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INOVACIJE U VOĆARSTVU II Savetovanje UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU POLJOPRIVREDNI FAKULTET Katedra za voćarstvo INOVACIJE U VOĆARSTVU II Savetovanje Zbornik radova Tema Savetovanja: Unapređenje proizvodnje jabučastog voća Beograd, 11-12. februar 2009. godine INOVACIJE U VOĆARSTVU II Savetovanje Zbornik radova Izdavač: Poljoprivredni fakultet Katedra za voćarstvo Beograd Urednik: dr Dragan Milatović Štampa: Grafiprof Braće Krsmanović 23, Beograd Tiraž: 500 primeraka Programski odbor: dr Milovan Veličković, predsednik dr Evica Mratinić dr Mihailo Nikolić dr Mića Mladenović dr Todor Vulić dr Čedo Oparnica dr Dragan Nikolić dr Dragan Milatović Organizacioni odbor: dr Todor Vulić, predsednik mr Dejan Đurović, sekretar dr Jasminka Milivojević mr Dragan Radivojević mr Milica Fotirić mr Nebojša Nedić dipl. inž. Boban Đorđević Organizaciju skupa su pomogli: Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije Ministarstvo za nauku i tehnološki razvoj Republike Srbije Sadržaj / Content D. Nikolić, M. Fotirić OPLEMENJIVANJE JABUKE U SVETU .........................................................................5 Apple breeding in the world D. Milatović DOSTIGNUĆA U OPLEMENJIVANJU KRUŠKE I DUNJE U SVETU .......................25 Pear and quince breeding achievements in the world P. Zadravec, M. Beber, B. Donik NOVIJE SORTE JABUKE U SAVREMENOJ PROIZVODNJI .....................................39 Newly apple cultivars in modern orchards M. Bulatovic-Danilovich APPLE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN MICHIGAN .............................................47 Tehnologija proizvodnje jabuke u Mičigenu M. Veličković, Č. Oparnica, D. Radivojević SAVREMENI SISTEMI GAJENJA JABUKE I KRUŠKE ..............................................57 Modern planting systems for apple and pear orchards P. Zadravec, B. Donik REGULISANJE RODNOSTI SORTI JABUKE REZIDBOM I PROREĐIVANJEM PLODOVA ……..............................................................................71 Crop regulation of apple trees by pruning and fruit thinning B. Pašalić TEHNOLOGIJA SKLADIŠTENJA JABUČASTOG VOĆA ..........................................79 Technologies in storage of pome fruits N. Miletić, N. Tamaš INTEGRALNA ZAŠTITA JABUKE ...............................................................................95 Integrated apple pest and disease management V. Gavrilović ERWINIA AMYLOVORA - PARAZIT JABUČASTIH VOĆAKA U SRBIJI .................107 Erwinia amylovora – pome fruit trees pathogen in Serbia Z.A. Kazlouskaya NEW RESULTS OF APPLE BREEDING PROGRAM IN BELARUS ........................117 Novi rezultati programa oplemenjivanja jabuke u Belorusiji M. Nikolić, M. Mitrović BIOLOŠKO - POMOLOŠKE OSOBINE PERSPEKTIVNIH HIBRIDA KRUŠKE ........................................................................................................123 Biological and pomological properties of promising pear hybrids M. Beber OSOBINE SORTI JABUKE OTPORNIH PREMA ČAĐAVOJ KRASTAVOSTI ..........................................................................................129 Charateristcs of scab resistant apple cultivars D. Milatović, D. Đurović, B. Đorđević POMOLOŠKE OSOBINE NOVIJIH SORTI JABUKE .................................................139 Pomological properties of newly apple cultivars E. Mratinić, D. Milatović, D. Đurović BIOLOŠKE OSOBINE SORTI DUNJE U BEOGRADSKOM PODUNAVLJU ..........147 Biological properties of quince cultivars in Belgrade area D. Radivojević, M. Veličković, Č. Oparnica, J. Milivojević UTICAJ TIPA SADNICE NA POČETNU RODNOST I KVALITET PLODA SORTI JABUKE .............................................................................................................153 The influence of planting material type on initial productivity and fruit quality in apple cultivars T. Vulić, Č. Oparnica, M. Ruml, B. Đorđević OSETLJIVOST PLODOVA NOVIJIH SORTI JABUKE NA OŽEGOTINE ...............161 Sensitivity of newly apple cultivars to sunburn M. Nikolić DUNJA U SRBIJI – STANJE I PERSPEKTIVE ............................................................169 Quince industry in Serbia – state and prospects Zbornik radova II Savetovanja „Inovacije u voćarstvu“, Beograd, 2009. UDK: 634.11:631.527 Uvodno predavanje OPLEMENJIVANJE JABUKE U SVETU Dragan Nikolić, Milica Fotirić* Izvod: U ovom radu prikazani su najznačajniji ciljevi i metode oplemenjivanja jabuke (Malus domestica Borkh.) u svetu. Od ciljeva oplemenjivanja posebno su istaknuti prinos, kvalitet i otpornost prema abiotičkim i biotičkim stresnim faktorima, a pored njih dat je i prikaz pojedinih specifičnih ciljeva. Među metodama oplemenjivanja ističu se hibridizacija i klonska selekcija. U okviru hibridizacije analiziran je veliki broj oplemenjivačkih programa sa njihovim najznačajnijim rezultatima, a u okviru klonske selekcije dat je pregled novih klonova najčešće gajenih sorti u svetu. Dostignuća u oplemenjivanju jabuke su pokazala da je do sada veliki broj novih sorti stvoren u Evropi, Americi, Aziji, Okeaniji i Africi i da se na ovom poslu još uvek intenzivno radi. Ključne reči: jabuka, sorte, oplemenjivanje. Uvod Jabuka je najvažnija listopadna voćka. Kao stono voće troši se tokom cele godine. Pored toga njeni plodovi se mogu koristiti za smrzavanje i različite vidove prerade (sok, koncentrat, jabukovača, sirće i dr.). Po proizvodnji, prometu i potrošnji jabuka se u svetu među voćkama nalazi na trećem mestu i dolazi odmah iza citrusa i banane. Prema podacima FAO (2008) prosečna proizvodnja jabuke u svetu, u periodu od 1998 do 2007. godine iznosila je 59.855409 t. Glavni proizvođač je Kina sa 22.238731 t, što čini 37% od ukupne svetske proizvodnje. Za njom slede SAD (7%), Italija (4%), Francuska (4%), Turska (4%), Iran (4%), Rusija (3%), Nemačka (3%), Poljska (3%) itd. Stvaranjem i uvođenjem u proizvodnju vitalnih, rodnih i visokokvalitetnih sorti jabuke znatno se može povećati proizvodnja njihovih plodova. U svetu se više i intenzivnije radi na oplemenjivanju jabuke nego bilo koje druge voćke. Kao rezultat spontane i planske hibridizacije nastalo je preko 10.000 sorti plemenite jabuke, a stalno se stvaraju nove i bolje sorte. Pošto sorte jabuke otporne prema različitim patogenima znatno olakšavaju primenu koncepta integralne proizvodnje, sve veća pažnja u oplemenjivanju posvećuje se stvaranju ovakvih sorti, koje se uz to odlikuju i visokim kvalitetom ploda (Mišić, 2002). Mutanti određene privredno značajne sorte jabuke sa * Poljoprivredni fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Beograd – Zemun. E-mail: [email protected] 5 Zbornik radova II Savetovanja „Inovacije u voćarstvu“, Beograd, 2009. novim osobinama takođe su veoma dragoceni za proizvodne zasade, pa se i ovom pravcu oplemenjivanja posvećuje naročita pažnja. U poslednje vreme u oplemenjivanje se uvode i nove metode biotehnologije. Genetičkom transformaciijom kod nekoliko sorti jabuke posredstvom Agrobacterium-a (Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation) dobijene su transgene biljke. Imajući sve ovo u vidu cilj ovog rada bio je da se kroz osnovne pravce i metode, da prikaz najznačajnijih rezultata oplemenjivanja jabuke u svetu. Ciljevi oplemenjivanja jabuke Osnovni ciljevi oplemenjivanja jabuke su povećanje prinosa, poboljšanje kvaliteta i povećanje otpornosti prema abiotičkim i biotičkim stresnim faktorima. Povećanje genetičkog potencijala novostvorenih sorti jabuke je cilj kome se neprestano teži. I pored danas prisutnog, velikog broja sorti, još uvek ne postoji idealna sorta kod koje su izražene sve pozitivne osobine. Savremene plemenite sorte jabuke treba pre svega da budu rane, visoke i redovne rodnosti, kao i odličnog kvaliteta ploda. Krupnoća ploda treba da bude preko 65 mm u prečniku, a pokožica privlačna, po mogućstvu jednobojno crvena ili jednobojno žuta. Posebno se cene sorte harmoničnog ukusa koje imaju povoljan odnos šećera, kiselina i aromatičnih supstanci. Oblik ploda jabuke treba biti takav da može omogućiti nesmetano mašinsko sortiranje. Sorte za stonu upotrebu treba dobro da podnose rukovanje i prevoz, a sorte za preradu treba da budu čvrste i da im je meso postojano pri sečenju. Novostvorene sorte jabuke treba da budu prilagođene i ekološkim uslovima - otporne prema mrazevima, suši i prouzrokovačima bolesti kao što su: Venturia inaequalis (čađava krastavost), Podosphaera leucotricha (pepelnica), Erwinia amylovora (bakteriozna plamenjača), Nectria galligena (rak grana), Monilinia fructigena (trulež plodova) itd. Određenu otpornost nove sorte treba da imaju i prema štetočinama kao što su: lisne vaši (Dysaphis plantaginea i Sappaphis devecta), krvava vaš (Eriosoma lanigerum), jabučna osa (Hoplocampa testudinea) i dr. U pogledu bujnosti i fenoloških karakteristika nove sorte jabuke treba da budu slabo do umereno bujne, srednje poznog do poznog vremena cvetanja i produženog raspona dozrevanja (od vrlo ranih letnjih, do vrlo poznih zimskih sorti). Cilj oplemenjivanja jabuke može biti i stvaranje sorti prilagođenih za organsku proizvodnju. Oplemenjivanje se vrši i u skladu sa zahtevima mehanizacije na poslovima oko rezidbe i berbe. Stvaranje patuljastih formi, formi stubastog tipa rasta, kao i formi drugih anatomskih struktura i boje cvetova primenljivih u pejzažnoj arhitekturi i za gajenje na okućnicama su takođe važni ciljevi oplemenjivanja jabuke. Poslednjih decenija putem genetičkog inženjeringa stvaraju se i sorte koje nose gene udaljenih vrsta, često bakterija ili životinja. U zavisnosti od potreba i mogućnosti, određenim ciljevima posvećuje se veća ili manja pažnja. Ono što treba istaći to je da ostvarivanje pomenutih ciljeva omogućuje da se postigne osnovna svrha oplemenjivanja
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