“The Effect of HPP on Inactivation of S

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“The Effect of HPP on Inactivation of S N°ordre 2936 THESIS in Co-tutelle FRANCE-ITALY presented at the UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES “FEDERICO II” DOCTORATE IN “PRODUCTION AND SAFETY OF FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN” XVII CYCLE by Francesca Fioretto ******************************* STUDY ON THE INACTIVATION BY HIGH PRESSURE OF PATHOGENS IN FISH PRODUCTS: POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS. ******************************* Date of discussion: december 15th 2004 After notice of: Prof. C.Balny Reporters Prof. L.Ramunno Exam Committee composed by: Prof. M.L. Cortesi (University of Naples “FEDERICO II”) President Prof. C. Balny (INSERM – Montpellier) Reporter Prof. L.Ramunno (University of Naples “FEDERICO II”) Reporter Prof. G. Demazeau (University Bordeaux 1) Director of thesis Prof. T.A. Sarli (University of Naples “FEDERICO II”) Director of thesis Prof. Yann Lepetitcorps (University Bordeaux 1) Examiner Dr. A. El Moueffak (University Bordeaux IV)(invited member) co-Director of thesis - 2004 - A mio padre À mon père Al suo essere unico e speciale À son être unique et spécial che con semplicità e innumerevoli sacrifici qui, avec simplicité et des sacrifices innombrables, mi ha dato la possibilità di intraprendere i miei studi m'a donné la possibilité d'entreprendre mes études A mia madre À ma mère alla dedizione e conforto au dévouement et réconfort che ha saputo sempre darmi qu'elle a toujours su me donner Alle mie sorelle e a mio fratello À mes soeurs et à mon frère al grande affetto che ci unisce à la grande affection qui nous unit A Biagio, Danilo, Serena, Chiara A Alfonso, Alessandra, Luigi, Rosalia I miei bellissimi nipoti…. Mes très chers neveux et nièces…. Ad Annarita La mia grande amica del cuore. Ma grande amie du coeur. A Massimo Qui avec amour est resté à côte de moi, malgré la distance qui pendant un an nous a séparés... Con profonda stima e riconoscenza io esprimo il mio ringraziamento al Prof. Gérard DEMAZEAU, professore emerito dell’Università di Bordeaux1 « Sciences et Technologies » nonché direttore della mia tesi di dottorato in Co-tutelle France-Italie, per la grande disponibilità e straordinaria competenza con cui ha diretto il lavoro della mia tesi. I miei ringraziamenti sinceri vanno al Dr Abdelhamid EL MOUEFFAK, coordinatore dell’equipe di ricerca agro- alimentare ERAP di Périgueux-Università BordeauxIV, che mi ha dato l’opportunità di intraprendere il cammino arduo della Co-tutelle, mi ha accolto nel suo laboratorio e dato fiducia. Un grazie va inoltre a Cristine, sua moglie e ai suoi figli per la loro ospitalità. Alla prof.ssa Teresa SARLI, co-direttrice della mia tesi, rivolgo con affetto il mio profondo e sincero ringraziamento, per avermi sostenuta e seguita durante tutto il corso del mio dottorato con i suoi preziosi e utili insegnamenti. Ai professori Claude BALNY e Luigi RAMUNNO esprimo la mia gratitudine per aver accettato di redigere il rapporto sul mio lavoro e partecipare alla discussione della mia tesi. Alla prof.ssa Maria Luisa CORTESI, coordinatrice del corso di dottorato, rivolgo i miei ringraziamenti per l’organizzazione della seduta della discussione della mia tesi e per il sostegno costante offerto a noi allievi del dottorato. Il mio più sincero ringraziamento va al Dr Christian CRUZ, insegnante di microbiologia e ricercatore dell’equipe ERAP di Périgueux, per la sua alta competenza e per l’aiuto offertomi durante tutta la mia ricerca. Ringrazio di cuore Chantal, sua moglie e i suoi figli Elias e Mathias, per l’affetto dimostratomi durante il mio soggiorno francese. È con immenso affetto che ringrazio Madame Nadia SCZCERBA, segretaria dell’equipe ERAP, per la sua gentilezza e sensibilità, grazie a lei e a sua figlia Eleonore mi sono sentita come in famiglia a Périgueux Ringrazio le Dottoresse C.VERRET e P.BALLESTRA, insegnanti e ricercatrici dell’equipe ERAP di Périgueux, per l’amicizia e cordialità con cui mi hanno accolto nel loro gruppo di ricerca. Un forte grazie va al Dr Alain LARGETEAU, ingegnere di ricerca del gruppo M.H.P., per il suo contributo durante i miei esperimenti sulle “High Pressure”. Ringrazio il tecnico di laboratorio Monsieur Pierre TYNDIUK per l’aiuto costante fornitomi durante le manipolazioni dei macchinari “High Pressure” e per la sua cortesia nei numerosi viaggi A/R alla stazione di Bordeaux St.Jean. Un sentito grazie va a Monsieur Gilles MARTIN, tecnico di laboratorio presso l’IUT di Périgueux, e a sua moglie Chantal per la sincera amicizia e simpatia dimostratemi. Avec estime profonde et reconnaissance j'exprime mon remerciement au Prof. Gérard DEMAZEAU, professeur émérite de l'université de Bordeaux1 « Sciences et Technologies » et directeur de ma thèse de doctorat en Co-tutelle France-Italie, pour sa grande disponibilité et compétence extraordinaires avec lesquelles il a dirigé le travail de ma thèse. Mes remerciements sincères vont au Dr Abdelhamid EL MOUEFFAK, coordinateur de l'équipe de recherche agro- alimentaire ERAP de Périgueux-Université BordeauxIV, qui m'a donné l'opportunité d'entreprendre le chemin ardu de la Co-tutelle,et qui m'a accueilli dans son laboratoire et donné confiance. Mes remerciements vont aussi a Cristine sa femme et à ses fils pour leur hospitalité. Au prof. Teresa SARLI, co-directrice de ma thèse j’addresse affectueusement mon sincère remerciement, pour m'avoir soutenue et suivie pendant tout le cours de mon doctorat avec ses preciéux et utiles enseignements. Ma gratitude j'exprime aux professeurs Claude BALNY et Luigi RAMUNNO pour avoir accepté de rédiger le rapport sur mon travail et pour avoir accepté de participer à la discussion de ma thèse. Au professeur Maria Luisa CORTESI, coordinateur du cour de doctorat, j’addresse mes remerciements pour l'organisation de la soutenance de ma thèse et pour le soutien constant offert à nous élèves du doctorat. Mon remerciement le plus sincère va au Dr Christian CRUZ, enseignant de microbiologie et chercheur de l'équipe ERAP de Périgueux, pour sa haute compétence et pour l'aide offerte pendant toute ma recherche. Je remercie de coeur Chantal, sa femme et ses fils Elias et Mathias, pour l'affection montrée pendant mon séjour français. C'est avec affection immense que je remercie Madame Nadia SCZCERBA, secrétaire de l'équipe ERAP, pour sa gentillesse et sensibilité: grâce à elle et à sa fille Éléonore je me suis sentie comme chez moi à Périgueux Je remercie les Docteurs C.VERRET et P.BALLESTRA, enseignantes et chercheuses de l'équipe ERAP de Périgueux, pour l'amitié et cordialité avec lesquelles elles m'ont accueilli dans leur groupe de recherche. Un grand remerciement va au Dr Alain LARGETEAU, ingénieur de recherche du groupe M.H.P, pour sa contribution pendant mon travail et mes essais sur les "Hautes Pressions". Je remercie le technicien de laboratoire Monsieur Pierre TYNDIUK pour l'aide constante fournie pendant mes manipulations des pilotes "Hautes Pressions" et pour sa courtoise disponibilité dans mes nombreux voyages A/R à la Gare de Bordeaux St.Jean. Mon remerciement va au Monsieur Gilles MARTIN, technique de laboratoire près de l'IUT de Périgueux, et à sa femme Chantal pour leur sincère amitié et sympathie. SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 5 2. BIBLIOGRAPHY SYNTHESIS................................................................................. 7 2.1 The micro-organisms................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Generalities............................................................................................. 7 2.1.1.1 Bacterial morphology................................................................ 7 2.1.1.2 Structures of the bacterial cell................................................... 8 2.1.1.2.1 Structures of surface................................................... 8 2.1.1.2.1.1 The capsule............................................... 8 2.1.1.2.1.2 The cellular wall..................................... 10 2.1.1.2.1.3 The cytoplasmatic membrane................. 12 2.1.1.2.1.4 Bacterial appendixes............................... 12 2.1.1.2.2 Intracytoplasmatic structures.................................... 13 2.1.1.2.2.1 The plasmides......................................... 13 2.1.1.2.2.2 The bacterial spore..................................13 2.1.2 Human safety risks linked to consumption of fish products........... 14 2.1.2.1 Introduction............................................................................. 14 2.1.2.2 Salmonella sp., S.aureus, E.coli O157:H7, Shigella sp……... 18 2.1.2.3 C.botulinum……………………………… ………………….19 2.1.2.4 Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sp.............................……………….... 21 2.1.2.5 Listeria monocytogenes........................................................... 21 2.1.2.6 Virus of Hepatitis A and Virus Norwalk................................. 22 2.1.2.7 Fish parasites........................................................................... 23 2.1.2.8 Sea Toxins............................................................................... 23 2.1.3 Staphylococcus and Salmonella........................................................ 24 2.1.3.1 Generalities.............................................................................. 24 2.1.3.2 Staphylococcus aureus............................................................ 25 2.1.3.2.1 Introduction.............................................................. 25 2.1.3.2.2 Foods as vehicle of S.aureus.................................... 27 2.1.3.2.3 Factors affecting enterotoxins production...............
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