merely of the products of his labor, but of the power of free initiative, of originality, and the interest in, or desire for, the things he is making.

Real wealth consists in things of utility and beauty, in things that help to create strong, beautiful bodies and surroundings inspiring to live in. But if man is doomed to wind cotton around a spool, or dig coal, or build roads for thirty years of his life, there can be no talk of wealth. What he gives to the world is only gray and hideous things, reflecting a dull and hideous existence,--too weak to live, too cowardly to die. Strange to say, there are people who extol this deadening method of centralized production as the proudest achievement of our age. They fail utterly to realize that if we are to continue in machine subserviency, our slavery is more complete than was our bondage to the King. They do not want to know that centralization is not only the death-knell of liberty, but also of health and beauty, of art and science, all these being impossible in a clock-like, mechanical atmosphere.

Anarchism cannot but repudiate such a method of production: its goal is the freest possible expression of all the latent powers of the individual. Oscar Wilde defines a perfect personality as "one who develops under perfect conditions, who is not wounded, maimed, or in danger." A perfect personality, then, is only 19

possible in a state of society where man is free to choose the mode of work, the conditions of work, and the freedom to work. One to whom the making of a table, the building of a house, or the tilling of the soil, is what the painting is to the artist and the discovery to the scientist,--the result of inspiration, of intense longing, and deep interest in work as a creative force. That being the ideal of Anarchism, its economic arrangements must consist of voluntary productive and distributive associations, gradually developing into free communism, as the best means of producing with the least waste of human energy. Anarchism, however, also recognizes the right of the individual, or numbers of individuals, to arrange at all times for other forms of work, in harmony with their tastes and desires.

Such free display of human energy being possible only under complete individual and social freedom, Anarchism directs its forces against the third and greatest foe of all social equality; namely, the State, organized authority, or statutory law,--the dominion of human conduct.

Just as religion has fettered the human mind, and as property, or the monopoly of things, has subdued and stifled man's needs, so has the State enslaved his spirit, dictating every phase of conduct. "All government in essence," says Emerson, "is tyranny." It matters not whether it is government by divine right or majority rule. In every instance its aim is the absolute subordination of the individual.

Referring to the American government, the greatest American Anarchist, David Thoreau, said: "Government, what is it but a tradition, though a recent one, endeavouring to transmit itself unimpaired to posterity, but each instance losing its integrity; it has not the vitality and force of a single living man. Law never made man a whit more just; and by means of their respect for it, even the well disposed are daily made agents of injustice."

Indeed, the keynote of government is injustice. With the arrogance and self- sufficiency of the King who could do no wrong, governments ordain, judge, condemn, and punish the most insignificant offenses, while maintaining themselves by the greatest of all offenses, the annihilation of individual liberty. Thus Ouida is right when she maintains that "the State only aims at instilling those qualities in its public by which its demands are obeyed, and its exchequer is filled. Its highest attainment is the reduction of mankind to clockwork. In its atmosphere all those finer and more delicate liberties, which require treatment and spacious expansion, inevitably dry up and perish. The State requires a taxpaying machine in which there is no hitch, an exchequer in which there is never a deficit, and a public, monotonous, obedient, colourless, spiritless,

moving humbly like a flock of sheep along a straight high road between two walls."

Yet even a flock of sheep would resist the chicanery of the State, if it were not for the corruptive, tyrannical, and oppressive methods it employs to serve its purposes. Therefore Bakunin repudiates the State as synonymous with the surrender of the liberty of the individual or small minorities,--the destruction of social relationship, the curtailment, or complete denial even, of life itself, for its own aggrandizement. The State is the altar of political freedom and, like the religious altar, it is maintained for the purpose of human sacrifice.

In fact, there is hardly a modern thinker who does not agree that government, organized authority, or the State, is necessary ONLY to maintain or protect property and monopoly. It has proven efficient in that function only.

Even George Bernard Shaw, who hopes for the miraculous from the State under Fabianism, nevertheless admits that "it is at present a huge machine for robbing and slave-driving of the poor by brute force." This being the case, it is hard to see why the clever prefacer wishes to uphold the State after poverty shall have ceased to exist.

Unfortunately there are still a number of people who continue in the fatal belief that government rests on natural laws, that it maintains social order and harmony, that it diminishes crime, and that it prevents the lazy man from fleecing his fellows. I shall therefore examine these contentions.

A natural law is that factor in man which asserts itself freely and spontaneously without any external force, in harmony with the requirements of nature. For instance, the demand for nutrition, for sex gratification, for light, air, and exercise, is a natural law. But its expression needs not the machinery of government, needs not the club, the gun, the handcuff, or the prison. To obey such laws, if we may call it obedience, requires only spontaneity and free opportunity. That governments do not maintain themselves through such harmonious factors is proven by the terrible array of violence, force, and coercion all governments use in order to live. Thus Blackstone is right when he says, "Human laws are invalid, because they are contrary to the laws of nature."

Unless it be the order of Warsaw after the slaughter of thousands of people, it is difficult to ascribe to governments any capacity for order or social harmony. Order derived through submission and maintained by terror is not much of a safe guaranty; yet that is the only "order" that governments have ever maintained. True social harmony grows naturally out of solidarity of interests. In a society

where those who always work never have anything, while those who never work enjoy everything, solidarity of interests is non-existent; hence social harmony is but a myth. The only way organized authority meets this grave situation is by extending still greater privileges to those who have already monopolized the earth, and by still further enslaving the disinherited masses. Thus the entire arsenal of government--laws, police, soldiers, the courts, legislatures, prisons,-- is strenuously engaged in "harmonizing" the most antagonistic elements in society.

The most absurd apology for authority and law is that they serve to diminish crime. Aside from the fact that the State is itself the greatest criminal, breaking every written and natural law, stealing in the form of taxes, killing in the form of war and capital punishment, it has come to an absolute standstill in coping with crime. It has failed utterly to destroy or even minimize the horrible scourge of its own creation.

Crime is naught but misdirected energy. So long as every institution of today, economic, political, social, and moral, conspires to misdirect human energy into wrong channels; so long as most people are out of place doing the things they hate to do, living a life they loathe to live, crime will be inevitable, and all the laws on the statutes can only increase, but never do away with, crime. What does society, as it exists today, know of the process of despair, the poverty, the horrors, the fearful struggle the human soul must pass on its way to crime and degradation. Who that knows this terrible process can fail to see the truth in these words of Peter Kropotkin:

"Those who will hold the balance between the benefits thus attributed to law and punishment and the degrading effect of the latter on humanity; those who will estimate the torrent of depravity poured abroad in human society by the informer, favored by the Judge even, and paid for in clinking cash by governments, under the pretext of aiding to unmask crime; those who will go within prison walls and there see what human beings become when deprived of liberty, when subjected to the care of brutal keepers, to coarse, cruel words, to a thousand stinging, piercing humiliations, will agree with us that the entire apparatus of prison and punishment is an abomination which ought to be brought to an end."

The deterrent influence of law on the lazy man is too absurd to merit consideration. If society were only relieved of the waste and expense of keeping a lazy class, and the equally great expense of the paraphernalia of protection this lazy class requires, the social tables would contain an abundance for all, including even the occasional lazy individual. Besides, it is well to consider that 22

laziness results either from special privileges, or physical and mental abnormalities. Our present insane system of production fosters both, and the most astounding phenomenon is that people should want to work at all now. Anarchism aims to strip labour of its deadening, dulling aspect, of its gloom and compulsion. It aims to make work an instrument of joy, of strength, of color, of real harmony, so that the poorest sort of a man should find in work both recreation and hope.

To achieve such an arrangement of life, government, with its unjust, arbitrary, repressive measures, must be done away with. At best it has but imposed one single mode of life upon all, without regard to individual and social variations and needs. In destroying government and statutory laws, Anarchism proposes to rescue the self-respect and independence of the individual from all restraint and invasion by authority. Only in freedom can man grow to his full stature. Only in freedom will he learn to think and move, and give the very best in him. Only in freedom will he realize the true force of the social bonds which knit men together, and which are the true foundation of a normal social life.

But what about human nature? Can it be changed? And if not, will it endure under Anarchism?

Poor human nature, what horrible crimes have been committed in thy name! Every fool, from king to policeman, from the flat headed parson to the visionless dabbler in science, presumes to speak authoritatively of human nature. The greater the mental charlatan, the more definite his insistence on the wickedness and weaknesses of human nature. Yet, how can any one speak of it today, with every soul in a prison, with every heart fettered, wounded, and maimed?

John Burroughs has stated that experimental study of animals in captivity is absolutely useless. Their character, their habits, their appetites undergo a complete transformation when torn from their soil in field and forest. With human nature caged in a narrow space, whipped daily into submission, how can we speak of its potentialities?

Freedom, expansion, opportunity, and, above all, peace and repose, alone can teach us the real dominant factors of human nature and all its wonderful possibilities.

Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the

purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations.

This is not a wild fancy or an aberration of the mind. It is the conclusion arrived at by hosts of intellectual men and women the world over; a conclusion resulting from the close and studious observation of the tendencies of modern society: individual liberty and economic equality, the twin forces for the birth of what is fine and true in man.

As to methods. Anarchism is not, as some may suppose, a theory of the future to be realized through divine inspiration. It is a living force in the affairs of our life, constantly creating new conditions. The methods of Anarchism therefore do not comprise an iron-clad program to be carried out under all circumstances. Methods must grow out of the economic needs of each place and clime, and of the intellectual and temperamental requirements of the individual. The serene, calm character of a Tolstoy will wish different methods for social reconstruction than the intense, overflowing personality of a Michael Bakunin or a Peter Kropotkin. Equally so it must be apparent that the economic and political needs of Russia will dictate more drastic measures than would England or America. Anarchism does not stand for military drill and uniformity; it does, however, stand for the spirit of revolt, in whatever form, against everything that hinders human growth. All Anarchists agree in that, as they also agree in their opposition to the political machinery as a means of bringing about the great social change.

"All voting," says Thoreau, "is a sort of gaming, like checkers, or backgammon, a playing with right and wrong; its obligation never exceeds that of expediency. Even voting for the right thing is doing nothing for it. A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance, nor wish it to prevail through the power of the majority." A close examination of the machinery of politics and its achievements will bear out the logic of Thoreau.

What does the history of parliamentarism show? Nothing but failure and defeat, not even a single reform to ameliorate the economic and social stress of the people. Laws have been passed and enactments made for the improvement and protection of labour. Thus it was proven only last year that Illinois, with the most rigid laws for mine protection, had the greatest mine disasters. In States where child labour laws prevail, child exploitation is at its highest, and though with us the workers enjoy full political opportunities, capitalism has reached the most brazen zenith.

Even were the workers able to have their own representatives, for which our good Socialist politicians are clamouring, what chances are there for their honesty and good faith? One has but to bear in mind the process of politics to realize that its path of good intentions is full of pitfalls: wire-pulling, intriguing, flattering, lying, cheating; in fact, chicanery of every description, whereby the political aspirant can achieve success. Added to that is a complete demoralization of character and conviction, until nothing is left that would make one hope for anything from such a human derelict. Time and time again the people were foolish enough to trust, believe, and support with their last farthing aspiring politicians, only to find themselves betrayed and cheated.

It may be claimed that men of integrity would not become corrupt in the political grinding mill. Perhaps not; but such men would be absolutely helpless to exert the slightest influence in behalf of labour, as indeed has been shown in numerous instances. The State is the economic master of its servants. Good men, if such there be, would either remain true to their political faith and lose their economic support, or they would cling to their economic master and be utterly unable to do the slightest good. The political arena leaves one no alternative, one must either be a dunce or a rogue.

The political superstition is still holding sway over the hearts and minds of the masses, but the true lovers of liberty will have no more to do with it. Instead, they believe with Stirner that man has as much liberty as he is willing to take. Anarchism therefore stands for direct action, the open defiance of, and resistance to, all laws and restrictions, economic, social, and moral. But defiance and resistance are illegal. Therein lies the salvation of man. Everything illegal necessitates integrity, self-reliance, and courage. In short, it calls for free, independent spirits, for "men who are men, and who have a bone in their backs which you cannot pass your hand through."

Universal suffrage itself owes its existence to direct action. If not for the spirit of rebellion, of the defiance on the part of the American revolutionary fathers, their posterity would still wear the King's coat. If not for the direct action of a John Brown and his comrades, America would still trade in the flesh of the black man. True, the trade in white flesh is still going on; but that, too, will have to be abolished by direct action. Trade-unionism, the economic arena of the modern gladiator, owes its existence to direct action. It is but recently that law and government have attempted to crush the trade-union movement, and condemned the exponents of man's right to organize to prison as conspirators. Had they sought to assert their cause through begging, pleading, and compromise, trade- unionism would today be a negligible quantity. In France, in Spain, in Italy, in Russia, nay even in England (witness the growing rebellion of English labor 25

unions) direct, revolutionary, economic action has become so strong a force in the battle for industrial liberty as to make the world realize the tremendous importance of labor's power. The General Strike, the supreme expression of the economic consciousness of the workers, was ridiculed in America but a short time ago. Today every great strike, in order to win, must realize the importance of the solidaric general protest.

Direct action, having proven effective along economic lines, is equally potent in the environment of the individual. There a hundred forces encroach upon his being, and only persistent resistance to them will finally set him free. Direct action against the authority in the shop, direct action against the authority of the law, direct action against the invasive, meddlesome authority of our moral code, is the logical, consistent method of Anarchism.

Will it not lead to a revolution? Indeed, it will. No real social change has ever come about without a revolution. People are either not familiar with their history, or they have not yet learned that revolution is but thought carried into action.

Anarchism, the great leaven of thought, is today permeating every phase of human endeavour. Science, art, literature, the drama, the effort for economic betterment, in fact every individual and social opposition to the existing disorder of things, is illumined by the spiritual light of Anarchism. It is the philosophy of the sovereignty of the individual. It is the theory of social harmony. It is the great, surging, living truth that is reconstructing the world, and that will usher in the Dawn.

Timeline of Emma Goldman from 1901 to 1919 1901

January-March

Emma Goldman supports herself by working as a nurse in New York City; helps to arrange a U.S. tour for Peter Kropotkin in March and April.

Emma Goldman re-establishes friendship with her former lover Edward Brady.

April-July

Emma Goldman lecture tour begins with a free-speech battle in Philadelphia when she is prevented from speaking before the Shirt Makers Union.

Emma Goldman and the organizations that sponsor her talks, including the Single Tax Society, defy police orders; Emma Goldman speaks in public on at least two occasions. On April 14 she speaks at an event sponsored by the Social Science Club; other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre. Despite the Social Science Club's opposition to Emma Goldman's anarchist views, it passes a resolution protesting the violation of her right to free speech.

“The most gifted and brilliant anarchist woman America ever produced... The 27

American soil sometimes does bring forth exquisite plants" (Emma Goldman)

“Her memory possesses the glow of legend” (Paul Avrich, her biographer)

“I die, as I have lived, a free spirit, an Anarchist, owing no allegiance to rulers, heavenly or earthly" (Voltairine de Cleyre)

Speaks in Lynn, Mass., Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, St. Louis, Chicago, and Spring Valley, Ill., on such topics as "Anarchism and Trade Unionism," "The Causes of Vice," and "Cooperation a Factor in the Industrial Struggle."

July 15-August 15

Emma Goldman spends a month with her sister Helena, in Rochester, N.Y., travelling briefly to Niagara Falls and to Buffalo, N.Y., to visit the Pan- American Exposition.

Early September

Emma Goldman visits Alexander Berkman at the penitentiary in Allegheny, Pa., the first time she has seen him in nine years.

September 6

President William McKinley shot by self-proclaimed anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y., at the Pan-American Exposition. Police claim that Czolgosz was inspired by one of Emma Goldman's lectures. She is in St. Louis when she learns about the assassination and recollects that she first met Czolgosz at her May 5 lecture on "The Modern Phase of Anarchy" before the Franklin Liberal Club in Cleveland.

September 7

Emma Goldman leaves St. Louis for Chicago.

September 9-23

In an atmosphere of intense anti-anarchist hysteria, Emma Goldman goes into temporary hiding at the home of American-born anarchist sympathizers. On Sept. 10, she is arrested by Chicago police and subjected to intensive interrogation. Though initially denied, bail is set at $20,000.

President McKinley dies on September 14. 28

September 24

Emma Goldman released; case dropped for lack of evidence.

October

Emma Goldman expresses her sympathy for Leon Czolgosz in an article, "The Tragedy at Buffalo," published in Free Society (Chicago), prompting many of her close anarchist associates to distance themselves from her.

Finding much difficulty in securing an apartment and job, Emma Goldman adopts the pseudonym "E. G. Smith."

Czolgosz executed on October 29.

November-December

Emma Goldman avoids public appearances. 1902

Criminal Anarchy Act passed in New York State.

Emma Goldman continues to conceal her real identity, at times to no avail. Chased from her apartment on First Street, Emma Goldman moves to a crowded Lower East Side tenement building on Market Street. She finds work as a night- shift nurse for poor immigrants living on the Lower East Side.

May-December

Increased repression in Russia and a strike of Pennsylvania coal miners propel Emma Goldman to resume her political work.

Conducts lecture tour to raise funds for the students and peasants under attack in Russia and for the striking coal miners. Her activities are closely monitored by police detectives; many of her lectures are outlawed, especially in coal-mining cities like Wilkes-Barre and McKeesport, Pa. Despite police harassment, Emma Goldman holds successful lectures in Chicago; scheduled to speak in Milwaukee and Cleveland.

1903

January 27

Police arrest Emma Goldman and Max Baginski in New York City for being" suspicious persons"; released after questioning.

March 3

Anti-anarchist immigration act passed by Congress.

April

Edward Brady, former lover of Emma Goldman, dies.

June-September

Alarmed by the threat to civil liberties posed by the anti-anarchist immigration law and the public hysteria of the moment, prominent American liberals, including Theodore Schroeder, rally to her support.

October 23

First attempt to test anti-anarchist immigration act: At an event at Murray Hill Lyceum, where Emma Goldman is scheduled to speak, English anarchist John Turner is arrested and charged with promoting anarchism and violating alien labour laws. Turner detained on Ellis Island until his deportation.

November

In an effort to mobilize broad support from American citizens for John Turner, Emma Goldman acts under the pseudonym E. G. Smith to form a permanent Free Speech League in New York City.

December

Cooper Union mass meeting protests anti-anarchist proceedings against John Turner, still awaiting deportation.

1904

January

Emma Goldman, on behalf of the Free Speech League, undertakes a brief lecture tour to gain support for John Turner; speaks before garment workers in Rochester and miners in Pennsylvania.

February

Russo-Japanese War begins.

April

Emma Goldman seeks to extend her influence beyond the immigrant community by exposing a broader American audience to anarchism. Travels to Philadelphia to lecture on "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation." Her first attempts to deliver lecture stalled by police. Public support for free speech gains her eventual success in delivering the lecture.

Supreme Court rules on the John Turner case (Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279) that Congress has unlimited power to exclude aliens and deport those who have entered in violation of the laws, including philosophical anarchists.

Fall

Emma Goldman hosts two members of the Russian Social Revolutionary party seeking to organize support for political freedom in Russia. With the assistance of the American Friends of Russian Freedom, Emma Goldman manages a successful tour of Catherine Breshkovskaya (the "Grandmother of the Russian Revolution"), recently freed from Siberian exile.

September 11

Emma Goldman among a cast of speakers at one of the largest reported New York City anarchist meetings in support of the Russian anarchist movement.

December

Exhausted by nursing, Emma Goldman opens her own business as a "Vienna scalp and face specialist" in New York City. 1905 31

January 9 (22) "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg, Russia. Emma Goldman continues to lecture and raise funds to gain support for political freedom in Russia.

February Emma Goldman speaks at memorial meeting for Louise Michel.

Ricardo Flores Magon moves to St. Louis where his friendship with Emma Goldman begins.

Catherine Breshkovskaya returns to Europe.

July

Emma Goldman meets Russian actor Paul Orleneff; assists him in the management of the Orleneff troupe's theater engagements in New York City.

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) established in Chicago.

September

Russia and Japan sign peace treaty at Portsmouth, N.H.

October 17 (30)

Czar Nicholas II signs manifesto guaranteeing civil liberties in Russia.

November

Renewed pogroms of Jews in Russia. Orleneff troupe arranges benefit performances on behalf of Jewish victims.

Emma Goldman accompanies Orleneff troupe on tour to Boston.

December

Russian revolution crushed.

1906

February

Emma Goldman, in Chicago with the Orleneff troupe, identifies herself without a pseudonym at lectures to local anarchists.

March

First issue of Mother Earth published; first run numbers three thousand.

Emma Goldman begins national lecture tour with associate editor Max Baginski; speaking engagements scheduled in Cleveland, Toronto, Rochester, Syracuse, and Utica. Encounters interference in Buffalo when the police mandate that their lectures be presented in English, preventing Baginski from addressing the audience.

March 17

Death of Johann Most.

April

Emma Goldman discontinues her scalp and facial massage business; devotes full attention to the publication of Mother Earth.

April 1

Emma Goldman speaks at an anarchist gathering at Grand Central Palace in New York City to commemorate the life of Johann Most.

May 18

Alexander Berkman released from prison; Emma Goldman and Berkman unite in Detroit.

May 22

Emma Goldman and Berkman travel to Chicago, where they are followed by the press. Newspaper falsely reports that Emma Goldman and Berkman have married.

June 10-12

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak in Yiddish and English in Pittsburgh on the following topics: "The Constitution," "The Idaho Outrage" (addressing the arrests of Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George A. Pettibone of the Western Federation of Miners), "The General Strike," and "The False and True Conception of Anarchism."

June 17

Emma Goldman and others address a crowd of two thousand people who had gathered to greet Alexander Berkman in New York City.

Mid-July

Emma Goldman vacations at farm in Ossining with Berkman and Baginski.

October

Emma Goldman devotes October issue of Mother Earth to the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of Leon Czolgosz's death, despite the objection of many of her political associates.

October 30

Scheduled to speak at a meeting to protest the Oct. 27 arrests of several anarchists for debating whether Czolgosz was an anarchist, Emma Goldman is arrested for articles published in Mother Earth and for inciting to riot. Nine others also arrested.

October 31

Emma Goldman released on $1,000 bail.

November 2

Emma Goldman pleads not guilty to criminal anarchy charges before the New York City magistrate.

November 11

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak at the nineteenth anniversary commemoration of the Chicago martyrs, organized by the Freiheit Publishing Association.

November 23

Mother Earth Masquerade Ball at Webster Hall in New York City disrupted by police; owner is forced to close the hall.

December 16

Emma Goldman lectures on "False and True Conceptions of Anarchism" before the Brooklyn Philosophical Association.

1907

January 6

Emma Goldman arrested by the New York City Anarchist Police Squad while delivering the same lecture she had successfully presented the previous month; charged with publicly expressing "incendiary sentiments." Berkman and two others also arrested.

January 9

Case against Emma Goldman from Oct. 30, 1906, arrest dismissed by the New York City grand jury.

January 11

Police evidence from Emma Goldman's Jan. 6 arrest presented before the New York City magistrate's court; case later dismissed.

January 24

New York City police suppress meeting where Emma Goldman is scheduled to speak.

January-March Alexander Berkman attempts to run a small printing business.

February

Emma Goldman speaks in Boston, Lynn, and Chelsea, Mass.

February 27

Emma Goldman shares platform with Luigi Galleani at the Barre, Vt., opera house.

Late February, Early March

Russian exile Grigory Gershuni, recently escaped from Siberia, visits Emma Goldman to encourage her work on behalf of Russian freedom.

March 3

Emma Goldman leaves New York City for national lecture tour; asks Berkman to take charge as editor of Mother Earth in her absence.

March 9

All lecture halls in Columbus, Ohio, are closed to Emma Goldman.

March 10-15

Mayor Brand Whitlock of Toledo, Ohio does not allow Emma Goldman to speak until Kate Sherwood, a respected political activist and community leader, convinces him of Emma Goldman's right to speak.

March 16-17

Emma Goldman's scheduled Detroit lectures stopped by the local police.

March 18-28

Successful lecture series in Chicago before audiences of many nationalities, including Jewish, Danish, and German. Her topics include the Paris Commune, the trial of Moyer and Haywood, and the "Revolutionary Spirit of the Modern Drama."

March-April Speaking on such subjects as "Education of Children" and "Direct Action versus Legislation," Emma Goldman continues lecture tour in Milwaukee, Cincinnati, and Minneapolis. 36

April 10-15

Emma Goldman makes her first visit to Winnipeg, Canada; lectures in German and English on topics including "Crimes of Parents and Education" and "The Position of Jews in Russia."

April Emma Goldman expected to lecture in St. Louis; lectures in Denver.

May 5-19

Addressing audiences in German and English, Emma Goldman speaks in San Francisco and San Jose on such issues as "The Corrupting Influence of Religion" and character building.

May 23-28

Hundreds of people turn out on successive nights in Los Angeles to hear Emma Goldman speak, and, on one occasion, debate socialist Claude Riddle. Organizes a Social Science Club with fifty-five charter members to study social issues, literature, and art. Emma Goldman declares her intent to start a movement on behalf of Mexico among U.S. radicals.

June 2-16

Buoyed by the success of her speaking engagements--"the first tour of any consequence I have made since 1898"--Emma Goldman travels to Portland, Tacoma, Home Colony, Wa., Seattle, and Calgary, Canada.

June 27

Emma Goldman back in New York City in time to celebrate her thirty-eighth birthday.

July-August Emma Goldman's essay, "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation" translated and published by German and Japanese anarchists.

Emma Goldman selected to act as an American representative at the International Anarchist Congress in Amsterdam.

July 28

Haywood acquitted; Emma Goldman and associates send telegram to President Theodore Roosevelt to express their joy.

Early August

Emma Goldman and other anarchists speak about the Boise trials (of Haywood et al.) at the Manhattan Lyceum in New York City.

Mid-August

Emma Goldman travels with Baginski to Amsterdam.

August 25-30

International Anarchist Congress takes place in Amsterdam, attended by three hundred delegates.

Early September

After attending anti-militarist congress organized by Dutch pacifist anarchists, Emma Goldman tours major European cities. In Paris, Emma Goldman visits Peter Kropotkin and Max Nettlau; visits Sébastien Faure's experimental school for poor and orphaned children, and studies syndicalism at the Confédération Générale du Travail.

September 24

U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, anticipating Emma Goldman's return from Europe, directs the East Coast commissioners of immigration to fully verify Emma Goldman's U.S. citizenship before allowing her to cross the border.

October 7

Emma Goldman speaks in London, England, on "The Labour Struggle in America"; is trailed by Scotland Yard detectives.

Mid-October Emma Goldman evades U.S. immigration authorities by entering New York via Montreal.

November-December Finding Mother Earth in terrible financial shape upon her return from Europe, Emma Goldman conducts lecture tour in Massachusetts and Connecticut. 1908

January

Emma Goldman lectures in German, English, and Yiddish on "Trade Unionism," "The Woman in the Future," and "The Child and its Enemies," among other topics, in cities throughout New York State.

Large crowd turns out to hear Emma Goldman in Baltimore.

Police prevent Emma Goldman from delivering her lecture on "The Revolutionary Spirit in Modern Drama" in Washington, D.C.

Lectures in Pittsburgh.

February 13

Emma Goldman heads out for a tour of the western states via Montreal, London, Ont., Toronto, and Cleveland; scheduled to speak in English and German on "The [Economic] Crisis: Its Cause and Remedy," "The Relation of Anarchism to Trade Unionism," "Syndicalism a New Phase of the Labor Struggle," and "Woman Under Anarchism."

February 23

Giuseppe Guarnacoto, reported to be a former resident of Paterson and a follower of Emma Goldman, assassinates Father Leo Henrichs at the altar of a Catholic church in Denver.

February 28

Emma Goldman delivers several lectures in St. Louis, despite word from Chicago authorities who, in coordination with Washington D.C. officials, threaten to deport Emma Goldman under the immigration law.

March 2

Chicago Chief of Police George Shippy attacked by alleged anarchist Lazarus Averbuch; Shippy's son shot. Emma Goldman implicated in incident, which 39

prompts new legislation to coordinate efforts of city, state, and federal authorities to stamp out all anarchist agitation.

March 6

In Chicago, Emma Goldman is barred by police from addressing any meetings in a public hall. Emma Goldman meets with the press, vowing that she will seek an opportunity to lecture in Chicago no matter what the authorities do to prevent her.

March 7-12

Emma Goldman repeatedly barred from speaking at public lecture halls in Chicago; meets Ben Reitman, a physician specializing in gynecology and venereal disease, who offers to arrange a speaking engagement for Emma Goldman at a storeroom on Dearborn Street, the meeting place of his Brotherhood Welfare Association, otherwise known as the Hobo College.

March 13

Despite an indication from Chicago authorities that Emma Goldman will be allowed to speak if she makes no incendiary remarks against the police or the government, Emma Goldman is prevented from speaking at Ben Reitman's hall.

March 15

Chicago newspapers report a budding romance between Emma Goldman and Reitman.

March 16

Police forcibly remove Emma Goldman from Workingmen's Hall in Chicago, where she is scheduled to speak on "Anarchy as It Really Is," an event organized by the newly created Freedom of Speech Society.

March 17-19

Emma Goldman unable to secure a hall in Chicago.

March 20-22

Temporarily abandoning attempts to speak in Chicago, Emma Goldman meets success in Milwaukee, where large crowds, including Milwaukee socialist Victor Berger, come to hear her.

March 28

Lecturing in Minneapolis, Emma Goldman denies knowledge of those involved in a bomb explosion at a New York City demonstration of the unemployed in Union Square. News reports claim that Selig Silverstein, the bomb-thrower, was a member of Emma Goldman's Anarchistic Federation.

March 31-April 5

Emma Goldman delivers several lectures in Winnipeg, including discussions encouraging street railway employees to strike for an eight-hour workday.

April

President Theodore Roosevelt investigates legality of not only barring anarchist propaganda that advocates political violence, but also prosecuting those who produce the material.

April 6

Emma Goldman leaves Winnipeg; temporarily detained and interrogated at the border by U.S. immigration officials.

April 7

Emma Goldman enters the United States; itinerary includes lectures in Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, and Sacramento.

April 17

Accompanied by Ben Reitman, Emma Goldman arrives in San Francisco, where the police notify her that anarchist propaganda cannot be circulated.

April 18

Objecting to the notoriety caused by Emma Goldman's presence, the management of the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco forces Emma Goldman to leave; encounters an escalated level of surveillance. 41

April 19

Despite warnings, police do not interfere with Emma Goldman's lecture at Walton's Pavilion in San Francisco, which is attended by five thousand people.

April 26

Emma Goldman ends her San Francisco lecture series with a speech on patriotism. In attendance is U.S. soldier William Buwalda, stationed at the Presidio, who is witnessed shaking hands with Emma Goldman following her speech. Buwalda is subsequently court-martialed for this action.

April 28-May 2

Emma Goldman lectures in Los Angeles; debates socialist Kaspar Bauer on the question of "Socialism versus Anarchism." While in Los Angeles, Emma Goldman visits George A. Pettibone.

Mid-late May

Emma Goldman delivers five lectures in Portland--including "Why Emancipation Has Failed to Free Women" and "Direct Action a Logical Method of Anarchism"--following initial free-speech battle. Emma Goldman's success attributed in part to support received from Charles Erskine Scott Wood, Portland attorney and writer.

Local Portland anarchists organize protest against the court-martial and imprisonment of William Buwalda.

May 31

Emma Goldman presents two lectures in Spokane: "What Anarchism Really Stands For" and "The Menace of Patriotism."

June

Marking the last leg of her tour, Emma Goldman travels to Montana; despite police harassment and lack of press coverage, Emma Goldman speaks in Butte and Helena.

July

Emma Goldman vacations in Ossining, N.Y.

Emma Goldman captivated by J. W. Fleming's invitation to make a two-year tour of Australia; tentatively plans to travel to Australia in February.

July 19

New York World publishes Emma Goldman's article, "What I Believe." First paragraph of the article:

"What I believe" has many times been the target of hack writers. Such blood-curdling and incoherent stories have been circulated about me, it is no wonder that the average human being has palpitation of the heart at the very mention of the name Emma Goldman. It is too bad that we no longer live in the times when witches were burned at the stake or tortured to drive the evil spirit out of them. For, indeed, Emma Goldman is a witch! True, she does not eat little children, but she does many worse things. She manufactures bombs and gambles in crowned heads. B-r-r-r!

September 7

Ben Reitman delivers speech on the meaning of Labor Day at Cooper Union. When the audience learns that the speech was written by Emma Goldman, there is a tremendous uproar; Berkman and young anarchist Becky Edelsohn arrested.

September 13

Emma Goldman begins five-week Sunday afternoon Yiddish lecture series under the sponsorship of the Free Worker Group in New York City; talks include "Love and Marriage," "The Revolutionary Spirit in the Modern Drama," and "The Political Circus."

Late September

Emma Goldman tormented by revelation of Reitman's infidelity.

October 16

On the eve of her departure for her next lecture tour, Emma Goldman delivers a farewell lecture in New York City on "The Exoneration of the Devil" (based on a popular play at the time).

October 17

Emma Goldman begins national lecture tour while the country is immersed in presidential campaigning; hopes to wind up her tour on the West Coast and depart for Australia in the new year. Lecture topics include "The Political Circus and Its Clowns," "Puritanism, the Great Obstacle to Liberty," and "Life versus Morality."

October 18-24

Large audiences attend Emma Goldman's lectures in Pittsburgh and Cleveland.

October 27

Emma Goldman prevented from speaking in Indianapolis.

October 30-November 1

Emma Goldman lectures in St. Louis; meets William Marion Reedy, editor of the St. Louis Mirror, whose article "The Daughter of the Dream," published later that week, praises her.

November 2-6

Emma Goldman lectures in cities throughout Missouri: Springfield, Liberal, and Kansas City.

November 7-13

Omaha chief of police prevents Emma Goldman from lecturing in the hall of her choice; crowds gather to hear Emma Goldman at other sites in the city.

November 15

Emma Goldman's lectures in Des Moines, Iowa, are successful.

November 17-23

Lectures in Minneapolis and St. Paul poorly attended.

November 24-30

Emma Goldman in Winnipeg for lectures and a debate with socialist J. D. Houston.

December 2-11

Emma Goldman scheduled to lecture in Fargo, N.Dak., Butte, and Spokane.

December 13

Seattle police take Emma Goldman into custody after the lock on a closed hall is broken to allow Emma Goldman entry to speak; released when she promises to leave the city.

December 14

Emma Goldman protests actions of the police authorities in Everett, Wash., who prevent her from speaking on the claim that vigilantes will harm her.

Emma Goldman and Reitman arrested in Bellingham, Wash., in anticipation of Emma Goldman's scheduled lecture.

December 15

Emma Goldman released from jail; placed on board a train bound for Canada.

December 16-28

Following lectures in Vancouver, Emma Goldman lectures in Portland and conducts two debates--one with Democrat John Barnhill, the other with socialist Walter Thomas Mills.

1909

January 2-6

Emma Goldman lectures in Los Angeles, San Diego, and Pasadena on such topics as "The Psychology of Violence" and "Puritanism, the Greatest Obstacle to Liberty." Some of Los Angeles's leading drama critics attend her lecture "The Drama, the Most Forcible Disseminator of Radicalism."

January 13

Emma Goldman lectures on "The Dissolution of Our Institutions" in San Francisco, followed by a statement by William Buwalda, the soldier court- martialed the previous year and recently pardoned by President Roosevelt. Event takes place without police interference.

January 14

Emma Goldman and Reitman arrested on charges of conspiracy against the government; both held on bail. Buwalda arrested for disturbing the peace. Supporters of Emma Goldman and Reitman rally to protest the arrests on Jan. 15; police forcibly end gatherings.

In jail, Emma Goldman learns about her father's death.

Emma Goldman released Jan. 18; participates in a public debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism." Case dropped Jan. 28.

January 23

Emma Goldman's anticipated departure for Australia is postponed.

January 31

Emma Goldman speaks to a crowd of over two thousand people in San Francisco on "Why I Am an Anarchist."

February

Emma Goldman stays in San Francisco with hopes of delivering the lectures she was prevented from giving during the week of her arrest and imprisonment.

March 1-10

Delivers two lectures and participates in one debate in Los Angeles.

March 12

Emma Goldman lectures in El Paso, Tex.; prevented by city authorities from holding meeting in Spanish.

March 14-15

Emma Goldman attempts to lecture in San Antonio; unable to secure a hall.

March 16

Emma Goldman speaks on the outskirts of Houston in a hall owned by the Single Taxers; remarks that this event is "the most inspiring meeting of my entire tour."

Mid-March Tour ends with two meetings in Forth Worth.

March 27

Emma Goldman in Rochester, N.Y.

April-May

Emma Goldman conducts Sunday lecture series in Yiddish and English in New York City; topics include "The Psychology of Violence," "Minorities versus Majorities," and the modern drama.

April 8

U.S. Court in Buffalo invalidates the citizenship of Jacob A. Kersner, Emma Goldman's legal husband; threatens Emma Goldman's claim to U.S. citizenship and results in cancellation of Emma Goldman's trip to Australia.

May

Emma Goldman's essay "A Woman Without a Country," responding to the threat of deportation, published in Mother Earth.

With increased public attention on her citizenship status, Emma Goldman is stopped repeatedly by the police.

May 1

Scheduled to speak at a Mother Earth May Day concert and dance in New York City.

May 6

Emma Goldman speaks at a convention of the National Committee for the Relief of the Unemployed in New York City, encouraging the unemployed to organize.

May 10 and 13

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak in New York on "Direct Action as a Logical Tactic of Anarchists" and "How Parents Should Raise Children" (in Yiddish).

May 14

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak in New Haven on "Anarchy: What It Stands For"; police admit her into the lecture hall, but prevent entry to thousands of people waiting outside.

May 21

Emma Goldman and Berkman invited by civil libertarian Alden Freeman to lunch at the elite New Jersey Society of Mayflower Descendants; subsequent scandal threatens Freeman's membership in the club.

May 23

Police break up Emma Goldman's Sunday lecture series, claiming that she did not follow the subject of her lecture on "Henrik Ibsen as the Pioneer of Modern Drama"; two arrests made.

May 24

Emma Goldman speaks at the Sunrise Club in New York City on "The Hypocrisy of Puritanism," sharply criticizing Anthony Comstock, anti-vice crusader.

May 28

Brooklyn chief of police orders cancellation of a Emma Goldman lecture.

Late May

"A Demand for Free Speech" manifesto signed and circulated by prominent individuals to protest the recent suppression of Emma Goldman's rights. Free Speech Society is formed.

June 7

Free-speech conference to take place in New York City.

June 8

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak in East Orange, N.J., at a meeting organized by Alden Freeman to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of Thomas Paine's death; police prevent her from entering the lecture hall. Crowd relocates to Freeman's barn, where Emma Goldman delivers lecture suppressed by police on May 23.

June 30

Large meeting organized by the Free Speech Society takes place at Cooper Union to protest harassment of Emma Goldman and to win back the right of free speech. Speakers include former congressman Robert Baker, Alden Freeman, Voltairine de Cleyre, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Telegrams from Eugene Debs and others read.

July 2

Emma Goldman tests her free-speech rights by delivering a lecture before the Harlem Liberal Alliance; standoff with police, but no interference.

August 11

Emma Goldman prevented from speaking in New York City at a meeting sponsored by Mother Earth to celebrate the antiwar uprising in Spain. Other speakers include Voltairine de Cleyre, Harry Kelly, and Max Baginski.

August 24

Reitman secures a lecture hall in Boston despite police intimidation of hall owners.

September

Emma Goldman, accompanied by Reitman, conducts a short lecture tour of Massachusetts, Vermont, and Rhode Island.

While in Worcester, Emma Goldman attends lecture by Sigmund Freud at Clark University.

September 3

Mayor of Burlington, Vt., prevents Emma Goldman from speaking anywhere in his city.

September 8

Unable to secure a lecture hall in Worcester, Emma Goldman is invited to speak on the private property of Rev. Eliot White.

September 24-October 21

Emma Goldman engaged in free-speech battle in Philadelphia. Police chief will let Emma Goldman speak on the condition that he review her speech prior to the engagement; Free Speech Association deems proposed review an infringement on Emma Goldman's free-speech rights and Emma Goldman refuses to comply.

When Emma Goldman is prevented from entering lecture hall, Voltairine de Cleyre reads Emma Goldman's lecture to the audience.

Emma Goldman appeals for injunction to restrain the Philadelphia police from further intimidation; testifies before the Philadelphia courts.

Philadelphia judge denies injunction, claiming that the police had the right to prevent both citizens and aliens from speaking if their words were deemed likely to cause a public disturbance; in addition, claims that Emma Goldman is not a citizen and therefore is not guaranteed constitutional right to free speech.

October 17

Emma Goldman is chief speaker at a New York City mass meeting called to protest the Oct. 13 execution of Francisco Ferrer, founder of the modern school movement, in Spain.

October 23

Emma Goldman marches in a parade of six hundred anarchists and socialists in New York City to protest Ferrer's execution.

November 5

Prevented from speaking in a Brooklyn lecture hall, Emma Goldman addresses a crowd of three thousand in an open-air meeting; Reitman arrested for failing to obtain a permit.

December 12

Emma Goldman speaks on "Will the Vote Free Woman: Woman Suffrage" to an audience of three hundred women, many of whom are suffragists. A collection is taken for Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, recently sentenced to a three-month prison term resulting from her arrest during a free-speech battle in Spokane.

December 26

Emma Goldman scheduled to deliver her last lecture, "White Slave Traffic," in New York City before embarking on her western tour.

1910

January-June

Emma Goldman delivers a total of 120 lectures before forty thousand people in thirty-seven cities in twenty-five states; credits her success to the organizing skills of Ben Reitman.

January

Her tour begins with free-speech battles that thwart her from speaking in Detroit, Columbus, and Buffalo.

January issue of Mother Earth held by the U.S. Postmaster on Anthony Comstock's objection to the publication of Emma Goldman's essay "White Slave Traffic." Released on Jan. 29 when officials decide there is nothing legally objectionable in the magazine.

January 9-10

Large audiences attend Emma Goldman's lectures in Cleveland.

Mid-January

Emma Goldman holds a successful meeting in Toledo.

In Chicago, Emma Goldman conducts six lectures in English and three in Yiddish.

January 23-24

Emma Goldman holds three successful meetings in Milwaukee.

January 26-27

Emma Goldman's speaking engagements in Madison, Wis., set off a storm of protest from state and university officials who deny any formal endorsement of Emma Goldman.

Late January

Press attributes Emma Goldman's unsuccessful meeting in Hannibal, Mo., to the intimidation posed by police when they record the names of everyone who stepped inside the lecture hall.

February 2-6

Emma Goldman's lectures in St. Louis include "Ferrer and the Modern School," "Leo Tolstoy, the Last Great Christian, His Life and His Work," and "Art in Relation to Life."

Early February

Police chief of Springfield, Ill., attempts to stop Emma Goldman from lecturing.

February 14-18

Emma Goldman attracts sizable crowds in Detroit.

February 19

Emma Goldman hissed by her Ann Arbor audiences.

Late February

Emma Goldman speaks in Buffalo, despite residues of Czolgosz-inspired apprehension and disapproval of anarchism.

Holds three meetings in Rochester.

March 11

Emma Goldman speaks on "The General Strike [of Philadelphia]" in Pittsburgh. Press does not announce her talks in fear that she will prompt a riot.

March 18

A celebration of the fifth anniversary of Mother Earth takes place in New York City.

Mid-March

Despite an absence of press coverage, Emma Goldman conducts four lectures in Minneapolis.

Emma Goldman lectures for the first time in Sioux City, Iowa.

Organized on short notice, Emma Goldman's lecture in Omaha is well received.

March 26

Amendment to the Immigration Act of 1907 is passed, forbidding entrance to the United States of criminals, paupers, anarchists, and persons carrying diseases.

Early April

Emma Goldman's lectures in Denver well attended.

Emma Goldman and Reitman arrested in Cheyenne, Wyo., while conducting an open-air meeting. Arrests spur further interest in Emma Goldman.

Mid-April

Emma Goldman lectures in San Francisco and debates a socialist on "whether collective regulation or free love will guarantee a healthy race."

Late April

Emma Goldman visits Jack London and his wife Charmian at their ranch at Glen Ellen, Calif.

May 1

Emma Goldman lectures on anarchism and "Marriage and Love" in Reno.

First paragraphs of “Marriage and Love”.

THE popular notion about marriage and love is that they are synonymous, that they spring from the same motives, and cover the same human needs. Like most popular notions this also rests not on actual facts, but on superstition.

Marriage and love have nothing in common; they are as far apart as the poles; are, in fact, antagonistic to each other. No doubt some marriages have been the result of love. Not, however, because love could assert itself only in marriage; much rather is it because few people can completely outgrow a convention. There are to-day large numbers of men and women to whom marriage is naught but a farce, but who submit to it for the sake of public opinion. At any rate, while it is true that some marriages are based on love, and while it is equally true that in some cases love continues in married life, I maintain that it does so regardless of marriage, and not because of it.

On the other hand, it is utterly false that love results from marriage. On rare occasions one does hear of a miraculous case of a married couple falling in love after marriage, but on close examination it will be found that it is a mere adjustment to the inevitable. Certainly the growing-used 54

to each other is far away from the spontaneity, the intensity, and beauty of love, without which the intimacy of marriage must prove degrading to both the woman and the man.

Marriage is primarily an economic arrangement, an insurance pact. It differs from the ordinary life insurance agreement only in that it is more binding, more exacting. Its returns are insignificantly small compared with the investments. In taking out an insurance policy one pays for it in dollars and cents, always at liberty to discontinue payments. If, how ever, woman's premium is a husband, she pays for it with her name, her privacy, her self-respect, her very life, "until death doth part." Moreover, the marriage insurance condemns her to life-long dependency, to parasitism, to complete uselessness, individual as well as social. Man, too, pays his toll, but as his sphere is wider, marriage does not limit him as much as woman. He feels his chains more in an economic sense.

May 6-18

Emma Goldman pleased by the overwhelmingly positive reception to her lectures and debate in Los Angeles; claims to have delivered that city's first-ever Yiddish lecture.

Late May

Emma Goldman lectures in San Diego, Portland, Seattle, and Spokane.

May 31

Car in which Emma Goldman and Reitman are riding is struck by a freight train in Spokane. Emma Goldman thrown from car and badly bruised.

June

Emma Goldman speaks in Butte, Bismarck, and Fargo; travels through Milwaukee and Chicago.

June 25

The Mann Act, popularly known as the "white slave traffic act," passed by Congress, prohibiting interstate or international transport of women for "immoral purposes." 55

Summer and Fall

Emma Goldman divides her time between New York City and the Ossining farm where she prepares Anarchism and Other Essays for publication; Berkman begins writing Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

October

Canadian subscribers denied receipt of Mother Earth books on orders of Canadian authorities because of their "treasonable nature."

October 1

Bombing of the Los Angeles Times building by James and John McNamara kills twenty people; anarchist involvement immediately suspected.

November 1

At a public meeting in New York City, Emma Goldman and Reitman question Anthony Comstock about his promotion of laws denying the use of mails for "obscene" materials.

November 10

Emma Goldman sets out to organize public protest in response to the pending execution of Japanese anarchist Kotoku Shusui (Denjiro), his common-law wife, Kanno Sugako, and twenty-four others.

November 20

Emma Goldman scheduled to lecture on "The Danger of the Growing Power of the Church" in New York City.

November-December

Police authorities deny Emma Goldman the right to speak in Washington, D.C., and Indianapolis. Escapes police interference in Baltimore where she presents five lectures.

December

Anarchism and Other Essays published.

December 4

Emma Goldman begins Sunday lecture series in New York City on anarchism, the drama, "Tolstoy, the Rebel," and "The Parody of Philanthropy."

December 24

Anarchist ball sponsored by Mother Earth in New York City.

1911

Early January

Mother Earth office moved from 210 East Thirteenth Street to 55 West 28th Street, New York City.

January 5

Emma Goldman speaks at the inauguration of the new Ferrer School in New York City.

January 6

Emma Goldman begins her annual "pilgrimage" with a lecture in Rochester. Over the next six months she will travel to fifty cities in eighteen states, delivering 150 lectures and debates.

January 8-14

Emma Goldman's lectures in Buffalo and Pittsburgh poorly attended.

January 15-16

Successful events in Cleveland, especially the Jewish meeting.

January 17-20

Emma Goldman has mixed results in Columbus; denied opportunity to speak on several occasions. Emma Goldman receives support from many members of the United Mine Workers, although the leaders of the UMW vote against inviting Emma Goldman to speak at their convention.

Mid-January

Emma Goldman holds small meetings in Elyria and Dayton, Ohio.

January 21-23

Speaks in Cincinnati.

January 24

Execution of twelve anarchists in Japan.

January 24-25

After free-speech battle in Indianapolis, Emma Goldman is offered use of the Pentecost Tabernacle by a preacher; the next day she speaks at the Universalist Church.

Late January

Emma Goldman holds two meetings in Toledo.

January 31-February 5

Lectures in Detroit disappointing.

Early February

Emma Goldman's lectures in Ann Arbor received more favourably than previous year.

Speaking engagement in Grand Rapids hosted by William Buwalda.

February 10-16

Emma Goldman lectures in Chicago.

February 26-March 3

With the help of William Marion Reedy, Emma Goldman's lectures are widely attended in St. Louis. Meets political artist Robert Minor. Roger Baldwin arranges two speaking engagements for Emma Goldman at the exclusive Wednesday Ladies' Club. Lecture topics include "The Eternal Spirit of

Revolution," "The Social Importance of Ferrer's Modern School," "Tolstoy-- Artist and Rebel," and "Galsworthy's Justice."

March 5

Emma Goldman encounters police interference in Staunton, Ill., but manages to speak before members of this mining town despite arrest of one comrade.

March 6-12

Emma Goldman lectures in Belleville, Ill., Milwaukee, and Madison.

March 13

Ricardo Flores Magón appeals to Emma Goldman for support of the revolutionary movement in Mexico.

March 13-21

Scheduling problems for Emma Goldman's lecture series in St. Paul-- holds only one meeting.

March 25

Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City kills 146 people, mostly young women.

Late March

Emma Goldman delivers six lectures in Minneapolis and three lectures in Omaha.

Early April

Emma Goldman speaks to law students in Lincoln, Nebr., and Lawrence, Kans.

Scheduled to participate in a debate and speak before a Jewish audience in Chicago.

April 6-7

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak in Kansas City, Mo.

April 7 59

Free Speech League incorporated in Albany, N.Y., by Leonard D. Abbott, president, and Brand Whitlock, vice president.

April 14-19

Emma Goldman's lecture on "Victims of Morality" among the most well attended in Denver.

Lecture begins as such:

Not so very long ago I attended a meeting addressed by Anthony Comstock, who has for forty years been the guardian of American morals. A more incoherent, ignorant ramble I have never heard from any platform.

The question that presented itself to me, listening to the commonplace, bigoted talk of the man, was, how could anyone so limited and unintelligent wield the power of censor and dictator over a supposedly democratic nation? True, Comstock has the law to back him. Forty years ago, when Puritanism was even more rampant than to-day, completely shutting out the light of reason and progress, Comstock succeeded, through shady machination and political wire pulling, to introduce a bill which gave him complete control over the Post Office Department -- a control which has proved disastrous to the freedom of the press, as well as the right of privacy of the American citizen.

Since then, Comstock has broken into the private chambers of people, has confiscated personal correspondence, as well as works of art, and has established a system of espionage and graft which would put Russia to shame. Yet the law does not explain the power of Anthony Comstock. There is something else, more terrible than the law. It is the narrow puritanic spirit, as represented in the sterile minds of the Young-Men-and-Old-Maid's Christian Union, Temperance Union, Sabbath Union, Purity League, etc. A spirit which is absolutely blind to the simplest manifestations of life; hence stands for stagnation and decay. As in anti-bellum days, these old fossils lament the

terrible immorality of our time. Science, art, literature, the drama, are at the mercy of bigoted censorship and legal procedure, with the result that America, with all her boastful claims to progress and liberty is still steeped in the densest provincialism.

April 22-26

Emma Goldman speaks in Salt Lake City.

May Climax of land revolt in Baja California led by the Partido Liberal Mexicano; Porfirio Diaz signs a peace treaty with Francisco Madero in Mexico.

April 30-May 7

Emma Goldman immensely pleased with success of her tour in Los Angeles; holds eleven meetings and raises financial support for the Mexican cause, and likens the uprising to the Paris Commune.

May 9-10

Emma Goldman holds two meetings in San Diego.

May 13

Emma Goldman accused of being an agent provocateur by the editors of Justice, a publication of the Social-Democratic Party in London, England. Accusation prompts anarchists and liberal journalists and lawyers to rally to Emma Goldman's defence; statement protesting charges made by Justice is circulated.

May 14

Emma Goldman lectures twice in Fresno, Calif.

May 16-25

Eight lectures and a debate in San Francisco.

Late May-early June

Emma Goldman lectures in Portland and Seattle.

June

Six-month tour concluded with lectures in Spokane, Colville, Wash., Boise, and Denver. Collections made for Mexican comrades.

Summer

Emma Goldman spends time with Alexander Berkman at their Ossining summer retreat while Alexander Berkman completes Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.

First page of the book:

Clearly every detail of that day is engraved on my mind. It is the sixth of July, 1892. We are quietly sitting in the back of our little flat-Fedya and I- when suddenly the Girl enters. Her naturally quick, energetic step sounds more than usually resolute. As I turn to her, I am struck by the peculiar gleam in her eyes and the heightened colour.

"Have you read it?" she cries, waving the half-open newspaper.

"What is it?"

"Homestead. Strikers shot. Pinkertons have killed women and children."

She speaks in a quick, jerky manner. Her words ring like the cry of a wounded animal, the melodious voice tinged with the harshness of bitterness-the bitterness of helpless agony.

I take the paper from her hands. In growing excitement I read the vivid account of the tremendous struggle, the Homestead strike, or, more correctly, the lockout. The report details the conspiracy on the part of the Carnegie Company to crush the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers; the selection, for the purpose, of Henry Clay Frick, whose attitude toward labor is implacably hostile; his secret military preparations while designedly prolonging the peace negotiations with the Amalgamated; the fortification of the Homestead steelworks; the erection of a high board fence, capped by barbed wire and provided with loopholes for sharpshooters; the hiring of an army of Pinkerton thugs; the attempt to smuggle them, in the dead of night, into Homestead; and, finally, the terrible carnage.

I pass the paper to Fedya. The Girl glances at me. We sit in silence, each busy with his own thoughts. Only now and then we exchange a word, a searching, significant look.

August 26

Emma Goldman rallies support for the Mexican Revolution at a mass meeting at Union Square in New York City. Other speakers include Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Max Baginski.

Fall

Unable to secure a mainstream publisher for Berkman's book, Emma Goldman seeks financial support from attorney Gilbert Roe and journalist Lincoln Steffens for its publication by the Mother Earth Publishing Association.

October 1

Emma Goldman speaks out about "The Growing Religious Superstition" at a mass meeting in New York City. A statement of her:

“I do not believe in God, because I believe in man. Whatever his mistakes, man has for thousands of years been working to undo the botched job your god has made. There are . . . some potentates I would kill by any and all means at my disposal. They are Ignorance, Superstition, and Bigotry--the most sinister and tyrannical rulers on earth.”

October 13

Emma Goldman among speakers at a New York City commemoration of the second anniversary of the death of Francisco Ferrer. Other speakers include Leonard Abbott, James P. Morton, and Harry Kelly. Bayard Boyesen, professor at Columbia University and a teacher at the Ferrer School, is later fired by university administrators for having shared the platform with Emma Goldman at this event.

October 15-December 10

Series of Sunday afternoon and evening lectures in Yiddish and English to residents of New York City's Lower East Side. Lecture topics include "Marriage and the Lot of Children among the Poor," "Government by Spies: The McNamara Case and Burns," "Art and Revolution," "Communism, the Most 63

Practical Basis for Society," "Mary Wollstonecraft, the Pioneer of Modern Womanhood," and "Socialism Caught in Its Political Trap."

November 18

Mother Earth concert and ball to take place in New York City.

December 1

John and James McNamara plead guilty to bombing the Los Angeles Times building; admission of guilt creates controversy among their supporters who believed them to be innocent. Emma Goldman defends their action in Mother Earth editorial.

December 17

Emma Goldman scheduled to present a farewell lecture on "Sex, the Element of Creative Work," in New York City, before departing for annual lecture tour with Ben Reitman.

1912

January

Paul Orleneff returns to the United States for a brief series of dramatic performances.

January 12

Lawrence, Mass., textile strike begins.

February

Emma Goldman debates socialist Sol Fieldman twice in New York on "Direct versus Political Action." Bill Haywood and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn take collections for the striking textile workers.

Mother Earth alerts its readers to a major free-speech fight in San Diego.

February 3

Emma Goldman a scheduled speaker at a meeting organized by the Italian Socialist Federation in Union Square to raise support for the Lawrence strikers.

February 10-18

Emma Goldman's annual lecture tour begins in Ohio; speaks in Cleveland, Lorain, Elyria, Columbus, and Dayton; topics include "Anarchism, the Moving Spirit in the Labour Struggle" and "Maternity," a Drama by Eugene Brieux (Why the Poor Should Not Have Children)."

February 21-29

Lectures in Indianapolis and St. Louis.

March Aroused by the experience of hearing her lecture, Almeda Sperry begins a passionate correspondence with Emma Goldman.

March 3-9

Emma Goldman continues lectures in Chicago; topics include "The Failure of Christianity" and "Edmond Rostand's Chantecler." Debates Dr. Denslow Lewis on "Resolved, that the institution of marriage is detrimental to the best interests of society."

Meets Russian revolutionary Vladimir Bourtzeff.

March 10-April 13

Speaking engagements in Grand Rapids, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Milwaukee, Madison, Minneapolis, Omaha, Kansas City, and Lawrence, Kans.

April 14-27

Emma Goldman's lectures in Denver positively received; lecture topics include "Woman's Inhumanity to Man" and "The Failure of Charity." Denver Post features interviews with and articles by Emma Goldman.

Extends stay in Denver to teach a course on the modern drama.

Late April

Emma Goldman in Salt Lake City.

May 1-13

Continuation of lecture tour in Los Angeles; Emma Goldman responds to growing intensity of free-speech battle in San Diego. On May 13, she speaks at the Los Angeles funeral of IWW agitator Joseph Mikolasek, killed by the San Diego police on May 7.

May 14

Mob of vigilantes waits for Emma Goldman's arrival at the San Diego train station; follows her to the Grant Hotel in an attempt to run her out of town. Reitman is kidnapped, tarred, and sage-brushed, his buttocks singed by cigar with the letters "I.W.W." Emma Goldman flees from San Diego to Los Angeles.

May 15

U.S. grand jury initiated to investigate the IWW as "an organization operating contrary to the laws of the United States." Proceedings terminated before Emma Goldman formally called to testify.

May 16

Emma Goldman and Reitman among speakers at two large protest meetings held in Los Angeles.

May 18-29

Emma Goldman and Reitman in San Francisco; lectures on anarchism and the San Diego free-speech battle are widely attended despite condemnation of Emma Goldman in the press.

Socialists deny Emma Goldman use of their Oakland auditorium.

May 30

Reitman and Emma Goldman speak in Sacramento about their recent experience in San Diego.

June 1-6

Emma Goldman continues lecture tour in Portland.

June 9-20

Emma Goldman's lecture series in Seattle threatened by U.S. military veterans who protest her right to speak. Mayor orders a large contingent of police to monitor, rather than bar, her lectures. Emma Goldman speaks in public in defiance of anonymous death threat; no attempts made on her life.

Mid-June

Emma Goldman travels to Spokane, Colville, Wash., and Butte to lecture.

June 20

Following a long illness, Voltairine de Cleyre dies at the age of forty-five.

June 26-July 13

Emma Goldman returns to Denver intending to teach classes on eugenics and on modern drama; eugenics class canceled for lack of interest. Public lecture topics include "Patriotism--a Menace to Liberty" and "Vice, Its Cause and Cure."

July 16

Her lecture circuit completed, Emma Goldman stops at the Waldheim cemetery in Chicago to visit Voltairine de Cleyre's grave.

July 22

Emma Goldman pleased to return to a well-organized _Mother Earth_ office in New York.

Summer and Fall

Emma Goldman vacations and writes at the Ossining farm; grows impatient with Berkman's difficulties with revision of Prison Memoirs.

August 1

Emma Goldman impressed by African-American political theorist W. E. B. Du Bois lecture at the Sunrise Club in New York.

October 6-December 22 67

Emma Goldman holds a Yiddish and English Sunday lecture series in New York City; topics include "The Psychology of Anarchism," "The Dupes of Politics," "Sex Sterilization of Criminals," "The Resurrection of Alexander Berkman: Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist," "The Failure of Democracy," "Economic Efficiency--the Modern Menace," and Damaged Goods by Eugène Brieux (A Powerful Drama, Dealing with the Curse of Venereal Disease).

November 5

Woodrow Wilson elected president; Socialist candidate Eugene Debs receives over 900,000 votes.

November 11

Emma Goldman participates in major commemoration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Haymarket martyrs in New York, sponsored by more than a dozen anarchist and labour organizations.

November 26-30

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak at a meeting organized by Almeda Sperry in New Kensington, Pa., followed by meetings in Pittsburgh, New Castle, and McKees Rocks.

December 6

Emma Goldman scheduled to lecture on syndicalism in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn.

December 7

Gala celebration of Peter Kropotkin's seventieth birthday in New York City cosponsored by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme and Mother Earth; Emma Goldman a featured speaker.

December 11

Berkman and Emma Goldman speak at the Chicago celebration of Kropotkin's birthday.

December 20

Emma Goldman scheduled to lecture on Leonid Andreyev's King Hunger in Brownsville.

December 24

Mother Earth Grand Ball and Reunion in New York.

1913

January 12-February 16

Emma Goldman delivers six Sunday lectures in New York City on the modern drama, discussing the plays of Scandinavian, German, Austrian, French, English, and Russian dramatists including August Strindberg, Gerhart Hauptmann, Arthur Schnitzler, Frank Wedekind, Maurice Maeterlinck, Edmond Rostand, Octave Mirbeau, Eugène Brieux, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Pinero, John Galsworthy, Charles Rann Kennedy, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Maxim Gorki, and Leonid Andreyev.

February 12

Lecture in Hartford, Conn.

February 14

Lecture in Newark, N.J.

February 17

The International Exhibition of Modern Art--the Armory Show--opens at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City.

February 20

Benefit event for Mother Earth's eighth anniversary and for Emma Goldman on the eve of her departure for her annual lecture tour.

February 22-April 22

Emma Goldman describes her engagements in Cleveland, Toledo, Detroit, Ann Arbor, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Mo., Coffeyville, Lawrence, and Topeka, Kans., as "dreadfully uneventful and dull." Lecture topics include "Sex Sterilization of Criminals," "The Psychology of Anarchism," "Woman's Inhumanity to Man," "Syndicalism--the Modern Menace to Capitalism," "Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist," "Syndicalism, the Strongest Weapon of Labor--a Discussion of Direct Action, Sabotage and the General Strike," and the modern drama.

February 25

Paterson, N.J., silk strike begins.

April 25

Emma Goldman opens series of lectures on Nietzsche at the Woman's Club in Denver.

May 1-8

Emma Goldman lectures on the modern drama in Denver, which "brought larger and more representative audiences than we have ever had in Denver."

May 11-19

Emma Goldman delivers thirteen lectures in Los Angeles.

May 19

Emma Goldman accompanies Reitman, obsessed with returning to San Diego, to the place of his abduction by vigilantes the previous year.

May 20

Emma Goldman and Reitman arrested on arrival in San Diego; vigilantes surround the police station. Police order Emma Goldman and Reitman to board the afternoon train back to Los Angeles.

May 22

In Los Angeles, Emma Goldman and others speak out against continued vigilante intimidation in San Diego. 70

May 25-June 8

Emma Goldman delivers a series of anarchist propaganda lectures in San Francisco, followed by several talks on the modern drama, including Stanley Houghton's Hindel Wakes, John Galsworthy's The Wheels of Justice Crush All, and Charles Rann Kennedy's The Dignity of Labour.

June Arahata Kanson translates Emma Goldman's essay "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation" into Japanese.

June 16-July 9

Emma Goldman lectures on anarchism and the modern drama in Los Angeles. General lecture topics include "Friedrich Nietzsche, the Anti-Governmentalist," "The Social Evil," and "The Child and Its Enemies: The Revolutionary Developments in Modern Education." Dramatists discussed include Henrik Ibsen, Hermann Sudermann, Otto Hartleben, J. M. Synge, William Butler Yeats, Lady Isabella Gregory, Lennox Robinson, Thomas C. Murray, and E. N. Chirikov.

July

Paterson silk strike ends in failure.

July 13-31

Due to her popular success the previous month, Emma Goldman is welcomed back to San Francisco to continue her lecture series. Debates socialist Maynard Shipley, and, in addition to a series on the modern drama, delivers several talks on general topics including "The Relation of the Individual to Society" and, in Yiddish, "Should the Poor Have Many Children." Emma Goldman notes that her lecture on "The Social Evil" attracted the biggest and most diverse audience.

August 3-9

In Portland, Emma Goldman delivers lectures on the modern drama, including the works of playwrights Ludwig Thoma, Stanley Houghton, and Katherine Githa Sowerby. Other public speaking engagements include a debate with socialist W. F. Ries and a lecture on the sterilization laws adopted by the state of Oregon.

August 9

In Seattle, while distributing advance lecture bills for Emma Goldman, Reitman and another publicist are arrested on the charge of "peddling bills without a license," and released on five dollars bail.

August 10

The Seattle Free Speech League protests the actions of the president of the University of Washington, who disallowed the scheduling of Emma Goldman's lectures at campus facilities.

August 11-17

Emma Goldman delivers several lectures in Seattle, including three in the IWW meeting hall; describes them as "the most wonderful I have addressed in many years."

Mid-August

Canadian immigration authorities prevent Emma Goldman from entering the country.

August 17

Emma Goldman participates in debate on "Anarchism versus Socialism," and speaks on "Marriage and Love" in Everett, Wash., despite the mayor's intention to bar her public talks.

Late August

Emma Goldman delivers three lectures in Spokane, including "The Social and Revolutionary Significance of the Modern Drama."

"The Growing Danger of the Power of the Church" is the most popular of two lectures delivered by Emma Goldman in Butte, Mont.

September

Back in New York City, Emma Goldman engages in a search for a large apartment to combine the Mother Earth office with a household comprised of Reitman and his mother, Berkman, Mother Earth secretary M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, and French housekeeper Rhoda Smith. By the end of the month, she

moves from 210 East 13th Street, where she has lived since 1903, to 74 West 119th Street.

Fall-Winter

Settled in her new home, Emma Goldman prepares her modern drama manuscript for publication.

Emma Goldman organizes political support for IWW members arrested in connection with strike of Canadian miners, and for Jesus Rangel, Charles Kline and twelve members of the Partido Liberal Mexicano charged with murdering a deputy sheriff in San Antonio, Tex.

October 12

Emma Goldman among speakers at a Francisco Ferrer memorial meeting in New York City.

October 18

Annual Mother Earth reunion concert and ball takes place in New York.

October 26

Emma Goldman delivers two lectures in Trenton, N.J.

November 2-December 28

Emma Goldman conducts Sunday evening lectures series in New York City; topics include "Our Moral Censors," "The Place of Anarchism in Modern Thought," "The Strike of Mothers," "The Intellectual Proletarians," and "Why Strikes Are Lost."

December 15

Emma Goldman hosts a social gathering for British syndicalist Tom Mann.

December 16

Despite warnings by the Paterson, N.J., police forbidding Emma Goldman from speaking, she addresses members of the IWW on "The Spirit of Anarchism in the Labor Struggle." Emma Goldman is forced off the platform; audience members engage in battle with the police to release her.

December 24

Annual "Christmas Gathering of the Mother EarthFamily" in New York City.

1914

January Emma Goldman's Mother Earth essay "Self-Defense for Labor" responds to a series of violent labor violations; in the absence of legal protection against the danger of exercising their right to organize, Emma Goldman calls on workers to arm themselves for self-defense.

Joe Hill arrested in Utah; charged with murder despite lack of evidence.

Emma Goldman's household arrangement with Reitman and his mother fails. Emma Goldman's relationship with him becomes "unbearable"; Reitman moves back to Chicago.

Emma Goldman continues to work on the manuscript of Social Significance of the Modern Drama.

January 4

Philadelphia police expel audience and lock the hall where Emma Goldman is scheduled to lecture on "The Awakening of Labour"; event moved to another location where the lecture proceeds without interruption.

Free notes on “The Awakening of Labour”:

The proletarization of our time reaches far beyond the field of manual labour; indeed, in the larger sense all those who work for their living, whether with hand or brain, all those who must sell their skill, knowledge, experience and ability, are proletarians. From this point of view, our entire system, excepting a very limited class, has been proletarianized.

Our whole social fabric is maintained by the efforts of mental and physical labor. In return for that, the intellectual proletarians, even as the workers in shop and mine, eke out an insecure and pitiful existence, and are more dependent upon the masters than those who work with their hands.

January 5

Under the auspices of the Free Speech League, Emma Goldman addresses large meeting in Paterson, N.J., to protest recent violations of free speech; other speakers include single-taxer Bolton Hall, Leonard Abbott, and Lincoln Steffens.

January 11-March 8

Emma Goldman delivers extensive lecture series in New York City on the modern drama; expands her repertoire to discuss the works of British poet and dramatist John Masefield, and American playwrights Mark E. Swan, William J. Hurlbut, Joshua Rosett, and Edwin Davies Schoonmaker. Responding to the massive unemployment of the time, Emma Goldman requests contributions for the jobless at each lecture.

March

Emma Goldman offered high-paying speaking engagements in vaudeville; after brief contemplation of proposition based on desperate financial need, she turns down offer.

March 6

Lecture in Newark, N.J.

March 9

Emma Goldman delivers lecture in Philadelphia; notes free-speech victory with complete retreat of police authorities.

March 15

Emma Goldman, in Yiddish, among speakers at an afternoon celebration of the ninth anniversary of the publication of Mother Earth and a commemoration of the Paris Commune; other speakers include Berkman, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Harry Kelly.

Emma Goldman delivers farewell lecture in New York City. American playwright George Middleton and actresses Fola La Follette and Mary Shaw speak on "What Drama Means to Me."

March 21

Emma Goldman addresses demonstration of unemployed workers at Union Square in New York City; rally is followed by march along Fifth Avenue. Event launches city-wide campaign of the unemployed, in which Berkman takes an active role.

April

The Social Significance of the Modern Drama published.

April 3

Reunited, Emma Goldman and Reitman open their seventh annual tour in Chicago with "splendid" Jewish meetings.

April 5

Emma Goldman lectures on "The Conflict of the Sexes" in Chicago; attended by at least one thousand people.

Jealousy Its Cause and Possible Cure (Excerpted from a draft of Goldman's lecture (1915) housed at the New York Public Library.)

The most prevalent evil of our mutilated love life is jealousy, often described as the "green-eyed monster" who lies, cheats, betrays, and kills. The popular notion is that jealousy is inborn and therefore can never be eradicated from the human heart. This idea is a convenient excuse for those who lack ability and willingness to delve into cause and effect. . . .

There are other factors in jealousy: the conceit of the male and the envy of the female. The male in matters sexual is an imposter, a braggart, who forever boasts of his exploits and success with women. He insists on playing the part of a conqueror, since he has been told that women want to be conquered, that they love to be seduced. Feeling himself the only cock in the barnyard. . . . he feels mortally wounded in his conceit and arrogance the moment a rival appears on the scene the scene, even among so-called refined men, continues to be woman's sex love, which must belong to only one master. . . .

In the case of woman, economic fear for herself and children and her petty envy of every other woman who gains grace in the eyes of her supporter 76

invariably create jealousy. In justice to woman be it said that for centuries past, physical attraction was her only stock in trade, therefore she must needs become envious of the charm and value of other women as threatening her hold upon her precious property.

I hold that every man and woman can help to cure jealousy. The first step towards this is a recognition that they are neither the owners nor controllers nor dictators over the sex functions of the wife or the husband. . . . Whatever we attempt to hold by force, by jealous threats or scenes, through spying and snooping, through mean tricks and soul tortures, is not worth keeping. . . .

Jealousy is indeed a poor medium to secure love, but it is a secure medium to destroy one's self-respect. For jealous people, like dope fiends, stoop to the lowest level and in the end inspire only disgust and loathing. . . .

All lovers do well to leave the doors of their love wide open. When love can go and come without fear of meeting a watchdog, jealousy will rarely take root because it will soon learn that where there are no locks and keys there is no place for suspicion and distrust, two elements upon which jealousy thrives and prospers.

April 6-12

Emma Goldman presents expanded afternoon lecture series on the modern drama in Chicago. Playwrights analyzed include British dramatist St. John Hankin, Welsh author John O. Francis, and American dramatists Eugene Walter and George Middleton.

Other lectures presented in Chicago during this period include "Our Moral Censors," "The Individual and Society," "The Hypocrisy of Charity," "Beyond Good and Evil," "Anarchism and Labor" (in German), and "The Mother Strike."

In Chicago, Emma Goldman befriends Margaret Anderson, editor of the literary magazine Little Review.

April 19-26

Emma Goldman lectures in Madison, Minneapolis, and Des Moines.

April 20

Massacre of striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colo., by armed company guards from John D. Rockefeller's Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.; eleven children and two women among those killed.

April 28-May 9

Emma Goldman delivers seven propaganda lectures and eleven modern drama talks in Denver.

On May 3, Emma Goldman addresses large meeting organized by the Anti- Militarist League of Denver to protest the use of federal troops in the Colorado mining strike and the war with Mexico.

Emma Goldman attributes Denver IWW free-speech victory in part to the efforts of Reitman, who helped secure the release of twenty-seven IWW members from the county jail.

May 11

Emma Goldman makes brief appearance in Salt Lake City.

May 15-June 11

In Los Angeles, Emma Goldman continues delivering propaganda and modern drama lectures, which includes discussion of Irish playwright Seamus O'Kelly. Her propaganda lectures include "Revolution and Reform--Which?" and "The Place of the Church in the Labor Struggle." Emma Goldman reports to birth- control advocate Margaret Sanger that "Not one of my lectures brings out such a crowd as the one on the birth strike and it is the same with the W[oman] R[ebel]. It sells better than anything we have" (May 26, 1914).

June 14-July 10

Emma Goldman reception in San Francisco disappointing compared to her experience in Los Angeles. Lectures include "The Intellectual Proletarians," "The Superman in Relation to the Social Revolution," "The Mothers' Strike," and "Anti-Militarism: The Reply to War."

July 4

Accidental bomb explosion at Lexington Avenue in New York City kills four people, including Arthur Caron, Carl Hansen, and Charles Berg, anarchists who knew Berkman from the protests at John D. Rockefeller's estate in Tarrytown, N.Y.

Mid-July

Emma Goldman travels to Eureka and Arcata, lumber towns in Humboldt County, Calif.; delivers first-known anarchist lectures there to enthusiastic audiences.

On July 11 in New York City, a rally and public funeral of six thousand people mourn the deaths of those killed in the Lexington Avenue explosion. Berkman, a key organizer of event, speaks at rally despite heavy police surveillance. Emma Goldman furious when she receives the July issue of Mother Earth, which, unbeknownst to her, has been filled with "harangues...of a most violent character.... [including] prattle about force and dynamite."

July 19-26

Emma Goldman lectures in Portland, much aided by C. E. S. Wood. Among the most notable and well attended of her lectures is "Intellectual Proletarians" at the Portland Public Library. Other talks presented include "The Immorality of Prohibition and Continence," about the prohibition campaign of Portland, which Emma Goldman later described as "one of the most exciting evenings in my public career." The focus of her drama criticism expands during this tour to include the work of Norwegian playwright Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson.

July 26-August 3

Emma Goldman reports that her lectures in Seattle are "flat and uninteresting."

August

Outbreak of World War I in Europe.

August 4

Emma Goldman speaks at a hastily organized event in Tacoma, Wash., on "The Birth Strike--Why and How the Poor Should Not Have Children." Following Tacoma, she travels to Home Colony.

August 7-14

Emma Goldman returns to Portland to deliver a series of free lectures.

August 16-19

Emma Goldman delivers five lectures in Butte, of which the most popular are her antiwar and birth control talks.

Late August

Emma Goldman makes brief stop in Chicago before returning to New York City, where she finds Mother Earth in disastrous financial condition as a result of Berkman's poor management.

Margaret Sanger indicted for obscenity in connection with her journal The Woman Rebel. A few months later, Sanger flees the country until Oct. 1915.

October

To decrease financial burden, Emma Goldman relocates her residence and the _Mother Earth_ office from West 119th Street to smaller quarters located at 20 East 125th Street.

Emma Goldman encourages Berkman to embark on an independent lecture tour; places Max Baginski and her nephew Saxe Commins in charge of editorial work of Mother Earth.

November

Part one of Peter Kropotkin's 1913 essay, "Wars and Capitalism," reprinted in Mother Earth, in an effort to refute Kropotkin's stance in favor of the war.

October 23-November 15

Emma Goldman returns to Chicago for series of propaganda and modern drama lectures, delivered in both English and Yiddish. General lecture topics include "War and the Sacred Right of Property," "The Betrayal of the International," 80

"The False Pretenses of Culture," "The Psychology of War," "The Tsar and 'My' Jews," "The War and 'Our Lord'," "The Misconceptions of Free Love," and "Woman and War."

Her English series on the drama, titled "The Modern Drama as a Mirror of Individual, Class and Social Rebellion Against the Tyranny of the Past," takes place in Chicago's elegant Fine Arts Building, made possible by the financial backing of a wealthy supporter. Emma Goldman's usual focus on European dramatists is expanded to include for the first time Swedish dramatist Hjalmar Bergman; French playwrights Paul Hervieu, (Félix) Henry Bataille, and Henri Becque; Italian dramatists Gabriele D'Annunzio and Giuseppe Giacosa; Spanish playwright José Echegaray; Yiddish dramatists Jacob Gordin, Sholem Asch, David Pinski, and Max Nordau; and American playwright Butler Davenport.

Emma Goldman describes the audience of her Chicago Press Club luncheon lecture on "The Relationship of Anarchism to Literature" as "five hundred hard- faced men."

November 11

In Chicago, Emma Goldman participates in event to commemorate the twenty- seventh anniversary of the death of the Haymarket martyrs.

November 20-24

Emma Goldman delivers lectures in Detroit and Ann Arbor.

November 26

Emma Goldman delighted with the success of her meetings, including lecture on "The War and 'Our Lord,'" in Grand Rapids, Mich., organized by William Buwalda of the Analyser Club.

November 29-December 6

In St. Louis, Emma Goldman delivers eight English and two Yiddish lectures to receptive audiences.

December 7-10

Lectures in Indianapolis and Cincinnati; interaction with Indianapolis audience at her lecture on "Free Love" described as "both interesting and funny."

December 11-14

Emma Goldman presents two English and two Yiddish lectures in Cleveland, and delivers an address before the Council of Economics.

December 15-18

In Pittsburgh, Emma Goldman holds a meeting organized by lawyer Jacob Margolis.

December 20

Emma Goldman delivers lecture on the war to an audience of eighteen hundred people at an event organized by her niece Miriam Cominsky in Rochester. Days later, Emma Goldman speaks on "The Birth Strike."

December 31

Emma Goldman hosts New Year's eve party at her apartment on East 125th Street; Mabel Dodge among those invited.

1915

Winter

Emma Goldman helps organize defence of Matthew Schmidt and David Caplan, arrested for complicity in the 1910 bombing of the Los Angeles Times building.

January-April

Emma Goldman delivers series of lectures on the war and on sexuality in New York City, Albany, Schenectady, and Boston. Topics include "Anarchism and Literature," "Feminism--A Criticism of Woman's Struggle for the Vote and 'Freedom'," "Nietzsche, The Intellectual Storm-Center of the Great War," "The Intermediate Sex (A Study of Homosexuality)," and "Man--Monogamist or Varietist?"

At the end of 1915, Reitman reports that Emma Goldman has delivered a total of 321 lectures that year.

January 15

Emma Goldman attends concert of her nephew David Hochstein, a violinist with exceptional talent.

January 19

William Sanger arrested for circulating a copy of Margaret Sanger's pamphlet Family Limitation.

February

Emma Goldman lectures on "Limitation of Offspring" to six hundred people, one of the liberal New York Sunrise Club's largest audiences. Although she details explicit information about birth control methods, Emma Goldman is not arrested.

February 20

Mother Earth "Red Revel" Ball takes place in New York City; attended by close to eight hundred people of many nationalities.

March

Emma Goldman helps raise money for the defence fund of Frank Abarno and Carmine Carbone, members of the Italian anarchist Gruppo Gaetano Bresci, arrested on March 2 for conspiracy to bomb St. Patrick's Cathedral. On April 9, Abarno and Carbone are convicted and sentenced to six to twelve years in prison.

March 11

Emma Goldman disappointed by the poor attendance at the tenth anniversary of Mother Earth in New York.

March 18

Emma Goldman shares the platform with Harry Kelly, Italian anarchist Carlo Tresca, Pedro Esteve, Russian anarchist William Shatoff, and physician and anarchist Michael Cohn for an international celebration of the anniversary of the

Paris Commune. Emma Goldman attributes poor turnout to the divided stance among radicals on the war.

March 28

Emma Goldman lectures again on "Limitation of Offspring--Why and How Small Families are Preferable" in New York. Although explicit information is repeated and detectives are present, no arrests are made.

March 30

Emma Goldman invited by the students of the Union Theological Seminary in New York to speak on "The Message of Anarchism," but administration cancels the engagement.

April

Writing from exile in Europe, Margaret Sanger criticizes Emma Goldman for failing to provide adequate support and coverage of Sanger's legal battles. Emma Goldman calls her charge "very unfair" and assures her that Mother Earth will stand by her.

The Organizing Junta of the Partido Liberal Mexicano, including the Magón bothers, appeals to the readers of Mother Earth for solidarity with the Mexican revolutionary movement.

Emma Goldman poses for a portrait by artist Robert Henri.

April 7

Emma Goldman debates economist Isaac Hourwich on "Social Revolution versus Social Reform" in New York City in a benefit for the Ferrer School; attended by nearly two thousand people.

April 19

µEmma Goldman speaks on "The Failure of Christianity" and the Billy Sunday movement in Paterson, N.J., after attending one of Sunday's revival meetings.

Late April

Motivated primarily by need to pay off debts of Mother Earth, Emma Goldman embarks on a lecture tour. One of her first engagements, in Philadelphia, is

delivering "The Limitation of Offspring" in Yiddish before an audience of twelve hundred.

May

International Anarchist Manifesto on the War issued from London; Emma Goldman among over thirty anarchist signatories from the United States, Italy, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Russia.

Emma Goldman lectures on the war, drama, birth control, and sexuality in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago, Milwaukee, Madison, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Denver. topics include "Jealousy, Its Cause and Possible Cure," the Modern School, and feminism. Finds that audiences are most receptive to her lectures on war and on birth control, although Catholic socialists harass her in Washington, D.C.

June

Emma Goldman continues her lecture tour in Los Angeles and San Diego, raising support for the Caplan-Schmidt defense fund.

While in Los Angeles, Emma Goldman presents her critique of feminism to a hostile group of five hundred members of the Woman's City Club, who, according to Emma Goldman, denounce her as "an enemy of woman's freedom."

July

Emma Goldman delivers twenty-four lectures in San Francisco; topics include "The Psychology of War," "The Follies of Feminism (A criticism of the Modern Woman's Movement)," "Religion and the War," and "The Right of the Child Not to Be Born." According to Reitman, Emma Goldman presents "an inspired address" on "The Philosophy of Atheism" before the Congress of Religious Philosophy at the Civic Auditorium.

August

Lectures continue in Portland; on Aug. 6, while beginning a speech on "Birth Control," Emma Goldman and Reitman are arrested for distributing birth control literature. Emma Goldman released on $500 bail provided by C. E. S. Wood.

August 7

Emma Goldman and Reitman are fined $100. Despite proclamation by the chief of police that Emma Goldman will not be allowed to speak again in Portland, she presents "The Intermediate Sex" later that night, and two lectures the following day.

August 10

Emma Goldman speaks on "The Sham of Culture" at the Portland Public Library to overflowing crowd.

August 13

Emma Goldman's case dismissed by Portland Circuit Judge Gatens who concludes, "There is too much tendency to prudery nowadays."

Mid-late August

Emma Goldman lectures in Seattle where she has difficulty securing halls.

September

Emma Goldman returns to New York.

September 10

William Sanger convicted for illegal distribution of birth control literature; Sanger serves thirty-day jail sentence in lieu of paying $150 fine.

September 16

Emma Goldman scheduled to speak at meeting to rally support for David Caplan and Matthew Schmidt prior to the opening of their trials. (During the course of Schmidt's trial, it is revealed that Donald Vose, the son of an anarchist friend of Emma Goldman's, had been employed since May 1914 by detective William J. Burns to spy on Emma Goldman in order to locate Schmidt. Vose resided at Emma Goldman's apartment and at her farm in Ossining the previous year, and witnessed Schmidt visiting Emma Goldman. Schmidt was later arrested.)

October

Reitman, in Chicago, begins work on a book about venereal disease; Emma Goldman reviews the first chapter. 86

October 26-30

Emma Goldman delivers five lectures--including "Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter" in Philadelphia. Scott Nearing of the University of Pennsylvania attends one of her lectures.

Late October-mid-November

Emma Goldman lectures in Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Pittsburgh, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Akron, and Youngstown. On Nov. 11, the anniversary of the Haymarket martyrs, Emma Goldman delivers her "Preparedness" lecture to three thousand employees of a Westinghouse defense plant at a street lecture in East Pittsburgh.

November 19

IWW member and songwriter Joe Hill (Joseph Hillstrom) executed in Utah.

November 19-December 5

Emma Goldman presents sixteen lectures in Chicago, including six in Yiddish; "Sex, the Great Element of Creative Art" and "The Right of the Child Not to be Born" among the topics addressed.

December 8-21

Emma Goldman lectures in St. Louis, Indianapolis, Columbus, Akron, Cleveland, and Youngstown. Emma Goldman remarks that the Akron newspaper reports on her birth control lectures were among the most intelligent she had ever seen.

Late December

Emma Goldman returns to New York ill and exhausted; seeks better accommodations at the Theresa Hotel in New York, as the Mother Earth office has no bath. Hotel management refuses to grant her residence. Attorney Harry Weinberger protests on Emma Goldman's behalf.

1916

January

Emma Goldman lectures in New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh, on sexuality, modern drama, and the war, including "Preparedness: A Conspiracy between the Munitions Manufacturers and Washington." Also lectures before enthusiastic members of a prominent women's club in Brooklyn.

Matthew Schmidt convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.

January 15

Berkman announces publication of the first issue of his San Francisco-based journal The Blast.

February-March

Emma Goldman continues her lectures--including "The Ego and His Own, a review of Max Stirner's book," "The Family, the Great Obstacle to Development," and "Nietzsche and the German Kaiser"--in New York, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Pittsburgh. Her lectures on modern drama include Irish playwrights Synge, Yeats, Thomas Cornelius Murray, Rutherford Mayne, and Lennox Robinson.

February 11

Emma Goldman arrested in New York City for her birth control lecture the previous week; released on $500 bail. Preliminary hearing takes place Feb. 28; case postponed for Special Sessions April 5. Emma Goldman appeals for support.

February 18

Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón, editors of the Mexican anarchist periodical Regeneración, arrested and jailed on charges of "having used the mails to incite murder, arson, and treason." Months later, they are both convicted and given prison sentences and fines.

February 20

Celebration in New York City for Margaret Sanger following the dismissal of all charges against her; Robert Minor's motion for Emma Goldman to speak at the meeting is not supported.

March 10

Mass meeting held in San Francisco to protest Emma Goldman's Feb. 11 arrest.

April

Emma Goldman prepares for her birth control trial and continues to lecture in New York; drama critique includes discussion of British playwright Harley Granville-Barker.

April 2

Emma Goldman chairs public meeting in New York to protest imprisonment of Matthew Schmidt.

April 5

Emma Goldman's courtroom hearing on her birth control violation takes place amid ruckus between police and her supporters.

April 19

Benefit banquet for Emma Goldman at the Hotel Brevoort is attended by notable artists, writers, socialists, and doctors, including John Cowper Powys, Alexander Harvey, Robert Henri, George Bellows, Robert Minor, Boardman Robinson, and Rose Pastor Stokes.

April 20

Emma Goldman defends herself in birth control trial. She is convicted, and, in lieu of paying $100 fine, serves fifteen days in the Queens County Penitentiary; released May 4.

April 27

Reitman arrested in New York for distributing pamphlets on birth control.

May 5

Large gathering at Carnegie Hall to celebrate Emma Goldman's release from jail. Program includes speeches by Masses editor Max Eastman, Harry Weinberger, Arturo Giovannitti, and socialist Rose Pastor Stokes. At the close of the meeting, Rose Pastor Stokes hands out one hundred typewritten notices including outlawed information about birth control.

May 8

Reitman convicted and sentenced to sixty days in Queens County Jail.

May 20

Emma Goldman speaks from the back of a car at an open-air demonstration in Union Square to protest Reitman's imprisonment for distributing birth control. Ida Rauh Eastman, Bolton Hall, and Jessie Ashley are arrested later and charged with illegally distributing birth control information at the meeting.

Late May-July

Emma Goldman conducts lecture tour in Philadelphia, Cleveland, Denver, Los Angeles, and San Francisco; topics include "Free or Forced Motherhood," "Anarchism and Human Nature--Do They Harmonize?," "The Family--Its Enslaving Effect upon Parents and Children," "Art and Revolution: The Irish Uprising," in addition to lectures on the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Walt Whitman.

Emma Goldman plans meeting with Giovannitti and others to begin work on an anti-militarist manifesto.

July

During strike of thirty thousand iron-ore miners of the Mesabi range in northern Minnesota, Carlo Tresca and other IWW strike leaders are arrested on charge of inciting the murder of a deputy.

July 1

Social dance and benefit for the defence funds of David Caplan and Enrique and Ricardo Flores Magón takes place in Los Angeles. Emma Goldman and Berkman celebrate their success in raising the $10,000 bail necessary to secure the release of the Magon brothers. 90

July 22

A bomb is thrown into the crowd at a Preparedness Day parade in San Francisco, killing ten and wounding forty people. On the same day, Emma Goldman proceeds as planned with her scheduled talk on "Preparedness, the Road to Universal Slaughter."

The authorities immediately suspect anarchist involvement in the bombing. A few days later, they search and seize material located at the offices of The Blast, and threaten to arrest Berkman and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald. Later that week, Warren Billings, Israel Weinberg, Edward Nolan, Thomas Mooney, and Rena Mooney are arrested. Emma Goldman and Berkman begin to organize support for their defense.

August-September

Emma Goldman lectures in Portland, Seattle, and Denver; Emma Goldman's lecture "The Gary System" addresses the topic of public school education. In Denver, Emma Goldman's lectures include "The Educational and Sexual Dwarfing of the Child," and a course on "Russian Literature--The Voice of Revolt."

September 11

Trial of Warren Billings begins in San Francisco.

Late September-October

Emma Goldman's lecture tour concluded, she takes a brief vacation in Provincetown with her niece Stella. Following the conviction and sentencing of Warren Billings to life imprisonment, Emma Goldman resumes work with Berkman in New York in support of the Mooney case.

October 20

Appearing in court to testify on behalf of Bolton Hall, Emma Goldman is arrested for having distributed birth control information on May 20. (Hall is later acquitted of the charge.) Emma Goldman released on $500 bond; Harry Weinberger serves as her attorney.

October 26

Margaret Sanger is arrested for distributing birth control information. 91

November 5

Protesting violations of free speech and vigilante intimidation, five members of the IWW are killed and thirty-one wounded by vigilantes in Everett, Wash.; seventy-four IWW members are later tried for the murder of a deputy and a lumber company official.

November-December

Emma Goldman lectures in Chicago, Milwaukee, Ann Arbor, Detroit, Cleveland, and Rochester on education, Russian literature, birth control, sexuality, and anarchism.

November 11

Bill Haywood, Lucy Parsons, and Emma Goldman speak at a large memorial meeting in Chicago for the Haymarket martyrs. Collections are made for, in Emma Goldman's words, "the living victims in the social war," including Mooney, Tresca, Caplan, Schmidt, and the IWW members arrested in Everett.

December 2

Emma Goldman speaks at a large meeting in Carnegie Hall called by the United Hebrew Trades to protest the arrests and trials of those accused of throwing a bomb at the San Francisco Preparedness Day parade. Other speakers include lawyer Frank Walsh, Max Eastman, United Hebrew Trades leader Max Pine, Giovannitti, and Berkman.

December 12

Reitman arrested in Cleveland for organizing volunteers to distribute birth control information at Emma Goldman's lecture "Is Birth Control Harmful--a Discussion of the Limitation of Offspring."

December 15

At one of Emma Goldman's lectures in Rochester, Reitman is again arrested for distributing illegal birth control literature.

1917

January-April

Emma Goldman lectures before Yiddish- and English-speaking audiences in New York, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Passaic, N.J., Boston, Springfield, and Brockton, Mass.; topics include "Obedience, A Social Vice," "Celibacy or Sex Expression," "Vice and Censorship, Twin Sisters--How Vice is Not Suppressed," "Michael Bakunin, His Life and Work," "Walt Whitman, the Liberator of Sex," "The Speculators in War and Starvation," "American Democracy in Relation to the Russian Revolution," and a course on Russian literature.

Emma Goldman preoccupied with threat of Berkman's extradition to California in connection with the Mooney case.

Following the February Revolution in Russia, Emma Goldman supports William Shatoff's return to Russia with a contingent of Russian exiles and refugees. Emma Goldman and Berkman entrust Louise Berger with the delivery of a manifesto they have written to the people of Russia to protest the imprisonment of Mooney and Billings. Emma Goldman and Berkman attend Leon Trotsky's farewell lecture in New York City. They contemplate visiting Russia, but decide to postpone plans when they learn that the British government has held up the return of several Russian revolutionaries.

January 8

Emma Goldman acquitted by a New York court on charge of circulating birth control information at the May 20, 1916, Union Square open-air meeting. Emma Goldman credits especially Ida Rauh Eastman, who risks self-incrimination in order to disprove Emma Goldman's involvement in distributing literature.

January 17

Reitman is convicted on charges resulting from his arrest of Dec. 12, 1916, and sentenced to serve six months in jail and to pay a fine of $1,000 in addition to court costs. Emma Goldman angry that Margaret Sanger, in Cleveland at the time, failed to help rally support for Reitman.

February Alien Immigration Act passed; allows deportation of undesirable aliens "any time after their entry."

February 4-5

In Cleveland, Emma Goldman speaks on "The Message of Anarchism" before a full assembly of the North Congregational Church. The following day she 93

addresses a free-speech meeting; Emma Goldman dismayed that other speakers have refused to attend event if birth control included among issues addressed.

February 7

Mooney convicted and sentenced to hang on May 17. Emma Goldman intensifies organizing efforts to prevent his execution.

February 28

Following large rally in support of Reitman the prior evening, Reitman is acquitted on charges from his Dec. 15, 1916 birth control arrest in Rochester.

March

Mooney's defence attorney W. Bourke Cockran speaks at mass meeting at Carnegie Hall organized by Emma Goldman and Berkman.

April Emma Goldman speaks at several meetings chaired by John Sloan of the New York Art Students League.

April 6

The United States enters World War I.

April 7

Political Prisoners Ball, which Emma Goldman has helped organize, benefits the San Francisco Labor Defense for Mooney and Billings; features "cell-booth bazaar and prison garb and military costumes." Emma Goldman counts forty- five hundred people in attendance.

May

Emma Goldman lectures in New York, Springfield, Mass., and Philadelphia; topics include "Billy Sunday (Charlatan and Vulgarian)," "The State and its Powerful Opponents: Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Stirner, Ralph Waldo Emerson, David Thoreau, and Others," "Woman's Inhumanity to Man," and Russian literature.

May 9

Conference to organize a No-Conscription League held at the Mother Earth office; away lecturing, Emma Goldman claims that she sent a message that, as a woman, she felt she could not claim a position on whether or not the League should urge men against registering for the military.

May 17

Mooney's scheduled date of execution is stayed while case is appealed.

May 18

On the same day that the Selective Service Act is passed authorizing federal conscription for the armed forces and requiring the registration of all men between the ages of twenty-one and thirty, Emma Goldman addresses an anti- conscription gathering of close to ten thousand people chaired by Leonard Abbott in New York City. Other speakers include Berkman and Harry Weinberger. No arrests made, but many detectives present.

May 31

Emma Goldman speaks before a Jewish audience in Philadelphia on "Victims of Morality," addressing morality as it relates to private ownership, government and laws, and women. The police warn her against addressing conscription when she begins to urge mothers to prevent their sons from fighting in the war. Event inspires the formation of a No-Conscription League in Philadelphia.

June

On an order from Washington, D.C., New York postal authorities hold up June issue of Mother Earth.

Kropotkin returns to Russia.

June 1

At a peace meeting in Madison Square Garden, Morris Becker, Louis Kramer, and two others are arrested for circulating leaflets advertising a June 4 mass meeting of the No-Conscription League. Although Emma Goldman and Berkman attempt to claim full responsibility for the event, Becker and Kramer are later found guilty of conspiracy to advise people against military registration.

June 4

On the eve of the official military registration day, Emma Goldman, among others, addresses a mass meeting organized by the No-Conscription League; attended by ten thousand people. Emma Goldman stops the meeting when a conflict with uniformed soldiers and sailors breaks out.

June 14

Ignoring rumours of a death threat, Emma Goldman speaks at an anti- conscription meeting chaired by Berkman. Officers arrest all men of draft age who cannot show proof of registration.

June 15

Emma Goldman and Berkman arrested by U.S. Marshal Thomas McCarthy; later indicted on charge of conspiracy to violate the Draft Act.

President Wilson signs the Espionage Act, which sets penalties of up to twenty years imprisonment and fines of up to $10,000 for persons aiding the enemy, interfering with the draft, or encouraging disloyalty of military members; also declares nonmailable all written material advocating treason, insurrection, or forcible resistance to the law.

June 16

Emma Goldman and Berkman plead not guilty on conspiracy charges; bail set at $25,000 each.

Emma Goldman disappointed by Reitman's failure to return to New York to support their pending trial.

June 21

Emma Goldman freed on $25,000 bail; the press spreads charges that Emma Goldman's bail was provided by the German Kaiser. Berkman released on bail June 25.

June 26

Emma Goldman consults with some of her closest associates--including writer and editor Frank Harris, journalist and socialist John Reed, Max Eastman, and Gilbert Roe--about her disbelief in courtroom justice and her decision to participate minimally in her pending trial.

First U.S. troops arrive in France.

June 27-July 9

Emma Goldman and Berkman act as independent counsel in their conspiracy trial; Emma Goldman denies charge that she stated, "We believe in violence and we will use violence" at the May 18 meeting. After a brief jury deliberation, they are both found guilty and given the maximum sentence--two years in prison and $10,000 fine. Judge Julius Mayer recommends their deportation as undesirable aliens. Emma Goldman's plea to have sentencing deferred is denied; Emma Goldman taken to Jefferson City, Mo., and Berkman to Atlanta, Ga., to begin their sentences.

Mid-July

Federal authorities demand removal of Mother Earth office from its location at 20 East 125th Street; M. Eleanor Fitzgerald relocates office to 226 Lafayette Street.

Vigilantes forcibly gather and ship over twelve hundred striking members of the IWW in cattle cars from Jerome and Bisbee, Arizona, to California and New Mexico, where they are guarded by federal military authorities.

July 17

Alexander Berkman indicted in absentia in San Francisco for complicity in three murders stemming from the bombing at the 1916 Preparedness Day parade.

July 25

Emma Goldman released from Jefferson City, Mo., prison to New York's Tombs prison; later released on $25,000 bail pending the appeal of her case before the U.S. Supreme Court. Berkman not released on bail until Sept. 10.

August

This month's issue of Mother Earth is held up by Post Office authorities (it proves to be the final issue published).

Emma Goldman steps up efforts to prevent Berkman's extradition to California-- solicits support from the United Hebrew Trades, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, the Freie Arbeiter Stimme, the Forward, prominent individuals including Max Eastman, social worker and nurse Lillian Wald, Bolton Hall, publisher Benjamin Huebsch, and Sholem Asch, and many other unions and organizations.

August 1

In Butte, Mont., while assisting striking miners, IWW General Executive Board member Frank Little is brutally murdered.

August 23-25

Accompanied by Reitman, Emma Goldman speaks about the status of her case, Berkman's threatened extradition, and conscription at several meetings in Chicago.

September

Mother Earth denied second-class mailing privileges by Post Office authorities.

September 1

The People's Council in Minneapolis convenes; although elected by various anarchist groups to serve as a delegate, Emma Goldman refuses, objecting to its implicit pre-war stance.

September 5

In response to growing IWW opposition to the war, federal authorities raid IWW headquarters in twenty-four cities. Raids precede arrests later that month of over one hundred IWW members, including Bill Haywood, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Arturo Giovannitti, and Carlo Tresca.

September 9

Anarchist Antonio Fornasier is killed by Milwaukee police after heckling a priest. His comrade Augusta Marinelli, wounded on the same occasion, dies five days later. Ten men and a woman are arrested for inciting the riot; later linked to Nov. 24 bomb explosion that occurred while they were still imprisoned; each found guilty and sentenced to between eleven and twenty-five years imprisonment. Emma Goldman will later protest the injustice of their case, claiming a frame-up.

September 10

Upon Berkman's release from prison on $25,000 bail, he is arrested for murder in connection with the Preparedness Day bombing in San Francisco. Prompted by demonstrations in Russia, President Wilson later orders a federal investigation of the case.

September 11

Police authorities prevent Emma Goldman from speaking publicly at a meeting at the Kessler Theater in New York; to protest and dramatize police suppression of her address, she nonetheless appears on stage, a gag over her mouth.

September 30

Labour delegation organized by Emma Goldman calls on New York Governor Whitman to protest Alexander Berkman's threatened extradition to California.

October

Emma Goldman, her niece Stella, and M. Eleanor Fitzgerald begin publication of Mother Earth Bulletin. Reitman returns to Chicago, in sharp disagreement with Emma Goldman over the direction of the Bulletin.

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Emma Goldman defends Bolshevism against attacks by the American press and liberals.

November

Federal agents begin to investigate Emma Goldman for her suspected role in "the Guillotine Plot"; implicated in masterminding the organization of "Committees of Five" to assassinate simultaneously the president and other state

officials. Investigation continued through early 1918, when inconclusive evidence forces its abandonment.

November 13

California District Attorney Charles Fickert temporarily withdraws demand for Berkman's extradition. Berkman released from prison the following day.

November 16

Emma Goldman speaks at New York's Hunt's Point Palace on "The Russian Revolution: Its Promise and Fulfillment" before two thousand people; describes it as a "most inspiring event."

December

Emma Goldman meets Helen Keller at a benefit ball for The Masses.

Anarchist and feminist poet Louise Olivereau convicted for antiwar activities; sentenced to ten years in Colorado prison.

December 13-14

Weinberger presents Emma Goldman's and Berkman's appeals before the U.S. Supreme Court; argues that the Draft Act is unconstitutional.

December 14

Police authorities prevent Emma Goldman and Berkman from speaking at a meeting at the Harlem River Casino in New York organized by labour for the San Francisco defence.

1918

January

Prior to imprisonment, Emma Goldman delivers her last public lectures in Chicago, Detroit, and Rochester (in Yiddish and English); topics include "The Bolsheviki--Their True Nature and Aim," "The Russian Revolution and its Forerunners," "Maxim Gorki," "Leonid Andreyeff," "America and the Russian Revolution," "The Spiritual and Intellectual Development of Russia," "The Spiritual Awakening of Russia," and "Women Martyrs of Russia." 100

The mayor of Ann Arbor, responding to pressure from the Daughters of the American Revolution, cancels Emma Goldman's public engagements. Plans to speak in St. Louis, Minneapolis, Denver, Kansas City, and Cleveland are abandoned in light of difficulty securing halls and her pending imprisonment.

January 7

U.S. Supreme Court upholds constitutionality of the selective service law; on Jan. 14, affirms all criminal charges arising from non-compliance with the draft.

January 8

President Wilson presents his Fourteen Points peace program to Congress.

January 28

Supreme Court mandates return of Emma Goldman and Berkman to begin their prison sentences.

January 30

From Petrograd, the U.S. ambassador notifies the State Department of the Russian anarchists' threat to hold him personally responsible for Emma Goldman's and Berkman's safety in prison.

February

Emma Goldman's niece Stella Ballantine establishes the Mother Earth Book Shop in Greenwich Village.

February 1

Emma Goldman and Berkman are honored in New York at the first United Russian Convention in America, attended by over 160 delegates from Russian organizations in the United States.

February 2

Prior to surrendering to federal authorities, Emma Goldman meets with representatives of the newly formed League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners, including the chairman, educator Prince Hopkins, treasurer Leonard Abbott, and secretary M. Eleanor Fitzgerald.

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Emma Goldman held in the Tombs prison in New York until Feb. 4, when she is transported to the federal penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo.

February 6

Emma Goldman begins serving her prison sentence in Jefferson City, Mo., one of about ninety women federal prisoners. She is assigned the task of sewing jackets and other items for the state of Missouri, which in turn sells the clothing to private firms throughout the United States. Her prescribed daily quota causes intense strain and contributes to her ongoing physical decline.

Emma Goldman is initially allowed to write only one two-page letter every week; soon granted the right to send an additional weekly letter to her attorney, Harry Weinberger. Allowed one monthly visit, with some exceptions. Emma Goldman denied outside recreation on Sunday afternoons when she refuses to attend morning church services. Throughout Emma Goldman's incarceration, she receives weekly deliveries of fresh groceries from St. Louis anarchists.

February 22

Birth Brutus, Ben Reitman's son with Anna Martindale.

February 25

Newspapers report on government charges that Emma Goldman and Berkman had worked with German spies in foreign countries, an allegation based on correspondence from Indian nationalist Har Dayal to Berkman found among the papers seized from the Mother Earth office.

March 1

Emma Goldman receives visit from Prince Hopkins, who reports on the activities of the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners.

March 3

Germany and its allies sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Soviet Republic.

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March 4

The Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice orders copies of all correspondence to and from Emma Goldman sent to its office in Washington, D.C.

March 7

Harry Weinberger submits motion to the U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, that the bail money provided for Emma Goldman and Berkman should not be used to pay their fines. Motion granted by Judge Augustus N. Hand on Mar. 11.

March 18

Reitman begins his six-month prison sentence in Cleveland for his Jan. 1917 conviction for distributing birth control information.

March 21

Ricardo Flores Magón arrested in Los Angeles, placed under $25,000 bail. Later convicted under the Espionage Act for obstructing the war effort; sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.

April Final issue of Mother Earth Bulletin produced; future publication made impossible by ongoing government seizures.

Ferrer Centre in New York closes.

In reaction to growing protests of Russian anarchists to the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk, the Cheka--the Soviet secret police--raids anarchist centres in Moscow. Approximately forty anarchists are killed or wounded, more than five hundred taken prisoners.

April 1

Weinberger meets with the assistant superintendent of prisons in Washington, D.C., to complain about government tampering and confiscation of Emma Goldman's mail.

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April 16

Prince Hopkins arrested, indicted by federal grand jury in Los Angeles for violating the Espionage Act; released on $25,000 bail. On Aug. 30, he pleads guilty, fined $27,000.

May 16

The Sedition Act is passed, penalizing anyone judged to be hindering the war effort by making false statements, obstructing enlistment, or speaking against production of war materials, the American government, its constitution, or flag. Signed into law by President Wilson on May 21.

June

Emma Goldman granted permission to write two letters every week, in addition to her letters to Weinberger.

Contemplates writing about the situation of women in prison. Receives news that William Marion Reedy and attorney Clarence Darrow are interested in the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners, but believe that nothing can be done until after the war. Anticipating orders for her deportation, Emma Goldman begins to investigate her citizenship status.

Following suspension of the Mother Earth Bulletin, Stella Ballantine publishes a mimeographed newsletter, Instead of a Magazine.

June 27

Emma Goldman spends her birthday in agonizing pain, induced by strain from her prison work.

June 29

Federal agents raid the apartment of Emma Goldman's associate M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, seizing mailing lists and other relevant material. Emma Goldman's associates Carl Newlander and William Bales arrested for draft evasion following the raid of their apartment.

July

U.S. intelligence agencies begin to circulate the names and addresses of over eight thousand Mother Earth subscribers, targeting them for investigation.

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Emma Goldman reluctantly concurs with Stella Ballantine's decision to close the Mother Earth Bookshop.

July 23

Roger Baldwin visits Emma Goldman in prison.

July 28

National Mooney Day; Governor Stephens grants Mooney a reprieve until December.

September

Emma Goldman is disturbed by Catherine Breshkovskaya's condemnation of the Bolsheviks.

Reitman is released from prison.

Emma Goldman impressed by Eugene Debs's courageous stand during his trial and conviction for violation of the Espionage Act.

U.S. Committee on Public Information promotes widespread publication of alleged Russian documents that prove Bolshevik leaders are German agents.

October

With the spread of a deathly strain of influenza, a quarantine is established at the penitentiary in Jefferson City, Mo., where Emma Goldman is imprisoned; all outside visits are suspended.

Emma Goldman congratulates her lawyer Harry Weinberger for his brave defence in the Abrams case. Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, and Hyman Lachowsky are convicted on charges of violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to twenty years in federal prison; Mollie Steimer sentenced to fifteen years.

Roger Baldwin tried before U.S. District Judge Julius Mayer for failure to register for the draft; sentenced to a year in prison.

October 15

Emma Goldman's nephew, the talented violinist David Hochstein, dies in battle; news about his death does not reach family members until Jan. 1919. 105

October 16

Anti-Anarchist Act passed by Congress, granting the government authority to deport aliens living in the United States.

November

Mooney's death sentence commuted to life imprisonment.

Gabriella Segata Antolini, a nineteen-year-old anarchist arrested and convicted for transporting dynamite in Chicago, is imprisoned in the Jefferson City, Mo., penitentiary; she and Emma Goldman become good friends.

November 11

End of World War I.

December

Emma Goldman granted the privilege of writing three letters each week in addition to her weekly communication with Harry Weinberger. 1919

January

Prison quarantine lifted; influenza outbreak under control. Emma Goldman visited by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, who brings her a smuggled communication from Alexander Berkman.

Emma Goldman reads and responds to Louise Bryant's book Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer's Account of Russia before and during the Proletarian Dictatorship; Emma Goldman is critical of Bryant's portrayal of the Russian anarchists.

January 15

Revolutionaries Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht arrested and murdered in Berlin.

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January 21

New York City Police Inspector Thomas J. Tunney testifies before a Senate subcommittee chaired by Senator Overman investigating links between German agents and the U.S. Brewers' Association and allied liquor interests; recounts his investigation of Emma Goldman and Berkman in connection with the Hindu revolutionary Har Dayal. Claims that Emma Goldman and Berkman are close associates of Leon Trotsky. Describes Emma Goldman as "a very able and intelligent woman and a very fine speaker."

February

Emma Goldman receives a brief visit from Kate Richards O'Hare, who is anticipating her incarceration for violation of the Espionage Act.

Emma Goldman notes that her mail is being monitored by federal authorities.

Suffering from intense pain from the physical hardship of her prison work, Emma Goldman resorts to paying her fellow inmates to help her reach the daily quota.

February 14

Catherine Breshkovskaya testifies before the Overman Subcommittee on Bolshevik propaganda. Louise Bryant testifies on Feb. 20: states her belief that Breshkovskaya is being manipulated by Russian counter-revolutionists; remarks on Emma Goldman's imprisonment.

March

Harry Weinberger appeals to the U.S. assistant superintendent of prisons in Washington, D.C., to assign Emma Goldman to less physically demanding work. Prison authorities agree to investigate the conditions.

Emma Goldman responds to an anonymous editorial published in the Liberator attacking the Russian anarchists.

Emma Goldman urges Harry Weinberger to embark on a national speaking tour to promote amnesty for all political prisoners; Weinberger feels unable to comply because of lack of financial and human resources.

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March 31

Emma Goldman interviewed by Winthrop Lane for an independent investigation of federal prisons slated for publication in the research magazine Survey.

April

Eugene Debs incarcerated.

Immigration officer interrogates Emma Goldman in prison. Following visit, the Bureau of Immigration privately concludes that there are no legal barriers to Emma Goldman's deportation. Anthony Caminetti, Commissioner General of the Bureau of Immigration, pursues policy for allowing her deportation.

Socialist Kate Richards O'Hare joins Emma Goldman in prison at the Jefferson City, Mo., penitentiary.

April 12

Benefit concert at Carnegie Hall for the League for the Amnesty of Political Prisoners organized by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Stella Ballantine, and Harry Weinberger.

May

German anarchist Gustav Landauer killed following his arrest by a unit of the anti-revolutionary Freikorps.

Emma Goldman emphatically rejects Reitman's request to visit her in prison.

May 9

Socialist Ella Reeve Bloor visits Emma Goldman in prison.

May-June

Mail bombs purportedly sent to Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and other prominent officials gain media attention. Government agents wrongly implicate Emma Goldman and Berkman in the conspiracy.

June

Emma Goldman laments that "nothing vital" is being done to promote amnesty.

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Emma Goldman notes Kate Richard O'Hare's ability to influence much-needed prison reforms at the Jefferson City penitentiary.

Emma Goldman and other prisoners allowed for the first time weekend picnics in the city park.

Frank Harris assists Emma Goldman with planning a public celebration to welcome her home.

June 27

Emma Goldman celebrates her fiftieth birthday in prison. Especially touched that William Shatoff sends her a bouquet of flowers from Russia.

July

Much to Emma Goldman's disappointment, an amnesty conference scheduled to take place in Chicago July 2-4 is canceled.

Kate Richards O'Hare begins to type Emma Goldman's weekly dictated letters.

August 29

Emma Goldman's prison sentence for her primary conviction ends; one-month sentence in lieu of paying her fine begins.

September 12

Still in prison, Emma Goldman is served a warrant for her arrest and deportation; bond set at $15,000.

September 25

Underground anarchists bomb Communist headquarters in Moscow.

September 27

Emma Goldman's term of imprisonment at Jefferson City penitentiary expires; released on bail with orders for deportation pending. Greeted in Jefferson City by mobs of reporters, friends, and niece Stella Ballantine, who accompanies her to Rochester. Berkman released from Atlanta penitentiary on Oct. 1.

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Stops in Chicago to visit Reitman; meets his wife and child.

October 8

General strike called to demand Mooney's release and amnesty for all political prisoners.

Bureau of Investigation Director J. Edgar Hoover, in New York to review evidence collected for Emma Goldman's deportation, monitors protest rally that night. In search of further evidence, Hoover personally inspects storage room leased by M. Eleanor Fitzgerald and Reitman.

Mid-October

Emma Goldman and Berkman spend a few days in the country to recuperate from harsh prison conditions before they begin work to oppose their deportations.

October 27

Emma Goldman appears before immigration authorities at Ellis Island to appeal her deportation order.

Dinner in honor of Emma Goldman and Berkman is sponsored by the Ferrer School and a committee of supporters at the Hotel Brevoort in New York City. Margaret Scully, who will hold a job as Emma Goldman's secretary for a week, acts as a spy for the Lusk Committee, submitting her first report detailing events at the Hotel Brevoort celebration.

October 28

Immigration officials question Emma Goldman to determine her citizenship status; Emma Goldman claims U.S. citizenship from her marriage to Jacob A. Kersner.

October 31

Benefit theatre performance in New York City raises $500 for Emma Goldman and Alexabder Berkman's deportation fight.

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Early November

Violent raids of the homes of hundreds of suspected radicals take place in New York City.

November 1

Emma Goldman and Berkman send out a three-thousand-piece solicitation to raise support for political prisoners, the fight against deportation of aliens, and to announce their proposed lecture tour scheduled to begin at the end of the month.

November 17

Emma Goldman speaks at a New York dinner organized by friends of Kate Richards O'Hare.

November 23-26

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman begin a short lecture tour in Detroit; Nov. 23 event attended by fifteen hundred people; Emma Goldman claims that two thousand people had to be turned away for lack of space. Large Jewish audience attends a meeting on Nov. 25.

November 25 Department of Labour orders Alexander Berkman's deportation to Russia. Emma Goldman's deportation order follows on Nov. 29.

Weinberger meets in Washington, D.C., with immigration officials, including Anthony Caminetti and Assistant Secretary of Labour Louis F. Post.

November 29

Emma Goldman and Berkman address an audience of forty-five hundred people in Chicago about their prison experiences. The following day they address another large crowd. Large benefit banquet takes place at the Hotel Morrison in Chicago on Dec. 1. Emma Goldman describes the Detroit and Chicago meetings as "among the most inspiring in our public career."

December 5

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman detained at Ellis Island.

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December 8

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman appear in federal court before Judge Julius M. Mayer, who declares that as aliens, they have no constitutional rights. They remain in detention at Ellis Island.

December 9

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman send a mass appeal for political and financial support.

December 10

U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis declines to overrule the lower court's decision in Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman's case.

December 15

Soviet representative Ludwig C. A. K. Martens writes to Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman at Ellis Island, assuring them of their right to travel and speak freely in Russia.

December 19

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman send a farewell letter to their supporters.

December 21

At dawn, Emma Goldman, Berkman, and 247 radical aliens set sail on the S.S. Buford, bound for Russia. 1920

January 2 and 6

U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, in coordination with Justice Department agent J. Edgar Hoover and immigration commissioner Anthony Caminetti, orders the arrest of approximately ten thousand alien radicals.

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January 17

S.S. Buford lands at Hangö, Finland. On Jan. 19 the deportees are met at the Russo-Finnish border by Russian representatives and received warmly at a mass meeting of soldiers and peasants in Belo-Ostrov.

February

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman settle in Petrograd where they renew their friendships with William Shatoff, now working as Commissar of Railroads, and John Reed. Meet with Grigory Zinoviev, director of the Soviet Executive Committee, and briefly with Maxim Gorki at his home in Petrograd.

Attend a conference of anarchists, including Baltic factory workers and Kronstadt sailors, who echo criticisms of the Bolsheviks voiced by Left Social Revolutionaries and others who have paid visits to Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman in this period.

February 7

Death of Emma Goldman's sister Helena Zodikow Hochstein.

March

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman travel to Moscow where they meet with Bolshevik leaders, including Alexandra Kollontai, Commissar for Public Welfare; Anatoly Lunacharsky, Commissar for Education; Angelica Balabanoff, Secretary of the Third International; and Grigory Chicherin, Assistant Commissar for Foreign Affairs.

After attending a conference of Moscow anarchists, Emma Goldman and Berkman are granted a meeting with Lenin on March 8 where they express concern about the suppression of dissent and the lack of press freedom and propose the establishment of a Russian society for American freedom independent of the Third International. Protests of the arrest and Trotsky's threatened execution of anarchist V. M. Eikhenbaum (Volin) lead to his transfer to Butyrki prison in Moscow and later his release.

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman travel to Dmitrov to meet with Peter Kropotkin.

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Mid-March

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman return to Petrograd to secure work in support of the revolution.

Ninth Congress of the All-Russian Communist party is held in Moscow; militarization of labour stirs much debate.

April

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman, frustrated with the Bolshevik leaders' pettiness and gross mismanagement, express dissatisfaction with their work assignments.

Emma Goldman tours Soviet factories in Petrograd with journalist John Clayton of the Chicago Tribune, who previously interviewed her upon her arrival in Finland. Learns firsthand of the poor conditions and dissatisfaction among the workers.

May

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman meet with members of the first British Labor Mission; dine with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, an unofficial member of the delegation. Through Russell, they meet American journalist Henry Alsberg.

Two Ukrainian anarchists, recently released from a Bolshevik prison, meet with Emma Goldman and Berkman to inform them about the persecution of the revolutionary peasants movement led by anarchist Nestor Makhno.

As she learns more about Bolshevik misdeeds, Emma Goldman becomes reluctant to obtain a position directly accountable to the Bolshevik regime. She and Berkman finally agree to work for the Petrograd Museum of the Revolution because the extensive travelling will give them an opportunity to study Russian conditions with the least interference from the Bolsheviks.

Emma Goldman protests the unjust imprisonment of two teenage anarchist girls to the chief of the Petrograd Cheka.

Following a period of unsuccessful peace negotiations with Russia and buoyed by support from France and the United States, the Polish army occupies Kiev, eliciting a military response from the Soviets through June and July. 114

May 5

Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are arrested in Brockton, Mass., in connection with a payroll robbery and the murder of two payroll employees.

May 10

U.S. immigration act passed, authorizing the deportation of all radical aliens convicted under the war statutes and certified as "undesirable residents."

June

Emma Goldman nurses John Reed, in poor health following his release from a two-month prison term in Finland for unauthorized travel.

Emma Goldman tours two legendary Czarist prisons; shocked to discover that many members of the intelligentsia had been routinely executed following the October Revolution.

John Clayton's interview with Emma Goldman is published in several American newspapers, attributing to her a blunt criticism of the Bolshevik regime and a longing to return to the United States. To refute the claim that Emma Goldman and Berkman oppose the Soviet government, Stella Ballantine releases a letter written by Emma Goldman the previous month to demonstrate their support for the Bolsheviks.

June 30

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman travel to Moscow to collect permits necessary for their museum expedition through Russia to gather historical material.

July

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman meet with many foreign delegates, including European and Scandinavian anarcho-syndicalists, in Moscow for the Second Congress of the Third International; they inform the delegates about Bolshevik imprisonment of anarchists and other revolutionaries.

Meet Maria Spiridonova, leader of the Left Social Revolutionaries and former political prisoner under the Czar. They find Spiridonova, critical of the Bolshevik regime, living in disguise to avoid further imprisonment. 115

Meet again with Kropotkin.

July 15-August 6

Eight-member museum expedition, including Henry Alsberg, travels through the Ukraine. Emma Goldman given responsibility for collecting materials from education, health, social welfare, and labor bureaus. Though they discover alarming poverty and overt criticism of the Bolshevik regime, they are hesitant to condemn publicly the Soviet experiment until they have the opportunity to gather more evidence.

Travel to Kursk, a large industrial center. In Kharkov they meet a number of anarchists they had worked with in the United States, including Aaron and Fanya Baron, Mark Mratchny, and Senya Fleshin. Tour factories, a concentration camp, and a prison, where they meet an anarchist political prisoner. Receive plea to aid Nestor Makhno's movement, but are reluctant to discontinue their work with the museum.

Mid-August

In Poltava they meet with the leader of the Revkom, a non-soviet ruling body. Meet the Russian writer Vladimir Korolenko who speaks to them about his disenchantment with the Bolsheviks. Also meet with local Zionists who, although critical of anti-Semitism of the Bolsheviks, report no evidence of Bolshevik pogroms against the Jews.

In Fastov they collect historical materials on pogroms, including the Sept. 1919 pogroms led by General Denikin of the White Army.

During this period the Polish army gains strength, beginning a counteroffensive against the Bolsheviks.

Late August

Visit Kiev, where the majority of the population is Jewish. Find valuable material on the Denikin pogroms; interview local Jews whose views on Bolshevik anti-Semitism differ.

Emma Goldman tours local health facilities, including the Jewish hospital and the hospital for disabled children; also visits the local anarchist center.

With other members of the museum expedition, Emma Goldman attends lavish functions held in honor of a visiting Italian and French delegation; meets two 116

French anarcho-syndicalists one of whom is preparing a manuscript exposing Bolshevik wrongdoings. Later they are reported to have drowned off the coast of Finland; manuscript never published.

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman visited by two women representing Makhno, who requests again that they aid him by circulating his call to the international community. They determine it is too risky to meet with him in person as he has proposed.

August 30

Henry Alsberg is arrested travelling from Kiev to Odessa with the museum expedition; authorities claim he is travelling without permission. Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman protest the arrest by immediately sending telegrams to Lenin and Chicherin; no response received. Alsberg is temporarily detained while the expedition travels on.

September

Expedition stops in Odessa; advancement of Polish troops prevents them from travelling further.

In Odessa, Emma Goldman meets with local officials and again polls members of the Jewish community about their experience with and views about anti- Semitism. Meets the famous Jewish poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik.

Attends a gathering of anarchists in Odessa.

Late September

On the way to Kiev, Alexander Berkman is robbed of a large amount of his and Emma Goldman's savings.

Expedition spends a few days in panic-stricken Kiev as residents brace for a potential attack by Polish forces.

October

Reports in the United States and Europe continue to attribute to Emma Goldman a negative view of the Bolsheviks; though she privately acknowledges Bolshevik wrongdoings, she denies all published accounts and refuses to grant any interviews.

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Makhno's defeat of Baron Peter Wrangel, the last of the White Army generals, wins him temporary good favor from the Bolsheviks.

Russia's armistice with Poland concedes substantial territory to Poland.

Kropotkin and Gorki protest Soviet plan to halt all private publishing establishments.

Maria Spiridonova arrested.

October 17

Death of John Reed.

When Emma Goldman arrives in Moscow a few days later, she consoles Reed's wife, Louise Bryant. Emma Goldman postpones her return trip to Petrograd to attend Reed's funeral in Moscow on Oct. 23.

Late October

Emma Goldman returns to Petrograd with museum expedition to deposit the historical material they collected.

November

Following the Red Army's killing of Makhno's commanders in the Crimea, Trotsky orders an attack on Makhno's headquarters; Makhno manages to escape, eventually reaching Paris where he lives in exile. Trotsky orders the arrest and imprisonment of Russian anarchist Volin.

November 7

Emma Goldman attends the third anniversary of the October Revolution in Petrograd, in her estimation "more like the funeral than the birth of the Revolution."

November 28

Emma Goldman travels north with Berkman and another member of the museum expedition to Archangel.

The San Francisco Examiner publishes an unauthorized account of Emma Goldman's experience in Russia, quoting from a series of letters it claims were

118

written by Emma Goldman to John Reed; the letters were in actuality written by Emma Goldman to her niece Stella Ballantine.

December

In Archangel the expedition collects leftist and anarchist underground publications produced during the rule of the Czar. Also obtains letters written by Nicholas Chaikovsky from the period of his provisional government leadership.

Emma Goldman favorably impressed with the efficiency and integrity of Bolshevik operations in Archangel.

Late December

Museum expedition returns to Petrograd.

1921

January 20

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman leave Petrograd for Moscow to prepare for second journey with the museum expedition; they stay with Angelica Balabanoff, head of the Russo-Italian bureau. Emma Goldman offers to nurse Peter Kropotkin when she learns he is very ill.

February

During an especially harsh winter, workers from several Petrograd factories strike to protest unbearable shortages of food, fuel, and clothing; Soviet authorities suppress street demonstrations.

Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, the Soviet government's representative in the United States, is deported; Emma Goldman expresses no interest in seeing him in Russia.

Emma Goldman returns to Petrograd. When alerted to Kropotkin's deteriorating condition, she promptly returns to Moscow.

February 8

Emma Goldman arrives in Dmitrov shortly after Kropotkin's death.

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On Feb. 13, Emma Goldman, among others, delivers a public remembrance at Kropotkin's funeral in Moscow. Soviet leaders release only a handful of anarchist political prisoners following an appeal to allow all incarcerated anarchists to attend the ceremony.

Later, Emma Goldman and Berkman decide to discontinue their work with the Petrograd Museum of the Revolution in order to accept an invitation to participate in the organizing committee of a museum honoring Kropotkin, independent of Soviet financing and oversight.

Mid-February

Emma Goldman receives permission to visit anarchist prisoners at Butyrki prison; among others, sees Fanya and Aaron Baron and Volin.

Emma Goldman and Berkman return to Petrograd.

Emma Goldman prepares articles about Kropotkin's death for the Nation and the Manchester Guardian; rejects offer to write about Soviet Russia for the New York World.

March 1-17

Krondstadt uprising in support of striking Petrograd factory workers; sailors demand democratic election of Soviet representatives. Emma Goldman attends March 4 meeting of the Petrograd Soviet, which votes to accept Zinoviev's proposal to force the surrender of Krondstadt sailors upon penalty of death.

March 5

Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and several others send a letter of protest to Zinoviev, proposing a commission to settle the dispute with the Krondstadt sailors peacefully; no response received.

March 7

Trotsky orders the artillery bombardment of Krondstadt.

Feeling that their last tie to the Bolsheviks has been broken, Emma Goldman and Berkman decide to leave Russia and alert the world to what they have witnessed.

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April

Emma Goldman and Berkman return to Moscow determined to cut off all relations with the Bolshevik government. Plan to request permission to leave the country; prepared to exit secretly if necessary.

Agree to appeal to anarchists in the United States for funds to support the Kropotkin Museum.

Emma Goldman accompanies Louise Bryant to meet Stanislavsky, "the father of the modern Russian theater."

April 17

New York Times publishes excerpts from a letter from Emma Goldman to her niece Stella Ballantine disclaiming Dec. 1920 reports by American businessman Washington B. Vanderlip that Emma Goldman had requested he use his influence to gain her return to the United States.

Late April

Emma Goldman and Berkman alerted about the April 25 Soviet night raid of the Butyrki prison intended to break prisoner solidarity; Fanya Baron is among those relocated. Soviets attempt to repress all political protests of the raid. Emma Goldman helps collect food provisions for the starving anarchist prisoners.

In light of Soviet constraints on independent political expression, Emma Goldman and Berkman postpone efforts to organize support for the Kropotkin Museum.

May

Emma Goldman and Berkman begin to receive visits from many foreign delegates in Russia for the International Congress of the Third International; visitors include Americans Bill Haywood, Agnes Smedley, Bob Robins, Mary Heaton Vorse, Ella Reeve Bloor, William Z. Foster, and Robert Minor. Emma Goldman disparaging of Haywood's flight from the United States; compares his action to a "captain leaving the ship," abandoning fellow IWW members who remain imprisoned.

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June

Alexander Berkman sustains a foot injury, delaying their departure from Russia.

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman meet regularly with the European and Scandinavian anarcho- syndicalists, delegates to the international congresses.

The Cheka raids Emma Goldman's Moscow apartment.

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman renew their friendship with Vera Figner, a leader of the Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will") movement.

July

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman persuade some of the foreign delegates, including Tom Mann, to protest the imprisonment of Volin, G. P. Maksimov, and other anarchists who have begun a hunger strike. A delegation meets with Lenin on July 9; Lenin is only willing to deport the anarchists, upon penalty of death if they return to Russia. Offer is accepted and hunger strike is terminated on July 13. Emma Goldman notes that the American Communists remain silent on the issue and distance themselves from association with the anarchists.

Emma Goldman attempts also to convince delegates to pressure the Soviet authorities to allow Maria Spiridonova to obtain medical treatment overseas. Meets with German socialist Clara Zetkin. Spiridonova is eventually released from prison.

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August

Lenin's New Economic Policy begins, a pragmatic retreat from communist economic principles in favour of market mechanisms.

September

Emma Goldman visits briefly with the "millionaire American hobo" James Eads How, who, she believes, does not have the ability to make a worthwhile assessment of the situation in Russia. Emma Goldman disappointed by most published accounts of events in Russia, including reports by Louise Bryant.

September 29

Fanya Baron and nine other anarchist prisoners, including the poet Lev Tcherny, are shot to death by the Cheka.

November

Isadora Duncan, sympathetic to the Soviets, attempts to meet with Emma Goldman.

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December 1

Under the pretext of representing the Kropotkin Museum at an anarchist conference in Berlin, Emma Goldman, Berkman, and Alexander Schapiro are authorized to leave Russia.

Early December

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman settle in Riga, Latvia. Write to Harry Weinberger about chances of getting back into the United States. Allowed only a temporary visa in Latvia, they seek entry to either Germany or Sweden.

Emma Goldman distressed that she and Alexander Berkman depart Russia just days before the arrival of Mollie Steimer, Jacob Abrams, Samuel Lipman, and Hyman Lachowsky, deported from the United States on Nov. 24.

December 14

Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman granted Swedish visas.

December 22

On the train to Reval, Estonia, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman are arrested by the Latvian secret service; accused of being Bolshevik agents. Detained for several days, preventing them from attending the anarchist congress in Berlin.

1922

January

Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, and Alexander Schapiro arrive in Stockholm, Sweden, and are met by birth-control advocates Albert and Elise Jensen; Emma Goldman becomes lover with thirty-year-old Swedish anarchist Arthur Svensson shortly after arrival.

Volin, Maksimov, and other hunger strikers are deported from Russia; resettle in Berlin.

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March

Emma Goldman and Svensson fail in their attempt to surreptitiously enter Denmark.

March 26-April 4

The New York World publishes a series of controversial articles by Emma Goldman exposing the harsh political and economic conditions in Russia.

April

Finally obtaining temporary German visas, Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman travel to Berlin.

May-June

Arthur Svensson joins Emma Goldman and Berkman in Berlin. Later, her niece Stella Ballantine visits with six-year-old son Ian.

Develops friendship with anarchist theorist Rudolf Rocker and his wife, Milly, with whom she had begun to correspond while in Russia.

Emma Goldman begins work on book-length manuscript with the intended title My Two Years in Russia.

July-December

Emma Goldman completes her manuscript and sells the rights to her book to Clinton P. Brainard; receives $1750 in advance against royalties and 50 percent for serial rights.

Ends relationship with Arthur Svensson.

November 21

Ricardo Flores Magón dies in Leavenworth Penitentiary.

1923

January-February

Visits Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld at the Institute for Sex Psychology in Berlin. 125

March-May

Emma Goldman travels to cities throughout Germany, including Stuttgart, Frankfurt, and Bremerhaven.

Anti-German sentiment in the United States makes it difficult for Emma Goldman to earn a living writing topical articles for the American press.

June-August

Travels to Bad Leibenstein in Thüringen for niece Stella Ballantine's eye treatment with Dr. Graf M. Wiser; Emma Goldman writes an article about the doctor's unorthodox therapy, which is later published in a Calcutta magazine.

Emma Goldman notified that her manuscript on Russia has been sold to Doubleday, Page and Company.

Receives visits from many American friends, including M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Ellen Kennan, Michael Cohn, Henry Alsberg, and Agnes Smedley.

July 9

Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin are arrested in Russia for propagating anarchism; released soon after they begin a hunger strike.

July 24

Emma Goldman's mother, Taube, dies in Rochester, N.Y.

Mid-August

Emma Goldman and her niece Stella are arrested by the Bavarian police following their arrival in Munich. Police allege that Emma Goldman conducted a secret mission in 1893 (during the period when she was imprisoned at Blackwell's Island). Both are ordered to leave Bavaria. Stella later returns to the United States.

September-October

Following their deportation from Russia, Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin join Emma Goldman and Berkman in Berlin.

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November

Emma Goldman's manuscript published under the title My Disillusionment in Russia; the last twelve chapters have been cut without her permission. Weinberger negotiates the dispute on Emma Goldman's behalf; wins agreement from publisher to print the remaining chapters in a separate volume with the stipulation that Emma Goldman pay for the printing costs, for which she secures a loan from Michael Cohn.

1924

January 15-16

Emma Goldman travels to Hamburg.

January 21

Lenin dies.

February

Emma Goldman travels to Dresden before returning to Berlin.

April

Emma Goldman is unable to solicit writing contracts with European and American magazines; finds that mainstream magazines are interested only in her experience in Russia, thus thwarting her attempts to earn a living.

April 24

Emma Goldman howled down during a meeting of five thousand workers in Berlin when she criticizes the Soviet government. Emma Goldman warned about the consequences of expressing further criticism of the Soviet Republic.

June

Following her expulsion from Moscow, Angelica Balabanoff initiates correspondence with Emma Goldman.

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July 26-27

Leaving Alexander Berkman in Berlin, Emma Goldman travels to the Netherlands; speaks at the celebration organized by Dutch anti-militarist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis for the twentieth anniversary of the International Anti-Militarist Association.

August

Enters France from Germany under the name E. G. Kersner; visits a number of friends in Paris, including Harry Weinberger and Frank and Nellie Harris. Meets Arthur Leonard Ross who she later hires as her attorney. Meets Ernest Hemingway at a party given by English novelist Ford Madox Ford.

September

Leaves Paris for London where she hopes to find it easier to earn a living. Resides at the home of Doris Zhook.

Emma Goldman's closest associates in London include John Turner, Thomas H. Keell, and William C. Owen.

October Meets with British author Rebecca West.

November

The twelve chapters omitted from Emma Goldman's book on Russia are published separately with a new preface as My Further Disillusionment in Russia.

Among Emma Goldman's speaking engagements is a talk before the American Students Club at Oxford University.

November 12

In London, a reception for Emma Goldman is sponsored by Bertrand Russell, Rebecca West, and socialist and sexual theorist Edward Carpenter; presided over by Col. Josiah Wedgewood, M.P. Her views on Russia are met with vocal protests.

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December

Writes an article on Russia for the New York Herald-New York Tribune Sunday edition.

1925

January

In London, Emma Goldman continues her efforts to expose the Bolsheviks as betrayers of the revolution and violators of civil liberties, a task made more difficult and more urgent by the return of a British trade union delegation that reports favorably on conditions in the Soviet Union.

January 29

Emma Goldman lectures on "The Bolshevik Myth and the Condition of the Political Prisoners" at South Place Institute, London, her first public meeting in England at which she denounces the Bolsheviks, prompting vocal protests from some members of the audience.

February

Emma Goldman and her political associates organize the British Committee for the Defence of Political Prisoners in Russia. The committee solicits support from celebrities and organizes a conference of trade union branch secretaries to discuss conditions in the Soviet Union. Many political figures and intellectuals are alienated by Emma Goldman's stand, though novelist Rebecca West and publisher C. W. Daniel remain her stalwart supporters.

Emma Goldman lectures on the Soviet Union at a meeting in the East End of London on Feb. 26.

March

Emma Goldman's lectures on conditions in the Soviet Union include two in London--in Islington on March 6 and the East End on March 17--and one at Northampton Town Hall.

At the end of the month she gives three lectures on "Heroic Women of the Russian Revolution," and "The Bolshevik Myth" in the Amman Valley, a series organized by the South Wales Freedom Group. 129

March 4 Emma Goldman convenes an informal meeting in London of branch secretaries of trade unions to discuss conditions in Russia.

April

Boni and Liveright publishes Berkman's The Bolshevik Myth in New York.

In an attempt to refute the report of the British trade union delegation, Emma Goldman and her comrades--as the British Committee for the Defence of Political Prisoners in Russia--publish a pamphlet, Russia and the British Labour Delegation's Report: A Reply.

Emma Goldman continues speaking on conditions in the Soviet Union with a lecture at South Place Institute on April 16, "An Exposure of the Trade Union Delegation's Report on Russia"; she delivers a second lecture in London on April 27.

April 19-29

Emma Goldman fills speaking engagements in Norwich, Leeds, and Manchester with lectures on Soviet Russia.

May

In Bristol, Emma Goldman lectures on "Labour under the Dictatorship in Russia" at the YMCA on May 1, and on "Heroic Women of the Russian Revolution" at the Folk House on May 4.

At the end of the month she meets with Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis in the same week, two writers she admires for their pioneering work on sexuality.

Time and Tide (London) publishes her article, "Women of the Russian Revolution."

June

Discouraged by the public response to her lectures on Russia and with little enthusiasm left among the active members of the committee, Emma Goldman focuses on her own precarious financial situation. During the summer she writes lectures on drama, hoping to reach British drama societies, and, at the same time, tries to interest London producers in American plays.

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June 27

On her birthday, Emma Goldman marries James Colton, an elderly anarchist friend and trade unionist from Wales, in order to obtain British citizenship and the right to travel and speak more widely.

July

Time and Tide publishes Emma Goldman's article, "The Tragedy of the Russian Intelligentsia."

Emma Goldman spends two weeks vacationing in Bristol, where friends propose that she deliver a series of lectures on Russian drama in the fall and offer to raise the initial expenses.

August

Emma Goldman spends most of the month in the British Museum reading Russian dramatists in preparation for her upcoming lectures.

M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, Emma Goldman's close associate from New York, visits at the end of the month and through her Emma Goldman meets African- American singer and actor Paul Robeson, who is starring in Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones in London.

Prompted by a publisher's fleeting interest in a book of reminiscences, Emma Goldman begins asking her correspondents to send her the letters she had written them over the years.

September

The one-volume English edition of My Disillusionment in Russia, with an introduction by Rebecca West, is published by C. W. Daniel of London; Emma Goldman has borrowed $250 from Michael Cohn to underwrite its publication.

Deported American anarchist Emma Goldman travels to Russia for the first time in 30 years. She provides a revealing picture on the rampant opportunism throughout the Soviet government and its steady roots throughout the bureaucracy. In addition she focuses on how the Soviet government began to open its arms after the Civil War to those who once had fought against it: the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, and even the old tsarists. While these forces of the right were now coming into cooperation with the Soviet government, those on the extreme left saw an 131

utter betrayal of revolutionary principles. At the one hand, during the Civil War, the Bolsheviks were much to brutal to the rightists, now they were much to nice. The extreme left then began to adamantly push for the overthrow of the Soviet government. Goldman explains life in Soviet Russia from the viewpoint of the extreme left revolutionaries, and charts the undemocratic injustices that occur to them as a result.

Goldman was dismayed when she discovered that Doubleday, Page & Company had, without informing her, changed the title of her work from "My Two Years in Russia" to "My Disillusionment in Russia." Even worse, the publisher cut the last twelve chapters of the manuscript (starting with Chapter 22: Odessa), omitting her account of crucial events such as the Kronstadt rebellion and the afterword in which she reflected on the trajectory of the revolution after the Bolsheviks seized power. At Goldman's insistence, the omitted chapters were published as a separate volume: My Further Disillusionment in Russia (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1924). The complete text in one volume, with an introduction by Rebecca West, appeared the following year: My Disillusionment in Russia (London: C. W. Daniel Company, 1925).

Through the British Drama League Emma Goldman solicits lecture dates from 250 affiliated local playgoers societies.

Continues her reading of Russian dramatists in the British Museum.

October

In the middle of the month Emma Goldman travels to Bristol for a lecture series; she also delivers individual lectures, including one at exiled American pastor Gustav Beck's church on "Trends in Modern Education."

October 19-November 5

Emma Goldman teaches a six-lecture course on Russian drama at Oakfield Road Church, Bristol.

October 30-31

Attends British Drama League conference in Birmingham.

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November 1-9

Emma Goldman lectures on drama in Birmingham, Bath, and Birkenhead, and in Manchester delivers her first lecture on Eugene O'Neill.

November 12-December 17

Emma Goldman repeats her lecture series on Russian drama at Keats House, Hampstead, London; despite excellent publicity, her lectures draw only a small audience and receipts barely cover her expenses. Publisher C. W. Daniel, however, considers issuing a book of her lectures on Russian dramatists and supplies a stenographer to record them.

In East London, Emma Goldman repeats the lecture series on Russian drama in Yiddish.

November 21-22

Emma Goldman speaks twice--once on birth control--under the auspices of the Trades and Labour Council in Neath, South Wales.

December 20

After the lecture series ends, Emma Goldman leaves for France where she spends the holidays in Nice at the home of Frank and Nellie Harris.

1926

January

Emma Goldman remains in Nice for most of the month, finishing a prospectus for "Foremost Russian Dramatists," a book based on her lectures, for which she hopes to receive an advance from Doubleday, Page and Company. Berkman is also in Nice, helping Isadora Duncan edit her autobiography.

Emma Goldman leaves for Paris Jan. 25.

February

Emma Goldman works at the Bibliothèque Nationale researching lectures on Ibsen; at the same time she writes a character sketch of Johann Most for the June issue of American Mercury. She returns to England Feb. 27. 133

Berkman receives temporary permission to stay in France.

March

After returning to England, Emma Goldman delivers a number of lectures in Bristol on drama, especially Ibsen's plays; she also travels to Liverpool in mid- March to lecture on drama.

March 25-April 29

Emma Goldman returns to London for a series of six lectures on dramatists, including O'Neill, Ibsen, Susan Glaspell, and the German expressionists; she also delivers the same lectures in Yiddish as well as lecturing on Yiddish drama, and on political topics, such as "The Menace of Dictatorship: Bolshevist or Fascist," with British feminist Sylvia Pankhurst and William C. Owen at Essex Hall on April 14.

April

Emma Goldman continues her work for political prisoners in Russia, focusing her efforts on imprisoned women; enlists the support of influential women politicians like Lady Astor.

Ben Reitman and his family visit Emma Goldman in London.

Emma Goldman lectures in Norwich on April 8.

May

The British general strike is called off by the Trades Union Congress after nine days, though the coal miners remain out through the summer.

May-September

Emma Goldman returns to France and with Berkman rents a cottage in St. Tropez, where she finishes her manuscript on "Foremost Russian Dramatists" and writes a sketch of Voltairine de Cleyre.

Friends and political associates in the United States raise money for Emma Goldman to visit Canada to lecture.

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During the summer American visitors, including authors Howard Young and Theodore Dreiser and philanthropist Peggy Guggenheim, encourage Emma Goldman to write her autobiography.

October

Emma Goldman sails for Canada, where she arrives Oct. 15, to lecture; proximity rekindles her hope for readmission to the United States.

Shortly after Emma Goldman's arrival, Leon Malmed, her longtime friend from Albany, N.Y., visits and they become lovers.

October 20

Eugene Debs dies.

October 31

Emma Goldman gives her first lecture in Montreal before an audience of seven hundred at His Majesty's Theatre on "The Present Crisis in Russia."

November

Most of the remaining lectures in Montreal are in Yiddish; Emma Goldman focuses on raising funds for political prisoners in Russia, an impassioned appeal at one banquet yields $300.

Travels to Toronto on Nov. 26, where she finds the anarchists more numerous and better organized than in Montreal.

November 29

Emma Goldman lectures on Ibsen to an audience of five hundred at Hygeia Hall; the interest shown persuades her to initiate a series on drama.

December

Emma Goldman's lectures on Russian drama this month cover Griboyedev, Gogol, and Ostrovsky, though the attendance is disappointing.

More successful are her three lectures to the Arbeiter Ring: six hundred attend her Dec. 12 lecture in Yiddish on Gorki. In addition, she lectures twice at Hygeia Hall, on modern education on Dec. 3 and on the dictatorships of Bolshevik Russia and Fascist Italy on Dec. 5. 135

Among her visitors are her brother Morris, her sister Lena, and Lena's children, Saxe Commins and Stella Ballantine.

1927

January

Emma Goldman concludes her lecture series in Toronto on Russian dramatists with talks on Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov, and Andreyev; she also goes to London, Ontario, to lecture on Communist and Fascist dictatorships on Jan. 7. After Leon Malmed visits briefly, at the end of the month she travels to Winnipeg to lecture.

January 27-30

Emma Goldman's first two lectures in Winnipeg draw large audiences: a Yiddish lecture attracts four hundred, and a thousand attend an English lecture on "The Labour Situation in Europe."

February

Emma Goldman discovers that Communist influence is stronger and opposition to her is more organized in Winnipeg than in other cities. Nonetheless, she speaks nearly twenty times to large and varied audiences during her month in the city, including Yiddish groups, a group of college women, even the local Kiwanis Club (on "Ideals in Life"); among her topics are drama, anarchism, birth control, and women and the Russian revolution.

March 3-11

In Edmonton, where Emma Goldman expects to give just two lectures, she addresses fifteen meetings in a week, speaking on trends in modern education, Ibsen, birth control, women's emancipation (to the Women's Press Club); she speaks to factory girls during their lunch hour and to large Jewish audiences under the auspices of the Jewish Council of Women, the Arbeiter Ring, Hadassah, and Poale Zion, as well as to professors at the University of Alberta and a Sunday audience of fifteen hundred.

March 18

Emma Goldman returns to Toronto.

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March 24-April 26

Emma Goldman's English-language lecture series in Toronto covers social topics as well as drama, including plays of Susan Glaspell, Eugene O'Neill, and Russian drama. She also researches a new lecture on "The Awakening in China," which draws eight hundred people. After protests from the Catholic community, Emma Goldman delivers the final lecture of the series, on birth control, to a packed hall.

She also lectures in Yiddish on the history of anarchism and on art and revolution.

May

Emma Goldman gives a May Day lecture in Toronto on "The Spirit of Destruction and Construction."

Her drama lecture course this month covers Russian theater, Strindberg, and the German expressionists.

Also lectures on China in London, Ontario.

Leon Malmed's wife discovers his correspondence with Emma Goldman, revealing their relationship, and the intensity of Emma Goldman's tie to him wanes.

A fund is established to support Emma Goldman while she writes her autobiography; Peggy Guggenheim and Howard Young are among the first contributors, and W. S. Van Valkenburgh coordinates an appeal to raise funds.

June-September

Emma Goldman spends much of the summer researching and writing new lectures for her fall series. She is greatly distracted, however, by the impending execution of Sacco and Vanzetti. She addresses a meeting on the case in Toronto on Aug. 18, a few days before their execution on Aug. 23. Emma Goldman speaks at a memorial meeting on Sept. 1.

October 11-December 8

Emma Goldman's ambitious lecture series at Hygeia Hall, Toronto, consists of eighteen lectures and covers drama as well as social and literary topics, including the plays of Shaw, Galsworthy, and Ibsen, Walt Whitman, "Crime and 137

Punishment," "The Menace of Military Preparedness," "Evolution versus Religious Bigotry," "The Child and Its Enemies," "Sex--A Dominant Element in Life and Art," and "Has Feminism Achieved Its Aim?"

The audiences for her lectures are disappointing, and Emma Goldman determines to return to Europe in the new year and begin writing her autobiography.

1928

January

Family members visit Canada from the United States to see Emma Goldman before she departs for France; a farewell banquet is held in her honor on Jan. 29.

As she anticipates writing the autobiography, Emma Goldman asks a wider circle of friends to loan her her past correspondence to refresh her memory.

February

On February 7, in her final appearance in Toronto, Emma Goldman lectures on two books by Judge Ben Lindsey, The Revolt of Youth and Companionate Marriage.

On Feb. 9 Emma Goldman travels to Montreal, where she gives two lectures in Yiddish--on birth control and on art and revolution--and one on Walt Whitman delivered in a private home. She leaves Montreal on Feb. 18 for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she embarks for France on Feb. 20.

March-May

In Paris, Emma Goldman is reunited with old friends and comrades, including Alexander Berkman, Mollie Steimer, and Senya Fleshin. She arranges to rent the same cottage in St. Tropez that she had in the summer of 1926, and makes a brief excursion to London in May to pick up material she had left two years earlier.

Emma Goldman tries to organize a small gathering of anarchist writers and theoreticians in Paris in May to discuss the future of anarchism and especially its propaganda, circulating an agenda and soliciting comments. Though the meeting does not occur as planned, Emma Goldman is gratified that the effort generates ideas and discussion. 138

June-December

Emma Goldman settles in St. Tropez to write her autobiography; a young American writer Emily Holmes Coleman, "Demi," acts as her secretary.

Rudolf and Milly Rocker spend much of the summer with Emma Goldman in St. Tropez.

By October she has written 100,000 words.

December 14-30

Emma Goldman, accompanied by Henry Alsberg and Otto Kleinberg, vacations in Spain; in Barcelona, she meets anarchist intellectuals Federico Urales and Soledad Gustavo, and their daughter Federica Montseny.

1929

January-February

After two weeks in Paris, Emma Goldman returns to St. Tropez, where she learns that friends, principally Peggy Guggenheim and Mark Dix, have contributed enough money to help her purchase the cottage and ensure her a place to live and write.

Emma Goldman returns to working full-time on her autobiography, interrupted only by the visit in February of her nephew Saxe Commins and his wife Dorothy.

March-July

Emma Goldman is completely absorbed in writing her book, though the departure in May of Emily Holmes Coleman, whose assistance and companionship have been invaluable, is disruptive; eventually her friend's daughter Miriam Lerner serves as secretary through the summer.

Emma Goldman takes time out of her busy writing schedule to celebrate her sixtieth birthday on June 27 with Berkman and visiting American friends Ben and Ida Capes.

American publishers express interest in Emma Goldman's autobiography; eight of them make offers. 139

July-September

Lawyer Arthur Leonard Ross and Saxe Commins act as Emma Goldman's representatives in New York, negotiating the terms of the book contract with publisher Alfred A. Knopf.

As Emma Goldman writes, she continues to ask friends to corroborate her memory of events and furnish details of personalities; some of her former acquaintances, however, request to be omitted from her book.

September 30

Emma Goldman's representatives sign a book contract with Knopf; she receives an advance of $7,000.

October

A slow decline in stock prices accelerates dramatically; on Oct. 29--Black Tuesday--the stock market crashes, precipitating the Great Depression.

By mid-month Emma Goldman has reached 1915 in the narrative of her life.

At the end of the month Emma Goldman moves to Paris for the winter to continue work on her autobiography; British friend Doris Zhook acts as her secretary.

1930

January

In Paris for the winter, Emma Goldman continues writing; Berkman, who lives nearby in St. Cloud, helps edit her manuscript.

Emma Goldman mails the first installment of her autobiography to Knopf.

American journalist and editor H. L. Mencken visits Emma Goldman.

March

Presented with an expulsion order dating from March 1901, Emma Goldman is taken immediately to police headquarters. She demands and receives a stay of

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ten days; lawyer Henri Torres ultimately succeeds in overturning the expulsion order.

Mencken petitions the U.S. Department of State to revoke Emma Goldman's deportation and grant her a visitor's visa, and requests that the Department of Justice return her personal papers seized in the 1917 raid on the Mother Earth office.

April-May

Emma Goldman sends the publisher what she assumes is the last installment of her autobiography--concluding with her deportation from the United States aboard the Buford--but Knopf insists on additional chapters covering her years in Russia and Europe.

May 1

Alexander Berkman is arrested and expelled from France the same day; spends next three weeks in Antwerp and Brussels, applying for a new French visa. Both French attorney Torres and Pierre Renaudel, a French deputy, work for Berkman's readmission.

By the end of the month Alexander Berkman's expulsion is revoked, and he is promised a three-month renewable visa for France.

June

Emma Goldman travels to Bad Eilsen, Germany, for treatment of her eyes by Dr. Graf M. Wiser; she is visited by Danish novelist Karin Michaëlis. Emma Goldman then vacations in Berlin.

July

Returns to St. Tropez; pleased with the editor's revisions of her manuscript, she begins work on the two final chapters.

November

Knopf postpones publication of Emma Goldman's autobiography until the fall of 1931.

Eunice M. Schuster, writing a Master's thesis on anarchism, asks Emma Goldman for information and assistance; Emma Goldman encourages comrades-

141

-W. S. Van Valkenburgh, Hippolyte Havel, Max Nettlau, and anarchist publisher Joseph Ishill--to assist Schuster; her thesis is published in 1932 as Native American Anarchism, one of the earliest studies of American anarchism.

November 8

Alexander Berkman, denied renewal of his visa once again, is given fifteen days to leave France; by mid-month he receives another three-month extension.

On Nov. 21, 450 people attend a fund-raising banquet for Berkman in New York City to celebrate his sixtieth birthday.

December

Stella Ballantine and her son David join Emma Goldman in St. Tropez.

1931

January

Emma Goldman finishes her autobiography, Living My Life, having written 100,000 words since she began the last two chapters in July 1930.

February

Ben Reitman's The Second Oldest Profession, a study of pimps, is published.

February-April

Emma Goldman, Stella Ballantine, and her son David vacation in Nice; Emma Goldman catches up on her much delayed correspondence. Berkman, now living in Nice, contemplates opening a typing and translation bureau.

April

Fall of the monarchy in Spain. Many anarchists, including some of Emma Goldman's closest associates, are enthusiastic about the prospects for anarchism there, while Emma Goldman remains skeptical.

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May

Emma Goldman learns that, despite the dreadful economic situation, Knopf intends to publish Living My Life in two volumes at what she considers an exorbitant price.

May 17

Emma Goldman is included in John Haynes Holmes's sermon in New York on "The Ten Greatest Living Women."

May 18

Together in St. Tropez, Emma Goldman and Berkman celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of his release from prison.

May 30

The Forward, a Yiddish socialist daily in New York, begins serialization of Emma Goldman's autobiography; Emma Goldman is dissatisfied with both the translation and editor Abraham Cahan's introductory reminiscence of her.

June

Emma Goldman continues to catch up on her correspondence, returning all the material--correspondence, clippings, etc.--she borrowed from friends to write her autobiography.

The Ballantines leave after nearly six months with Emma Goldman.

June 11

National Congress of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) begins in Madrid.

June 28

Alexander Berkman is presented with another expulsion order, the third in fifteen months; he rushes to Paris to try to get an extension of his papers.

July

The Buford episode from Emma Goldman's autobiography appears in the American Mercury. 143

Emma Goldman contributes an essay to an anthology being compiled by Peter Neagoe, published as Americans Abroad (1932).

Modest Stein and German anarcho-syndicalists Augustin and Therese Souchy visit Emma Goldman at Bon Esprit.

August-September

Emma Goldman is preoccupied throughout the summer with the urgency of Alexander Berkman's need to secure new papers and with Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin's precarious financial situation in Berlin, and consumed by mounting disappointment over the prospects for Living My Life.

Among the visitors to St. Tropez are Harry Kelly, Anna Strunsky Walling and her three daughters, American sculptor Jo Davidson, and Peggy Guggenheim.

Writer and editor Frank Harris dies in Nice on Aug. 26; Emma Goldman hurries there to be with Nellie Harris, Frank's widow, and to help arrange his funeral; spends the last week of September in Nice helping Nellie Harris sort out her affairs.

At the end of September, Berkman gets an extension of his papers to Dec. 21.

October

Unable to bear the thought of being alone at Bon Esprit, Emma Goldman begins considering where she will spend the winter and what she will do after the publication of her autobiography. She hopes to arrange a lecture tour: Dutch anarchist Albert de Jong assures her that lectures could be arranged in the Netherlands, the German Civil Liberties League expresses interest in Berlin lectures, and other engagements elsewhere in Germany are possible.

Emma Goldman travels to Nice to visit Berkman on Oct. 12, and with Nellie Harris to Paris on Oct. 15.

Living My Life is published; a laudatory review appears on the front page of the New York Times Book Review.

November

Inscribes copies of her autobiography slated for friends as she awaits book reviews from the United States.

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December

Earlier prospects for lectures in Germany, Holland, and Norway dim.

Growing interest in dramatizing Living My Life prompts Emma Goldman to grant lawyer Arthur Leonard Ross full charge of negotiations over dramatic, radio, and cinema rights to her life.

John Haynes Holmes lectures on Living My Life to an overflow audience at Temple Emanu-El in New York City on Dec. 31.

1932

January

The Nation includes Living My Life among its list of most notable books of 1931.

The Rand School in New York City holds a symposium on Living My Life on Jan. 15.

February 13

Emma Goldman lectures at Copenhagen University on "Dictatorship, a World Menace" to an audience of one thousand after lectures scheduled there earlier in the month are canceled for fear of Communist demonstrations.

February 16-20

Emma Goldman's tour of Germany, organized by the Freie Arbeiter-Union Deutschlands (FAUD), begins with a meeting in Hamburg followed by meetings in Bremen, Braunschweig, and Magdeburg. While the meetings of the Gilde freiheitlicher Bücherfreunde book club are open to the public, the FAUD meetings are open to members only, which accounts in part for the meager attendances.

February 22-March 10

In addition to lecturing, in Berlin Emma Goldman is preoccupied with schemes to earn money--a CBS radio broadcast to America, for which Berkman works up themes; a German translation of her autobiography; and German translation projects for Berkman. 145

Emma Goldman speaks to a well-attended meeting of the League for Human Rights on "Crime and Punishment in America," confining herself to political and labor cases; to the Gilde freiheitlicher Bücherfreunde on "The Drama as a Social and Educational Factor"; to the Anarcho-Syndikalistischer Frauenbund on "The Child and Its Enemy"; and to a FAUD meeting on "Is the Spirit of Destruction a Constructive Spirit?" She also speaks in Oberschoneweide and Potsdam.

March 11-12

The second leg of Emma Goldman's tour begins with two successful meetings in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland)--a lecture to FAUD members on the American labour movement and a public meeting of the Gilde freiheitlicher Bücherfreunde.

March 14-23

The tour continues with two meetings in Dresden and Leipzig, and further engagements in Naumburg, Zella-Mehlis, Erfurt, and Sömmerda.

March 24-April 10

Back in Berlin, Emma Goldman continues to solicit the interest of American publishing houses in translations of German and Russian works for Berkman.

Lectures to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) on "Woman's Achievement in the United States"; and to the women of the FAUD.

April 11-13

In Denmark, Emma Goldman lectures in German at the student union in Copenhagen under the auspices of the Society for the Defense of Personal Liberty on "Social Problems in a Contemporary Light"; in Odense; and in Aarhus to a large and enthusiastic audience on the effects of prohibition in the United States.

April 16-18

Emma Goldman in Oslo, her first visit to Norway, where she has "three wonderful meetings." One lecture is canceled by the Communist-controlled student association, which objects to her criticism of the Soviet Union.

April 20 146

In Stockholm, Sweden, Emma Goldman lectures on the Mooney-Billings case.

April 22

Arrives back in Berlin, where she learns that CBS has cancelled her planned radio broadcast, fearing that it will be interpreted as an effort on her part to reenter the United States.

April 25-May 15

On the last leg of her German tour--through Bavaria, Baden-Wurttemberg, and Hessen--all meetings are sponsored by the FAUD. She lectures in Schweinfurt, Furth, Nuremberg, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Göppingen, Ulm, Offenbach, Darmstadt, Mannheim, and Ludwigshafen. Among her lecture topics are "Birth Control," "The American Labor Movement," "Art and Revolution," and "Women's Role in the Russian Revolution."

May 17-December

Emma Goldman returns to St. Tropez on May 17, exhausted from her lecture tour, which earned her little income; spends much of the rest of the summer trying unsuccessfully to interest American publishers in translations of three Malik Verlag books, and German and Swedish publishers in translating her autobiography. She is assisted financially by her brothers Morris and Herman, the latter contacting her for the first time in years.

Among Emma Goldman's visitors in St. Tropez are Modest Stein, who contributes to Emma Goldman and Berkman's economic survival; Henry Alsberg; Harry T. Moore, biographer of D. H. Lawrence; and artists Edmund and Alice Kinzinger.

Emma Goldman starts making plans for the coming winter; she considers a visit to Spain to collect material for articles and possibly for a book, and writes Federica Montseny in Barcelona, asking her advice; Montseny encourages her to come. She also considers another lecture tour, for which initially German and Dutch comrades express enthusiasm. In November she determines to lecture in Holland in the new year, but the German comrades discourage a tour due to lack of funds--only the Berlin and Dresden branches of WILPF offer definite bookings.

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July 22

Errico Malatesta dies.

October 20

Living My Life published by Duckworth in London; Emma Goldman is appalled at the high price of two guineas. Because of low sales, within a month the price is reduced in hopes that good reviews will spur library sales.

November 8

Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president of the United States.

December 17

Emma Goldman leaves St. Tropez, arriving the following day in Paris, which she finds the perfect antidote to the loneliness and drudgery of her last seven months.

1933

January 10-13

Emma Goldman travels from Paris to the Netherlands via Reims, Brussels, and Antwerp.

January 13-23

Emma Goldman's lecture tour of the Netherlands takes her to The Hague, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, and Hengelo; she speaks on "Dictatorship, the Modern Religious Hysteria."

January 24

In London, Emma Goldman begins her stay with a dizzying week of welcome meetings and dinners with political associates and old friends, including Paul Robeson and Emily Holmes Coleman; prepares her British lecture series.

January 30

Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany.

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February-March

Emma Goldman tries to interest London publishers in Alexander Berkman's proposed translations of German and Russian books.

February 4-16

Emma Goldman's vacation in Bristol at the home of English friends Thomas and Nell Lavers includes informal meetings with local anarchists.

February 16-22

Delivers four well-received lectures in South Wales, including "Crime and Punishment" and "The Spirit of Destruction and Construction."

February 24

Lectures in London on "Constructive Revolution."

March

After fire destroys the Reichstag building in Berlin on Feb. 27, the Nazis move to consolidate their power; Communist deputies are arrested, opposition meetings broken up, speakers assaulted, and newspapers suppressed.

Emma Goldman's attempts to organize a mass meeting in London to protest the Nazi takeover ultimately fail because she insists on denouncing dictatorship in the Soviet Union as well, a position that alienates many on the British Left.

At the end of the month Rudolf and Milly Rocker arrive in London, exiles from Hitler's Germany.

March 1

"An Anarchist Looks at Life" is Emma Goldman's subject at Foyle's literary luncheon attended by six hundred; Paul Robeson sings and proposes a vote of thanks, seconded by Rebecca West.

March 4-5

Emma Goldman acts as a delegate to the International Anti-War Congress, London; finds the congress dominated by Communists.

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April 3-10

Gives three lectures in Bristol, including "Modern Trends in Education" and "Dictatorship--A Modern Religious Hysteria."

May-June

Before returning to St. Tropez for the summer, Emma Goldman is reunited in Paris with Mollie Steimer, Senya Fleshin, and Alexander Schapiro, who have escaped from Berlin. Visitors at Bon Esprit include American liberal Mabel Carver Crouch, and Rudolf and Milly Rocker.

Emma Goldman begins considering a tour of Canada in early 1934, after Rocker has completed his projected tour of Canada and the United States.

July-August

Emma Goldman solicits fall lecture dates in both Canada and England.

October

Mabel Carver Crouch works furiously for Emma Goldman's readmission to the United States, organizing a committee and soliciting the help of lawyers and others with contacts in the new administration in Washington, D.C.

Toronto anarchists pledge funds to pay for Emma Goldman's passage to Canada.

November 1-16

In Paris, at a Yiddish meeting she addresses on Nov. 11, she learns from German refugees about the growing horrors in Nazi Germany.

November 17-24

Lecture tour of the Netherlands meets with mixed success: Emma Goldman lectures in Hilversum and Amsterdam on Living My Life, but her lecture in Rotterdam on dictatorship is prohibited. Under surveillance throughout the trip, she is arrested at Apeldoorn on Nov. 23 and expelled from the country the following day.

December

Roger Baldwin works with the U.S. immigration authorities, attempting to secure a visa for Emma Goldman, while the committee organized by Mabel 150

Carver Crouch issues a formal invitation to Emma Goldman to visit the United States. Commissioner of Immigration Daniel W. MacCormack advises Baldwin that it is Secretary of Labour Frances Perkins who has the legal right to admit Emma Goldman.

Emma Goldman leaves France for Canada; she arrives in Toronto on Dec. 15, where she applies for a visa at the U.S. consulate for a proposed three-month lecture tour.

Emma Goldman is offered, but declines, a large sum to appear in vaudeville theatres in the United States.

1934

January

U.S. Department of Labor approves a three-month visa, effective Feb. 1, for Emma Goldman to lecture on nonpolitical subjects, which may include Living My Life under the category of literature. Once word of her tour leaks out, many lecture agencies in the United States offer their services.

Emma Goldman's brother Morris suffers a mild heart attack.

January 15-31

Emma Goldman gives a well-attended series of lectures at Hygeia Hall in Toronto; her topics include "Germany's Tragedy and the Forces That Brought It About," "Hitler and His Cohorts," "The Collapse of German Culture," and "Dictatorship Right and Left--a Religious Hysteria." A talk to a Jewish meeting also raises money for anarchists forced to flee repression in Nazi Germany.

February

Emma Goldman stops to visit relatives in Rochester, N.Y., before arriving Feb. 2 in New York City, where she is mobbed by reporters and photographers at Pennsylvania Station and the Hotel Astor. Overwhelmed by the demands on her time, she is nevertheless pleased and surprised by the warmth of the reception. The major exception is the hostility of the Communists toward her.

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February 6

"Welcome home" dinner meeting at Town Hall, New York City, is oversubscribed: a thousand people apply for the 350 tickets.

February 10

Emma Goldman speaks at a Yiddish meeting at the Cooper Union organized by the Jewish Anarchist Federation, the Arbeiter Ring, and several unions.

February 11

Emma Goldman speaks on Kropotkin's life and work at John Haynes Holmes's Community Church services at Town Hall; the lecture draws a huge audience, and more than a thousand people are turned away.

February 13-28

Emma Goldman's lectures on Living My Life under the auspices of the Pond lecture bureau draw disappointingly small crowds; she chafes under the Labour Department's restrictions on the subjects she may address, especially as questions from the audience are almost invariably about the current world situation, which she is forbidden to discuss; grows critical of Pond's management of her tour.

She speaks three times in New York, and in Boston, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia.

At the end of the month Emma Goldman's attorney appeals to the secretary of labour to lift the restriction on her public utterances and allow her to address contemporary affairs.

Emma Goldman writes:

In Appreciation

Suggestions that I write my memoirs came to me when I had barely begun to live, and continued all through the years. But I never paid heed to the proposal. I was living my life intensely — what need to write about it? Another reason for my reluctance was the conviction I entertained that one should write about one’s life only when one had ceased to stand in the very torrent of it. “When one has reached a good philosophic age,” I used to tell my friends, “capable of viewing the tragedies and comedies of life 152

impersonally and detachedly — particularly one’s own life — one is likely to create an autobiography worthwhile.” Still feeling adolescently young in spite of advancing years, I did not consider myself competent to undertake such a task. Moreover, I always lacked the necessary leisure for concentrated writing.

My enforced European inactivity left me enough time to read a great deal, including biographies and autobiographies. I discovered, much to my discomfiture, that old age, far from ripening wisdom and mellowness, is too often fraught with senility, narrowness, and petty rancour. I would not risk such a calamity, and I began to think seriously about writing my life.

The great difficulty that faced me was lack of historical data for my work. Almost everything in the way of books, correspondence, and similar material that I had accumulated during the thirty-five years of my life in the United States had been confiscated by the Department of Justice raiders and never returned. I lacked even my personal set of the Mother Earth magazine, which I had published for twelve years. It was a problem I could see no solution for. Sceptic that I am, I had overlooked the magic power of friendship, which had so often in my life made mountains move. My staunch friends Leonard D. Abbott, Agnes Inglis, W. S. Van Valkenburgh, and others soon put my doubts to shame. Agnes, the founder of the Labadie Library in Detroit, containing the richest collection of radical and revolutionary material in America, came to my aid with her usual readiness. Leonard did his share, and Van spent all his free time in research work for me.

In the matter of European data I knew I could turn to the two best historians in our ranks: Max Nettlau and Rudolf Rocker. No further need to worry with such an array of co-workers.

Still I was not appeased. I needed something that would help me re-create the atmosphere of my own personal life: the events, small or great, that had tossed me about emotionally. An old vice of mine came to my rescue: veritable mountains of letters I had written. Often I haa been chided by my pal Sasha, otherwise known as Alexander Berkman, and by my other friends, for my proclivity to spread myself in letters. Far from virtue bringing reward, it was my iniquity that gave me what I needed most — the true atmosphere of past days. Ben Reitman, Ben Capes, Jacob Margolis, Agnes Inglis, Harry Weinberger, Van, my romantic admirer Leon Bass, and scores of other friends readily responded to my request to send me my letters. My, niece, Stella Ballantine, had kept everything I 153

had written her during my imprisonment in the Missouri penitentiary. She, as well as my dear friend M. Eleanor Fitzgerald, had also preserved my Russian correspondence. In short, I was soon put into possession of over one thousand specimens of my epistolary effusions. I confess that most of them were painful reading, for at no time does one reveal oneself so much as in one’s intimate correspondence. But for my purpose they were of utmost value.

Thus supplied, I started for Saint-Tropez, a picturesque fisher nest in the south of France, in company of Emily Holmes Coleman, who was to act as my secretary. Demi, as she is familiarly called, was a wild wood-sprite with a volcanic temper. But she was also the tenderest of beings, without any guile or rancour. She was essentially the poet, highly imaginative and sensitive. My world of ideas was foreign to her, natural rebel and anarchist though she was. We clashed furiously, often to the point of wishing each other in Saint-Tropez Bay. But it was nothing compared to her charm, her profound interest in my work, and her fine understanding for my inner conflicts.

Writing had never come easy to me, and the work at hand did not mean merely writing. It meant reliving my long-forgotten past, the resurrection of memories I did not wish to dig out from the deeps of my consciousness. It meant doubts in my creative ability, depression, and disheartenings. All through that period Demi held out bravely and encouragement proved the comfort and inspiration of the first year of my struggle.

Altogether I was very fortunate in the number and devotion of friends who exerted themselves to smooth the way for Living My Life. The first to start the fund to secure me from material anxiety was Peggy Guggenheim. Other friends and comrades followed suit, giving without stint from their limited economic means. Miriam Lerner, a young American friend, volunteered to take Demi’s place when the latter had to leave for England. Dorothy Marsh, Betty Markow, and Emmy Eckstein typed part of my manuscript as a labour of love. Arthur Leonard Ross, kindest and most lavish of men, gave me his untiring efforts as legal representative and adviser. How could such friendship ever be rewarded?

And Sasha? Many misgivings beset me when we began the revision of my manuscript. I feared he might resent seeing himself pictured through my eyes. Would he be detached enough, I wondered, sufficiently objective for the task? I found him remarkably so for one who is so much a part of my story. For eighteen months Sasha worked side by side with me as in our 154

old days. Critical, of course, but always in the finest and broadest spirit. Sasha also it was who suggested the title, Living My Life.

My life as I have lived it owes everything to those who had come into it, stayed long or little, and passed out. Their love, as well as their hate, has gone into making my life worth while.

Living My Life is my tribute and my gratitude to them all.

Emma Goldman

Saint-Tropez, France

January 1931

March

Generally dismal response to Emma Goldman's lectures outside New York continues in Newark, N.J., where she lectures to the Essex County Socialist party on "The Menace of Reaction" on March 1 and in Baltimore on "The Collapse of German Culture" on March 4 where she also attends the "War and the Student" conference at Johns Hopkins University. Only the meetings organized by Emma Goldman's anarchist associates are successful--a luncheon and lecture organized by the Jewish anarchists in Philadelphia on March 2 and a lecture on "The Drama of Europe" at Webster Hall, New York City, on March 5 that draws an audience of twelve hundred. The money Emma Goldman raises at the latter function she pledges to the Vanguard and Freedom groups to publish a pamphlet on the CNT in Spain.

Emma Goldman grows increasingly frustrated with the efforts of the Pond Bureau, complaining that the theaters booked for her lectures are too large, that ticket prices are too high, and that advertising is misdirected. By contrast, publicist Ann Lord's advance work for Emma Goldman's lectures, directed especially to Emma Goldman's anarchist associates and the Yiddish Left, improves the overall audience turnout.

Emma Goldman pins her hopes for a successful tour on obtaining an extension of her visa, which Roger Baldwin pursues in Washington, D.C.

March 10

Emma Goldman's lecture in New Haven on Living My Life and "Today's International Problems" attracts only a small audience. 155

March 15-20

On a whirlwind visit to her former home town, Rochester, N.Y., on March 17, Emma Goldman addresses members of the City Club, one of her most successful meetings since the opening week of the tour.

The first part of Emma Goldman's tour of the Midwest meets with mixed success: disappointing turnouts in Toledo on March 19 and Cleveland on March 20, though eight hundred attend her March 18 lecture in Detroit.

March 21-April 2

Emma Goldman's five lectures in Chicago, organized by her political associates, are the most successful of her tour; sixteen hundred attend the lecture under the auspices of the Free Society Forum on March 22, twelve hundred at the University of Chicago on March 23, and a thousand at Northwestern University on March 26. Fifteen hundred attend a banquet in her honor at the Medinah Hotel on March 28. The warmth of the reception boosts her morale and convinces her that her ideas still have an audience.

In Chicago she meets new comrades who become valued friends, especially Jeanne and Jay Levey, and Frank Heiner, a blind sociology graduate student at the University of Chicago, who impresses Emma Goldman as a promising anarchist leader.

Emma Goldman also lectures twice in Wisconsin, on March 24 in Milwaukee, an afternoon meeting that draws only a small audience, and at the University of Wisconsin at Madison on March 27.

April 3-9

Emma Goldman visits St. Louis, where the receipts for her April 5 lecture on "The Collapse of German Culture" fail to cover the rental expenses for the large hall.

Her brother Morris and his wife Babsie visit Emma Goldman in St. Louis.

April 10-20

Emma Goldman's lectures on the last leg of her tour continue to meet with mixed success despite the advance work of Ann Lord.

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In Pittsburgh on April 11 she draws eight hundred people; in Rochester, seven hundred, where she lectures under the auspices of the Rochester branch of the National Council of Jewish Women on April 15; the turnouts in Buffalo on April 16 and Albany on April 18, by contrast, are disappointing, though the Yiddish meetings in those cities are comparatively successful.

April 21-30

Emma Goldman's last days in New York are occupied by visits with friends, families, and political associates.

On April 25 she speaks at Dana College in Newark, N.J.

Farewell gatherings include one at Webster Hall on April 26 and a luncheon sponsored by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme on April 29.

Emma Goldman leaves New York for Canada on April 30. Though her lecture tour brings her little financial reward, in the course of it she raises over $1000 for the political prisoners in and refugees from Russia and Germany.

May

Fatigued from her tour of the Unites States but with the continuing assistance of Ann Lord, Emma Goldman spends the first three weeks of the month in Montreal organizing and delivering lectures. Despite her disappointment over the failure of her tour, Emma Goldman feels more acutely than ever the pain of her exile from the United States.

FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover writes to the attorney general asserting that Emma Goldman violated the agreement on which she entered the country, thus jeopardizing her chances of return.

Following on the heels of Rudolf Rocker's U.S. and Canadian lecture tour, Emma Goldman continues her efforts to find an American publisher for his manuscript "Nationalism and Culture"; Berkman begins translating it, after he finishes drafting ideas for the articles that the American Mercury, Harper's, the Nation, and Redbook have commissioned Emma Goldman to write.

Through correspondence with her new protégé Frank Heiner about anarchism and its prospects, their relationship grows more intimate.

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May 14-21

Emma Goldman's lectures in Montreal draw audiences of three to four hundred: she speaks on Hitler and Nazism, "The Collapse of German Culture," and Living My Life, as well as lecturing in Yiddish on May 21.

May 22-31

Back in Toronto, Emma Goldman finds an apartment; after a disappointing lecture on the New Deal on May 28 she determines to curtail her public speaking and concentrate on writing.

June

Emma Goldman has difficulty settling down to write especially without Alexander Berkman's editorial assistance; Redbook rejects the article she submits about her impressions of the United States.

Emma Goldman finds Toronto dull and feels starved for intellectual companionship; she urges her American friends and comrades to visit over the summer.

Emma Goldman's affection for Heiner grows as does her anticipation of his visit; she expects him to become an important force in the American anarchist movement.

June 27

Emma Goldman celebrates her sixty-fifth birthday in Toronto with a party attended by forty friends.

June 30

Erich Mühsam, German anarchist poet, dies in a Nazi concentration camp.

July

The American Mercury accepts Emma Goldman's article, "Communism: Bolshevist and Anarchist, A Comparison," which it publishes--to Emma Goldman's disgust--in a truncated form as "There is No Communism in Russia" in April 1935, violating the spirit of the original article. Harper's rejects her article "The Individual, Society, and the State"; unwilling to revise it, she

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submits instead the article about her U.S. visit that Redbook rejected. She finishes writing "The Tragedy of the Political Exiles," which the Nation accepts.

Emma Goldman hosts a gathering of young people with the aim of starting an anarchist group in Toronto and meets with them weekly throughout the summer.

Among her visitors are Jeanne and Jay Levey from Chicago and her brother Herman and his son Allan.

Alexander Berkman's health and mental state decline while translating Rocker's manuscript.

July 16

San Francisco general strike, the first general strike in U.S. history, begins in support of twelve thousand striking International Longshoremen's Association members.

July 25

Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist leader, dies in exile in Paris.

August Emma Goldman's sister Lena and family visit.

The weekly gatherings of young people at her apartment continue; Emma Goldman finds it hard to disabuse them of their attachment to the state or dictatorship and is pessimistic about making any new converts.

Emma Goldman hatches a scheme to get Berkman a Lithuanian passport so he can at least travel to Canada.

August 10-11

Anarchist conference at Stelton, N.J., organized to discuss the creation of an English-language anarchist weekly; Emma Goldman contributes in writing her ideas on anarchists building alliances with other groups.

August 18

Frank Heiner arrives and stays with Emma Goldman until the beginning of September; they become lovers.

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August 23

Emma Goldman presides over a poorly attended meeting at Hygeia Hall organized by the Libertarian Groups of Toronto to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the executions of Sacco and Vanzetti; Heiner also speaks at the meeting.

September

Emma Goldman misses Heiner after he returns to the United States, and hopes that Roger Baldwin will be successful in his efforts in Washington to gain a U.S. visa for her.

Works hard writing the lectures for the following month.

Submits "Was My Life Worth Living?" to Harper's, later accepted for publication.

September 25

Lectures to a Jewish women's organization in Toronto on "The New Approach to the Child."

October

Emma Goldman delivers a series of eight lectures at Forester's Hall, Toronto, on literary and political topics, including George Bernard Shaw, munitions manufacturers, Russian literature since the revolution, and German literature and the Nazi book-burnings. Attendance is very disappointing, and Emma Goldman worries about financial survival if refused permission to reenter the United States; considers the possibility of dramatizing Living My Life for theater or film.

She is concerned about her brother Morris who suffers repeated heart attacks.

Of five other meetings during the month, only a lecture to a mostly unemployed workers' organization on "The American Labor Movement and the General Strike" on Oct. 2 gives her much satisfaction; even a free anarchist meeting on Oct. 31 fails to draw a good crowd.

Roger Baldwin discusses Emma Goldman's application for a new U.S. visa--and Rudolf Rocker's application for an extension of his stay--with the authorities in

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Washington, who advise him that at present they would deny Emma Goldman's request; only Rocker's application is approved.

October 5-18

The uprising in the mining districts of Asturias, Spain, is followed by severe repression; thousands of miners are executed, thousands more tortured, and thirty to forty thousand are imprisoned.

November

Emma Goldman decides to stay in Canada until the spring in the hope of reentering the United States and seeing Heiner again.

Emma Goldman is more sanguine about her work in Toronto: she sees promise in the small group of comrades--especially Dorothy Rogers and Ahrne Thornberg [as Ahrne Thorne, later the editor of the Freie Arbeiter Stimme]--and is gratified by the circular against war and fascism they publish at the end of the month.

After farewell parties in Toronto, Emma Goldman travels to Montreal, where she discovers little preparatory work has been done for her lectures.

Jeanne Levey informs Emma Goldman that she is discreetly raising a fund to support her and, if necessary, pay her passage back to Europe.

November 12-December 11

Emma Goldman's lectures at the Windsor Hotel and the YMCA in Montreal include topics such as George Bernard Shaw, the individual in society, and a comparison of Bolshevik and anarchist communism. Again the lectures are not well attended; furthermore, a Quebec law prohibits Emma Goldman from selling or distributing literature at her meetings unless it is first submitted to the police, a condition she refuses to accept.

After a promising start, neither the Yiddish meetings nor the English meetings Emma Goldman addresses are well attended, so she determines to organize a series for the new year on a subscription basis instead.

December

Harper's publishes Emma Goldman's "Was My Life Worth Living?".

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Roger Baldwin advises Emma Goldman that in the current atmosphere of hostility toward alien radicals she is unlikely to be granted a U.S. visa.

December 12

Emma Goldman's brother Herman dies.

1935

January

In Canada, Emma Goldman is absorbed writing lectures with the hope that a new lecture series and published articles will provide a meagre livelihood, as well as spread anarchist ideas. She considers writing a book of portraits of famous people she has known, an idea first suggested by Frank Heiner. She suggests that the sustaining fund Jeanne Levey is helping to raise might be designated to support its writing.

After a disappointing turnout for her Jan. 17 lecture on moral censorship of current films Emma Goldman cancels further lectures; by contrast, talks to Jewish audiences--the Temple Emanu-El adult school on Jan. 7, the second meeting arranged by Rabbi Harry Stern, and the women's branch of the Arbeiter Ring on Jan. 12--are well received and buoy her spirits.

January 9-March 13

Emma Goldman's ten-week lecture series on drama and literature at the Central YMCA in Montreal includes lectures on Russian and Soviet drama, German literary works destroyed by the Nazis, and American drama, especially Eugene O'Neill. Only fifty people subscribe for the series, and few others attend.

February

Emma Goldman's four lectures in Yiddish this month continue to be her most successful in Montreal, drawing an audience of two hundred when she speaks on "the element of sex in unmarried people" on Feb. 1 and raising some money for the first time in Montreal when she speaks again to the women's branch of the Arbeiter Ring on Feb. 17.

Emma Goldman decides to return to France in the spring after receiving further discouraging reports from friends who have met with Labour Department officials in Washington, D.C., about chances for readmission. 162

As other possibilities close, Emma Goldman looks increasingly to her proposed book venture as a means of support; she also pursues the idea of a sustaining fund as she inquires about receiving an advance from a publisher.

March

Two further lectures to Jewish groups--on "Crime and Punishment" on March 4 and birth control on March 15--and the last in her drama series conclude Emma Goldman's lectures in Montreal; she returns to Toronto on March 17.

Emma Goldman speaks at two Yiddish meetings in Toronto at the end of the month, one a lecture, the other a seventieth birthday celebration for Chaim Zhitlovsky, the exiled Russian revolutionary.

By the end of the month a formal committee to raise a "Sustaining Fund for Emma Emma Goldman" is organized in New York by her niece Stella Ballantine and Roger Baldwin, and three hundred fund-raising letters solicit $3,000 in contributions to support Emma Goldman while she is writing a book; Jeanne Levey helps with the appeal from Chicago.

Emma Goldman grows increasingly concerned about Berkman's financial condition and raises emergency funds for him and Emmy Eckstein.

March 19-April 9

Emma Goldman delivers a series of four lectures at Toronto's Hygeia Hall organized by a group of young anarchists; she speaks on "The Element of Sex in Life," "Youth in Revolt," "The Tragedy of the Modern Woman," and "Crime and Punishment."

April

In her last month in Canada Emma Goldman speaks in Hamilton, Ontario, under the auspices of the National Council of Jewish Women on April 11, and twice in Toronto, on "Youth in Revolt" to a branch of the Arbeiter Ring on April 14, and on birth control at Hygeia Hall on April 16, after meeting with the head of a Toronto birth control clinic.

Harper's rejects Emma Goldman's suggestion that she write a monthly column about the European situation.

The effort to aid Berkman is formalized with the creation in New York of the Alexander Berkman Provisional Committee which plans fund-raising events to 163

celebrate the anniversary of his release from prison and his upcoming sixty-fifth birthday.

April 15

Emma Goldman attends a farewell dinner in her honor in Toronto that raises $95 toward her sustaining fund.

April 22

Emma Goldman returns to Montreal where her niece Stella Ballantine visits her on April 26.

May 2

Telegrams of tribute greet Emma Goldman at a farewell event hosted by Rabbi Stern of Montreal.

May 4-14

Emma Goldman sails from Canada to Le Havre, France; she reaches Paris on May 15.

May 18

Emma Goldman arrives back in St. Tropez in time to celebrate the anniversary of Berkman's release from prison in 1906; she finds him in better health than she expected.

June

Relations between Emma Goldman, Berkman, and his companion Emmy Eckstein are surprisingly harmonious given that the three are living in close proximity at Emma Goldman's cottage in St. Tropez.

The serenity is disrupted by the news of Rudolf Rocker's dissatisfaction with Alexander Berkman's translation and editing of Rocker's book and his decision to abandon the project.

Emma Goldman receives reports of the progress of the fund-raising appeal that ultimately brings over $1,000.

164

Begins mobilizing anarchist writers and editors of the movement's press--for example, Rocker, Nettlau, and Albert de Jong--to publish articles to mark Berkman's sixty-fifth birthday in November.

July

As the weeks pass, Emma Goldman grows restless without an outlet for political activity and wonders whether returning to France was wise, especially as she is even further away from Frank Heiner. She weighs her options for the fall and winter, and considers returning to Canada or lecturing in England.

Relations between Emma Goldman and Eckstein deteriorate to the point that they can no longer live in the same place; at the end of the month Emma Goldman goes to Nice with Berkman and visits Nellie Harris; on Emma Goldman's return Eckstein leaves St. Tropez.

August

Among Emma Goldman's visitors this month in St. Tropez are Ben Reitman's son Brutus and Dutch friends Dien and Tom Meelis from Toronto.

In the middle of the month Berkman returns to Eckstein in Nice; once apart, Emma Goldman and Berkman are able to discuss their differences and their disappointment with each other's attitude after a long separation.

September

Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin from Paris and Modest Stein from New York visit Bon Esprit this month.

At the end of the month Emma Goldman begins organizing her papers, manuscripts, lecture notes, and letters before she leaves Bon Esprit for the winter.

Emmy Eckstein reports that Berkman is weak and tires quickly, though he edits Emma Goldman's "Two Communisms: Bolshevist and Anarchist."

October

Alexander Berkman helps Emma Goldman to organize her papers and writes letters to publishers on her behalf asking for review copies of books to use in her upcoming lecture tour of England.

165

October 3

Italian troops invade Ethiopia, prompting League of Nations sanctions against Italy.

October 19-November 14

Emma Goldman stays in Paris, visiting friends and political associates, including Jacob Abrams, who encourages her to lecture in Mexico. While there she learns that Alexander Berkman's weakness may be attributable to prostate trouble.

November 14-27

After travelling to London, where she plans to make her home for the winter, Emma Goldman begins a series of lectures on Nov. 21 with "Traders in Death" to an audience of about one hundred at the National Trade Union Club. She follows this with "Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin" at a packed meeting at Workers' Circle House, where she is heckled by Communists, and "Fallacies of Political Action" at Broadway Congregational Hall, Hammersmith.

December

In Leeds on Dec. 1 Emma Goldman gives such a highly successful lecture on German literature to the Workers' Circle that the members ask for other dates.

In Plymouth Emma Goldman speaks to the Tamaritans on Dec. 7 on "The Soviet Theatre." The success of her lectures on political topics surprises her: Six hundred people--the largest meeting she has ever had in England--attend her lecture on "Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin" on Dec. 9, though two subsequent lectures draw smaller crowds.

1936

January

Emma Goldman begins a lecture tour, hopeful that she can establish a lecture base in London for six to eight months a year and spend the summers in St. Tropez. The death of King George V on Jan. 20, however, plunges the country into mourning, resulting in poor attendance at her lectures.

Deaths of Louise Bryant, journalist and companion of the late John Reed, and Dr. William Robinson, early birth control advocate in the United States. 166

January 5

Lectures to the Leicester Secular Society on "Traders in Death (The International Munitions Clique)."

January 19

Lectures to the Southend Labour League of Youth on "Youth in Revolt."

January 20-30

Emma Goldman gives three lectures in London. The first, at the Workers Circle House on "The Two Communisms (Bolshevist and Anarchist--A Parallel)," is disrupted by Communists. She also lectures on "Russian Literature" at the National Trade Union Club, and on "Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin (How Far Do Their Common Methods Lead To Similar Results?)" in Hammersmith.

February

Emma Goldman considers publishing a new book of essays drawn from her recent lectures, not only as a source of income but also to appease contributors to the Emma Emma Goldman Publication Fund established to enable her to write another book.

Jeanne Levey organizes the publication of twelve thousand copies of "The Place of the Individual in the Society" in pamphlet form to raise additional funds.

Alexander Berkman has a prostate operation in Nice, unbeknownst to Emma Goldman. Later in the month, Emmy Eckstein enters the hospital for gastrointestinal observation. Berkman has a second prostate operation the following month. Emma Goldman learns of their condition while completing her scheduled lectures.

February 17-23

Emma Goldman's three lectures in Plymouth draw enthusiastic audiences, though at the last she is heckled by local Communists.

February 28

Emma Goldman lectures again to the Workers Circle in London.

167

March

Emma Goldman's friendship with Eslanda and Paul Robeson deepens, as does her friendship with her new admirer and benefactor, Shloime Sutton. Garden City Publishing Company prints a cheaper edition of _Living My Life_ after purchasing the rights from Knopf.

March 7

Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland in direct contravention of the Treaty of Versailles.

March 8

Emma Goldman lectures again to the Leicester Secular Society.

March 15

Speaks on "The Russian Theatre" to a thousand members of the Coventry Repertory Circle, one of the most successful meetings she has ever had in England.

March 19

Emma Goldman's lecture in Hammersmith, London, on "Anarchism (What It Really Stands For)" is sparsely attended.

March 25-27

Emma Goldman delivers three lectures to miners in South Wales--at Mountain Ash, Ystradgynlais, and Aberdare--sponsored by the National Council of Labour Colleges. Her lectures on "Mussolini and Hitler" and on "The Two Communisms" are surprisingly well received, as it is the first time that the Labour Colleges had provided a hearing for anarchism and a critique of Soviet Russia.

March 31

Emma Goldman lectures on Living My Life at Conway Hall, London.

168

April

Emma Goldman leaves London, arriving in Nice on April 6. Berkman is still hospitalized; in spite of Emmy Eckstein's worsening health, the two women visit him daily.

Emma Goldman writes to drama organizations in Britain and places advertisements in drama publications, soliciting lecture dates for the fall: she offers to speak on Eugene O'Neill, Clifford Odets, and other contemporary playwrights, as well as on "Soviet Literature, Its Struggle and Its Promise."

May 27

Alexander Berkman is released from the hospital and returns to his domestic life with Emmy Eckstein and Emma Goldman in Nice.

June

Emma Goldman returns to St. Tropez for the summer, unable to bear the building tension between her and Emmy Eckstein; she determines to sell Bon Esprit and advertises it for rent with an option to purchase.

Alexander Berkman--whose recovery is slow--discovers that, for the first time, his residency papers have been renewed for a whole year.

June 27

Emma Goldman celebrates her sixty-seventh birthday with visiting American anarchist and benefactor Michael Cohn and his family. Too ill to celebrate with her, Berkman telephones in the afternoon.

June 28

In the early hours, unable to endure the physical pain, Berkman shoots himself; the bullet lodges in his spinal column, paralysing him. Emma Goldman rushes to Nice to be at his side. He sinks into a coma in the afternoon and dies at 10 P.M.

June 30

Alexander Berkman is buried in Nice.

169

July

Grief-stricken, Emma Goldman tries to fulfil Alexander Berkman's charge that she take care of Emmy, who is impaired by her continuing illness.

Memorial meetings for Berkman are held in New York City, organized by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme; at Mohegan Colony, N.Y.; and in Paris.

July 19

Spanish Civil War begins.

August

Mollie Steimer and Senya Fleshin arrive in St. Tropez to comfort Emma Goldman during her worst period of grief and psychological depression. Her spirits are lifted by Augustin Souchy's invitation to Barcelona to work for the foreign-language press office of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo- Federación Anarquista Ibérica (CNT-FAI).

Convicted of high treason in the first of the Moscow show trials, the old Bolsheviks Kamenev and Zinoviev are executed.

August 5

James Colton, the man Emma Goldman married in 1925 to establish British citizenship, dies of cancer.

September 15

Emma Goldman leaves St. Tropez for Spain.

September 16-December 10

Based in Barcelona, the anarchist stronghold in Catalonia, Emma Goldman helps to write the English-language edition of the CNT-FAI's information bulletin, visits collectivized farms and factories, and travels to the Aragon front, Valencia, and Madrid.

She spends the first weeks working closely with Russian-born anarchist Martin Gudell of the CNT-FAI's Foreign Propaganda Department and broadcasts two English-language radio addresses; Emma Goldman hopes to conduct publicity from Barcelona, as she does not want to leave Spain.

170

October

Visits the Aragon front for two days where she is honored to meet Buenaventura Durruti, a leading FAI activist and militia commander.

October 18

Emma Goldman addresses a mass meeting of sixteen thousand people organized by the FAI youth in Barcelona.

October 20-26

In Valencia, with German exiles Anita and Hanns-Erich Kaminski, Emma Goldman tours collectivized villages and farms.

November

Increasingly aware of how her inability to speak Spanish hinders her work in Spain, Emma Goldman plans to shift to publicity work and fund raising in Great Britain or the United States, where she could make a greater contribution.

The threat of Nationalist forces to Madrid prompts the government to relocate to Valencia on November 7.

November 3

The CNT joins the Largo Caballero government, accepting four ministries. While recognizing the paramount need to fight the fascists, Emma Goldman is troubled by the CNT-FAI's direction, especially its decision to join the government and effectively align itself with pro-Soviet forces. In her correspondence with close friends, Emma Goldman is highly critical of the collaborative direction of the CNT, while publicly she remains supportive.

November 19

Durruti is shot by an unknown gunman during the defense of Madrid; his funeral in Barcelona on Nov. 22 draws hundreds of thousands of mourners.

December

Emma Goldman is named official representative in London of the CNT-FAI and of the Generalitat of Catalonia.

171

December 10

Leaves Barcelona for Paris with the Kaminskis, arriving on Dec. 14.

December 23

Emma Goldman arrives in London and finds the propaganda bureau of the Generalitat in a shambles. Vernon Richards's twice-monthly Spain and the World appears to be Emma Goldman's most reliable vehicle for communicating about the conditions and aspirations of the Spanish anarchists.

1937

January

Begins organizing publicity campaign about the Spanish revolution, including planning mass meetings in London and the provinces, but is hampered by poor communication with and lack of urgency among key anarchist leaders in Barcelona.

Aside from the London anarchists, Emma Goldman finds allies among leading members of the Independent Labour Party (ILP), including Fenner Brockway and especially writer Ethel Mannin, who becomes a close friend. The first fruit of this alliance is Emma Goldman's joining forces with a broad English coalition sympathetic to the Republican cause to mount an exhibition in February of photographs, cartoons, posters, and pamphlets from Spain.

The death on Jan. 1 of Commissioner of Immigration Daniel W. MacCormack threatens to weaken the confidence built up in the Department of Labor and delay any chance of her return to the United States.

January 18

Emma Goldman speaks on "The Spanish Revolution and the CNT-FAI" at a large meeting chaired by Ethel Mannin in London.

January 31

Lectures on Spain in Plymouth.

172

February 8

Malaga falls to Franco's forces.

February 13-14

In Glasgow, Emma Goldman meets with local anarchists at the home of Frank Leech, secretary of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation. On Feb. 14 she speaks in Glasgow to an audience of six hundred on "The Part of the CNT- FAI in the Spanish Revolution" in the afternoon; and in Paisley on "The CNT- FAI and Collectivisation" in the evening.

February 19

Emma Goldman and Ethel Mannin speak on "The Relation of the Church in Spain with Fascism," at Friends House, London, under joint auspices of the CNT-FAI London Committee and the ILP.

February 28

With Ethel Mannin, Emma Goldman speaks on Spain in Bristol.

March

Disappointed by the financial failure of the Spanish exhibition that opened Feb. 20, Emma Goldman begins organizing a benefit performance in London for the refugee women and children in Spain.

March 11

Gudell notifies Emma Goldman of the establishment of a new committee composed of members from the CNT and the FAI to handle all foreign propaganda matters, in order to alleviate inefficiency caused by the personal and political rivalry between Souchy and Rudiger over propaganda.

March 31

Emma Goldman lectures on Spain at a meeting in East London.

April

In her correspondence with the Spanish comrades Emma Goldman criticizes the CNT for collaborating with the Communists and accepting Soviet support; publicly she remains an unwavering supporter. 173

April 4

In Bristol Emma Goldman speaks in the afternoon to a conference of ILP delegates and in the evening on "The Relation of the Church in Spain with Fascism" at a meeting arranged by the local ILP.

April 25

The benefit concert for the Spanish refugees, which Emma Goldman has worked frantically to produce, takes place at Victoria Palace. With Paul Robeson's performance, it is an artistic success but raises less money than Emma Goldman had hoped.

April 28

Manchester Guardian publishes Emma Goldman's letter criticizing its report that Catalonia had contributed little to the defense of Madrid.

May 1

Sixty thousand people take part in a May Day demonstration and march that includes anarchists for the first time in thirty years. Under the auspices of the London Committee of the CNT-FAI, Emma Goldman speaks at the conclusion of the march in Hyde Park.

May 3-7

The "May events" in Barcelona pit rank-and-file anarchists and members of Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista (POUM) against Catalan government troops in armed clashes after assault guards attempt to take over the CNT- controlled telephone exchange; anarchist workers interpret this action as the beginning of an attempt by Moscow-aligned forces to suppress the anarchists and destroy the social revolution in Spain; CNT-FAI leaders, by contrast, are less alarmed by the actions and, rather than fight, call for a cease-fire. The Republican government dispatches troops from Valencia, but by May 7 when they arrive, resistance has virtually collapsed.

May 17

The Largo Caballero government is replaced by a government led by Juan Negrin that excludes the CNT and reflects an increase in Communist influence.

174

May 23

Emma Goldman speaks on the Spanish revolution in Norwich at a well-attended meeting sponsored by the Norwich Freedom Group, the ILP, and the Labour League of Youth.

June 4

Emma Goldman and Fenner Brockway speak on "Conditions in Spain" in London.

July

Emma Goldman writes the introduction to a new commemorative edition of Berkman's ABC of Anarchism to be published by the Freie Arbeiter Stimme.

Views "Fury Over Spain," a film by American Louis Frank; considers organizing a public showing of the film to raise funds for Mujeres Libres.

August

In Paris, Emma Goldman is troubled by the violent opposition among her closest anarchist comrades to the CNT-FAI's unwillingness to confront the Communists' assault on its opponents on the Left and its undermining of the revolution. Obtains Spanish and French visas that will enable her to travel to Spain after all.

On Aug. 21 she travels to Nice and later in the month to St. Tropez for her final stay at Bon Esprit, which is sold shortly after her departure for Spain the following month, temporarily freeing Emma Goldman from financial worries and allowing her to continue her work for Spain.

September 15

Emma Goldman leaves Marseille for Valencia.

September 16-November 5

Emma Goldman in Spain, primarily Barcelona: finds the agricultural and industrial collectives in Catalonia in better condition even than a year before, though overall conditions in Barcelona are very discouraging compared to Madrid and Valencia, especially for refugee women and children.

175

Alarmed by the number of political prisoners being held by the Republican government, especially anarchists and POUM members.

Receives promises of support for a more intensive campaign on behalf of the CNT-FAI in England, including funds for an office and for the publication of Spain and the World.

September 20-24

Visits Madrid and the front.

September 28

With Souchy, Emma Goldman leaves Valencia for Barcelona, which comes under bombardment by Franco's forces a few days later.

October

Pedro Herrera confirms Emma Goldman's new role as the London representative of the SIA (International Antifascist Solidarity), which was formed during the summer to provide relief to Spanish refugees and to promote international solidarity for the Spanish anarchists.

Emma Goldman's chances of receiving a U.S. visa are slim, the commissioner of immigration informs Roger Baldwin, due to pending legislation and the potential for adverse publicity.

October 31

Republican government begins move from Valencia to Barcelona.

November 6-15

Emma Goldman meets and consults with many anarchists in Paris.

November 16

Returns to London; begins searching for premises for an SIA office and reading room.

December

Emma Goldman continues her campaign against the imprisonment of anti- Stalinist leftists and anarchists in Spain, writing an article on the subject for 176

Spain and the World and trying to enlist the assistance of sympathetic Members of Parliament.

December 8-17

In Paris for the International Working 8en's Association (IWMA) Congress at Vazquez's request: French comrades, knowing that publicly she is sympathetic to the CNT-FAI's policies, try to prevent Emma Goldman from addressing the Congress because she is not an official delegate. The Spanish and Swedish delegates prevail in their attempt to have her speak, and she defends the CNT- FAI's actions and the difficult decisions it has made against criticism from comrades outside Spain.

1938

January

Moves into new offices for the CNT-FAI, SIA, and Spain and the World in central London, but finds little enthusiasm for the SIA venture, as numerous antifascist organizations and Spanish aid committees already exist.

Having read Emma Goldman's article in December's Spain and the World, Vázquez and Herrera warn her that frequent publicity about political persecution by the Negrín government and the Communists only undermines enthusiasm among the international proletariat for the cause of anti-fascism; Emma Goldman replies by noting widespread distrust of the Communists and concern that CNT-FAI tactics have dampened the workers' general enthusiasm for the revolution.

Emma Goldman acknowledges that Paul Robeson and his wife are distancing themselves from her as a result of their close association with the Communists.

U.S. labor leader Rose Pesotta meets with Emma Goldman in London; promises to help organize a committee to obtain a U.S. visa for Emma Goldman.

January 14

Emma Goldman and Ethel Mannin speak on "The Betrayal of the Spanish People" at a CNT-FAI program in London; the audience turns against the Communists when they attempt to break up the meeting.

177

February

Emma Goldman plans a spring benefit for the SIA; feels more confident about its prospects when more individuals agree to serve as sponsors, including art critic Sir Herbert Read, Laurence Housman, Havelock Ellis, John Cowper Powys, George Orwell, and Rebecca West, among others.

Exhibition of drawings by children in Barcelona schools and lace work by women refugees opens at the SIA office but draws only a handful of visitors despite extensive publicity.

First issue of the S.I.A. bulletin is published.

February 20

Emma Goldman speaks at a small meeting arranged by the ILP in Eastbourne at which Communists in the audience attack her.

March

Emma Goldman determines to go to Canada in the fall regardless of the chances of getting a U.S. visa, convinced that she could do more good for Spain there than in England.

Emma Goldman writes the preface for a collection of writings by Camillo Berneri, the exiled Italian anarchist intellectual kidnapped and murdered in Barcelona during the 1937 "May events," which the Italian comrades are publishing in his memory.

March 6-13

In Scotland, Emma Goldman lectures on Spain three times in Glasgow and once in Edinburgh; her topics include "The Betrayal of the Spanish People" and "The Constructive Achievements of the CNT-FAI," but the meetings are not well attended.

March 9

Franco's forces, with overwhelming air superiority, launch a major assault on the Aragon front; the Republican forces, torn by internal disputes, collapse; and by Apr. 15 the Nationalists reach the coast, splitting Republican territory in two.

178

March 12

German troops occupy Austria; the following day the Anschluss is proclaimed.

March 19-20

Emma Goldman speaks at a well-attended fund-raising meeting in Leicester for the SIA; also shows the Louis Frank film, "Fury over Spain."

March 24

Large meeting and showing of the Louis Frank film in Peckham, East London.

April

Herrera calls on Emma Goldman to do all in her power to prevent the repatriation of the refugee Basque children (most of their parents are supporters of Loyalist Spain) from England to Nationalist Spain.

Emma Goldman suffers from shortness of breath, fainting spells, and general fatigue.

April 10-11

In Liverpool, Emma Goldman speaks on Spain at two meetings: on the first day to a thousand people at an ILP-sponsored event; on the second to a small gathering of the Workmen's Circle. Both meetings are disrupted by Communists.

April 13

"Fascism Is Destroying European Civilisation" is the theme of a protest meeting in London sponsored by the CNT-FAI; Emma Goldman makes an appeal for money for arms--illegal under the terms of the Non-Intervention Pact.

April 23

As a delegate, Emma Goldman attends an all-day National Conference on Spain in London, which she is convinced is contrived by the Communist party.

179

April 29

Literary and musical evening in London for the SIA draws a small audience and is a financial flop; Mannin finds Emma Goldman's militant speech inappropriate to the occasion, organized to promote humanitarian ends.

May

At the beginning of the month, Emma Goldman is reading Orwell's Homage to Catalonia and writing "Trotsky Protests Too Much," a reply to two articles on the Kronstadt rebellion that appeared in the New York Trotskyist journal New International.

Herrera announces his intention to leave his position as secretary of the General Council of the SIA; his replacement will be Lucia Sanchez Saornil.

May 1

Large demonstration ends at Hyde Park where the CNT-FAI platform speakers-- Emma Goldman, British anarchist Ralph Barr, and veteran activist Matt Kavanagh--attract an enthusiastic crowd.

May 22

W. S. Van Valkenburgh, American anarchist editor and devoted friend and correspondent of Emma Goldman's, dies of a heart attack.

June

Emma Goldman asks anarchist friends in the United States and Canada to begin again to raise funds for a trip to Canada; encourages Carlo Tresca and Margaret De Silver to help her get a U.S. visa through their contacts in Washington, D.C.

Advises Vázquez that the CNT-FAI bureau should continue its operation while she is in Canada and urges him to support Spain and the World.

Herrera, in his new capacity at the anarchist Tierra y Libertad publishing company, expresses interest in publishing Spanish translations of Living My Life and Berkman's Prison Memoirs.

The International Institute of Social History (IISH) contacts Emma Goldman about depositing her and Berkman's correspondence at their archive in Amsterdam.

180

June 8

Emma Goldman attends a Writers against Fascism meeting organized by the Association of Writers for Intellectual Liberty; Emma Goldman describes it as "almost entirely C.P."

June 26

Thomas H. Keell, British anarchist and one-time editor of Freedom, dies.

July 17

Emma Goldman is one of several speakers at a Hyde Park demonstration to celebrate the second anniversary of the Spanish revolution; it draws a small crowd, largely because the Communists and their allies hold a rally in Trafalgar Square at the same time.

July 30-31

At the Anarchist Whiteway Colony in Gloucestershire, Emma Goldman examines the late Thomas H. Keell's papers on behalf of IISH, which hopes to acquire part of his collection.

August

Emma Goldman offers IISH her unpublished sketches and large collection of newspaper clippings as well as Alexander Berkman's diary. She agrees to help IISH obtain other collections of personal papers from her circle of anarchist friends.

Emma Goldman receives several hundred dollars from anarchists in New York and Chicago to pay for her travel expenses.

She is disturbed by reports of her niece Stella Ballantine's depression and awaits news about her condition.

August 25

Leaves London for Paris, having secured a British visa for Spain at the last moment.

181

September

The war scare over events in Czechoslovakia transfixes Emma Goldman as it does all other Europeans.

She learns that her niece has been hospitalized after suffering a nervous breakdown; though the long-term prognosis is good, Ballantine's recovery is very slow.

September 14

Leaves Paris for Toulouse, and from there flies to Spain the following morning.

September 15-October 29

In Spain, many leading anarchists express to Emma Goldman their strong opposition to the policies of the CNT's National Committee and its conciliation of the Negrin government. They are especially critical of Vázquez, who now acknowledges the destructive actions of the Communists but still wants them treated gently. Emma Goldman complains to him, for example, that all the money raised in other countries for antifascist women goes to Communist organizations and none to the anarchist organization Mujeres Libres. The FAI by contrast is anxious to begin a campaign abroad exposing the activities of the Communists in Spain.

Emma Goldman is shocked by the number of anarchists and other leftists held in prison, among them Jeannette Kiffel, a Polish anarchist and acquaintance of Emma Goldman's, who has been held incommunicado three months but is released after Vázquez and Emma Goldman appeal to Segundo Blanco, CNT minister of education in the Negrín government.

Emma Goldman visits the metal, transport, and milk syndicates; schools modeled on libertarian principles; and the SIA colonies for refugee children. Notes that many collectives have been destroyed.

Emma Goldman witnesses the continuing bombardment of Barcelona from the air and the chronic shortage of food and electricity.

Attends the CNT-FAI plenum (Oct. 16-30) and the trial of POUM militants charged with espionage and desertion (Oct. 11-22), charges on which they are found innocent; they are found guilty, however, of rebellious acts during the May events of 1937.

182

September 25-26

Accompanied by Gudell and Herrera, Emma Goldman visits the 28th division headed by Gregorio Jover and the 26th division headed by Ricardo Sanz at the battlefront.

September 30

Munich agreement signed by Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, ceding the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany.

October 30

Emma Goldman arrives in Paris from Barcelona for the SIA congress, which meets at the same time as the IWMA; Emma Goldman joins delegates from Sweden, Spain, and France.

November

Ethel Mannin successfully assumes Emma Goldman's role as SIA representative in London; raises significantly more financial support for the SIA than Emma Goldman had.

Emma Goldman advises Gudell that the next propaganda campaign undertaken by the CNT-FAI should be aimed at the release of the political prisoners in Spain.

November 9

Kristallnacht in Germany: This episode, coming on the heels of the Munich crisis, causes outrage in the Western democracies and diverts attention from developments in Spain.

December

Emma Goldman spends much of the month in London completing a report on her visit to Spain for publication in the anarchist press.

CNT decides to close its offices in London and North America for economic reasons. Saornil pledges to continue relations with Emma Goldman and Ethel Mannin and hopes that, despite the closure of the CNT-FAI London bureau, the propaganda for the SIA will continue.

183

Emma Goldman sends five hundred pounds of clothing to Spanish refugees through the SIA in Perpignan.

Emma Goldman learns that Emmy Eckstein's health is in serious jeopardy and that she must undergo surgery again.

December 12

Emma Goldman and John McNair of the ILP speak at a poorly attended meeting in London on the crisis in Spain.

December 22

Emma Goldman travels to Amsterdam to organize Berkman's and her papers at the International Institute of Social History.

December 23

Franco's forces launch an offensive in Catalonia.

1939

January

Working every day since late December at the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, Emma Goldman finds it impossible to arrange Berkman's papers without also organizing her own; she finally finishes the work on Jan. 14.

Learns that Emmy Eckstein's entire large intestine must be removed.

January 7

Tom Mooney, wrongly convicted of murder in the San Francisco Preparedness Day bombing in July 1916, is granted an unconditional pardon and released by Governor Culbert Olson.

January 19

Emma Goldman arrives back in London.

184

January 26

Barcelona falls to Franco's forces.

February

Emma Goldman is frantic with worry until she receives firm news of the whereabouts of anarchists who have escaped from Catalonia after the collapse of the resistance in Spain. Most find sanctuary in France but face harsh conditions in internment camps; others reach Paris without permits.

Vázquez's account for the suddenness of the collapse in Catalonia names exhaustion among the armies after the counterattack by Franco's forces on the Ebro front, shortages of military personnel, war-weariness and declining morale among the civilian population exacerbated by food shortages, and the hurried and open removal of the government from Barcelona that led to panic among the population.

IISH informs Emma Goldman that her archive has been sent to England in case the Nazis invade the Netherlands.

February 7

Emma Goldman's letter protesting Zenzl Mühsam's second disappearance in the Soviet Union appears in the Manchester Guardian.

February 24

Vázquez and Herrera's circular letter announces that the CNT-FAI will cease activities abroad and thanks the international community for its efforts on behalf of the Spanish anarchists.

February 27

Great Britain and France extend diplomatic recognition to Franco's government.

March 5-6

The Negrín government is overthrown in an overnight coup in Madrid; CNT members in the south-central zone are involved in the coup and occupy posts in the new National Council of Defense.

185

March 15

Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia.

March 26

Emma Goldman travels to Paris to meet refugee Spanish anarchists who are demoralized and fraught with misery and internal recriminations and suspicion.

April 1

Franco declares the Spanish civil war at an end.

April 3

Emma Goldman returns to London: on the trip she meets a group of fifty refugees from Madrid and Valencia and in her final days in London organizes a committee to support them.

April 8

Emma Goldman sails for Canada, arriving in Toronto on April 21, where she establishes residence.

April-May

Beginning April 27, Emma Goldman lectures in English and Yiddish in Toronto and Windsor on "Who Betrayed Spain?" to raise money for Spanish refugees.

June 8

Emmy Eckstein, Berkman's longtime companion, dies.

June 27

Emma Goldman's seventieth birthday is marked in Toronto with a celebration that elicits cables from friends, comrades, and labor organizations around the world.

August 15

Marks the fiftieth anniversary of Emma Goldman's entry into anarchist ranks; she organizes a celebration for September to mark the occasion and to create a long-term Spanish Relief Fund. 186

August 23

Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed.

September 1

Hitler invades Poland; two days later Great Britain and France declare war on Germany, and World War II begins.

September 19

Emma Goldman delivers a lecture in Toronto on the Nazi-Soviet Pact to an audience of eight hundred.

September 27-30

Emma Goldman addresses two long-promised though poorly attended meetings in Windsor.

September 30

Dinner to honour Emma Goldman and to launch the Emma Emma Goldman Spanish Refugee Rescue Fund features labor leader Rose Pesotta as guest speaker and attracts the attendance and financial support of many of Emma Goldman's closest friends and family.

October

On Oct. 4, under the provisions of Canada's War Measures Act, three Italian immigrant anarchists, Arthur Bortolotti, Ruggero Benvenuti, Ernest Gava, and a Cuban, Marco Joachim, are arrested for possession of antifascist "subversive literature," including anarchist classics; Bortolotti is also found in possession of a handgun and faces deportation to Mussolini's Italy if convicted. Emma Goldman works tirelessly over the succeeding months for Bortolotti's defense, organizing a committee, hiring counsel, and raising funds from sympathizers in Canada and the United States.

Emma Goldman postpones her proposed lecture tour to western Canada in order to give her full attention to the defence of the Italian comrades.

Emma Goldman contacts Viking Press with a proposal to write a book about her experiences in Spain.

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Ben Reitman suffers a mild stroke.

The sentence of Warren Billings, convicted in the 1916 San Francisco Preparedness Day bombing, is reduced to time served and he is released from Folsom Prison.

November

Fortieth anniversary of the New York anarchist newspaper, the Freie Arbeiter Stimme.

On Nov. 2, Arthur Bortolotti's trial begins.

December

Emma Goldman spends the first two weeks in Winnipeg and speaks five times, reaching fourteen hundred people in two weeks: once in Yiddish to a women's organization on Living My Life; to a large audience on the Nazi-Soviet Pact; a lecture on Hitler and Stalin; a talk to the IWW; and a lecture on "The Jew in Literature in England until the End of the Nineteenth Century" to the Jewish Woman's Cultural Club.

Emma Goldman attempts to raise $5,000 bail for Bortolotti's release, with the help of Dorothy Rogers.

1940

January

Emma Goldman's mail is intercepted by Canadian censors, their suspicion raised by the many letters containing money pouring into her address for the defense of Bortolotti, whose case attracts further attention in the United States through articles in the Nation and the New Republic solicited by Emma Goldman.

Bortolotti is released on bail, charged now with immigration violations rather than a breach of the War Measures Act.

By mid-January, Emma Goldman returns to raising funds for the Spanish anarchists and continues to raise funds and awareness about Bortolotti's case.

Emma Goldman's niece Stella Ballantine recovers from a nervous breakdown after almost two years. 188

February 17

Emma Goldman suffers a stroke that leaves her paralyzed on the right side and unable to speak; she is rushed to the hospital where she remains for six weeks.

April

Emma Goldman returns home to her Toronto apartment on April 1 after regaining consciousness but not the ability to speak.

May

Stella Ballantine and Emma Goldman's brother Morris and his wife Babsie travel to Toronto to join Dorothy Rogers and Arthur Bortolotti at Emma Goldman's bedside after she suffers a second hemorrhage on May 6.

May 14

Emma Goldman dies at the age of seventy; tributes and messages of condolence stream in from around the world; her body is taken to the Labor Lyceum in Toronto to allow friends and comrades to pay their last respects; Rev. Salem Bland delivers a eulogy.

May 17

Emma Goldman is buried in Waldheim Cemetery, Chicago, close to the Haymarket martyrs, her casket covered by an SIA-FAI flag and bouquets of flowers sent by friends and organizations across the nation.

May 31

A memorial meeting is held at New York's Town Hall, presided over by Leonard Abbott; films of Emma Goldman in Spain, Canada, and of her funeral are shown; and speakers include Norman Thomas, Rudolf Rocker, Roger Baldwin, Harry Kelly, Carlo Tresca, Eliot White, Rose Pesotta of the ILGWU, Martin Gudell, Dorothy Rogers, and Harry Weinberger.

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Epilogue from the Editor

Anarchists everywhere have to work hard at the task of perfection, perfecting world situations, and meanwhile we all need to be trained and skilled to become good propagandists together. No group can be used in world service that is not working in perfect accord and this harmony must be attained as a group, a community or association. It must be brought about, not through the process whereby people withdraw within themselves and so inhibit that which upsets community or group equilibrium, but in the process of loving self-forgetfulness. In touch with Anarchism, one of the secrets of true Socialist life, which is emerging more strongly in your consciousness, is that of being. Life has so 190

arranged for you at present that activity “Action” is the powerful way of expression and the line of least resistance for the time been. The pressure of the times in which you and I live and the need of the world have definitely forced us to be active in a large environment. For you and me radiation is the keynote. And, you can radiate. For you and I, the goal is to be a channel for Anarchy and no more or less. Be never discouraged. Proceed with confidence, comrades, knowing that so far all is well. If we have problems caused by the governments and capitalism, let us solve them if possible pacifically. Let us solve them together from now on. Together we can. Philippe L. De Coster.

Contents

Living our lives in Anarchism 2 The Jobless by Alexander Berkman 4 Manuscripts “The Jobless” 7 Emma Goldman, Companion of Alexander Berkman, Anarchists 11 Anarchism: What it Really Stands for 15 Timeline of Emma Goldman from 1901 to 1919 27 Epilogue from the Editor 189 Contents 190

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