July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20375 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ANOTHER WAY TO LOOK AT drugs seemed to help. When he was trans­ and new units must receive clearance from THE BRAIN ferred to a Boston psychiatric hospital, doc­ the Food and Drug Administration and, tors referred him to Dr. Frank H. Duffy, a often, state departments of health. The neurologist at the Harvard Medical School Federal Government can also exert pres­ HON. TONY COELHO and Children's Hospital. sures through the Medical system by refus­ OF CALIFORNIA A metallic device with 20 electrodes was ing to reimburse hospitals for the scans IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES fixed to the man's scalp and attached to a they perform, making it impossible for them small console. Suddenly, patterns of bril­ to recoup the cost of their space-age diag­ Wednesday, July 24, 1985 liant shades of blue, red and green appeared nostic machines. e Mr. COELHO. Mr. Speaker, I would on a video screen, revealing a topographic "Our society will soon have to resolve like to take this opportunity to share map, or reconstructed cross-section, of the some very thorny questions about the price with my colleagues interested in medi­ electrical activity of the man's brain. The of medical progress," says Dr. Bennett M. images suggested a rare form of epilepsy Stein, chairman of the department of neu­ cal care cost containment, this fasci­ that sometimes develops after head injuries. nating article, "Another Way of Look­ rosurgery at Columbia-Presbyterian. But if Dr. Duffy informed the man's psychiatrist; it can, many experts agree that the new im­ ing at the Brain," by Laurence Cherry an anticonvulsant drug, Tegretol, was pre­ aging tools offer nothing less than the hope and Rona Cherry printed recently in scribed, and for the first time in four years of liberation from some of the most tragic the New York Times magazine. As one the man's "voices" were silenced and he was and baffling diseases that afflict millions. who has epilepsy, I am particularly in­ able to return to work. The device that rescued the man from The unexcelled accuracy of these new terested in developing and expanding misdiagnosis, called a Brain Electrical Activ­ windows on the brain is also raising contro­ medical research to identify what ity Mapping machine, is only one versial questions about how the information they produce will be used. It may well be, causes seizures. This article explores of an arra~· of new computerized devices the new and innovative technology that are revolutionizing the diagnosis and for example, that people whose "brain pro­ which has permitted researchers to treatment of neurological ailments. Re­ files" hint at sociopathy, premature mental identify for the first time crucial searchers using arrays of electrodes placed aging or unrecognized intellectual deficits on patients' scalps and attached to comput­ might be penalized by schools or employers. changes in brain activity that signifies "The devices have enormous potential for epilepsy, brain cancer and Alzheimers ers can interpret brain electrical activity to determine if they are dyslexic, manic-de­ good, and a substantial potential for harm," disease, raising new hope for under­ pressive or even whether they are just says Dr. E. Roy John, director of the Brain standing and ultimately treating these feigning symptoms. Other devices, such as Research Laboratories at the New York baffling ailments. the Positron Emission Tomography University Medical Center. "We should The article also points out that scanner, can identify the exact brain region begin to decide how, exactly, we are pre­ while these new machines offer hope in which a tumor is emerging. Some are pared to use them." to millions who suffer from some of being used to save lives during complex The best-known of the new imaging de­ neurosurgical operations, and to disprove vices is the Computerized Axial Tomograph, the most tragic diseases, many hospi­ the CAT scanner. First used experimentally tals have quietly abandoned plans to some old canards about aging and intelli­ gence. in 1972 in a London hospital to detect a purchase these machines because of With a precision that until recently was lesion in a woman's brain, the CAT's clarity the expensive pricetag. However, only a tantalizing dream, doctors can now has all but eliminated several excruciating many doctors feel, and I agree, that as detect minute changes wrought by brain diagnostic tests, such as pneumoencephalo­ the costs of these machines go down as cancer or multiple sclerosis, or spot elipetic graphy, which involved removing spinal they are produced in quantity, the use lesions so deep in the brain that they could fluid and allowing air to float up the spine of many of the devices will become a never before be viewed. The techniques to the ventricles of the brain, often causing routine part of the general physical have also permitted researchers to identify blinding pain. examination, disclosing vast amounts for the first time crucial changes in brain Inside the doughnut-shaped CAT ma­ activity that signifies schizophrenia, Alzhei­ chine, a moving ring rakes X-ray beams in of information about the health of a mer's disease and brain cancer, raising new pencil-thin lines around a patient's head, person's brain. While we are all con­ hope for understanding, and ultimately like a planet rotating around the sun. Brain cerned with medical care cost contain­ treating, these baffling ailments. tissue absorbs the radiation in varying ment, I think we can all share the sen­ Beyond diagnosis, the new imaging devices amounts depending on its density. Instantly timent of one of the physicians quoted are used for active intervention and treat­ calculating the difference between the total in the article: ment. At several large medical centers, such radiation and the absorption of the X-rays as they enter different parts of the head, "The talk of cost containment is all too se­ as Johns Hopkins Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center and the device's high-speed computer uses the ductive-until you develop a stroke, a brain mathematical difference as the basis for a tumor, or sustain a head injury," says Dr. the University of Pittsburgh, surgeons can now perform operations on the brain and reconstructed cross-sectional view of the La France, "then you want it diagnosed and brain, dazzling in its detail. treated as quickly, painlessly and precisely head that once would have been too danger­ ous to attempt. Beyond its diagnostic use, CAT has also as possible, exactly what these tools can begun to have an important impact on do." The machines can also be used to help healthy people remain well by revailing treatment. One of the most successful inno­ ANOTHER WAY OF LoOKING AT THE BRAIN problems before they become serious, such vations is CAT-guided stereotactic surgery,

e This "bullet" symbol identifies statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor. 20376 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 examined the boy, he saw that the area angle he chooses, thereby allowing him to tients with such devices are not presently around his son's eyes was swollen. The opth­ see the effects of subtracting minute candidates for M.R.I. scans. And it cannot almologist whom Dr. Silverberg consulted amounts of bone or muscle on facial con­ show calcification of tissue, often an impor­ immediately sent the boy to a neurologist, tours. tant feature of lesions, which CAT can who told the family that there appeared to In a dimly lit subbasement unit at New image well. be a large tumor growing in the boy's brain. York Hospital, a young woman lies on a At Columbia-Presbyterian, says Dr. Sadel That evening, Kenny's parents brought him movable table that is slowly being slid back­ K. Hilal, director of neuroradiology, "Pa­ to the department of neurosurgery at ward through the open mouth of a mam­ tients with stroke, M.S. or spinal-cord dis­ nearby Johns Hopkins Hospital. moth white square machine by a radiologi­ eases are sent for M.R.I. scans, most of "The initial CAT scan was most discourag­ cal technician. "You'll be in there for about those with suspected tumors for CAT." ing," says Dr. Sumio Uematsu, the neuro­ a half-hour, and you shouldn't move," Tom Where CAT and M.R.I. excel at revealing surgeon in charge of the boy's case. "There Callahan tells the woman as he hands her a details of the brain's anatomy, Positron was a very large mass in the center of his long string attached to a brass bell hoisted Emission Tomography shows the brain. We knew we had to act at once." By at the side of the device. "Pull on the string brain actually at work, going about its the time Kenny was wheeled into the oper­ if there's any problem," he says. minute-by-minute metabolic business. "CAT ating room at 7 P.M. the next day, he was Callahan returns to the control room, and M.R.I. are like road maps, PET shows unconscious. where a sign just inside the heavy glass door the traffic moving on the roads," explains Again, he was examined by a CAT scan­ warns visitors to leave keys, watches and Dr. Thomas N. Chase, chief of experimental ner. Using the images it had already stored other metallic objects behind before ap­ therapeutics at the National Institute of in its memory bank, and the coordinates of proaching the device. The magnetic force Neurological and Communicative Disorders the boy's head as it rested in the frame, the that drives the machine is so intense that, and Stroke, in Bethesda, Md. machine plotted out the different angles with a titanic pull, it can rip metal objects Since it was introduced 10 years ago, PET that might be used to enter the boy's skull from a visitor's hand, erase the codes on the has spawned many descendants, each more and simulated them on its screen. magnetic strips of credit cards and play sophisticated than its predecessor. PET VI "It's like a dress rehearsal," says Dr. havoc with magnetized watches. looks like an airplane engine with a hollow Rosenbaum. "By the time we go into the A loud hum fills the room as Callahan ac­ core, in which a patient is screened. But in­ skull, we have a good idea of what we'll be tivates the scanner. Within minutes, the stead of being bombarded with X-rays or doing." young woman's brain is visible on the moni­ subjected to superstrong magnetic fields, Because the CAT scan supplied such pre­ tors in the control room and, to trained PET utilizes the radiation coming from the cise information, large parts of Kenny's eyes, the images reveal a tiny lesion respon­ patient himself. skull did not have to be removed to deter­ sible for her frequent and uncontrollable­ Before a scan, the patient is injected with mine how best to approach the tumor, as by-medication epileptic attacks. a form of sugar that has been radioactively might once have been the case. Dr. Uematsu The machine diagnosing the woman's tagged to enable scientists to watch it as it withdrew large quantities of spinal fluid once-undetectable brain problem is called a proceeds along its chemical path. The sugar from the frontal portion of the brain to re­ Magnetic Resonance Imaging device, or quickly passes to the always-hungry brain lieve the pressure on the boy's skull. Then M.R.I. cells, where the glucose is rapidly ab­ he bored a second, dime-sized, hole in Using magnetic fields 3,000 to 28,000 times sorbed-quite literally becoming food for Kenny's head, and slowly slipped a probe stronger than the Earth's, an M.R.I. pries thought. As it is digested, the substance through the glistening gray coils of his information from the body's molecules. The emits particles called positrons, which col­ cortex and, with gentle pressure, advanced huge doughnut-shaped magnet utilized can lide with electrons to produce gamma rays. deeper into the recesses of the boy's brain. make the nuclei of hydrogen atoms within Computers then add all the information to­ Periodically, Kenny's brain was scanned by the body twirl like tops in the direction of gether, producing a picture of something the CAT to make sure that no absolutely the magnetic field. A radio wave tuned to never before seen so accurately: the brain at vital part-such as his breathing center­ this frequency can, by the use of process work. Suddenly an act of intention can be was being violated. called "resonance," give these wildly spin­ caught in flagrante, captured in the easy-to­ When Dr. Uematsu reached the center of ning nuclei extra energy. When the radio identify gaudy blues and psychedelic yel­ the mass near the ventricles of Kenny's wave is turned off, the energy is released lows often used in PET scans. If you listen brain, he withdrew a tiny amount of dark­ and is translated by computer into a visual to a snatch of music uncritically, PET will brownish fluid from the oozing tumor. A pa­ image. show, by color, one part of your brain acti­ thologist tested the sample, and a grim ver­ Scientists had used devices like M.R.I. to vating: if you analyze the sound, other parts dict was pronounced: the mass was a glioma, analyze chemicals in the laboratory for of the brain will function, producing a dif­ an insidious kind of cancer that infiltrates more than 30 years, but the first experimen­ ferent image. Decide to raise your hand, and the cells that cement the brain together. tal M.R.I. scan of a human being was not your decision will appear on the scan in dif­ The CAT scans also showed that the malig­ performed until 1977. In March 1984, the ferent colors and in different areas as your nancy had twisted among the brain's most Food and Drug Administration permitted brain makes ready to obey your wish. crucial areas, and that attempting its re­ two American companies to begin commer­ Already these glimpses of the brain at moval would be perilous. At 10 P.M. the cial sales of the devices to hospitals and work have shown special biological markers first phase of the operation was over. physicians. Since then, three additional for different psychological ills. At New York Intensive radiation treatments continued, companies have been approved as suppliers, University Medical Center, in collaboration and several days later Kenny was back in and today there are 193 M.R.I. systems in­ with the Brookhaven National Laboratory, the radiology suite that also doubled as an stalled in the United States. researchers have used PET to demonstrate operating room for the second phase of the The reason for the enormous popularity that in chronic schizophrenia the frontal operation. Using the stereotactic frame and of the young M.R.I. is its ability to do many parts of the brain consume glucose at a the CAT scanner as his guide, Dr. Uematsu things a CAT scanner cannot. Tumors at markedly low rate-in striking contrast to again opened the boy's skull and drained the base of the brain, over-shadowed by the manic phase of manic-depressive illness, about one quarter of the tumor. This proce­ bone on CAT scans, show up with precise in which glucose consumption in the same dure, along with the radiation therapy, was clarity on M.R.I. pictures. A study last year brain area soars. "People have been hunting effective in shrinking the tumor. of 40 patients at New York Hospital, one of for brain correlates of mental disorders like "Of course, a brain cancer like this is ter­ the first to use M.R.I.'s, showed that in 13 these for years-and now PET is finding ribly serious business," says Dr. Uematsu, of the subjects brain lesions in a part of the them," says Dr. Jonathan D. Brodie, head sitting at his office desk, on which there is a head called the posterior fossa showed up of the N.Y.U. research team. large photo of Kenny and himself. "But clearly on M.R.I. but not at all on CAT But psychiatry is merely the starting children's brains are amazingly resilient; scans. In multiple sclerosis, plaques-areas point for PET's explorations. "Although a Kenny's prognosis is guarded, but hopeful." of hardened tissue that interfere with nerve CAT scan may show a tumor, a PET scan Beyond their role in neurosurgery, CAT function-reveal themselves more clearly on can show an area of heightened chemical machines, about 1,300 of which are current­ M.R.I. than on CAT scans. activity in the brain where no growth has ly in operation in the United States, have Despite its advantages in some areas, yet been detected," says Dr. Norman D. La­ also begun to be used by plastic and recon­ M.R.I.'s powerful magnet causes thorny lo­ France, clinical director of nuclear medicine structive surgeons to design new faces. At gistical problems. It must be housed in a at Johns Hopkins Hospital. "That's where the University of Pennsylvania School of special part of the hospital and sealed off the next tumor may pop up-where the real Medicine, for example, the CAT scanner col­ from outside electromagnetic influences action is." lects detailed images of patients' skulls, such as FM and CB radio. Its mighty mag­ Indeed, at N.Y.U. Medical Center, Dr. then permits a plastic surgeon to recon­ netic field can jam heart pacemakers and Brodie and his colleagues are using PET to struct them three-dimensionally at any heat the metal in artificial Joints; many pa- study a chemical called putrescine as an July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20377 early marker of brain cancer. Dr. Brodie's erate without developing that problem," "We've found that, electrically, in the brain, hope is that it will "help to save many says Dr. Wagner. It might then not be a dif­ normal aging and Alzheimer's go in opposite people who otherwise might have been ficult step to predict the exact tolerable directions-which means that if you're doomed by brain tumors," by early identifi­ amounts of other drugs that affect the medically healthy, you can look forward to cation and measuring response to treat­ brain-including sleeping pills and tranquil­ maintaining your brain's electrical function­ ments. Patients already being treated for an izers. ing and most of your mental functioning existing brain tumor might be tested with Ironically, however, the exuberant sense into old age." the substance to determine what kind of of discovery so noticeable among PET re­ At the opposite end of the life span, treatment should be used and to where it searchers is not widely shared by many cli­ BEAM is diagnosing problems among in­ would best be directed. nicians, who applaud its research potential fants-problems that may not be noticed by PET has already provided some clues but are impatient with its delay in deliver­ parents for months. "Many more kids are about Alzheimer's disease, an ailment noto­ ing more numerous applications. The Feder­ born with subtle brain injuries than is rec­ riously difficult to separate from others, al Government, which has invested $27 mil­ ognized, because clinical examinations are such as hypertension or "benign" forgetful­ lion in PET research through the National not sufficiently fine enough to detect ness. "PET's showing great promise in es­ Institutes of Health, including financing them," says Dr. Duffy. For example, the tablishing an accurate diagnosis," says Dr. most of the 15 PET units now functioning teams at both Harvard and N.Y.U. have Chase, whose national-institute team has in this country, has begun to reduce its sup­ found that reading disability has a definite discovered that part of an Alzheimer's vic­ port to all but a handful of centers. physiological "signature" in the brain-not tim's brain-the temporoparietal cortex­ "It's like criticizing the first flying ma­ only in the language area, but in other re­ shows striking diminished glucose metabo­ chine because it only went several hundred gions. The Harvard team is trying to detect lism. At the N.Y.U. Medical Center, PET feet," says Dr. LaFrance. potential reading disability before children scans have accurately diagnosed Alzheimer's Other countries seem less troubled by the receive formal reading training. The group in four-fifths of test subjects; when CAT amount of time PET has taken to provide is testing large numbers of very young chil­ scan information is added, the accuracy rate large-scale clinical applications; in Japan, dren, knowing that, statistically, many are climbs to almost 100 percent. It now seems always a bellwether country in technology, bound to develop learning disabilities. Once possible that the disease is biochemically de­ there are eight PET scanners in operation, they identify a child as a potential future tectable long before it betrays itself by af­ and experts believe most Japanese medical dyslexic by his neurological correlates on fecting a person's behavior. "PET shows a schools will soon be outfitted with PET the BEAM machine, investigators hope soon 25 percent reduction in metabolic rates in units. to be able to recommend him for extra at­ certain brain areas, even in mild cases of In this country, a team at the University tention and tutoring that may help to avoid Alzheimer's," says Dr. Chase. "Obviously of California at Los Angeles is using PET to future school failure. the degeneration has been going on for screen epileptic surgical patients. No matter The team at Harvard has also studied sev­ some time. The important thing is to inter­ how deeply the origin of the epileptic sei­ eral sociopathic adolescents with histories vene at an early, crucial time, with drugs." zure is buried, PET is able to show the point of physically abusing others. Although their Although such drugs are not yet available, of origin, often giving surgeons enough in­ CAT scans were normal, as were the results Dr. Chase says, "Now that PET is giving us formation to accurately remove the tiny of their standard neurological exams, clear ideas about what parts of the brain are malfunctioning part of the brain. BEAM detected characteristic abnormalities involved in diseases like Alzheimer's, there's PET researchers insist their machine will in their frontal lobes. "There's no question a strong conviction that we can develop continue to prove itself. Its use will grow, that many forms of sociopathic behavior are drugs to activate or deactivate the system." says Dr. LaFrance of Johns Hopkins, "be­ organically based," says Dr. Duffy. "There­ One of the most important steps toward cause it offers what none of the other imag­ fore, if we choose, these individuals could be that goal occurred in 1983 when Dr. Henry ing devices can-in vivo information about recognized in advance and monitored." N. Wagner Jr., director of nuclear medicine the brain's most basic biochemistry." Those investigating this technique readily at Johns Hopkins, became the first human But the brain is more than an organ in admit that their work has some troubling subject to have his brain mapped by PET constant chemical ferment; it is also a small ethical implications. Dr. John of N.Y.U., for for neuroreceptors sensitive to dopamine, generator, its electrical impulses flying from one, foresees the possibility of "kids being one of the crucial neurostransmitters that cell to cell. By measuring this continuous shunted aside academically because their send messages from one nerve cell to an­ electrical turmoil, a new technique called brains don't meet this profile, and older other. Abnormal levels of dopamine appear "evoked potential" has enabled researchers people losing their jobs because their pro­ linked to such diverse diseases as schizo­ to interpret brain-wave patterns in ways files show that their brains are subtly dete­ phrenia, Parkinson's disease, Down's syn­ never possible before. An electroencephalo­ riorating." drome and Huntington's chorea. graph . OF NEW YORK known actress, an assistant principal, a den­ The first Negro women to receive the tist . a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES medical degree were Rebecca Lee, M.D. trial attorney was official physician to the Brooklyn Home "Dr. Susan McKinney-Steward, our resident physican for a number of years, has been Susan Maria Smith was born in 1847 at for Aged Colored People and served as a member of its governing board from 1892- faithful in looking after the young people in the corner of Fulton Street and Buffalo need of medical attention. I am very glad to Avenue in Brooklyn, New York. This area, 1895. This Home is still in operation at the commend her and her services, and to say now called Weeksville, was then a farm ex­ corner of St. Johns Place and Kingston that to have such a woman connected with tending south from Fulton Street. Twenty­ Avenue where a new physical plant is being the institution, where there is a large at­ three years later in July 1870, she was grad­ contemplated. tendance of girls, is indispensable." uated from the New York Medical College Dr. McKinney also was a public speaker. On several occasions in Brooklyn and Ohio, After her death, as part of her eulogy, the for Women and was valedictorian of her Green County Sarah Tompkins vanus, later was to marry the half-breed city, has written its epitaph-the Dr. Susan was married to an Episcopal minister and Shinnecock-French girl, Anne Springsteel, Smith McKinney Junior High School. became the principal of Grammar School the mother of Dr. Susan Smith McKinney. LITERATURE CITED Dr. Susan Smith was married to Reverend No. 4 in 1864. After the death of her first 1. New York Times, February 18, 1901. husband, this sister married the famous William Guillard McKinney who was about Henry Highland Garnet, the noted anti­ 20 years her senior. He died in 1895 after fa­ 2. Bulletin of the Medico-Chirurgical Soci­ slavery orator and later Minister to Liberia. thering two children: Anna McKinney ety of the District of Columbia, Inc., Vol. 6, She continued to be a school principal was a At the time of the dedication of the Dr. Long Island Historical Society in Brooklyn. school teacher. Clara taught piano Susan Smith McKinney Junior High School 5. McKINNEY, W.S., Personal communi­ and Mary was a hairdresser. Two of her there were 22 direct descendants of Dr. cations, December 20, 1974. brothers died Cone at sea> in the Civil War. McKinney. William S. McKinney, Jr. of 6. Eighth and Twentieth Annual An­ As a child Dr. McKinney was a serious Brooklyn and St. Albans is 7 4 years of age nouncements, New York Medical College, student of the organ under the tutelage of and was a high school teacher at Thomas 1870 & 1882.

51-059 0-86-15 (Pt. 15) 20386 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 7. Medical and Surgical Register of the have been designated in Britain, and the the words of the bill itself. In other words, United States. R.L. Polk & Co., 1890. success of several of them led to interest in no Federal legislation, no Rhode Island en­ 8. The Brooklyn Directories, 1871 to 1896. the U.S. for a similar approach to redevelop­ terprise zone program. 9. STATISTICS, Green County, Ohio, ing hardcore depressed areas. Texas, likewise, has a two-year-old law on 1918. The idea behind the enterprise zone is the books, but the appointed State Enter­ 10. LYONS, MARITCHA. Woman In Med­ that government doesn't actually spend prise Zone Board won't implement it until icine borhoods.'' glad after a hard journey from Winter was devastated more than a decade ago Other support of the enterprise zone con­ Quarters of 1,200 miles. when Olin Chemical's local plant shut down cept has been increasing. Last year, for ex­ Woodruff said thoughts of orchards, at the cost of more than 1,000 jobs. And the ample, the Sabre Foundation, a Washing­ zone in Roanoke has been able to save a ton, DC "think tank," did a study, the re­ vineyards, gardens and fields, which Coca Cola bottling facility and 170 jobs, sults of which indicated that zones already would soon cover the area, were pleas­ with the added benefit of 89 new jobs. set up in 182 communities ing to them. Before he cooked dinner In Kentucky, on the other hand, for the "have been hugely successful.'' that first night, he planted a half first full year after the initial zones were The biggest winners? According to the bushel of potatoes. This exemplifies designated in Louisville and Hickman, activ­ Sabre study, unemployed and low-income the spirit of these early settlers. ity in 51 businesses created or retained more workers accounted for some 30% of all hir­ Today, 138 years after Woodruff than 1,200 jobs. Louisville's zone alone re­ ings related to enterprise zone growth. In dreamed of the progress to be made in tained or created about 1,000 jobs, and 300 addition, local officials reported that more of the new jobs went to people who had than 4,000 jobs were saved because of busi­ the Salt Lake Valley, we enjoy the been unemployed for at least a year. More nesses that had planned to move but decid­ heritage of these stalwart pioneers. recently, the designation of a zone in Cov­ ed to stay because of the new range of in­ I pay tribute to them today.e ington brought the announcement of a centives suddenly being offered. Gibson Greeting Card plant that will create In short, growing success is inarguable; up to 600 jobs. the long-term prognosis could probably be NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS Kansas attributes a total of more than considered as "cautious optimism." Un­ BOARD CELEBRATES 50TH AN­ $200 million in capital investment to its own doubtedly, however, the programs in a few NIVERSARY enterprise zone program. In Topeka, for ex­ states haven't really scored the big one yet. ample, Santa Fe Railway decided to build a But all things considered, a solid and im­ $40 million office complex and retain 2,000 proving track record among state-level en­ HON. WIWAM D. FORD jobs rather than move out of state; Frito terprise zone programs may well prove to OF MICHIGAN Lay has undertaken a $30 million expansion the folks on Capitol Hill that they work, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES adding 100-150 new jobs; and Goodyear has and that could help build the pressure for expanded to the tune of $60 million and getting Federal legislation off the back Wednesday, July 24, 1985 300-400 new jobs, with another expansion burner and onto the books.e e Mr. FORD of Michigan. Mr. Speak­ already planned. er, the National Labor Relations Indiana's first six zones, according to state figures, have seen significant small business TRIBUTE TO MORMON Board celebrates its 50th anniversary activity. Richmond's zone has four new PIONEERS this year, but the working people and start-ups; Anderson has had a laundry facili­ unions the Board was created to pro­ ty expansion that is adding 30-40 jobs; and HON. RICHARD STALLINGS tect have little to celebrate. Under the Anderson's zone has seen considerable activ­ chairmanship of Donald Dotson, who ity, including the Anderson Co.'s decision to OF IDAHO believes unionized labor relations to be stay instead of moving out of state. That IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES a major contributor to decline and saved 1,000 jobs and added 100 new ones. Wednesday, July 24, 1985 failure of once healthy industries, the In Illinois, the state's first eight zones cre­ ated nearly 1,000 new jobs through last fall, e Mr. STALLINGS. Mr. Speaker, I Board has adopted an antiunion bias saved more than 2,000 more, and have 2,000 would like to take this opportunity that is totally at odds with the pur­ additional jobs in the planning stages. In­ today to pay tribute to Mormon­ poses of the National Labor Relations vestment during the first year for the eight Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Act, which are to promote collective was more than $40 million. The "Back-of­ Saints-pioneers who entered the Salt bargaining, a process which requires the-Yards" zone in Chicago has retained, Lake Valley on this day in 1847 after a unions and unionized labor relations, renovated and expanded several companies; lengthy, difficult trek across the coun­ to eliminate the inequality of bargain­ Decatur had 90 projects underway, yielding try. ing power between companies and $7 .3 million in value added, through last fall; Will County to decertify the union. But striking workers union members on company premises A strikebreaker is a traitor to his God his lose the right to vote after they have been during the work day. It has indicated it will country, his wife, his family, and his class. on strike for more than a year. Thus, strike­ no longer protect against retaliation work­ Attributed to Jack London. breakers last year voted to oust Phelps ers who turn their employers in to public This was what working-class America be­ Dodge's unions. agencies for violating health and safety lieved 75 years ago, or even 30 years ago. Some labor law specialists, including Paul laws. On a broader issue, it has expanded But crossing a picket line today carries little C. Weiler of Harvard University and Wil­ the right of employers to transfer work of the old social stigma, and people do it liam B. Gould IV of Stanford University, from union to non-union plants. with no more feeling of guilt than comes contend that the "permanent replacement" The board and its defenders say that this from crossing the street against a red light. rule was wrong to begin with. They note labor rendering of the record is itself unbal­ Indeed, strikebreaking is occurring so often, that one of the NLRA's main goals was to anced, that the Reagan board is simply re­ and in such highly visible strikes-the prevent employers from firing workers who dressing the tilt of its Carter predecessor pilots' walkout at United Airlines Inc. is a went on strike. "The employer can't fire you and that the current swing is no different recent example-that it is raising some fun­ for striking, but he can replace you," Weiler from others when the board has changed damental questions about federal labor law. says. "Workers can be excused for not party hands in the past. They note that on In Chicago, a federal district judge is ex­ seeing the difference." Adds Gould: "The in­ several issues the courts have upheld the pected to decide soon whether United violat­ creasing number of employers who are will­ Reagan board; the Supreme Court last week ed the law in the way it used strikebreakers ing and able to rely upon permanent strike­ upheld a board ruling that unions may not to continue operations during the 29-day breakers seems to me to be completely anti­ bar members from resigning during or just strike. In Washington, the Supreme Court thetical to the purposes of the NLRA." before a strike. July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20389 But many of the precedents the new electricity, but electricity demand is down reserve complements the federal clean coal board has altered date not from the Carter due to conservation and sluggish economic involvement in research and development administration but the Nixon-Ford years growth. The cost of producing synthetic with demonstration projects. It seeks to ac­ and before. In routine cases involving fuels from coal has turned out to be higher celerate the commercial use of promising charges of unfair labor practices, moreover, than expected. The decline in oil prices has technologies by joint government-private the Reagan board has held for management reduced incentives for conversion from oil­ sector funding efforts. much more than either the Carter or Nixon­ fired units to coal. Deregulation has in­ Our ability to expand coal use in the Ford boards, whose records were about the creased the cost of transporting coal, and future will depend heavily on the successful same. new coal slurry pipelines have been blocked. introduction of clean coal technology. Indi­ We think the Reagan board has gone too Other countries are boosting coal produc­ ana has a major stake in the success of this far. The issue is not so much labor versus tion, challenging our coal exports and even technology. Our nation has the world's larg­ management as it is economic health. The penetrating U.S. markets. High severance est coal resources. We must ensure that Reagan board's holdings point to continuing taxes in some western states on coal shipped coal, and other domestic sources of energy, low-level labor-management strife that an out of state have increased the price of coal. bring us a better measure of energy security already burdened economy should not have Federal leasing of coal reserves has been in an insecure world.e to bear. Labor unions themselves have done halted since the controversy over former some damage to the economy. taking some Secretary of Interior James Watt's leasing U.S. industries out of competitive range; in policies. CONGRESSIONAL SALUTE TO recent years they have paid for this, in lost However, the main barrier to expanding MARY 0. AMEMIYA work and at the bargaining table. But coal use is environmental: air pollution re­ unions on balance are constructive institu­ sulting from burning coal. The major prob­ tions now in weakened condition, the public lem is "acid rain", which can result when HON. ROBERT T. MATSUI policy should not seek to diminish them.e sulfur oxides from coal combustion mix OF CALIFORNIA with chemicals in the atmosphere to produce rainfall with increased acidity. Acid IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY rain may cause trees to die near industrial­ Wednesday, July 24, 1985 ized areas. High sulfur coal found in Indi­ HON. LEE H. HAMILTON ana and throughout the east and midwest is • Mr. MATSUI. Mr. Speaker, I rise OF INDIANA a particular concern. Another worry is the today to acknowledge and commend IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES so-called "greenhouse effect", the possibility the outstanding public service record that carbon dioxide produced by burning of one of my most respected constitu­ Wednesday, July 24, 1985 coal and other fossil fuels could trap the ents Mary Amemiya, who retired June e Mr. HAMILTON. Mr. Speaker, I sun's heat in the atmosphere and eventually 30 after more than 23 years of employ­ cause major changes in the world's climate. would like to insert my Washington Technology is available to burn coal more ment with a variety of local, State, and Report for Wednesday, July 24, 1985 cleanly, but it is expensive. "Scrubbers" in Feder.al agencies. For the past 6 years, into the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: smokestacks remove sulfur oxides from coal she has served as district secretary and CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY smoke. Wet scrubbing, the most widely-used office manager for my California con­ Recent positive developments in energy method, increases the cost of generating gressional office, effectively perform­ have been good news for consumers, but electricity by 15-25 percent. ing her duties with enthusiasm and de­ they are also lulling us into a false sense of Because a large share of America's coal re­ termination. energy security. As oil supplies have in­ serves has high sulfur content, significant Mary began her government service creased and domestic consumption has de­ attention is being given to developing clean career with the State of California in creased, interest in boosting energy produc­ coal technologies. The federal government tion and in developing alternative domestic assists this effort primarily by funding the 1941 when she went to work for the energy sources has declined. Construction of early stages of research and development. department of social welfare as a new electricity generating plants has Last year it spent $65 million. Several tech­ junior stenographer. Her life took a slowed, spending on solar energy develop­ nologies are promising. One would remove dramatic turn in 1942 when she and ment is down, and domestic exploration ef­ pollutants by using advanced chemical and her family were sent to a relocation forts are being reduced. Increased energy physical cleaning at the mine-head. Physi­ camp in Amache, CO, as part of the demand from a continued economic recov­ cal deep cleaning of coal could be commer­ U.S. Government's internment of ery may result in energy shortages greater cially available in the early 1990s, though it Americans of Japanese ancestry. But than we have experienced in the past. The could nearly double the cost of coal. An­ current energy "breathing period" is not a other involves developing chemicals to be being the persistent person that she is, time for complacency; it presents us an op­ added during combustion to reduce the pro­ Mary battled against this personal set­ portunity to ensure our long-range energy duction of pollutants. Perhaps the most back, even working for the Depart­ security. We must begin to take the neces­ promising technology employs "fluidized ment of Interior's War Relocation Au­ sary steps to develop stable a!1d reliable do­ bed combustion", in which crushed coal is thority as a clerk-stenographer for 2 mestic energy sources. burned on a bed that is suspended-fluid­ years while in camp. Coal is a major source of energy we should ized-by air blown through it. The bed also After the war, Mary worked 2 years develop. America's coal resources are enor­ contains limestone to capture emissions. mous. Recoverable reserves total about 300 This technology is already commercially as a clerk-stenographer for the War billion tons, 30 percent of the world's coal available for smaller industrial-size boilers, Department's Separation Center at reserves and about 90 percent of our domes­ but not for larger utility-size units. Such Camp Beale, CA. In 1947, she became tic fossil fuel supply. Our coal supplies could units could be ready by the early 1990's, the secretary for the regional supervi­ last for centuries, even in the face of in­ generating electricity as much as 100 per­ sor of the Bureau of Reclamation in creased demand. Indiana has a significant cent cheaper than electricity from tradition­ Sacamento. Following a 12-year leave share of the U.S. supply, ranking among the al coal plants equipped with scrubbers. of absence to raise her family, Mary top ten states in both coal production and Research is also being done on alternate became a legal secretary for Sacra­ coal reserves. uses for coal. One approach uses a coal­ Despite these vast resources and coal's key water mixture, a liquid containing 70 per­ mento attorney Henry Taketa. In role in the last four Presidents' energy cent pulverized coal with properties similar 1970, she returned to the public sector plans, coal has not lived up to its potential. to fuel oil. In a few years, this mixture could as secretary to the personnel director Events in recent years, including the 1973 be cheaper than oil. Work is also continuing for the city of Sacramento. She re­ OPEC oil embargo, the rising price of natu­ on the production of synthetic fuels from mained in that job until joining my ral gas, and the controversy over nuclear coal. Liquid synfuels from coal are currently staff in 1979 as district secretary and power, have given coal a boost. Since 1974, about 3 or 4 times more expensive than office manager. coal's share of our domestic energy supply crude oil, but more promising coal gasifica­ increased from 18 percent to 23 percent a tion plants have been built. I know that after 32 years in public significant increase, though less than ex­ Congress should continue to promote and private sector employment, Mary pected. clean coal technologies. In a major step last is looking forward to a well-deserved There are several obstacles to the in­ session it created the Clean Coal Technolo­ rest and change of pace. She and her creased use of coal. Over 80 percent of our gy Reserve, to be funded by money taken husband, George, a longtime pharma­ domestic coal consumption goes to generate from the Synthetic Fuels Corporation. This cist in Sacramento who is nearing re- 20390 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 tirement, have been married 38 years ceptable, and we must continue to every State of the Union. In fact, the and they have three children, Denise, press for a just and viable solution. Greater Washington, DC, Research Alan, and Gayle. On February 7, 1985, I was joined by Center has published a report showing Mr. Speaker, I ask that my col­ 18 of my colleagues in introducing that low-income taxpayers will be get­ leagues join me in expressing our ap­ House Concurrent Resolution 56, a ting the largest share of benefits preciation and thanks to Mary Ame­ resolution calling for the establish­ under President Reagan's tax reform miya for her many years of loyal and ment of a Cyprus Cooperative Devel­ plan. dedicated service to the people of Sac­ opment Fund to support projects on There are refinements in the details ramento County, the State of Califor­ the island that would foster coopera­ of the Reagan proposal that Congress nia, and the United States of America. tion on the island. Currently, both can make to perfect it. But we cannot We all owe her a great debt of grati­ sides remain divided and there is no let tax reform be derailed by a few po­ tude for serving as an inspiring role opportunity for improving relations litical leaders and special interest lob­ model for the positive and very desira­ and for cooperating toward a mutually byists who focus on one narrow provi­ ble attributes of dedication, compe­ agreeable settlement. The fund would sion and simply refuse to look at the tence, and hard work.e create a climate conducive for coopera­ advantages of reforming our unfair tion. I was pleased to see that similar Tax Code and reducing tax rates for provisions were incorporated in the the whole family of America. TURKISH INVASION OF CYPRUS House foreign aid authorization bill, 11 YEARS AGO The article follows: H.R. 1555, which passed the House on In 1984, New York Gov. Mario Cuomo was July 11, 1985. the Democratic Party's brilliant oratorical HON. JAMES J. FLORIO Recently, the U.N. Secretary Gener­ defender of the poor and downtrodden. OF NEW JERSEY al reported the preparation of a draft But in 1985 he has become the passionate­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES agreement which represents the for­ ly articulate defender of rich taxpayers and government bureaucracies, in his role as Wednesday, July 24, 1985 mula most likely to lead to a just and lasting solution to the Cyprus prob­ point man in the fight against the Reagan • Mr. FLORIO. Mr. Speaker, on July lem. Though the Greek Cypriots have tax reform plan. 20, the international community again While Mr. Cuomo attempts to wrap his accepted this agreement, the Turkish rhetoric in the green sackcloth of the poli­ mourned the passing of yet another Cypriots have yet to reply. I hope that tics of envy by arguing that eliminating the year since the illegal occupation of an affirmative reply will be given and I state and local tax deduction will force cut­ Cyprus by Turkish troops 11 years hope that the international communi­ backs in services to the poor, he has in fact ago. Eleven years ago, Turkish troops ty will strengthen efforts for a just put his political clout into defending the violated the small nation's territorial and timely settlement. rich at the expense of lower-income groups. integrity by invading the island and The situation that currently exists Mr. Cuomo's own 1982 campaign finance wreaking havoc and destruction on Cyprus is not acceptable and we are chairman, William Stem, chided him in a among the island's inhabitants. Today, responsible for sending a clear signal July 1 Wall Street Journal article for "de­ 11 years later, 18,000 Turkish troops manding the continuance of one of the most to the Turkish authorities that we are indefensible deductions in the federal still occupy over 40 percent of Cyprus convinced that the illegal partition of system.... " Mr. Stem is absolutely cor­ and pose an ominous threat to the is­ Cyprus is not only contrary to the in­ rect. land's Greek Cypriot population. terests of the Cypriot people, but also We have just completed an anlysis of the And yet, despite the passage of 11 to those of the United States. It is our IRS summary of 1983 tax returns. And it years, a solution of the Cyprus conflict moral responsibility to work to ensure shows that 7 4.2 percent of the $97.4 billion seems far away. For every positive step that the illegal occupation of Cyprus claimed in state and local tax deductions­ that has been taken over the years, and the tragedy of the division is not $72.3 billion-went to the top 18.6 percent the Greek Cypriots can recount a of income-tax filers: those with incomes prolonged.• greater than $30,000 who also itemized their number of negative setbacks that have deductions. all but canceled out these positive ini­ The other 25.8 percent <$25.1 billion> went tiatives. Despite the passage of 11 REAGAN TAX REFORM PROPOS­ to the 15.8 percent of all filers whose in­ years, Greek Cypriots vividly recall AL LOWERS TAXES FOR ALL comes were less than $30,000 but who also the days when the Turkish army in­ INCOME GROUPS itemized deductions. vaded Cyprus and displace 170,000 The largest group of all, however, the 65.6 people. They can vividly recall the HON. JACK F. KEMP percent of all tax filers-mostly earning less rape and pillage of a once prosperous than $20,000-who did not itemize got none OF NEW YORK of the $97.4 billion claimed. and peaceful island. They can vividly IN THE HOUSE OF REPllSENTATIVES recall the numerous casualties, the Since in 1983 Americans paid a grand total Wednesday, July 24, 1985 of $244. 7 billion in state and local sales, desecration of churches and cemeter­ property, and income taxes, more than 60 ies, the disregard of public outrage, •Mr. KEMP. Mr. Speaker, Warren percent of those taxes, $147.3 billion, were and the creation of a new class of citi­ Brookes' recent column contains fig­ not itemized or deducted. zens who became refugees in their own ures from an analysis of IRS reports So this may well be the most inefficient, land. on individual tax returns. Brookes' and regressive, tax "loophole" in history­ Mr. Speaker, it is past time for re­ study shows that nearly 75 percent of not only because it so heavily favors the top calling these tragedies. It is time that the claims for State and local tax de­ 20 percent-but because 60 percent of the potential deductions are swallowed whole, we diligently persevere in negotiating ductions went to the highest 20 per­ mostly by the lower-income groups. a solution to this problem. Since cent of all taxpayers. That deduction, To put it bluntly, in Mario Cuomo's New summit talks between Cypriot Presi­ in short, is an enormous subsidy to the York state, because of this deduction which dent Kyprianou and Turkish Cypriot wealthiest people of America, a subsi­ he is trying to protect, the rich are carrying leader Denktash collapsed this past dy that has to be eaten by lower and a tax burden that is at least 30 percent January, Mr. Denktash has held both middle income Americans. Moreover, lower as a percentage of their income than parliamentary and presidential elec­ State and local tax deductibility is the average taxpayer's, and at least 50 per­ tions in his illegally occupied portion being used as a weapon unfairly to cent lower than that of the renting poor, of Cyprus. Indications are that the stop tax reform. who get nothing. That's Mr. Cuomo's "dirty little secret." Turkish Government intends to con­ The column demonstrates, on the He likes rich New Yorkers getting a big tax tinue to maintain Turkish troops on other hand, that the reduction in tax break, because they keep quiet while he Cyprus as a part of any settlement. rates for everyone will benefit most taxes the middle and lower classes at the Our Government must continue to working Americans in every income highest rates in the nation. But those folks emphasize that this situation is unac- category, in New York State and in who don't itemize are the very ones who July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20391 would benefit most from Mr. Reagan's lower UNITED STATES To DROP FRAUD PROBE OF In an effort to resolve the issue surround­ tax rates and doubled exemption. TEAMSTER UNION'S PRESSER-SOURCES SAY ing Presser's informer status, Justice De­ That's why the Greater Washington CASE LACKS PROSECUTIVE MERIT partment officials have ordered a full-scale claimed deductions The politically sensitive case, developed for state and local taxes, and they only got by Department of Labor investigators as­ there contend that the failure to disclose $7 .6 billion, or 7 .8 percent of the total. signed to a U.S. strike force in Cleveland, is Presser's status as an informer resulted This means the huge lower-income 58 per­ being dropped because the Justice Depart­ when the Labor Department reportedly did cent of all taxpayers paid at least $65 billion ment has concluded that it lacks "pro3ecu­ not inform the FBI in 1982 that it was in­ in state and local taxes that they could not tive merit," sources said. vestigating Presser and other Teamster or did not deduct from their federal tax. Ray Maria, the Department of Labor union officials. Only lower tax rates could offset that harsh deputy inspector general who oversees labor "Labor didn't tell them, and they didn't injustice. racketeering investigations, said: "We have tell Labor," one official said. "In other Of the 21 percent of all the taxpayers in no pending investigation of Jackie Presser." words, it was a lack of communication." the $20,000-30,000 group, only 44.4 percent He declined to elaborate. But another source familiar with the case itemized, and this group got only 18 percent The decision not to prosecute Presser, declared: "There's more to it than that." of the state and local deductions, or $17.56 President Reagan's only supporter among The question of Presser's status was raised billion-meaning that 56 percent of the tax­ major labor leaders, came six months after directly early in the investigation, he said, payers in this group failed to itemize at federal prosecutors in Cleveland recom­ "and the [FBI] categorically denied any re­ least another $23 billion in state and local mended that Presser be indicted on charges lationship whatsoever." taxes. of authorizing union payments to "ghost Several months ago, the FBI acknowl­ In short, the whole argument that remov­ employes." edged Presser's role as a source of informa­ ing this deduction would "put a tax on a Presser's alleged status as a source of in­ tion when prosecutors for the Cleveland tax" falls apart when more than 60 percent formation for the FBI was a key impedi­ strike force urged Justice Department supe­ of all state and local taxes are being taxed ment to prosecution, sources said. it also riors to authorize them to seek a grand jury by the present system. was learned yesterday that Justice Depart­ indictment of the Teamster leader. This means that by far the fairest way to ment officials have ordered a new inquiry In addition to attempting to ascertain reduce this "tax on a tax" effect for all tax­ into why the FBI did not tell the depart­ what the FBI disclosed about its knowledge payers is to wipe out the deduction com­ ment for nearly two years that Presser had of Presser, the FBI's internal inquiry is pletely, and use all of the $35 billion-$40 bil­ acted as an informer. looking into what information FBI agents lion in immediate revenue proceeds to Providing information to the FBI does not got from Presser, a source said. reduce tax rates for everyone. usually give a person immunity from pros­ "Trott and Jensen are very concerned A recent study by California's State Fran­ ecution. But in Presser's case, there was un­ about this case, particularly about the rela­ chise Tax Board shows that President Rea­ usual concern by FBI officials that informa­ tionship of the agents to the source," one gan's tax plan will save individual California tion about other investigations might be dis­ official said. taxpayers a net of $3.2 billion. And what closed in the course of prosecuting the labor they lose in the state and local deduction leader. Mr. Speaker, the politically naive <$4 billion) is more than offset by what they Throughout the course of the investiga­ will perhaps be impressed that the net gain in rate reduction <$6 billion> and the tion, Justice Department officials said poli­ results of the 32-month old Jackie doubled exemptions <$4.8 billion> which also tics would play no role in the highly visible Presser investigation are that the Jus­ help offset other lost deductions. case. Administration officials, led by Vice tice Department has ordered a full­ The prestigious accounting firm of Arthur President Bush, were in contact with Press­ scale review of the FBl's relationship Andersen did a study for the Joint Econom­ er, who served as cochairman of Reagan's ic Committee of Congress, and found that inaugural labor committee in January. with Mr. Presser and that the FBI will even high-income, itemizing taxpayers in The decision in the Presser case, according undergo an internal inquiry, looking every state with taxable incomes of $50,000 to sources, was :rr.ade by Deputy Attorney into what information FBI agents got and varying values of homer- came out General D. Lowell Jensen after conferring from Presser. ahead with the president's plan. Even in with Stephen S. Trott, assistant attorney Those of us familiar with the Justice New York City, Mr. Cuomo's home, taxpay­ general in charge of the department's Department do chuckle when we read: ers with a median home <$97,000 value) Criminal Division. It appears that Attorney "There are people in the Department were $600 better off than under current law. General Edwin Meese III removed himself And in the great "heartland" states of Ohio from the case. of Justice who feel they were deceived and Illinois, the savings were $1,200 to Meese, at his confirmation hearing this and lied to by the FBI."• $1,700. year, acknowledged he might have called This is why Mr. Cuomo is blowing smoke Presser early in the Reagan administration on this issue. Just don't let that smoke blind to inform him that Raymond J. Donovan TO UNDERSTAND THE you to the value of tax reform.e would be named secretary of labor. UNIVERSE Department officials reportedly advised Stephen H. Jigger, the Cleveland strike THE "JUSTICE" DEPARTMENT force prosecutor, of the decision at a meet­ HON. JOHN E. GROTBERG ing here yesterday. OF ILLINOIS The Justice Department decision is ex­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES HON. CARROLL HUBBARD, JR. pected to be controversial because it reject­ OF KENTUCKY ed the recommendation of strike force pros­ Wednesday, July 24, 1985 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ecutors, whom department officials has sent e Mr. GROTBERG. Mr. Speaker, as Wednesday, July 24, 1985 back to the field for more work, delaying the case for nearly a year. the Congressman representing the • Mr. HUBBARD. Mr. Speaker, more The strike force recommended that Press­ Fermi National Accelerator Laborato­ and more Americans are becoming er be indicted on charges of fraud and con­ ry-Fermilab-in Batavia, IL, I would aware that the U.S. Justice Depart­ spiracy for putting "ghost employes"-cro­ like to bring to the attention of our ment is the most politically conscious, nies who get paid but do no work-on the colleagues the following article writ­ politically active agency in our Federal payroll of Cleveland Teamsters Local 507, of ten by Dr. Leon Lederman, the Direc­ Government. which Presser is secretary-treasurer. tor of Fermilab. This is a well-rea­ The decision came less than a week after Today, in a front page news article the grand jury foreman, Robert A. Reading, soned article by Dr. Lederman detail­ in the Washington Post, we read the Jr., confirmed that the jurors had com­ ing his great quest to unlock new se­ following written by reporters Ronald plained to two federal judges in Cleveland crets about high-energy physics. At J. Ostrow and Robert L. Jackson of that the Justice Department was dragging this point, I would like to insert the the Los Agneles Times: its feet in the case. article in the RECORD: 20392 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 To UNDERSTAND THE UNIVERSE gets. The collisions release products that are Support for this proposal comes from a (By Leon M. Lederman) detected by a variety of sensitive instru­ surprising quarter. Astrophysicists have' de­ Prologue: It is an exciting time for high­ ments. The combination of accelerators of termined that creation of the universe we energy physics. A tremendous amount has increasing energy and particle detectors of now observe took place in a primordial ex­ been learned in the last 30 years about ele­ increasing sophistication gives physicists a plosion called the big bang. After this semi­ mentary particles and fundamental forces, kind of microscope capable of studying phe­ nal event the universe expanded and cooled. thanks to particle accelerators. Physicists nomena at ever smaller distances. It follows that the very young universe was are now on the brink of critically important Progress in assembling these data into a hot enough to dismember all composite new knowledge. To uncover that knowledge coherent theoretical structure has also been structures into their irreducible compo­ an expensive new tool is needed, the super­ dramatic. A major synthesis has been for­ nents. Thus, there was a time when all the collider. mulated over the past dozen years. Such is quarks and leptons in the currently observ­ Leon Lederman, the director of Fermilab, the power of this radically new insight into able universe were compressed into a submi­ the site of one of the most powerful accel­ the workings of the physical world that it croscopic domain at indescribably high tem­ erators now in existence, argues strongly successfully accommodates all the experi­ peratures. If quarks are not basic particles that the supercollider must go forward. He mental data that have emerged from all the but are composite, then their constituents reviews the state of high-energy physics, world's laboratories. It includes the two pre­ were also free. The identity and the proper­ pointing out what has been learned and how vious revolutionary theories of the twenti­ ties of the basic particles and forces are fun­ close are the answers to questions that have eth century, the quantum theory and the damental to the subsequent history of the intrigued mankind for thousands of years. theory of relativity. It is called the Standard universe. The joining of cosmology and par­ He says that technology now or presently Model. It is in fact the illumination provid­ ticle physics is a major facet of the scientific available makes the new accelerator feasi­ ed by this synthesis that has led to the pro­ drive for the supercollider. Clearly, our un­ ble. Finally, Lederman argues that the con­ posal to build the supercollider, an accelera­ derstanding of the evolution of the universe tributions the supercollider can make to tor with an effective energy 70 times greater now depends on the clarifications of the basic science and the resulting benefits to than any machine now in operation. Standard Model that high-energy physicists applied sciences and technology make the It is useful to recall that the goal of high­ so urgently seek. supercollider a bargain. energy physics is to identify the most ele­ More generally, the supercollider will be Leon Lederman received his Ph.D. from mental objects whose combinations build up the most sensitive probe ever to test our Columbia University in 1951. He has taught the things of our world in endless variety. basic understanding of the very nature of and done research at Columbia University. Not only must the basic particles be identi­ space and time. He served as director of Nevis Laboratories fied but we must understand the forces that Accelerators. The experimental measure­ from 1962 until 1979 when he became direc­ act between these particles, causing them to ments that have enabled scientists to reach tor of Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois, a posi­ move, vibrate, change species, cluster, and their current state of knowledge were made tion that he holds today. Among other bind to form the higher-order structures. possible by new inventions in accelerator honors, he has received the National Medal The Standard Model identifies the candi­ and detector technology. On the accelerator of Science and the Elliot Cresson Medal, dates for the fundamental building blocks side there has been an evolution of the and shared the Wolf Prize in Physics. as quarks and leptons. It provides a power­ energy of accelerators from the 100 million In 1983 the high-energy physics communi­ ful new mathematical formulation (known electron volt CMeV> range in 1950 to the ty recommended to the Department of as gauge theory) for the four basic forces. It 1000 billion electron volt CGeV> level in the Energy that a new accelerator, about 20 also takes a giant step, the electroweak 1980s. At the same time the cost per MeV times larger than anything existing today, theory, in the 50-year search for a unifying has been reduced by a factor of 100. Even be designed and constructed. The new accel­ principle. All of this has brought high­ more dramatic has been the development of erator, the Superconducting Supercollider energy physicists to a new level of under­ colliders, in which counter-rotating beains (SSC), will cost about $4 billion 1 by the standing of the physical laws. of high-energy particles collide head-on. In time it is expected to begin operations in And yet we wish to argue that this synthe­ conventional accelerators the accelerated 1994. sis, by its very power, requires the construc­ particles (protons or electrons> are made to This extraordinary cost, about four times tion of a new accelerator, the supercollider. collide with stationary targets, and much of more expensive than any previous construc­ The reason for such an assertion is that the energy goes to imparting momentum to tion project in this field, has provoked a se­ the Standard Model is logically imcomplete. the collision products. However, in head-on rious debate about priorities in funding For example, the model does not account collisions all of the energy is available to basic science and about the proper balance for the masses of the quarks and leptons or produce new particles or to explore smaller between the federal government's support for the pattern of families of particles. Why spatial structures. At the European Center of scientific research and its other responsi­ are there three families? Are there more? for Nuclear Research in Geneva, bilities. I believe that a close look at the There is also a failure of that simplicity head-on collisions of 300 GeV protons with issues involved indicates strongly that the that has proved to be so powerful a guide in 300 GeV antiprotons make 600 GeV avail­ supercollider should be constructed. In par­ the history of high-energy physics. There able, the current world's record. ticular, the supercollider is critically impor­ are about 20 parameters contained in the On the detector side observation and anal­ tant to the 2500-year search for the nature Standard Model. Designing the world this yses of the collisions have been spurred by of fundamental matter. way, the Creator would have to have set 20 the invention of the bubble chamber and of The State of the Science. High-energy dials carefully at seemingly arbitrary values. a sequence of electronic counterparts of in­ physics is the current designation of a re­ This has led many of my colleagues to creasing resolving power. This progress has search discipline that attempts to discover assume or to speculate that another layer of included mastery of fast digital electronics the fundamental laws determining the atomism is called for-that the apparent for data acquisition and processing and of structure and operation of the physical complexity can be accounted for by a small­ methods for managing and analyzing vast world. It seeks to understand the nature of er number of truly primordial objects, the quantities of data. matter, energy, space, and time. The history constituents of quarks and leptons. If this is Most recently entirely new computer ar­ of this discipline may be characterized by true, a new force must operate to bind these chitectures have been developed to cope the continuing success of the powerful con­ objects into quarks and leptons. Further sig­ with the quantity and detail of the informa­ cept of atomism, the belief that matter is nificant progress in unification of forces tion being sought. The results of this con­ composed of ultimate, indivisible compo­ would be impossible without knowledge of tinuous evolution have been observations of nents that are too small to be seen directly. this new force. great sensitivity, which have yielded the The state of high-energy physics in the Over the past five years or so, theorists in data base for the Standard Model. The su­ 1988s can be described as revolutionary. A quests of unification-of a simpler picture­ percollider will pose a tremendous challenge tremendous increase in our knowledge has have generated a vast literature of specula­ to the instrument makers as well as to the been brought about by experimental results tion. The power of the Standard Model engineers and industry people who must emerging from particle accelerators con­ serves as a guide and as a strong constraint build this formidable machine. structed during the past 30 years in labora­ on new themes. A key task is to define a Building the Supercollider. Acceleration tories around the world. Accelerators are de­ domain of energies in which experimental depends on creating a gap between two signed to produce streains of very energetic facts would resolve current incomplete un­ charged electrodes across which a voltage particles that are directed at nuclear tar- derstanding. Considerable study over the appears as the particle begins its traverse. past three years has resulted in a consensus The energy gain per gap crossing is typically • This sum, given in constant 1984 dollars, in­ that the new accelerator needs to be a col­ on the order of 1 million volts. To gain sub­ cludes the cost of particle detectors as well as R&D lider that will provide 40 trillion electron stantial energy, many gaps can be arranged and preoperating costs. It also includes about $0.8 volts CTeV> by the head-on collisions of 20 in series. The result is a linear accelerator. billion set aside for contingency. TeV protons. Another technique is for the accelerator to July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20393 employ a single gap and bring the particles Although it is not possible to predict ex­ progress must fit comfortably within a sci­ back to it many times by forcing them into actly the scientific outcome of SSC re­ entific lifetime. In the case of high-energy a circular orbit. Thousands of crossings per search, it is likely to move the scientific physics, a much longer delay in the super­ second can thereby be achieved. At the 6 frontier beyond the Standard Model, per­ collider would surely compromise this re­ kilometer circumference accelerator of the haps toward alternative models already de­ quirement as high-energy physicists drown Fermi Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, parti­ veloped by theoretical physicists: Technicol­ in speculative literature with only distant cles execute 50,000 orbits per second and or, Supersymmetry, Grand Unification, visas to confronting this speculation with can gain 1 TeV in about 20 seconds. Compositeness, and so on. Then again, we data. In addition, such a delay would threat­ The bending of particles into circular may be in for a great surprise. A totally new en the strategy that hopes to make the su­ orbits is accomplished by magnetic fields, conception of reality may emerge. There is percollider an internationally constructed and the engineering effort is dominated by even the possibility that the supercollider facility located in the United States. magnets. The more energetic the particle, will become an adequate bridge to that International science is traditionally a mix the stronger the magnet required to main­ great accelerator in the sky, the early uni­ of collaboration and competition. In 1985 tian the circular path. Thus, the energy of verse. Europe is ahead and is in the midst of a $2 the accelerator is given by the strength of The Real World. Can the United States billion construction program. New facilities the magnet and by the radius of the acceler­ afford the supercollider, especially at a time will be in place by about 1990. Modest but ator. Fermilab's Tevatron uses supercon­ when the effort to control the federal defi­ significant U.S. resources are involved there. ducting magnets that can contain a beam of cit is causing cuts in so many government European scientists continue to be active in 1 TeV in a radius of 1 kilometer. The super­ programs? High-energy physics has been U.S. laboratories. Costs and complexity are collider may use improved magnets that are supported at an average annual level of surely forcing a transition from duplication close to the maximum strength that can be about $550 million to complementary facilities. There should confidently produced in the quantities and over the past four years. If the supercollider be closer collaboration in construction of fa­ with the quality required. To contain 20 is approved, it can be assumed that an in­ cilities. We believe the supercollider is the TeV particles with these magnets, the creasing proportion of this sum will be ap­ correct scientific step. If we proceed with radius of the machine will have to be about plied to the new accelerator between now vigor, we are likely to be joined by Japan, 15 kilometers. and 1994. Furthermore, supercollider con­ Canada, and Western Europe as they com­ As currently planned the supercollider struction costs will require approximately plete their present programs. will consist of two rings containing protons an additional $350 million a year averaged What is at issue is the viable pursuit of a circulating in opposite directions and guided over the period 1987 to 1994. This incre­ concept set forth most clearly in the Greek by superconducting magnets. Protons are ment, though, may be reduced somewhat by colony of Miletus in 650 B.C.: The universe brought into collision in six places around the results of a vigorous R&D program now is beholden to a rational order and the the rings. Much of the confidence in the proceeding and by international collabora­ human mind is capable of comprehending technology comes from the successful oper­ tion, which is also being intensely pursued. this order. Consider that a scientific instru­ ation of the Tevatron at Fermilab. There, a The high-energy physics community has ment, devised by inhabitants of a minor 6.3 kilometer ring of superconducting mag­ been reasonably responsible in its 30-year planet, may serve to illuminate the issues of nets has been operating since mid-1983. The history, closing still-useful accelerators to creation, evolution and the mechanisms of Tevatron has employed large systems of make funds available to construct and oper­ the entire physical universe. The supercol­ cryogenics, computer controls and diagnos­ ate essential facilities. Operation of the su­ lider must be one of the most spectacular tics. Another source of confidence in the percollider, estimated at about $250 million bargains ever offered to the American SSC design is the success of the European per year, may require further reduction in public!• proton/antiproton collider at CERN. the number of facilities to keep the operat­ Whereas it was not obvious that one could ing costs near current levels. The funding read physics results out of the complex col­ problem is made more difficult by an in­ GOLDEN ANNIVERSARY OF lisions, the spectacular discoveries and creasing number of scientific disciplines SOCIAL SECURITY amazingly clear patterns of this collider that will require expensive, shared research have clearly indicated the appropriate tech­ facilities over the next decade. Some exam­ nique for the 1990s. In short, current tech­ ples are oceanographic vessels, telescopes, HON. LAWRENCE J. SMITH nological expertise makes the supercollider plasma devices, and accelerators for materi­ OF FLORIDA feasible. als science and nuclear physics. Small sci­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Perspective. The intellectual heritage of ence is an essential component of the total particle physics is awesome. The search for scientific activity and must also be nur­ Wednesday, July 24, 1985 a logical and parsimonious description of tured. e Mr. SMITH of Florida. Mr. Speaker, the physical world forms a continuous road The United States does face a major fed­ today, Congress celebrates the 50th of intellectual history that can be traced eral budget deficit crisis. We are also in the anniversary of the passage of the backwards in time. It goes back through the midst of rapid change as technology and founders of the quantum theory, relativity, technological competition increasingly Social Security Act. In light of the and the experimental data that called forth dominate the economy. Particle physicists budgetary decisions now before us, it these revolutions. It connects Maxwell, Far­ need the supercollider for the viable con­ is particularly important that we re­ aday, Newton, Kepler, Galileo, and Coperni­ tinuation of their discipline. In weighing the member the history of Social Security cus. It joins side roads leading off to new cost of the supercollider, our decisionmakers and the motivation behind its enact­ disciplines: quantum chemistry, molecular must not lose touch with history. If at any ment. biology, materials science, electronics, and stage, for whatever reason, we have aban­ On August 14, 1935, this monumen­ computer science. The impact of this scien­ doned the road to research in particle phys­ tific activity on society is immense. To take ics, progress in other sciences and science­ tal piece of legislation was signed into only one measure, it seems clear that some based technologies would have been im­ law by President Franklin Roosevelt, significant percentage 00 percent? 30 per­ measurably more difficult. This applies to who stated, "I see one-third of a cent?> of the U.S. $3 trillion gross national semiconductors and transistors, quantum nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nour­ product is derived from the technology pro­ optics and lasers, supercomputers, biotech­ ished." duced by the forebears and relatives of par­ nology, space science, synchrotron radiation In its original form, the Social Secu­ ticle physics. 2 It is conceivable that the dis­ for materials science, and so on. rity Act had three major components: coveries that will emerge from SSC research In my view a supplement of $1 billion to old age insurance, what we now call may never have practical application. If so, $2 billion a year, implemented over the next however, it will be for the first time in histo­ five years, with careful review for scientific Social Security; unemployment insur­ ry. Accelerator physics continues to produce merit, would fund the highest-priority basic ance; and public assistance. technological spin-offs at a rate that defrays research needs. Over the last several years, Old age insurance was designed to much of its cost to the public. 3 we have in fact made a good start towards help prevent the kind of widespread revitalizing our research capabilities. This economic insecurity faced by the el­ added sum would be the wisest possible in­ derly during the 1930's. Benefits were • L. M. Lederman, "The Value of Fundamental vestment to secure the future of the nation. Science," Scientific American : 40- One can, of course, ask Why must the to be provided when there was a loss 47; see also M. Bianchi-Strest, et al., "Economic United States have the supercollider by or reduction of work in old age regard­ Utility from CERN Contracts," CERN seafarers are not greedy; they only State cha1npionship. WASHINGTON.-The recent spate of spying want fair compensation that recog­ The coaches and players should be cases has generated public pressure to do nizes the important contribution they congratulated for their outstanding something. Congress has responded with ill­ make to the economy. Rather than performance as athletes and citizens considered plans-for reinstituting the of their community. The sportsman­ death penalty and vastly expanding the use battling over which industry has the of polygraph tests-that do not solve the more acute problems, let us resolve to ship which was displayed throughout problem but run the risk of creating the im­ help both industries win their war their long and gruelling season is a pression that the problem has been solved. against subsidized foreign competition. credit to themselves and the fans who More important, these proposals, included If we were to eliminate cargo prefer­ enjoyed watching them play. in the Defense Department authorization ence, there would be three tragic re­ The assistant coaches and players bill now before Congress, could lead to viola­ sults. who contributed to the team's winning tions of fundamental rights. 20398 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 Consider the death penalty. Most spies the "solutions" proposed in the Defense au­ In this morning's Wall Street Jour­ take the risks they do because they believe thorization-measures that are politically nal, Mr. Fabra critically examines the that they will not get caught-not, certain­ popular but would not work and would vio­ conventional official wisdom on the ly, because they know that "only" life im­ late Constitutional rights. Alternatively, prisonment and not death is the maximum they can work for real changes that would moribund international floating-ex­ punishment. Thus, clearly, the death penal­ help prevent espionage without trampling change-rate system. He concludes that ty would not prevent espionage. on basic principles. Considered in the long current efforts to try to manage Polygraphs, which are notoriously unreli­ view, it shouldn't be a very hard choice.e rather than replace the floating-rate able, are an unwarranted invasion of privacy system "amount to an admission of and can be deceived by those trained to do defeat in advance and put the Free so. The Defense Department already has a WAR ON TERRORISM World on a dangerous course." pilot polygraph program that permits limit­ Mr. Fabra shows that unless we re­ ed testing. Until the results of this experi­ mental program are evaluated, there is no HON. WILLIAM W. COBEY, JR. connect our national paper currencies justification for the expanded use of poly­ OF NORTH CAROLINA with an external monetary standard graph machines. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES such as gold, it is no longer possible to If polygraphs and the death penalty Wednesday, July 24, 1985 operate, even loosely, a stable system would not solve the problem, what will? of exchange rates. Most serious students of the issue agree •Mr. COBEY. Mr. Speaker, in recent Among the errors which Mr. Fabra that we should begin by reducing the weeks, the United States has experi­ exposes is "the notion that floating amount of classified material and the enced increased dangers from terrorist rates are the genuine product of a number of clearances. When everything is groups around the world. The Presi­ free-market system," that floating ex­ classified, nothing is; when everyone has a dent has spoken out against these ac­ clearance, no one has been adequately change rates can avoid overvaluation cleared. We need to drastically reduce the tions in his "war on terrorism" speech. or undervaluation of currencies, and number of things that we try to keep secret I believe that as Members of Congress that balance-of-payments discrepan­ so that we can effectively protect that infor­ we support a strong stance against ter­ cies are the causes rather than the re­ mation. We need to reduce the number of rorism and we must continue to search sults of monetary instability. people who are cleared so that we can exam­ for effective solutions to this serious Above all, according to Mr. Fabra, ine them seriously. problem. The United States must join there is: "Another false premise un­ We also need to change the clearance efforts with other nations around the derlying the present consensus in process. When it was put into place just world to combat this growing problem. after World War II, it was directed at ferret­ favor of floating exchange rates: the ing out Communists and other "subver­ We need to consider meaningful sanc­ belief that the problem of eliminating sives" seeking to enter the Government in tions against those countries we know budget deficits is merely a matter of order to spy for the Soviet Union. The focus to be active in, or support, terrorist adjusting receipts and expenditures. was on the initial clearance process and on acts. Both logic and experience make it learning about the political beliefs and asso­ Past American policy has been to clear that without a broad program of ciations of the applicants. In recent years, ignore these countries who support monetary stabilization, there is no however, almost all spies are motivated by terrorism. In many ways we have money and recruited after they are given chance of coming close to a balanced clearances. Thus, we should be doing period­ closed our eyes to these activities. Our budget, either in the U.S. or anywhere ic reviews of those who have been cleared policy has been to cut off relations or else." and examining their finances rather than to ban trading with these nations. Ter­ He quotes the great economist their politics. rorism continues to increase, indicat­ Jacques Rueff: We must also distinguish between the ing previous steps have not been suc­ Stabilize the currency and a balanced three different problems that are now cessful in deterring radical groups. budget will take care of itself. grouped together and dealt with similarly We must take a stronger stand on To increase tax revenues, governments by "counterintelligence" agencies. These this issue. Perhaps, the United States need sustained growth and more people em­ three problems are spying for the Russians, ployed. The principal obstacle is a general leaking information to the press and work­ should consider revoking the visas of all citizens and students living in the shortage of capital available for economic ing in support of foreign groups, such as the purposes • • •. The establishment of a Salvadoran oppositi0n, that the Govern­ United States, who are native to pro­ sound monetary system is the only way to ment considers hostile. terrorist countries. Why should we provide us with what the world most needs: Leaking to the press and working against grant visas to individuals whose coun­ a genuine capitalism-that is, a system able American policy in places like Central try is actively campaigning against the to generate capital. America are naturally subjects of some con­ United States. I commend this excellent article to cern to the Government, but they are not This is only one step that can be the same as spying, and we must stop treat­ my colleagues. ing them as if they were. Certainly, no one taken. However, a clear message must The article follows: who cares seriously about civil liberties will be sent, that terrorist activities will CFrom the Wall Street Journal, July 24, support stricter counterespionage laws not be tolerated. We need to let it be 1985] unless we can begin to make these crucial known that strong sanctions will GOLD CONVERTIBILITY Is THE KEY distinctions. result from any threat to the safety of Moreover, unless we can clearly isolate our Nation or it's citizens.• nationally, is all the more urgent because of and France (by President Francois Mitter­ another delusion afflicting national govern­ •Mr. GEKAS. Mr. Speaker, many rand and his counselor, Jacques AttalD, in ments, even more pernicious than the first. times I have come to the floor of the proposals for the establishment of a system This is another false premise underlying the House of Representatives to praise the of "target zones" as a first step toward more present consensus in favor of floating ex­ accomplishments of my constituents. stable exchange rates. According to these change rates: the belief that the problem of At this time, I would like to bring to proposals, monetary authorities would re­ eliminating the budget deficits is merely a the attention of my colleagues the strict the evolution of the exchange rate of matter of adjusting receipts and expendi­ work of a man who currently lives in the dollar by establishing a "band" of rates tures. Both logic and experience make it within which the clear that without a broad program of mon­ Texas, but who once lived in Hershey, market would be politely requested to fix etary stabilization, there is no chance of PA. The person I refer to is John S. the prices of the world's principal curren­ coming close to a balanced budget, either in replaced by an MVD detachment, with Mon­ HON. BEAU BOULTER Ladies and gentlemen, I'm very grateful to golian cadres who in effect created a Bill Casey, not only for that generous intro­ "cordon sanitaire" between Russians and OF TEXAS duction, but for serving as a founding direc­ Americans. The Mongolians spoke no IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES tor of NSIC, and even more for being a German, and didn't even appear to speak Wednesday, July 24, 1985 friend and tutor for over three decades. Russian. They carried Al Capone-type tom­ While I have the chance, I want to add myguns, with which they unpredictably e Mr. BOULTER. Mr. Speaker, yes­ something: Bill, I have the absolute convic­ blasted birds and shot up the river. So we terday, the citizens of Wichita Falls, tion that if General "Wild Bill" Donovan stayed prudently on our side. The era of TX, overwhelmingly demonstrated were with us today, he would be just as friendship on the Elbe was short-lived. And their support for the Lake Wichita­ happy as the rest of your friends that his despite propaganda charades it has never Holliday Creek flood control project. shoes fit you so comfortably. And I also been renewed. The Mongolian machine-gun­ would take this opportunity to refute the ners have been replaced with barbed wire, Not only did they demonstrate their rumor that General Donovan used to call support, but they also demonstrated minefields and the Berlin wall; but whether you "The Mumbling Pimpernel." we refer to "cold war," or the cosmetics of true financial commitment. Yesterday, I owe other debts of gratitude to a number detente, the reality of protracted conflict re­ the citizens voted to issue municipal of men in this room. The ABA Committee mains. In fact, the ceremony on the Elbe bonds to fund a "do it yourself" flood on Law and National Security has been my last week was overshadowed by the recent control plan in the amount of $9 mil­ regiment for nearly 25 years. In fact, NSIC murder of Major Nicholson, for which the owes its genesis to the prompting and sup­ Kremlin offers neither remorse nor apology. lion. Mr. Speaker, for over 40 years, port of former and present members of this Wichita Falls has been plagued by committee-like Lewis Powell, Morry Leib­ NAZI GENOCIDE AND THE SOVIET RECORD severe flooding and the bureaucratic man, Bill Mott, Jack Marsh, and John No one can doubt the need to honor the Federal Government has failed to pro­ Norton Moore-to all of whom I pay deep victims of Hitler's war and reaffirm the vide any assistance. Even though last tribute and thanks. righteousness of the crusade against fas­ week's House passage of the 1986 ap­ If NSIC has had some small success in im­ cism. We must never forget Dachau. But not propriations for water projects brings planting courses on national security policy every holocaust has been perpetrated by the funding closer, the citizens of Wichita in universities both here and in Europe, it's SS, nor have European Jews been the only partly because we've tried to emulate the objects of state terror. Yet, if "never again" Falls are tired of waiting. They have modus operandi of this committee. That is to have operational meaning today, the said, enough is enough, and are going "m.o.," as I see it, is to build consensus on world must direct effective outrage against ahead with a city-financed plan that unimpeachable research; avoid "hardening the gauleiters of Lenin and Mao as well. We will provide some, though not all, of of the categories" in the body politic; and shall master the fearful lesson that Hitler the protection they need. enlist liberals and conservatives on the same taught the democracies only when we com- July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20401 prehend that the "killing fields" of Cambo­ Some may ask if this is "ancient history," chev rose in the party ranks due to his pa­ dia are the moral equivalent of Auschwitz. with no meaning for today. Well, the Polish tient nurturing of personal ties with vaca­ Thus, in light of communist genocide in nation knows better. The workers who built tioning Soviet politicians in the resort areas Southeast Asia, and the ongoing butchery "Solidarity," only to see it crushed on of the Black Sea coast. In short, he en­ of Afghan civilians by the Red Army, the orders from Moscow, had fathers who were hanced his career by playing "good old boy" relevant lessons of World War II must in­ even more brutally betrayed by Russians. to to Moscow's visiting bosses in a holiday clude anniversaries the Kremlin prefers to decimate the potential leadership of post­ mood. forget. war Poland, Stalin deliberately halted the One of the officials with whom Gorbachev Most historians cite September 1, 1939, Red Army offensive outside of Warsaw for developed close links was Suslov, ideological the date of Germany's invasion of Poland, two months in 1944, to give the Germans czar and the most inveterate Stalinist of his as the start of World War II. But on August ample time to wipe out the resistance forces generation, Suslov became patron and 23, with the signing of a nonaggression in Warsaw. Cordell Hull's memoirs tell us teacher of the younger apparatchik. His treaty in Moscow between Nazi Germany that Stalin refused to grant landing rights fellow countryman in the nomenklatura, and Stalin's Russia, the red dictator freed to American bombers so they could drop Yuri Andropov, also a native of the Stavro­ the hands of his Nazi counterpart for the arms and supplies to the Poles. With 200,000 pol region, became another mentor. prelude to the Holocaust. The Molotov-Rib­ anti-Soviet Poles in their graves, it was easy Gorbachev was moved to Moscow in the bentrop pact had a secret blueprint for the for Stalin to imprison the handful of pro­ mid-1970s to take over the agricultural port­ partition of Eastern Europe into Nazi and Westem leaders who returned from exile in folio after the death of Kulakov, an old Soviet spheres of influence. As early as London after the war, and install Moscow's Brezhnev crony. In spite of repeated Soviet 1935, according to historian Paul Johnson, puppets in their stead. Stalin privately put out periodic feelers to crop disasters, Gorbachev attained full rank persuade the Nazis to relinquish their anti­ THE SOVIET PEOPLE AND THE LENINIST in the Politburo, a singular success at age Soviet crusade, and settle for a totalitarian OLIGARCHY 48. After the death of Andropov, Gorbachev brotherhood of mutual respect and divided Stalin's crimes do not diminish the brav­ moved to secure control of Party ideology­ spoils. ery and suffering of the Soviet people Suslov's former fiefdom. Not only did the Hitler-Stalin accord loose during the war against Hitler. The Russians Soon after Gorbachev became ideological the dogs of war in Europe; the Soviet Union are not our enemies. Rather, it is the Lenin­ secretary, Pravda and other official organs provided crucial material support to fuel the ist oligarchy, which uses Russia as a base began to mention the name of Josef Stalin Luftwaffe in the skies above Britain and for projecting power, which is the enemy of in favorable terms. It was, as the Soviets drive the Panzers in the invasion of the Low all of us. Thus it would be folly to ignore say, "no accident." The rehabilitation of Countries and France. Soviet oil, rubber, the legacy of Lenin and Stalin as we cele­ Stalin is proceeding as the Soviets prepare zinc, copper, manganese and grain were all brate the victory over the Nazis. For while for the 40th anniversary of Victory Day supplied to Nazi Germany during the first Adolph Hitler's regime was obliterated for­ over Hitler. 22 months of the war. Moscow, to this day, ever in 1945, Joseph Stalin's political and Moreover, Gorbachev's first public an­ accuses the U.S. and West Germany of "pro­ ideological heirs occupy offices in the Krem­ nouncement as General Secretary was a fascism." We should never forget that the lin today. bald threat to Pakistan about the conse­ first wave of the Nazi "blitzkrieg" was fed Some will object to that assertion and will quences of continued aid to the Afghan with Soviet supplies. postulate yet again another "thaw," an­ rebels. Recently, this well-pressed dictator Stalin's designs "metastasized" during the other Prague spring, another helping of has tried to blackmail the West into aban­ period of Nazi-Soviet collaboration. Soviet goulash communism with a human face. doning research on SDI, for fear that other­ armies invaded Galicia on the 17th day of But so far, every detente has resulted in wise the Kremlin will again abrogate the the German-Polish war, attacking Polish more Soviet throwweight, fresh communist arms talks. This is scarely a Russian Dubcek troops from the rear. More than a million insurrection, more refugees and new bases or a reborn Kerensky. In fact, given his vi­ and a half Poles were deported in 1939 and for the export of subversion. tality and the tutoring from Suslov and 1940 by the Red Army. The eastern half of Some American entrepreneurs, anxious to Andropov, Gorbachev may prove to be a Poland was submerged in the gulag, in the sell technology to Moscow, still profess to more formidable adversary than Stalin, who context of fraternal collaboration between believe that the Russian leaders are simply after all, had neither ICBMs nor a four­ the NKVD and the Gestapo. And then thou­ Slavic-speaking graduates of the Harvard ocean navy at his disposal. sands of Polish officers were massacred in Business School. They are not. They are an THE TWILIGHT WAR the Katyn Forest to further Stalin's goal of ideological "mafia," who control an empire decapitating Polish nationalism, which May I offer one recommendation. Certain­ and possess the guts and guile to carry out ly, the Pentagon is justified in expending would otherwise prove an obstacle to the their ambitions. Our political heritage, as Kremlin's post-war expansion. large resources to avert worst-case scenarios. we all know, derives from Magna Carta, Yet the most terrible danger may be the Next came Russia's winter war with Fin­ Locke and Jefferson. The Soviet legacy is land-an unprovoked power grab against a least likely to materialize. Hence, while we from Genghis Khan, Ivan the Terrible and constantly strive to ward off Armaggedon, peaceful neighbor, frustrated in part by the Lenin, which means that the "culture gap" tenacity of Finnish arms. And then the we cannot ignore lesser threats that recur is wider than the missile gap, and has a with disturbing frequency: terrorism, sub­ three Baltic nations, independent since bleak impact on policy. 1918, were smuggled into Soviet dungeons in version, insurgency, and the other black arts 1940. The horror of Hitler's "final solution" GORBACHEV'S "CAMELOT" of the "twilight war," so difficult to counter for the Jews was foreshadowed when Sta­ Today, two years after the disinformation by a society based on pluralism and the rule lin's boxcars transported-by the tens of about Andropov's penchant for Johnny of law. thousands-the future of Latvia, Estonia Walker Black and Jacqueline Susanne, we But if we cannot cope with the export of and Lithuania to extinction in the Siberian are now digesting stories describing the off­ guerrilla war into the resource-rich areas of permafrost. Kremlin tryout of Camelot. We should re­ the world, upon which the economies of And finally, another neutrality pact-this member that the Soviet Union has regularly Japan, Europe and the United States one between the Soviet Union and Japan in initiated peace offensives, without abandon­ depend, then eventually even NATO, and an April 1941-stabilized Japan's rear, while ing ideological warfare, since Trotsky re­ effective SDI may prove to be maginot lines. the Tojo cabinet completed its plans for turned from Brest-Litovsk. Gorbachev's po­ The Kremlin has crafted a Special Oper­ Pearl Harbor. litical biography suggests little will change ations cadre that includes East Germans, Thus Stalin was either a bumbling broker in the years ahead, nor does the appoint­ Cubans, Bulgarians and the PLO, as well as of World War II, or at least a co-sponsor of ment of an Andropov protege as his patron­ the Soviet Spetsnaz. This conflict consorti­ many state crimes that led to its outbreak. age chief offer much comfort. um is engaged in low-cost, low-visibility war­ That he was ultimately betrayed by Hitler, Mikhail Gorbachev was born in 1931 in a fare. The targets are: the oil of the Middle his partner in genocide, scarcely entitles village near Stavropol in the Caucasus. East; the strategic minerals of Africa; the him to our sympathy. After the war he began work at a Machine vital sea lanes of the Caribbean; and within Our sincerest sorrow and gratitude, how­ Tractor Station, the agricultural machinery a decade, perhaps even sooner, Mexico. If ever, can rightly be reserved for the millions depots which insure party control of the and when U.S. divisions earmarked for the of Soviet citizens who shed their blood peasants. Later, at Moscow State University, reinforcement of NATO are pinned to the fighting Hitler's armies. Humanity also he was appointed head of the Komsomol ap­ defense of the Texas and Arizona borders, owes compassion to other millions: Rus­ paratus at the University. Gorbachev is said the current game of dominoes in Central sians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tartars and the to have participated in the mid-50s "cleans­ America will not, in retrospect, seem so triv­ like, all victims of the Kremlin's internal ing" of the university of Soviet student ele­ ial to many observers. war against its own people, which continued ments who were supportive of the Hungari­ One reason why the West is muddled in despite the war against Hitler. an uprising. Returning to Stavropol. Gorba- its ability to counter the "twilight war" is 20402 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 that Soviet covert operations in the Third POW/MIA RECOGNITION DAY group is too powerful to confront, no person World are coordinated with a cloud of prop­ is too important to oppose, and no problem aganda and other active measures in Europe is too great to surmount-in the name of and the U.S. In effect, Moscow seeks to HON. BILL HENDON our fathers. interdict the Third World battlefield not OF NORTH CAROLINA So we gather here because we believe that with airstrikes, but with political warfare IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES this memorial, this living tree, is perhaps that discrdits anti-communist resistance and Wednesday, July 24, 1985 the most fitting symbol of our cause. As it dries up its logistical support from natural lives and grows, so do we. And through us, allies. This tactic is effective against the • Mr. HENDON. Mr. Speaker, as we the men we honor today, your father and West precisely because it is so difficult to all know, Friday July 19, 1985 was Na­ mine, live. With your help, your voice, we distinguish Soviet active measures from the tional POW/MIA Recognition Day. can begin to rekindle the conscience of this quite legitimate dissent and honest doubts One of the ceremonies I had the country so that these invisible will be visible that invariably arise among free men. honor of attending was the Sons and again. DISINFORMATION, DISAGREEMENT, DISLOYALTY Daughters ceremony held at Arlington So, to my fellow Sons and Daughters, I National Cemetery sponsored by No say take heart. You are not alone. To this Certainly, we do not wish to confuse dis­ Greater Love. I was deeply moved by Country I say, do not put our fathers out of agreement with disloyalty. How then do we your mind to avoid the troubling memories protect ourselves from Soviet disinforma­ the ceremony, and in particular, by of a past war. We are here to ask you to join tion? I know of no conclusive answer. Per­ the speech given by Dr. Patricia us, join us in seeking, no demanding, an­ haps we begin by persuading more leaders O'Grady Aloot, POW daughter and swers to our question: Where have all our in the private sector to emulate the work of board member of the National League fathers gone? this ABA committee-to simply do their of POW/MIA Families. Do not leave us with our private thoughts homework in geopolitics, comparative ideol­ Mr. Speaker, I take this opportunity and silent memorials. Join us by raising ogy, world strategy and national security. to share with my colleagues and the your voice with ours to create a chorus that Hopefully, from a more professional analy­ American people this very eloquent will echo across the Potomac and be heard sis may emerge a more workable consensus plea for help: across the Pacific: Not another year, not an­ on how to deal with Leninism, without cur­ other day let our fathers go . . . let our fa­ tailing our own liberties. SONS AND DAUGHTERS OF POWs/MIAs thers go.e I again salute this ABA committee for its Vietnam Memorial. At that remem­ these lines were totally obsolete. I'm afraid brance, a passerby said to me, "The war is Wednesday, July 24, 1985 they're still partly relevant. over, why are you here?" I would like to take a few moments to answer that ques­ e Mr. BIAGGI. Mr. Speaker, today I If our nation should ever be pushed into a tion. am introducing a bill that would end a narrow corner by a combination of Soviet We are here because our fathers cannot longstanding inequity by providing the nuclear blackmail and political warfare, be here. We are here so that you will not city of Yonkers with its first radio sta­ then all our affluence, all our stockpile of forget our dads. We are here because for us tion. weapons, might be as impotent as were the the war is not over. walls of Troy, against the cunning of the Specifically, my bill would authorize The Sons and Daughters gathered here Weiner Broadcasting Co. and Joseph­ Greeks. Either we create for ourselves a so­ today share an unspoken truth, a powerful phisticated public opinion based on a pas­ and painful memory. We have all known the Paul Ferraro, a Yonkers resident, to sion for the facts and responsible dissent­ childhood terror of wondering whether our own and operate station KPF-941 for or we may find some parts of our intellectu­ fathers' spirits had been crippled, minds noncommercial radio broadcasting to al climate polluted by alien forces, who have bruised, bodies tortured, hearts broken. the Yonkers community. Significantly, borrowed a little bit from Goebbels, Pavlov, Every day, we wondered if they were crying, while Yonkers is New York's fourth Lenin and Mao, and use this witches' brew or hungry, or cold or hurting, or dying largest city, it does not have a radio to sow disinformation and despondency in alone. We wondered if they were still alive station of its own. the national psyche. Should we permit that or already dead. We hoped that they would to happen, the epitaph on America's tomb­ escape, we fantasized about their return, we This bill became necessary when the stone might read as follows: "Here lies the imagined we saw them everywhere. Federal Communications Commission only civilization that perished at the peak of Throughout most of our lives, thoughts of rejected my request earlier this year its power, with its power unused. Here lies a our fathers haunted us. to grant Yonkers a radio license decent people who wanted love, not empire, Why are we here? Because we are still through normal administrative proce­ and got neither; who tried to trade power haunted. Reliable, intelligence data and dures. In a February 15, 1985, letter, I for popularity, and lost both; here lies a sources suggest that some of our fathers nation of advertisers who knew how to informed the FCC that I was con­ may still be alive and in prison. We are here cerned that Yonkers did not have its change consumer tastes in cigarettes, but because some of us have pictures of our fa­ were themselves manipulated on the issues thers in captivity. Fathers who never came own licensed broadcast radio station that really mattered to their salvation. Here home. Some of our fathers were lost in Laos and suggested that station KPF-941, died a sort of Lancelot in the court of na­ or Cambodia. Fathers whose fates are which was operating out of Yonkers as tions, who, granting all his grievous flaws, shrouded in secrecy. Some of us know a remote pickup base for a station in was still perhaps the noblest knight of all: where, in all probability, our fathers are Maine, should be allowed to broadcast except this Lancelot, crippled with an unde­ buried. Fathers left in an alien land. Fa­ to the city of Yonkers. served guilt complex, let his weapons and thers who deserve better. The response from James C. McKin­ ideals fall unused, and so condemned all Why are we here? Because we have faith mankind to the thousand year winter of the that the American people will demand the ney, Chief of the FCC's Mass Media Russian bear." return of our POWs and a full accounting of Bureau, said: Personally, I don't believe that epitaph our MIAs. Because we believe that this Your suggested solution of permitting will ever be written, but whether it's written country will make Vietnam see it is in their remote pickup base station KPF-941 to op­ or not, will depend not exclusively on deci­ best interest to give us back our living men erate as a broadcast station does not com­ sions in the White House or the Pentagon and repatriate our debt. port with the Commission's rules. • • •. Con­ or the Department of State, but on the A generation of silence has passed. While sequently, the only recourse open to inter­ courage, wisdom and civic commitment of we shall always remain our father's chil­ ested licensees in Yonkers, NY would be to such leadership groups as this ABA Com­ dren, we are children no more. Our past file proposals for new AM broadcast facili­ mittee on Law and National Security. silent terror has become our present resolve ties through our formal application proce­ Thank you.e that no issue is too difficult to resolve, no dures. July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20403 Mr. Speaker, it should be pointed good employers, and always good windows, and she was the only one who out that the formal application proc­ friends to me as long as I have lived. I didn't get seasick. They were allowed to ess would not help Yonkers since all point this out to the House because of bring only the barest necessities, and even available broadcast frequencies on the my gratitude at having known them, their beloved Torah was left behind. Daniel Fogel tried to help the children un­ AM and FM dials are already occupied and because I am so happy and proud derstand the sacrifices his mother and her by powerful New York radio stations as they celebrate their 30th on the family made in traveling to the United and neighboring Westchester County 30th! States. "Can you imagine leaving your home stations. My bill would solve this prob­ Ranny and John, congratulations with almost nothing?" lem by allowing station KPF-941 to and best wishes for another 50 years!e After the questions and answers, the chil­ continue to operate on its currently as­ dren gave Fogel a small bouquet of flowers that matched her dress. Encircled by a signed auxiliary frequency of 1622 LILLIAN FOGEL: A LIVING kilohertz. It should be noted that al­ group of young girls, she gave them all HISTORIAN grandmotherly kisses. Before leaving, she though the AM dial technically ends donated $18 to Ellen Smyle's and Elinor at 1600, most radios can receive broad­ Froehlich's fifth-grade students for their casts on 1622 if they are close to the HON. WILLIAM LEHMAN OF FLORIDA Statue of Liberty Restoration collection. source of transmission. The amount, chai, the rabbi said, means Mr. Speaker, Yonkers is the only IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "life" in Hebrew. city of its size in the country without a Wednesday, July 24, 1985 Together, the Fogels urged the children radio broadcast license. The people of •Mr. LEHMAN of Florida. Mr. to ask someone in their families to write Yonkers deserve their own station, down the family story. Adam Abzeg, 11, said Speaker, I would like to bring to the he would ask his great-grandmother Ida to which can focus on Yonkers' issues attention of my colleagues this News­ do that. "Then she could become famous, and interests. I would strongly urge day article about the efforts of my like Mrs. Fogel, and she could come to the that this legislation receive the constituent, Lillian Fogel, to make his­ school," he said.e prompt and favorable consideration tory come alive for our younger gen­ that it merits. eration. At this time, I insert the text of this This article describes how Lillian STATE DEPARTMENT AND CIA legislation: Fogel recorded her history, and then "INDULGE THEIR EMPTINESS" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of was willing to share her personal expe­ Representatives of the United States of rience with students at the Plainview­ HON. NEWT GINGRICH America in Congress assembled, Old Bethpage Middle School. OF GEORGIA SECTION 1. (a) Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Lillian Fogel has set a wonderful ex­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Federal Communications Commission shall ample and I know that her written Wednesday, July 24, 1985 modify the license for station KPF-941 of memoirs are an inspiration to all who Yonkers, New York, to authorize Weiner read them. e Mr. GINGRICH. Mr. Speaker, in Broadcasting Company and Joseph-Paul The article follows: my special orders recently, I've been Ferraro to own and operate such station, on [From Newsday, Friday, May 3, 1985] addressing flaws in the way our State its assigned frequency of 1622 kilohertz, for SHARING STORIES OF IMMIGRANT LIFE Department conducts foreign policy. noncommercial radio broadcasting in service What I see at stake is the institutional to the Yonkers, New York, area. Such license shall be granted for a Plainview-Like so many other grand­ can State Department in its current term of 7 years, beginning on the date of mothers, Lillian Mordecai Fogel has family modification of the license under subsection tales to tell. Tales of her life as a child in form to deal with the realities of . Russia, her family's struggle to come to the power in an effective manner. SEc. 2. For purposes of any administrative United States and their joy when they final­ The esteemed Senator MALCOLM action by the Commission relating to such ly reached Ellis Island in 1923. WALLOP addressed this same issue in station or operations over such frequency, While memories like these are often lost his April 19 speech at the Fletcher the operations over such frequency before with passing generations, i"ogel took steps School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts the date of the enactment of this Act, or to make her memoirs permanent. In a white University. I'd like to share with my other activities relating to such station or loose-leaf binder encased in clear plastic, colleagues excerpts from this speech its facilities, operations, or licensee Ronald Reagan who will discredit been one of self-motivation. For a black Did it hinder her to be a high-ranking them before the American people, and make woman in the South in the middle of this black administrator in a school system re­ it impossible for them to hold public office. century, "careers" as we know them today luctant to accept blacks? So they talk brave talk, formulate half­ were scarce. But with the guidance of a "Actually, I think being a woman hin­ baked plans, and present them to the Con­ strong family and the will to succeed, she ig­ dered me more," she said. Then, after a mo­ gress in ways that subtly signal that they nored the hostile environment and forged a ment's pause, "No, I take that back. I came would not be so upset if the Congress disap­ career. equipped to deal effectively with men. proved. Thus they project upon the Con­ The school system in 1938, Howell remem­ "I was always Daddy's girl. I was always gress and on the American people their own bers, was vastly different than the one she close to him. He was Cuban and taught me confusion and lethargy. Thus do they bring works for now. The most obvious difference Spanish, something the rest of the family out the worst in the Congress. Regrettably, was segregation. Lincoln was Tallahassee's wasn't interested in, and we were closer that that is easy to do.e black high school. The whites went to Leon. way. He was also a mechanic, and all his In effect, the county school system was ac­ male co-workers were always around. I grew tually two school systems, with one vastly up around men, and I was better able to get AQUILINA HOWELL SERVED poorer than the other. along with them once I started working." EDUCATION FOR 47 YEARS "The facilities were always unequal," she With the battle against segregation recalled last week, "and we used hand-me­ behind her, one of Howell's biggest concerns HON. DON FUQUA down textbooks that the white schools no is discrimination of another kind-the possi­ longer wanted. Bus service to the black bility that new demands for higher educa­ OF FLORIDA schools was non-existent." tional standards will leave minority students IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Blacks were isolated, but that isolation worse off then they were 20 years ago. Wednesday, July 24, 1985 drew them closer together, and in the close­ "I firmly believe in standards of excel­ knit situation, schools were a focal point of lence," she said, "as long as we still provide e Mr. FUQUA. Mr. Speaker, for the community. educational opportunities for all children. nearly half a century, Aquilina Howell "Lincoln was much more than a high We have to be careful that we don't sacri­ has been an effective force for educa- school. It was the center of the community. fice children in the pursuit of excellence. July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20405 "Some say this means duel standards, ers became able to sell one mortgage those in the Illinois delegation, in this which I don't believe in, but we can't throw at a time. In 1984 alone, 659 new lend­ tribute to the late Les Arends. Also, I the baby out with t he bath water. Stu­ ers sold to Freddie Mac, thus provid­ dents- all students-are going to have to wish to thank the distinguished minor­ learn to pass the literacy test and others, ing mortgage financing to areas of the ity leader for taking this special order. and we have to be more effective in encour­ country which truly needed it. The Mr. Speaker, I served with Les aging children to be more responsible for need for mortgage financing remains through 30 sessisons of Congress. He their own education, to set goals early. and Freddie Mac estimates that in the arrived in the 74th and I arrived in the "As a school system, we can't do it all. It's next 5 years at least $1 trillion in 79th Congress-and I am proud to say going to take an effort from the students, mortgage credit will be needed. Fred­ we were warm friends during all those the family, the community, and the system. die Mac intends to commit itself to years and throughout his well earned As a system, though, we have to be sensitive providing this financing. retirement. to conditions in the home and provide coun­ In addition to redistributing funds, seling and work with agencies that can get Les Arends was dean of the Illinois help to a family." the secondary market reduces the delegation for a number of years and I Howell has a traditional family life. Mar­ degree of lenders' interest rate risk by was privileged to succeed him when he ried to Sam Howell, she has two daughters offering to buy and sell mortgages, left Congress in 1974. and has been active for years in Bethel Bap­ and designing mortgage-backed securi­ Although we were of different politi­ tist Church in Tallahassee. ties that offer prepayment protection, cal faiths, I have vivid memories of Les "As chairman of the Tallahassee Housing thus reducing the interest premium as an outstanding minority whip who Authority competition in electricity supply mar­ utilities, customers and others in the region intervention is the way in which a regional to acquire resources in accordance with the kets or agency could advocate and thereby influ­ (2) benefits to consumers resulting from plan by a variety of means. The agency ence the adoption of rate incentives and dis­ would be authorized to encourage such ac­ the operation of power pools and other in­ incentives designed to encourage acquisition terutility coordination subject to the Com­ quisition by: of resources consistent with a plan adopted Certifying the need for conservation pro­ mission's jurisdiction. under section 105. Section 205. This section specifies that a grams, load management, powerplant and Subsection permits an agency to apply other resources; state regulatory authority may file amend­ for an order from the Commission to ments to the plan submitted under Section Developing and implementing regional compel the rendering of transmission serv­ conservation programs including building 202. ices consistent with a plan by an electric Section 206. This section establishes the codes, conservation standards, conservation utility. Any application for such transmis­ financing, appliance and other rebate pro­ method of Commission review of a state's sion services significantly affecting an elec­ implementation of a plan submitted under grams and any other programs to encourage tric utility within the United States but out­ acquisition of consumer conservation and Section 202. side the area covered by such plan shall be Section 207. This section specifies that re­ consumer direct use of renewable resources; accompanied by a statement of concurrence Developing and implementing rate incen­ hearing and court review of a Commission with the provision of such transmission approval or disapproval of a plan shall be tives to encourage utilities and others to ac­ services by the Governor of a state or, quire resources; governed by Section 313 of the Federal Developing and implementing programs where it exists, compact agency established Power Act. and policies to encourage increased power pursuant to Section 103, in which such elec­ Section 208. This section specifies that, pooling, transmission services and other tric utility operates. Such application shall for purposes of this Title, the term "electric inter-utility coordination and coordination also be accompanied by a proposed arrange­ utility" does not include the Tennessee between utilities and qualifying cogenera­ ment for the recovery of costs which would Valley Authority or any of the Federal tion and small power production facilities be incurred by an electric utility in the im­ Power Marketing administrations. It also under Title II of the Public Utility Regula­ plementation of any such order. Upon re­ defines "state regulatory authority," for tory Policies Act of 1978, both within the ceipt of an application under this subsec­ this title, to exclude municipalities. region covered by the compact and between tion, and after public notice and notice to each affected electric utility and opportuni­ TITLE III such region and utilities outside the region; ty for an evidentiary hearing, the Commis­ Section 301. Section 301 is an amendment Developing programs and policies to en­ to the Federal Power Act to assure that Sec­ courage increased power imports and ex­ sion shall issue such order unless the Com­ mission finds that the order would unrea­ tions 211 and 212 of that Act do not apply ports; to applications by a regional agency for an Developing and implementing a system of sonably impair the reliability of an electric utility affected by the order or would impair order for transmission services under Sec­ rate and other disincentives to discourage tion 106 of this bill.e resource acquisition inconsistent with the the ability of such an electric utility to plan. render adequate service to its customers or consumers. Full public involvement is also specified in THE REGIONAL POWER PLAN­ this section in the development of any of Section 107. This section consists of provi­ the means to encourage resource acquisition sions establishing the judicial review of NING AND REGULATORY CO­ according to the plan. final compact agency actions and other mat­ ORDINATION ACT OF 1985 Under Section 106 no compact agency ters. would be permitted to implement or require Section 108. This section states that noth­ HON. JAMES M. JEFFORDS the implementation of any means described ing in Title I of the legislation shall be con­ in section 106 except as established in the strued to amend, modify or otherwise affect OF VERMONT compact and except as consistent with law. the provisions of the Pacific Northwest IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Electric Power Planning Act of 1980 or And no state or state regulatory authority is Wednesday, July 24, 1985 required to implement any such means other Act of Congress in which Congress unless it has agreed to do so by the compact. has given its consent to the formation of e Mr. JEFFORDS. Mr. Speaker, the Section 106 also establishes that the agen­ multi-state compacts, and to abridge or oth­ Regional Power Planning and Regula­ cies authorized under this bill are not, by erwise limit the authority granted to the tory Coordination Act of 1985 which I the terms of this section, authorized to di­ Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning am introducing today with my col­ rectly regulate wholesale electric rates regu­ Council by the 1980 Act. leagues enables regions of the country lated by the Commission or to directly regu­ TITLE II to assess the need for additional elec­ late retail rates unless an agency otherwise Section 201. This section is a delegation to tricity and the most cost-effective way would have the authority to directly regu­ the states to regulate the rates for certain late such retail rates without the consent of wholesale sales of electricity subject to the to meet that need. It provides a proc­ Congress. conditions established under this Title. ess by which potential electricity re­ This section is intended to enable an Section 202. This section permits any state sources can be evaluated and a flexible agency established under this title to have· regulatory authority to file a plan with the least-cost approach to the future 20412 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 supply of electricity can be achieved. quently, lower revenues for those very in the region, expanded efficiency in­ By allowing States to join together utilities that have increased their elec­ vestments and development of small­ into compacts for these purposes, the tricity capacity, and which need reve­ scale renewable resources. Conserva­ legislation provides a public forum for nue to repay the debts they incurred tion, load management and passive regional debate and agreement on by building new plants. solar could contribute up to 59,000 meeting future electricity demand. Currently, utilities which are not megawatts of power by 2000. Small There is growing concern that under bringing new plants into generation scale hydro and cogeneration could ac­ the present regulatory environment are in better financial health than count for an additional 3,000 and with current utility trends, the in­ those expanding their capacity. In­ megawatts. However, the report point­ dustry will either fail to meet project­ creasingly, utility officials are arriving ed out a number of barriers to the de­ ed demand for electricity in the 1990's at the conclusion that the financial velopment of these resources: a lack of or will not meet this demand in the risks of constructing new generating a marketing structure, transmission most cost-effective manner. capacity greatly outweigh the benefits limitations, wheeling charges, regula­ Governors, State regulatory commis­ to the utility. tory disincentives, and the lack of a re­ sioners, and Members of Congress FUTURE ELECTRICITY NEEDS gional approach to address future have noted the limitations inherent in Many energy experts project a need supply issues. the ability of State government to ef­ to increase electricity generating ca­ The most pressing need is removal of fectively regulate utilities that cover pacity by the year 2000 to meet rising impediments to regional electricity multi-State areas. Electricity resources demand and expanded economic market competition. The Regional vary widely by region and mm:t be as­ growth. According to some projections, Power Planning and Regulatory Co­ sessed on a regional basis; this legisla­ the region's utilities may need to build ordination Act of 1985 allows States to tion gives State officials that capabil­ an additional 79,000 Megawatts of new enter into c~mpacts to evaluate these ity, and allows them to look regionally capacity at an estimated cost of $180 impediments and develop strategies at such strategies as the expanded billion in current dollars by the year for removing them. Regions would be bulk power marketing of electricity by 2000. In addition, the region has a sig­ given the tools to utilize short-term those utilities with surpluses. They nificant number of older, less efficient surpluses. They could identify and could also examine efficiencies that generating units-66,000 megawatts take advantage of increased diversity might be achieved through compre­ will be over 35 years old by the year of electricity sources and flexibility. In hensive strategies to promote efficien­ 2000 and could cost an additional $150 the long term, they would move cy investments, cogeneration, load billion to replace. toward a more competitive market. management, reserve sharing and The Federal Government long has This would enable these States and small scale electricity production. recognized the economic importance region to ensure a least cost supply of Electricity experts and public offi­ of assuring adequate supplied of rela­ future electricity needed for long term cials in the Northeast-Midwest region tively low-cost electricity. It has economic growth.e are concerned about several key elec­ sought to provide a regulatory frame­ tricity trends and their impact on the work designed to maintain a financial­ region's economy: High electricity ly sound utility industry which is en­ REGIONAL POWER PLANNING prices; cost overruns on plants under couraged and rewarded for assuring AND REGULATORY COORDINA­ construction; need for future supply; adequate and reliable supplies of low­ TION ACT OF 1985 and older plants that need replace­ cost electricity. Now, Members of Con­ ment or refurbishment. gress, faced with troubling trends in HON. SAM GEJDENSON The region currently pays the high­ the region's utility industry, need to OF CONNECTICUT est electricity rates in the United reassess this Federal role and provide IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES States. For example in 1983 residential new tools to assure that adequate, reli­ prices in major U.S. cities ranged from able, low-cost electricity is available in Wednesday, July 24, 1985 6.49 cents/kWh in Indianapolis to the future. e Mr. GEJDENSON. Mr. Speaker, 15.83 cents/kWh in New York City, Recent analyses by both the Nation­ today I am pleased to join my distin­ compared to a U.S. average of 7.46 al Governors' Association and Con­ guished colleagues Representatives cents/kWh and a low of 1.6 cents in gressional Research Service have con­ VENTO and JEFFORDS in introducing the Seattle. Moreover, on an average, cluded that a regional approach to Regional Power Planning and Regula­ State electricity prices vary dramati­ utility issues could help States provide tory Coordination Act of 1985. I rise to cally. In 1982 prices varied by 273 per­ more efficiently for their future. For urge my colleagues to support this leg­ cent between New Jersey and Wash­ instance, expanded bulk power sales islation. This bill is a significant first ington State. both within and among subregions step toward ensuring that in the The construction of 26 new nuclear could lower costs for both sellers and future, our Nation's consumers will powerplants has caused debilitating purchasers of electricity. continue to pay a reasonable price for cost overruns and financial problems However, there is no structure or electricity. for the region. These plants represent process by which regions can assess or The next energy crisis that this 29,000 megawatts of generating capac­ take advantage of the benefits to be Nation faces will most likely be an ity with an estimated completion cost realized from a regional approach to electricity crisis. Ratepayers all across of $67 billion. Putting those plants electricity supply. Nor is there any the country are experiencing the into the rate base could produce an es­ way for States together to remove any trauma of rate shock, the sudden sky­ timated increase in electricity rates of of numerous barriers to a number of rocket of electricity prices as expen­ 9 to 107 percent in the Northeast and cost-effective electricity strategies. sive new powerplants come on line. 13 to 121 percent in the Midwest. ALTERNATE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY Utilities and State regulators looking The increase in rates some utilities The Northeast-Midwest Institute re­ for new sources of electricity supply would need to recover such costs cently completed a major research find they have nowhere to turn. Nu­ under current regulation have raised project on the desirability and feasibil­ clear power has become incredibly ex­ questions of possible financial insol­ ity of increasing Canadian imports of pensive, with many plants lying half vency for certain utilities and rapid electricity as one strategy to moderate finished because of tremendous cost price increases for consumers-what future electricity prices. The report of overruns and safety problems. Conven­ some have called dramatically the that project, "Trading in Power," also tional coal generation has become death spiral. Under this worst case sce­ identified several other potential much less attractive because of the nario, higher cost electricity could sources of least cost electricity, includ­ problem of acid rain. Energy conserva­ result in decreased demand and, conse- ing bulk power sales between utilities tion has a great deal of potential, but July 24, 1985 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 20413 much of this potential lies untapped REGIONAL POWER PLANNING the quality of data regarding resource because of institutional barriers and AND REGULATORY COORDINA­ planning, develop public support for ignorance. The utility industry and TION ACT OF 1985 long-range plans and encourage the State regulators have been forced into development of an electricity conser­ a state of paralysis, unable to effec­ HON. EDWARD J. MARKEY vation market. tively plan for our Nation's electricity OF MASSACHUSETTS The bill is especially important be­ future. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES cause the planning it encourages is re­ The Regional Power Planning Act Wednesday, July 24, 1985 quired to give priority to the lowest provides a structure for States to e Mr. MARKEY. Mr. Speaker, I am cost sources of electric power. Effec­ begin working together to address the pleased to join today with my distin­ tive conservation measures alone, in­ electricity problem. The National Gov­ guished colleagues, the gentleman cluding appliance standards, could ernors Association and the National from Minnesota [Mr. VENTO] and the produce energy savings reducing Association of Regulatory Utility gentleman from Vermont [Mr. JEF­ growth in peak summer demand by Commissioners have concluded that FORDS] in introducing the Regional more than 40 percent. We cannot the current State-by-State system is Conservation and Electric Power Plan­ ignore this potential, especially with a an obstacle to obtaining the cheapest ning and Regulatory Coordination Act price tag of $40 billion or more from electricity possible. This legislation of 1985. The bill represents an impor­ abandoned and canceled powerplants gives State officials the option to tant step in encouraging long-term threatening electricity consumers. assess and plan for future electricity planning to meet the need for electric Finally, the bill is being introduced needs on a regional basis if they be­ power services at the lowest possible at the right time. Most areas of the lieve it is in their State's best interest. cost. I congratulate the electric utility country currently enjoy large electrici­ Through regional cooperation and task force of the National Governor's ty surpluses. But, these surpluses will planning the price of electricity in the Association whose January 1983 report not last forever. By planning today, we future can be lowered. is the basis for this bill. The report can head off future shortages with concluded that the regionalization of cost-effective sources of electricity. My home State in particular faces certain regulatory functions, particu­ an uncertain electricity future. Virtu­ Without planning, we may be con­ larly planning, could stimulate the uti­ fronted in the near future with meet­ ally all of Connecticut's electricity lization of cost effective measures to comes from oil and nuclear power, two ing such shortages in a crisis-like meet the demand for electricity. atmosphere. Wise decisionmaking is of the most expensive sources of elec­ The legislation authorizes two or tricity. The future of nuclear power is almost impossible under such condi­ more States to enter into compacts to tions. By beginning today we can fully in question and oil remains unattrac­ determine on a regional basis how to develop our most cost-effective meas­ tive because of its expense and the in­ meet the demand for electricity in the ures, such as conservation, and elimi­ stability of foreign sources of supply. compact area. The bill requires that a nate the need to build many expensive Connecticut's electricity prices are compact governing agency be estab­ central power stations. Importantly, much higher than the national aver­ lished to implement the functions per­ by taking efforts to maximize cost-ef­ age. mitted under the bill. These functions f ective resources, we can be assured When the Millstone III nuclear pow­ include the development and imple­ that more expensive resources, such as erplant comes on line the cost of elec­ mentation of regional rate standards large Central powerplants, will be con­ tricity to Connecticut Light & Power for the ratemaking treatment of cer­ structed only when essential. The bill ratepayers in my district could go up tain utility costs unrelated to resource acquisition, including the cost of aban­ we are introducing today is an impor­ by as much as 25 percent. In May of tant step upon which we must build a this year the director of the New Eng­ doned powerplants. The bill also au­ thorizes the participating States to de­ secure and cost-effective energy land Power Pool predicted that an velop emergency outage and shortage future.e electricity brownout could occur this plans for the compact region. summer if we have an extended period The key feature of the bill, however, SENATE COMMITTEE MEETINGS of extremely hot weather in New Eng­ is the authority it gives to the compact Title IV of Senate Resolution 4, land. If we do not act decisively an States to develop long range plans to agreed to by the Senate on February electricity crisis could develop in Con­ meet the total demand for electricity 4, 1977, calls for establishment of a necticut. in the region covered by the compact. system for a computerized schedule of Regional power planning could help The compact agency is directed to de­ all meetings and hearings of Senate keep electricity prices down in Con­ velop plans based on an assessment of committees, subcommittees, joint com­ necticut. Through a regional power or­ the potential for conservation, load mittees, and committees of conference. ganization Connecticut could take full management, central station power­ This title requires all such committees advantage of inexpensive Canadian plants and other resources to meet re­ to notify the Office of the Senate hydropower, energy conservation op­ gional electricity demand on a cost-ef­ Daily Digest-designated by the Rules portunities, small-scale hydropower, f ective basis. Full public invovlement Committee-of the time, place, and cogeneration, and other supply op­ is required in the development of the purpose of the meetings, when sched­ tions. plans. uled, and any cancellations or changes This planning function is essential. in the meetings as they occur. Clearly something needs to be done Many States have been unable to about the electricity problem that is assess the potential for conservation As an additional procedure along confronting Connecticut and the and other resources because of limited with the computerization of this infor­ Nation. Our electricity rates and our technical, financial, and staff re­ mation, the Office of the Senate Daily economy depend on it. I think this bill sources at the State level. The bill we Digest will prepare this information is a step in the right direction.e are introducing today would help to for printing in the Extensions of Re­ resolve these problems through re­ marks section of the CONGRESSIONAL gional councils which shall be funded RECORD on Monday and Wednesday of in a manner determined in the com­ each week. pacts. Through each council, compact Any changes in committee schedul­ members will be able to work together ing will be indicated by placement of to meet regional needs cost effectively. an asterisk to the left of the name of The bill will help the States increase the unit conducting such meetings. 20414 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS July 24, 1985 Meetings scheduled for Thursday, Judiciary AUGUST 1 July 25, 1985, may be found in the Security and Terrorism Subcommittee 9:30 a.m. Daily Digest of today's RECORD. To hold hearings on S. 1373 and S. 1429, bills to authorize prosecution of ter­ Energy and Natural Resources rorists and others who attack U.S. Business meeting, to consider pending MEETINGS SCHEDULED Government employees abroad. calendar business. SD-485 SD-366 JULY 26 11:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. Foreign Relations Foreign Relations Judiciary Business meeting, to consider pending To hold hearings on the Supplemental Immigration and Refugee Policy Subcom­ calendar business. mittee Extradition Treaty between the SD-419 United States of America and the To hold hearings to examine certain im­ 2:00 p.m. migration procedures to gain legal and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Environment and Public Works Northern Ireland, with Annex