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Bacchus and Social Order Noble Drinking Culture and the Making of Identity in Early Modern Sweden

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Bacchus and Social Order Noble Drinking Culture and the Making of Identity in Early Modern Sweden Historiska institutionen Uppsala universitet Bacchus and social order Noble drinking culture and the making of identity in early modern Sweden Master Thesis 60 credits spring term 2013 Author: Alexander Engström Supervisor: Karin Sennefelt Seminar tutor: Gudrun Andersson Date of discussion seminar: 2013.05.28 Table of content Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 5 The question of Simplex ............................................................................................................. 6 Theory ................................................................................................................................... 10 Research design .................................................................................................................... 15 Method and sources ............................................................................................................. 16 Rise to the occasion .................................................................................................................. 22 Rites of passage .................................................................................................................... 22 The greeting toast ................................................................................................................. 28 The drinking ritual ................................................................................................................. 29 Honorary toasting and hierarchy .......................................................................................... 31 Drink and honour .................................................................................................................. 33 Skirmishers, trumpets and blazing guns ............................................................................... 36 Making contracts .................................................................................................................. 39 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 40 Drinking songs and sociability .................................................................................................. 43 Hierarchies, loyalty and equality .......................................................................................... 43 Christian influences .............................................................................................................. 50 Hardships of life .................................................................................................................... 53 War and manliness ............................................................................................................... 55 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 57 Flagons, goblets and tankards .................................................................................................. 60 The craftsmanship – Art, symbol and material .................................................................... 62 Christian influences .............................................................................................................. 64 Classicistic influences ............................................................................................................ 67 War, weapons and valour ..................................................................................................... 69 A cup fit for a King ................................................................................................................ 72 A statue of glass .................................................................................................................... 74 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 76 The noble drunkard .................................................................................................................. 78 Drinking and sociability......................................................................................................... 79 2 Ideals and identity ................................................................................................................ 81 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 84 Unprinted sources ................................................................................................................ 84 Vessels .................................................................................................................................. 84 Printed sources ..................................................................................................................... 85 Photo Appendix: Vessels .......................................................................................................... 90 3 Abstract Earlier research on the nobility of the seventeenth century Sweden have had a strong focus on a certain feature or ideal as a way of approaching and comprehending the world and identity of the Swedish nobility. By changing the perspective of approach using the drinking context – a social sphere which all ranks of society had entrance to – as an instrument to emphasize how the nobility in a universal milieu demonstrated their rank, will new information enhance our understanding of how identity could come to pass in a certain social sphere. Through the study of noble diaries, letters, drinking songs and ornamentations on drinking vessels it is possible to approach how the ideals of the nobility was constituted in the drinking context, which will be further enhanced by the theories of Jenkins, Miller and Morrall. With such an approach it will be possible to stress the importance the interaction between objects, individuals, collectives and cultures had in the making of social identity. By answering how noble ideals and hierarchies were constructed in the drinking context, as well as how the drinking context with its rituals could form sociability, it is possible to approach a notion of how noble individual and collective identity was perceived, promoted and performed. Through the analysis it has been apparent that the themes of honour, loyalty, hierarchies, classical education, piousness, conspicuous consumption, war and violence were themes which influenced the drinking context in such a way, that it justly may be seen as a social context where the nobility used certain ideals of their collective culture in order to demonstrate their social rank. Keywords: Identity, nobility, seventeenth century, Sweden, drinking context, sociability, ideal. 4 Acknowledgments First and foremost I wish to give my upmost gratitude to my supervisor Karin Sennefelt, without whose support this thesis would not have come to pass. Her thoughts and calming word that it was legit to quit made this journey far easier. Great thanks to the NODE Early Modern Cultural History at Uppsala University, a course under the guidance of Mikael Alm and Johan Eriksson which has helped greatly in pushing this work in the right direction. Special thanks to Johan Eriksson for helping me interpret allegories on the drinking vessels. From the Nordiska Museet in Stockholm I would like to give my most sincere thanks to Ulrika Torell, whose tutoring and energy for this project has been much appreciated. Special thanks to Thomas Adolphsson on the Nordiska Museet for letting me approach their treasures easily and comfortably. Great thanks to the Staff in the Special study hall in the Carolina Rediviva Library in Uppsala, for sharing their knowledge and patience. From the Royal Coin Cabinett in Stockholm I would like to thank Eva Wiséhn and Cecilia von Heijne. From Skokloster I owe gratitude to Bengt Kylsberg who helped me with information on their collections. Further thanks to Jonas Fischer for helping me with the German translations, Margareta Revera, Karin Hassan Jansson, Magnus Jernkrok, Mattis Sundin and Gustaf Johansson. Special thanks to all those people who have been supporting and encouraging me in this endeavor. 5 The question of Simplex In the classic tale by Grimmelshausen, the reader follows the escapades of Simplicissimus through a Germany torn by the Thirty years war. During one of his adventures this boy, raised as a peasant, ends up in a castle where he is to serve at a sumptuous banquet. His puzzlement of social rituals does not wait long until it reveals itself. The following day my master had appointed a princely entertainment for his officers and other good friends, for he had received the good news, that his troops had taken the stronghold of Braunfels without the loss of a single man [---] At this banquet – and I take it happens likewise at others – everyone went to table like Christian. Grace was said very peacefully and to all appearance very piously. This pious silence lasted thorough the soup and the first courses, as if one had been eating at a Capuciner convent. But hardly had each and everyone said God's blessing three or four times until the bell sounded differently. It was close to incredible how one
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