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Effects of Housing Management on Vaccination Success Against Eimeria Infection in Chickens Louis Wilson Benton University of Mississippi

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Effects of Housing Management on Vaccination Success Against Eimeria Infection in Chickens Louis Wilson Benton University of Mississippi University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2018 Effects of Housing Management on Vaccination Success Against Eimeria Infection in Chickens Louis Wilson Benton University of Mississippi. Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Benton, Louis Wilson, "Effects of Housing Management on Vaccination Success Against Eimeria Infection in Chickens" (2018). Honors Theses. 593. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/593 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of Housing Management on Vaccination Success Against Eimeria Infection in Chickens by Wilson Benton A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford May 2018 Approved by ____________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Richard Buchholz ____________________________________ Reader: Dr. Stephen Brewer ____________________________________ Reader: Dr. Gregg Roman ©2018 Louis Wilson Benton ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank Dr. Richard Buchholz for his effort, guidance, and patience as my advisor. I would also like to thank Dr. Stephen Brewer and Dr. Gregg Roman for acting as my second and third readers. I am incredibly grateful to Dr. Phil Stayer, Dr. Erin Riley, and Dr. David French for giving me the opportunity to perform research under them. They offered invaluable insight, constant encouragement, and I now consider them my close friends. I am thankful for Dr. Emily Kimminau for her willingness to advise me while simultaneously completing her own doctorate. I wish her the best as she furthers the research on Eimeria. Thanks to Sumner Stayer for the long hours she spent in the lab helping make my work load a little lighter. Thank you to the growers, service techs, lab techs, farm hands, and everyone else with whom I became friends during my internship. I wish you all the best. Lastly, I want to thank my family, specifically my parents, Louis and Damea Benton, for their constant love and support. iii ABSTRACT LOUIS WILSON BENTON: Effects of Housing Management on Vaccination Success Against Eimeria Infection in Broiler Chickens (Under the direction of Dr. Richard Buchholz) Coccidiosis is a disease of the gastrointestinal system of commercially raised chickens (Gallus gallus). The infection is caused by multiple parasitic species of the coccidian genus Eimeria. Eimeria proliferate within large poultry houses leading to decreased nutrient absorption, anorexia, and death of the host. Scheduled vaccination with live coccidian oocysts should minimize production losses, but various management factors may contribute to variation in the outcome. I investigated whether by tracking infection cycles in detail it might be possible to improve poultry production. Feces were collected daily from four farms across a two-month period to understand how peaks in oocyst shedding by the hosts affected mortality and bird weight. “2nd peak” shed values (maximum OPG counts following secondary infection) showed significant correlation to early weight loss but not mortality. Additionally, I found no difference in 2nd peak values between males and females; however, differences in density may have caused the effect. Because oocysts per gram (OPG) numbers were homogenous across the house by day 21, “turn out” of birds from brood end to off end did not significantly affect spatial distribution of oocysts. I conclude by describing how coccidian burden varies among chicken producers nationally and internationally and proposing improved methods for oocyst monitoring. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES CHAPTER ONE Introduction. .1 What are Coccidia?. 1 Lifecycle of Eimeria Spp . .4 Eimeria of Domestic Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) . .5 CHAPTER TWO Coccivac®-D2 . 13 Improvements in Productivity . 13 Application . .16 Turn Out . 17 CHAPTER THREE Problem. 19 Previous Research. 22 Objectives. .22 CHAPTER FOUR Materials and Methods . .25 Sampling . 28 Oocyst Counts . 31 International Data. .32 Statistical Analysis . .32 v CHAPTER FIVE Effect of Lag Time on 3rd Peak OPG Values . .34 Effect of 2nd Peak OPG Values on Body Weight at 4th Week . .36 Effect of 2nd Peak OPG Values on Mortality. .37 Influence of Sex on 2nd Peak OPG Values. 38 OPG Counts in Brood End vs. Off End . .39 Pooling vs. Individual Samples . 40 Assessment of International Data. .42 CHAPTER SIX Effect of Lag Time on 3rd Peak OPG Values . 43 Effect of 2nd Peak OPG Values on Body Weight at 4th Week . .44 Effect of 2nd Peak OPG Values on Mortality. .44 Influence of Sex on 2nd Peak OPG Values. 45 OPG Counts in Brood End vs. Off End . .45 Pooling vs. Individual Samples . 46 Assessment of International Data. .47 Conclusion. .48 LIST OF REFERENCES vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Taxonomy of Eimeria . 3 Figure 1 The Lifecycle of Eimeria. 7 Figure 2 Intestines of a Pullet Killed by Eimeria necatrix. 8 Figure 3 Lesion Scored Intestines Infected with Eimeria maxima. 9 Figure 4 Birds Killed by Eimeria tenella. 10 Table 2 Species Specific Characteristics Within the Genus Eimeria . 12 Figure 5 Varying Infection Progressions. .15 Figure 6 Floor Plan of a Typical Chicken House. 18 Figure 7 The Developmental of Adaptive Immunity in Vaccinated Chicks. .20 Table 3 Temperature Program Used at All of the Studied Farms. .27 Table 4 Days of Fecal Sampling at Four Farms Across Chick Ages 7-28 Days .30 Figure 8 Effects of Lag Time . 35 Figure 9 Comparison of Third Peak OPG Counts With Lag Time. 35 Figure 10 Effects of 2nd Peak OPG on 4th Week Body Mass. 36 Figure 11 Effects of 2nd Peak OPG on 4th Week Mortality. 37 Figure 12 Effects of Sex on Mean OPG. 38 Figure 13 Comparison of Mean OPG Counts Between Brood End and Off End. 39 Figure 14 Comparison of Pooling vs. Individual Sampling. 40 Figure 15 Comparison of Polling vs. Individual Sampling (Day 15). .41 Figure 16 Random Resampling. 41 Figure 17 Mean OPG Counts Compared Across Regions. 42 vii Chapter One: Introduction and Background Introduction Coccidiosis is the most common disease that affects the US poultry industry. The disease itself costs the global market $300 million annually due to decreased performance and mortality, while the worldwide cost of preventative measures is roughly $3 billion (High Cost of Coccidiosis in Broilers, 2013). Historically producers looked primarily to anticoccidial drugs as an answer to the problem with coccidiosis. However, heavy reliance on such measures allowed some parasites to escape suppression and reproduce resulting in resistant Eimeria strains. The need for efficacy in management without the cost of resistance development led to the creation of live coccidiosis vaccines. Live vaccines promote the development of protective immunity to Eimeria by inducing a uniform infection throughout flocks (Chapman, 2002). However, management practices influence the efficacy of the vaccine (Dalloul, 2006). My objective was to track oocyst shed patterns in an attempt to determine the effect current growing programs have on vaccine success. This research was conducted during a summer internship with a poultry producer (Producer X), who wishes not to be named in my thesis. What are Coccidia? Coccidia are a subclass of the phylum Apicomplexa (Table 1) and are members of the class Conoidasida. These spore forming, single celled, obligate intracellular parasites are known for the disease they cause: coccidiosis. Coccidia 1 life cycles require that they find a host in which they can live and reproduce. Once a host is infected with coccidia it runs the risk of developing coccidiosis, a disease of the intestinal tract in birds and mammals (Brands, 2000). Coccidia share the phylum Apicomplexa with numerous well-known parasites. Plasmodium belongs to coccidia’s sister class Aconoidasida and causes the disease malaria (Snow et al., 1997). Within coccidia’s own class is the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which causes the disease toxoplasmosis. This disease differs from coccidiosis in its ability to set up infection in all animals; however, it only reproduces in cats (Dubey, 1995). The order Eucoccidiorida is one of four within the subclass Coccidia. This order contains the family Eimeriidae, which includes the genera Eimeria, Isospora, Cystoisospora and Cyclospora. The latter two genera are associated with infections found in humans that are usually transmitted by imported, improperly washed fresh berries, leafy greens, and herbs (Cama and Mathison, 2015). Eimeria is by far the most speciose genus with greater than 1,700 described species (Barta et al., 1997). Species within Eimeria that affect commercially produced chickens were the focus of this research. 2 Kingdom Eukarya Super-Phylum Alveolata Phylum Apicomplexa Class Conoidasida Order Eucoccidiorida Family Eimeriidae Genus Eimeria Species acervulina, praecox, maxima, brunetti, mitis, mivati, necatrix, tenella Table 1: The taxonomic classification Eimeria species affecting commercial poultry production. 3 Life Cycle of Eimeria spp. The lifecycle of Eimeria is interesting in that it involves both an exogenous and an endogenous stage (Figure 1). The
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