Biodiversity Offset Management Plan
Project Number: 42916-014 October 2020
INO: Sarulla Geothermal Power Generation Project
Prepared by Sarulla Operations Limited
The biodiversity offset management plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of this website.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area Biodiversity Offset Management Plan
Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
2 October 2020 Project No.: 0496296
The business of sustainability Document details Document title Biodiversity Offset Management Plan Document subtitle Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
Project No. 0496296 Date 2 October 2020 Version 3.0 Author DN, SM, AS, and JG Client Name Sarulla Operations Limited
Document history
ERM approval to issue
Version Revision Author Reviewed by Name Date Comments Draft 00 David David Samantha 15.10.2019 Nicholson, Nicholson McCrea Sebastian Madden & Anisa Salsabilla Draft 01 David David Samantha 21.02.2020 Nicholson, Nicholson McCrea Jessie Gan, & Anisa Salsabilla Final 02 David David Samantha 14.05.2020 Nicholson & Nicholson McCrea Anisa Salsabilla Final 03 David David Nat 02.10.2020 Nicholson & Nicholson and Vanitchyangkul Anisa Les Hatton Salsabilla
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2 October 2020
Biodiversity Offset Management Plan
Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
Nat Vanitchyangkul Partner
PT ERM Indonesia Centennial Tower 40th Floor Suite B1 Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto Kav. 24-25 Jakarta 12930, Indonesia
© Copyright 2020 by ERM Worldwide Group Ltd and / or its affiliates (“ERM”). All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the prior written permission of ERM.
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... IV 1. BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1 Project Description ...... 1 1.2 Biodiversity Objectives ...... 1 1.3 Relevant Environmental and Social Action Plan items ...... 1 1.4 Summary of legal and other obligations ...... 2 Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policy Statement ...... 3 IFC PS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources ...... 3 Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP) Guidelines ...... 5 ADB Safeguard Policy Requirements ...... 6 2. RESIDUAL IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY VALUES ...... 7 2.1 Residual Impacts to Habitats ...... 7 2.2 Area Required to Achieve No-Net-Loss ...... 8 2.3 Critical Habitat Species ...... 9 3. BIODIVERSITY OFFSET OPTIONS CONSIDERED ...... 10 3.1 Proposed Biodiversity Offset Options ...... 10 3.2 Stakeholder Consultation ...... 10 3.3 Peer Review ...... 11 3.4 Analysis of Biodiversity Offset Feasibility ...... 11 4. RECOMMENDED BIODIVERSITY OFFSET ...... 14 4.1 Description of Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 14 4.2 Biodiversity Offset Management Actions ...... 15 4.3 Time Period Biodiversity Offset Actions Apply ...... 19 4.4 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 19 Responsibilities of SOL ...... 19 Responsibilities of the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee ...... 21 Responsibilities of the Community ...... 22 Responsibilities of NGO Service Provider ...... 22 4.5 Five Yearly Review of BOMP and CCA ...... 23 4.6 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 23 4.7 Capital Equipment ...... 24 5. NO-NET-LOSS ASSESSMENT ...... 26 5.1 Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 26 5.2 Results of Habitat Hectare Calculations for Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 30 5.3 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Species that Trigger Critical Habitat ...... 30 6. BIODIVERSITY VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY OFFSET AREA ...... 36 6.1 Biodiversity Survey Results ...... 36 7. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY OFFSET AREA ...... 41 7.1 Land Use within the Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 41 Social, Economic and Land Use Survey ...... 41 Social Profile ...... 41 Economic Profile of Landowners...... 43 Results of Land Use Survey ...... 43 Assessment of Potential Economic Displacement ...... 47 Economic Value of Commodity Production ...... 48 Livelihood Support (Compensation) ...... 49
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8. BIODIVERSITY OFFSET MANAGEMENT ACTIONS ...... 50 8.1 CCA Management Actions ...... 50 Hunting, Poaching and Logging Management ...... 50 Timber and NTFP Harvest Strategy ...... 51 Ground and Arboreal Habitat Management Strategy ...... 52 Injured Wildlife Management Protocol ...... 53 Patrols ...... 54 Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting ...... 55 Agroforestry Development Program ...... 57 Environmental Education Support Program ...... 58 8.2 NGO Service Provider Management Actions ...... 58 Government Liaison ...... 58 Strategic Enforcement ...... 58 9. BIODIVERSITY OFFSET MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 60 9.1 Application ...... 60 9.2 Adaptive Management Framework ...... 60 9.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Requirements ...... 60 Species Monitoring Requirements ...... 67 10. BUDGET ...... 78 10.1 Estimated Budget to Support the NGO Service Provider ...... 78 10.2 Estimated Budget for Community Development Activities within the CCA...... 78 10.3 Estimated Budget for SOL Implementation of Management Actions ...... 78 10.4 Estimated Budget for Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 78 11. NEXT STEPS ...... 80 REFERENCES ...... 82
Appendix A Minutes of Meeting from Stakeholder Consultation Appendix B Corridor Design Appendix C Assessment of Averted Loss Rate for No-Net-Loss Calculation Appendix D Biodiversity Survey Report Appendix E Landuse and Ownership Identification Appendix F Economic Analysis Appendix G Land Use Survey Tool
List of Tables Table 1-1 Relevant Environmental and Social Action Plan Items ...... 1 Table 1-2 Standards required to be met by the ADB SPS in relation to the Modified, Natural and Critical Habitats ...... 3 Table 1-3 Standards required to be met by the IFC PS6 in relation to the Modified, Natural and Critical Habitats ...... 4 Table 1-4 Biodiversity Offset Design Steps ...... 5 Table 2-1 Permanent and Temporary Habitat Loss Associated with the Project ...... 7 Table 2-2 Residual Permanent Impact Values (Habitat Hectares) ...... 8 Table 2-3 Residual Temporary Impact Values (Habitat Hectares) ...... 8 Table 2-4 Minimum Biodiversity Offset Area Required to Achieve a No-Net-Loss ...... 9 Table 2-5 Priority Critical Habitat Species for Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 9 Table 3-1 Biodiversity Offset Options Considered ...... 12
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Table 4-1 Biodiversity Management Actions to Apply to the Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 15 Table 4-2 Areas within the Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 16 Table 4-3 Five Yearly Management Plan Schedule ...... 23 Table 4-4 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 24 Table 5-1 Habitat Hectare Condition Scores used in this Assessment ...... 26 Table 5-2 Habitat Hectare Gain Scores used in this Assessment ...... 27 Table 5-3 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Habitat Offsets within the Enrichment Planting Area ...... 29 Table 5-4 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Habitat Offsets within the Remnant Secondary/Primary Forest 29 Table 5-5 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Critical Habitat Species ...... 33 Table 6-1 Species of Conservation Significance Detected in the Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 39 Table 7-1 Age Group of Landowners within Offset Area ...... 42 Table 7-2 Education Level of Landowners within Offset Area ...... 42 Table 7-3 Religion of Landowners within Offset Area ...... 42 Table 7-4 Analysis of Potential Livelihood Impacts from CCA Activities ...... 47 Table 7-5 Revenues and Costs Associated with Land within Enrichment Planning Area ...... 48 Table 8-1 Management Actions ...... 50 Table 9-1 Biodiversity Offset Monitoring and Evaluation Plan ...... 61 Table 10-1 Estimated Biodiversity Offset Management Plan Budget ...... 79 Table 11-1 Required Actions to Implement the BOMP ...... 80
List of Figures Figure 4-1 Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 17 Figure 4-2 Enrichment Planting Area ...... 18 Figure 4-3 Biodiversity Offset Implementation Organisational Chart ...... 25 Figure 5-1 Enrichment Planting Area used for the Habitat Hectare Calculations ...... 31 Figure 5-2 Area of Primary/Secondary Forest Subject to Management Interventions ...... 32 Figure 6-1 Survey Map of 2019 Biodiversity Survey ...... 37 Figure 7-1 Land Use and Land Ownership within the Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 45 Figure 7-2 Forest Area within the Biodiversity Offset Area ...... 46 Figure 9-1 Adaptive Management Framework Cycle ...... 60 Figure 9-1 Basic Approach of Triangle Count Method ...... 69 Figure 9-2 NTFP Management Area ...... 72 Figure 9-3 Patrol Area ...... 73 Figure 9-4 Ground and Arboreal Habitat Management Area ...... 74 Figure 9-5 Agroforestry Development Program Area ...... 75 Figure 9-6 Permanent Survey Transect Locations within BOA ...... 76
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background This Biodiversity Offset Management Plan (BOMP) has been prepared for Sarulla Operations Limited (SOL) to comply with requirements of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards. The biodiversity offset has been designed to compensate for biodiversity losses incurred through the development of the Sarulla Geothermal Power Project (the ‘Project’), located in North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia.
The BOMP has been developed based on a no-net-loss/net gain assessment conducted for SOL operations in 2019 by Mott MacDonald. The losses of habitat related to an estimated loss of 92ha of forest within the Batang Toru Protection Forest area and adjacent community land (Area Penggunaan Lain – “other use”). The current loss due to project operations has been measured at 69ha (as of December 2019).
Twelve (12) species were identified as threatened species, including species that triggered Critical Habitat under the ADB SPS and IFC PS6. These species included:
Sumatran tiger, Panthera tigris sumatrae
Tapanuli Orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis
Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica
Agile gibbon, Hylobates agilis
Siamang, Symphalangus syndactylus
Sumatran Surili, Presbytis melalophos ssp. sumatranus
Helmeted hornbill, Rhinoplax vigil
Wegner’s glass lizard, Ophisaurus wegneri Hayek’s slender agama, Bronchocela hayeki
False file-eared tree frog, Polypedates pseudotilophus
Dark red meranti, Shorea platyclados
Pitcher plant, Nephentes tobaica. This BOMP has been prepared guided by relevant international and Indonesian laws, regulations and policies. Specifically, the requirements of the ADB SPS, IFC PS6 and the Business and Biodiversity Offset Program (BBOP) have been used to define the residual impacts to biodiversity values and to determine and recommend biodiversity offset sites and management to achieve offset goals for the habitats and species impacted. This includes achieving no-net-loss for habitat and species residual impacts under the ADB SPS and net-gain requirements under IFC PS6.
In this regard, an assessment of the loss of biodiversity values using the Habitat Hectare metric identified that the loss of biodiversity equated to 60.1 “habitat hectares” that required to be offset. Habitat Hectares calculates the area and condition of habitats impacted and then predicts the areas and condition of the same type of habitat that would require to be managed to compensate for the losses. The required areas estimated to achieve no-net-loss using the metric for 60.1 habitat hectares was estimated to be between 1,002ha for benchmark habitat and 219ha for impacted habitat at a biodiversity offset site. This area of habitat would be required to be managed over a period of 20 years with ongoing commitments required to achieve no-net-loss. Net gain requirements under the IFC PS require additional measures over and above this to demonstrate a positive impact greater than no-net-loss. The variation in areas exist as benchmark habitat generally requires less management intervention (and
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site hence ability to improve) than the more intensive management required to manage impacted habitat, that has a greater ability to improve. Specific species related management measures to manage threats within the landscape (such as hunting/poaching) are required to be implemented in addition to protecting and managing the required offset area.
Biodiversity offset recommendations Using the estimated biodiversity offset area required, an assessment was made of various sites that could be utilised to form the basis of a biodiversity offset. Twelve (12) sites were assessed by Mott MacDonald and recommendations made on two (2) proposed offset sites. ERM continued this work to define the biodiversity offset options and consult with stakeholders to identify preferred options.
ERM consequently consulted with NGOs and Indonesian Government officials (South Tapanuli Regency) to seek views on the viability of the options. Consultation also occurred with adjacent developers and community representatives in the area. From this assessment, Option 10, being the management of the Sibualbuali nature reserve was identified as the preferred option. This was conveyed and agreed by the ADB to move forward with further investigation. In this regard, Option 10 means managing an area of APL ( Areal Penggunaan Lain – “other use”) forest between Sibualbuali and Sipirok. The purpose of the corridor area is to facilitate movement of two currently disjunct orang- utan communities located in the Batang Toru West Block and the Sibualbuali Nature Reserve.
Social and biodiversity surveys of proposed offset area Based on this recommendation, ERM conducted a land use survey within the Project area, collected economic and social data to inform decisions on livelihood impacts and conducted a biodiversity survey to determine the current values of the proposed corridor.
The original design of the corridor was based on an area put forward to Mott MacDonald by a local NGO, which proposed to establish a wildlife corridor along the Aek Lancat River. This area consisted of approximately 1,650ha within the Bulu Mario village boundary. The first round of land use, social and economic surveys focussed on this area associated with Bulu Mario Village. During consultation with the South Tapanuli government, it was identified that the proposed corridor preferred by the Regency was located to the north along the Aek Sitandiang River. As such, additional social and economic surveys were triggered to include additional villages, including the Aek Batang Paya village and other areas north of the Aek Sitandiang River. Surveys were conducted, however additional consultation and survey is required of this area to determine current land use and ownership.
Overall, the community were receptive to the concept of managing biodiversity values in the proposed offset area in exchange for livelihood support through agroforestry programs. The community were informed of potential changes in land management practices to protect biodiversity values, including enrichment planting along the Aek Sitandiang River, restrictions on hunting/poaching and non-timber forest product collection as well as patrols to detect illegal activities. The community did however highlight wildlife conflict regarding fruit grazing within the proposed offset site. The estimated economic value of commodity production extrapolated to the proposed biodiversity offset are was approximately 2.01 billion IDR per year. Some reductions in income are likely due to the implementation of the management actions (loss of arable area with the enrichment planting area; and fruit grazing) and this has been estimated at being approximately 8% of net income. The agroforestry program and opportunities to support implementation of the management actions are likely to adequately compensate for this loss of income for the community.
The biodiversity values of the proposed corridor area were surveyed by ERM in April/May 2019. Surveys involved undertaking transect surveys and villager interviews over an 8-day period. The purpose of the survey was to confirm the presence of critical habitat within the proposed offset area. Six (6) of the twelve critical habitat species were identified either through direct observation or through community interviews. This included more cryptic species such the Sumatran tiger. The area was confirmed as
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site being an important area for Tapanuli orang-utan movement between the Sibualbuali nature reserve and the west Batang Toru Protection Forest. Additional surveys will be required to be undertaken to confirm the presence of an additional six (6) critical habitat species.
Based on the results of the assessment, the corridor area was determined to be feasible and hence further work commenced on defining the required management actions, governance structures and costs associated with establishing a biodiversity offset in the area.
The recommended area for the biodiversity offset based on the management of the village boundaries is approximately 3,179ha, of which: 313ha is proposed to be part of the enrichment planting corridor along the Aek Sitandiang River; 1,098ha of primary/secondary forest is proposed to be managed to reduce current threats to species and habitats; and the remaining land is to continue to be used for agricultural production by the villagers (but subject to conservation management and agroforestry). The biodiversity offset area is shown in Figure ES 1 below.
Figure ES 1 Biodiversity Offset Area
ERM conducted a peer review on these proposals with representatives from Paneco and Indonesian orang utan specialist to determine if the proposals were suitable for the area. The peer review highlighted that the human use of the area and conservation management could co-exist if carefully managed, however monitoring and evaluation will be required to be implemented to ensure that any new risks identified are quickly managed through adaptive management. The peer review highlighted the critical nature of the habitat in the area due to the presence of Tapanuli orang-utan and other globally threatened species. The review provided practical feedback on enrichment planting initiatives, the practicality of some measures and the need to ensure full community, other land holders and government engagement during the implementation process. The majority of these recommendations have been incorporated into the BOMP.
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
Biodiversity offset governance and management measures The BOMP has been prepared to respond to key threats identified for the threatened species within the landscape (hunting and poaching; unsustainable non-timber forest product (NTFP) use; clearing of habitats). The key mechanism to implement the BOMP will be the use of a Community Conservation Agreement (CCA) which will be implemented in collaboration between the community and an NGO service provider. The administration and management of the offset will be overseen by a Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee (BOAC) and a Biodiversity Offset Fund (BOF) is to be established to provide funds for implementation. The key biodiversity management measures designed include:
To be undertaken by SOL: - Oversight of implementation of the BOMP and CCA by the NGO Service Provider and the community; - Funds administration; - Government and NGO stakeholder consultation; and - Coordination of adaptive management and five yearly review.
To be undertaken by the NGO Service Provider and the community - Hunting, poaching and logging management strategy; - Timber and NTFP Harvest Strategy; - Ground and arboreal habitat management strategy; - Injured wildlife management protocol; - Patrols; - Wildlife corridor maintenance and improvement, including enrichment planting; - Agroforestry support program; - Environmental education support program; and - Monitoring and evaluation. These actions will be implemented by SOL in conjunction with the offset service provider and the community for a period of 20 years. Monitoring and evaluation and a continuous improvement program have been designed in order to keep track of implementation and react to changes in circumstances to reduce risks. Monitoring of threatened species will occur to determine if there are any population level changes in the landscape. Reporting mechanisms have been designed to inform lenders of the outcomes of the program. A five-yearly review process will occur to ensure that this BOMP and the associated CCA are updated to respond to changing management circumstances.
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site
1. BACKGROUND
The Biodiversity Offset Management Plan (BOMP) outlines the required measures to achieve biodiversity objectives to achieve a no-net loss and net gain outcome for impacts to biodiversity values from the Sarulla Geothermal Power Project (the ‘Project’).
1.1 Project Description Sarulla Operations Limited (SOL) operates a Geothermal Power Plant Project, which is located in Pahae Jae and Pahae Julu Districts, North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province. The Project is located ~ 40 km south of Tarutung. The Project consists of the following key infrastructures and associated facility:
Sarulla Geothermal Field (Seilangkitang and Namora I Langit);
Production Wells (maximum of 3,500 m depth);
Three (3) Geothermal Power Plants (combined capacity of 330MW); and
Associated facility of 150 kV transmission line from Seilangkitang to Namora I Langit (15 km). Reference should be made to the SOL Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ERM 2013); for further information regarding the project design, impact assessment and mitigation strategies.
1.2 Biodiversity Objectives The BOMP aims to meet the following biodiversity objectives:
Establish an offset area that meets the required habitat hectares to achieve at least a no net loss/net gain in biodiversity (in accordance with the habitat hectare approach methodology);
Establish a wildlife corridor that can connect habitats between the Sibualbuali Nature Reserve and forest habitats adjacent to Batang Toru River;
Provide long-term protection for Primary and Secondary Forest habitats; and
Provide support for community empowerment and agroforestry to reduce threats to biodiversity.
1.3 Relevant Environmental and Social Action Plan items The ADB has issued an Environmental and Social Action Plan (ESAP) for SOL operations that is relevant to the preparation and management of a biodiversity offset for the Project. The relevant ESAP actions are shown in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1 Relevant Environmental and Social Action Plan Items
No Issue Description Corrective Action Plan Deliverable Deadline 1. Offset Site SOL has been informed of SOL will request information 30-Apr-2019 Selection the presence of HPP from the HPP developer infrastructure to the west of their favoured offset site 2. Liaise with national and SOL will liaise with national 17-May-2019 international experts in and/or international experts regards to priority species in regards to priority species and the likelihood that a and the likelihood that a viable corridor remains with viable corridor remains with the proposed infrastructure the proposed infrastructure in in place place
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No Issue Description Corrective Action Plan Deliverable Deadline 3. Investigate other offset Ongoing component, SOL will investigate other sites in parallel to be included on the offset sites in parallel BOMP 4. Land ownership and use SOL will conduct stakeholder 31-Aug-2019 consultation; confirm land ownership and land use; confirm ability and costs to secure the land 5. Livelihood impacts SOL will confirm livelihood 31-Aug-2019 impacts, complete asset survey and prepare livelihood restoration plan 6. Finalise the proposed offset SOL will choose the final 31-Aug-2019 offset site 7. BOMP Revegetation planting may SOL will confirm the need 31-Aug-2019 Revegetation be required dependent and location for restoration upon the offset site. planting on BOMP 8. Finalise BOMP BOMP needs to be finalised SOL will update the BOMP to 31-Aug-2019 with approved budget and address ADB comments, timelines including confirmed offset site, management and monitoring framework, responsibilities and timelines for implementation 9. Budget to be approved SOL will allocate and 31-Aug-2019 approve budget to fund NNL for the duration of the PPA 10. Offset Engage conservation SOL will engage third-party 31-Aug-2019 Implementation organisation (NGO) for native plant propagation and restoration planting 11. First 5-Year Management SOL will prepare first five 31-Aug-2019 and Monitoring Plan year Management Plan 12. required* Mid-September 2019 SOL will commence the for implementation implementation commencement * Note that the BOMP includes planned management actions and monitoring to occur within the first 5 years of the biodiversity offset. All actions within this plan and the CCA will be subject to review after 5 years. The BOMP and CCA therefore constitute the “First 5-Year Management and Monitoring Plan”.
1.4 Summary of legal and other obligations The biodiversity offset requirements of the SOL Project are designed to meet the requirements of no- net-loss as outlined in the ADB SPS and IFC Performance Standard 6. Additional guidance was also obtained from the Business and Biodiversity Offset Program (BBOP). Besides these standards, the development of BOMP also adheres to the applicable legal agreements. Under the ADB Facility Agreement, SOL is required to develop a BOMP defined as "a plan that contains various biodiversity conservation measures to offset, enhance, protect and conserve the project affected biodiversity. The BOMP will include the (a) identification of suitable sites/areas, (b) design of biodiversity offsetting
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site activities, (c) quantification of conservation benefits and gains, (d) development of operational management plans and associated legal, institutional arrangements, roles and requisite capacities, (e) calculation of budgets and design of suitable financial arrangements, (f) development of stakeholder participation programs, benefit mechanisms and compensation requirements, and (g) establishment of appropriate monitoring and evaluation arrangements.".
Asian Development Bank Safeguard Policy Statement The ADB SPS requires that standards are met in relation to Natural, Modified and Critical Habitats. These standards are outlined in Table 1-2 below.
Table 1-2 Standards required to be met by the ADB SPS in relation to the Modified, Natural and Critical Habitats
Habitat Required Standards Classification Modified Habitat The borrower/client will exercise care to minimize any further conversion or degradation of such habitat, and will, depending on the nature and scale of the project, identify opportunities to enhance habitat and protect and conserve biodiversity as part of project operations.
Natural Habitat In areas of natural habitat, the Project will not significantly convert or degrade such habitat, unless the following conditions are met:
No alternatives are available.
A comprehensive analysis demonstrates that the overall benefits from the project will substantially outweigh the project costs, including environmental costs.
Any conversion or degradation is appropriately mitigated.
Mitigation measures will be designed to achieve at least no net loss of biodiversity. They may include a combination of actions, such as post- project restoration of habitats, offset of losses through the creation or effective conservation of ecologically comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity while respecting the ongoing use of such biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or traditional communities, and compensation to direct users of biodiversity.
Critical Habitat No project activity will be implemented in areas of critical habitat unless the following requirements are met:
There are no measurable adverse impacts, or likelihood of such, on the critical habitat, which could impair its high biodiversity value or the ability to function.
The project is not anticipated to lead to a reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered species or a loss in area of the habitat concerned such that the persistence of a viable and representative host ecosystem be compromised.
Any lesser impacts are mitigated in accordance with the requirements for Natural Habitat.
IFC PS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources The requirements of this Performance Standard are applied to projects (i) located in modified, natural, and critical habitats; (ii) that potentially impact on or are dependent on ecosystem services over which
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site the client has direct management control or significant influence; or (iii) that include the production of living natural resources (e.g., agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry). The objectives of this PS are the followings:
To protect and conserve biodiversity;
To maintain the benefits from ecosystem services; and
To promote the sustainable management of living natural resources through the adoption of practices that integrate conservation needs and development priorities.
IFC PS6 standards in relation to Modified, Natural and Critical Habitats are outlined in Table 1-3 below.
Table 1-3 Standards required to be met by the IFC PS6 in relation to the Modified, Natural and Critical Habitats
Habitat Required Standards Classification Modified Habitat This applies to those areas of modified habitat that include significant biodiversity value, as determined by the risks and impacts identification process. The client should minimize impacts on such biodiversity and implement mitigation measures as appropriate.
Natural Habitat The client will not significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, unless all of the following are demonstrated:
No other viable alternatives within the region exist for development of the project on modified habitat;
Consultation has established the views of stakeholders, including Affected
Communities, with respect to the extent of conversion and degradation; and
Any conversion or degradation is mitigated according to the mitigation hierarchy.
In areas of natural habitat, mitigation measures will be designed to achieve no net loss of biodiversity where feasible. Appropriate actions include:
Avoiding impacts on biodiversity through the identification and protection of
set-asides;
Implementing measures to minimize habitat fragmentation, such as biological corridors;
- Restoring habitats during operations and/or after operations; and
- Implementing biodiversity offsets.
Critical Habitat In areas of critical habitat, the client will not implement any project activities unless all of the following are demonstrated:
- No other viable alternatives within the region exist for development of the project on modified or natural habitats that are not critical;
- The project does not lead to measurable adverse impacts on those biodiversity values for which the critical habitat was designated, and on the ecological processes supporting those biodiversity values;
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Habitat Required Standards Classification
- The project does not lead to a net reduction in the global and/or national/regional population of any Critically Endangered or Endangered species over a reasonable period of time; and
- A robust, appropriately designed, and long-term biodiversity monitoring and evaluation program is integrated into the client’s management program.
In such cases where a client is able to meet the requirements defined in paragraph above, the project’s mitigation strategy will be described in a Biodiversity Action Plan and will be designed to achieve net gains of those biodiversity values for which the critical habitat was designated.
In instances where biodiversity offsets are proposed as part of the mitigation strategy, the client must demonstrate through an assessment that the project’s significant residual impacts on biodiversity will be adequately mitigated to meet the requirements of the above paragraph.
Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP) Guidelines The IFC Performance Standard 6 (PS6) states that in many cases, biodiversity offsets would be required for projects implemented in natural or critical habitats. The PS6 does not provide guidance on the development of offsets, but references the Business and Biodiversity Offset Programme (BBOP) in that regard. BBOP is collaboration between some 75 companies, government agencies, conservation organisations and financial institutions from around the world. Its aim is to develop shared views and experience of best practice on the application of the mitigation hierarchy, including biodiversity offsets. Drawing on experience of BBOP members and non-members from around the world, and from pilot projects with companies, BBOP has developed Principles and the Standard on Biodiversity Offsets, handbooks on offset design and implementation, a number of resource papers and case studies. This BOMP has been prepared in accordance with the BBOP Offset Design Handbook (BBOP 2009). The key steps of to define the biodiversity offset are shown in Table 1-4 and the status of those actions.
Table 1-4 Biodiversity Offset Design Steps
BBOP Step Action Status Reference 1 Review scope and activities Completed by Mott Mott MacDonald MacDonald 2019 2 Review of legal framework and policy Completed by Mott Mott MacDonald context for the biodiversity offset MacDonald 2019 3 Initiate stakeholder process Additional stakeholder Section 3.2 of consultation undertaken BOMP by ERM 4 Determination of the offset need based on Completed by Mott Mott MacDonald the residual adverse effects MacDonald 2019 Further refinement by Section 4 of BOMP ERM 5 Choice of methods to calculate loss/gain Completed by Mott Mott MacDonald and quantification of residual losses MacDonald 2019
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BBOP Step Action Status Reference 6 Review of potential offset locations and Completed by Mott Mott MacDonald activities. Assessment of the biodiversity MacDonald 2019 gains to be achieved Further refinement by Section 5 of BOMP ERM 7 Calculation of offset gains and selection of Undertaken by ERM Section 6 of this appropriate offset locations and activities BOMP 8 Recording the offset design and start of Undertaken by ERM Sections 7 and 8 of implementation process this BOMP
ADB Safeguard Policy Requirements Furthermore, the following offset design objectives from the ADB Safeguard Policy Good Practice Sourcebook are to be applied to the Plan:
Measurable conservation outcomes: a flexible approach is required to design and implement biodiversity offsets to achieve clear, long-term and cost-effective conservation outcomes.
Balancing ecological equivalence and conservation priorities: biodiversity offsets have to be commensurate to the magnitude of the impact of the development and ideally deliver outcomes that are “like for like.” Given the difficulties in measuring biodiversity, establishing equivalence between the affected and offset sites is considered a good basis for achieving no net loss. However, this bias towards equivalence should not prevent offsets from being focused on agreed conservation priorities.
Location: biodiversity offsets should be located within the same general area as the development activity, and have connectivity with areas of continuous vegetation/habitat.
Additionality: biodiversity benefits from offsets have to directly result from the additional actions, and would not have occurred otherwise. An action that protects an area that is not being degraded is not an offset.
Timing and duration: biodiversity offsets have to be delivered in a timely manner and be long- term. Offset implementation should commence as early as possible, ideally prior to or when the project impact commences.
Stakeholders’ involvement: dialogue and consultation with all key stakeholders and the involvement of experts is vital for biodiversity-offset design. For offset implementation, it is good practice to engage an organization with appropriate experience and qualifications to work closely with the executing agencies/project proponents and, where relevant, staff from protected areas, local NGOs and other community partners.
Monitoring and enforcement: biodiversity offsets have to be enforceable and regularly monitored and audited. This would often require that the area of offset is secured for conservation use in perpetuity to prevent further fragmentation or development.
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2. RESIDUAL IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY VALUES
Mitigation and management approaches have been considered to avoid, minimize and mitigate potential impacts to biodiversity as a result of Project activities. In general, many of the indirect impacts to biodiversity values can be minimized, such as behavioural disturbances, degradation of habitats, edge effects and barriers to terrestrial fauna movement. The next step of the mitigation hierarchy necessitates consideration of biodiversity offsets for residual impacts on biodiversity values.
2.1 Residual Impacts to Habitats The residual impacts to biodiversity identified largely relate to unavoidable habitat loss within the footprint of the Project. Where possible, habitat disturbance was minimised. However, the Project has resulted in the permanent loss of approximately 44ha of critical habitat, which provide habitat for a range of species, including threatened fauna species. Approximately 25ha of temporary impacts to critical habitats has been estimated. The total area of impact on Critical Habitat has therefore been estimated at 69 ha. A breakdown of habitat loss associated with the Project is outlined in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 Permanent and Temporary Habitat Loss Associated with the Project
Area type Year 2015 Current Remarks (ha) (ha)
Temporary habitat 33 25 Comprising of: loss (requiring Increase due to: onsite restoration and offsetting) - Additional clearance required for areas around well pads and slopes
- Areas surrounding Namora I Langit (NIL) power plant were deemed to be not required, and to be restored (conversion from permanent to temporary loss)
Decrease due to:
- Certain temporary construction areas (TCAs) being converted to ‘permanent’ use
- Several large TCAs being deemed not required during construction and not cleared
Permanent habitat 59 44 Comprising of: loss (requiring Increase due to: offsetting) - Additional well pads converting TCAs to ‘permanent’ use
- Construction of new pipeline connection between NIL-E1 and NIL power plant, a small section of which is located within the Western Batang Toru Forest Block (WBTFB)
Decrease due to:
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Area type Year 2015 Current Remarks (ha) (ha)
- Areas surrounding NIL power plant, NIL-1n and WJP-1n deemed to be not required and can be restored
- Exclusion of existing (Unocal) components from offsetting calculations
Total Project area 92 69 Overall decrease mainly due to: within WBTFB Several large TCAs being deemed not required during construction
Decrease in permanent Project footprint calculations
Source: Sarulla Geothermal Power Project On-site Forest Restoration Plan, Mott Macdonald, 18 January 2019 To determine the required biodiversity offset size, Mott MacDonald completed an assessment using Habitat Hectares1. It should be noted that these area values are not cumulative. Table 2-2 presents the habitat hectare scores for habitat loss associated with permanent loss associated with the Project. Table 2-3 outlines the habitat hectare scores for temporary loss.
Table 2-2 Residual Permanent Impact Values (Habitat Hectares)
S/N Forest Type Category Habitat Value Habitat impact Habitat Condition (score) area (hectares) hectares score 1. Low Primary Forest Natural Benchmark 1 23.8 23.8 2. Disturbed/secondary Natural Natural 0.8 3 2.4 forest 3. Mixed Forest Modified Modified 0.7 16.9 11.8 Total 43.7 38
Table 2-3 Residual Temporary Impact Values (Habitat Hectares)
S/N Habitat type IFC Habitat Value Habitat impact Habitat category condition (score) area (hectares) hectares score 1. Low primary forest Natural Benchmark 1 14.6 14.6 2. Disturbed/secondary Natural Natural 0.8 0.9 0.7 forest 3. Mixed forest Modified Modified 0.7 9.7 6.8 Total 25.1 22.1
The total area of Habitat Hectares required to achieve no-net-loss is 60.1.
2.2 Area Required to Achieve No-Net-Loss The minimum areas required to achieve no-net-loss of 60.1 habitat hectares is calculated with the same method as used by Mott MacDonald (MM) as outlined in MM Biodiversity Offsetting Technical Note B
1 Mott Macdonald. (17 December 2018). Sarulla Geothermal Power Project. Critical Habitat Assessment.
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(401814) dated 31 August 2018. The calculation result is shown in Table 2-4. These minimum areas are not cumulative and depict the area/condition required based on the condition of the proposed biodiversity offset area (BOA). It is noted that the calculation does not consider on-site restoration at the Project area which is currently being impremented. The minimum calculation will be adjusted in case the on-site restoration is succeeded.
Table 2-4 Minimum Biodiversity Offset Area Required to Achieve a No-Net- Loss
S/N Habitat types Project habitat Offset gain score (20 Minimum offset area hectare score years) (ha) 1. Benchmark habitat 0.06001 1,002 2. Natural habitat 0.1125 535 3. Modified habitat 60.1 0.15 401 4. Degraded habitat 0.2 301 5. Impacted habitat 0.275 219
2.3 Critical Habitat Species Based on the analysis undertaken by Mott MacDonald, the following critical habitat species have been identified as priorities for management within the biodiversity offset. These species are shown in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5 Priority Critical Habitat Species for Biodiversity Offset Area
S/N Species Scientific name Status 1. Sumatran tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae IUCN critically endangered; Indonesian endemic species 2. Tapanuli Orang-utan Pongo tapanuliensis IUCN critically endangered; Indonesian endemic species 3. Malayan pangolin Manis javanica IUCN critically endangered 4. Agile gibbon Hylobates agilis IUCN endangered 5. Siamang Symphalangus syndactylus IUCN endangered 6. Sumatran Surili Presbytis melalophos ssp. IUCN endangered; sumatranus Indonesian endemic species 7. Helmeted hornbill Rhinoplax vigil IUCN critically endangered
8. Wegner’s glass lizard Ophisaurus wegneri IUCN data deficient; Indonesian endemic species
9. Hayek’s slender agama Bronchocela hayeki IUCN not classified; Indonesian endemic species 10. False file-eared tree frog Polypedates pseudotilophus IUCN least concern; Indonesian endemic species 11. Dark red meranti Shorea platyclados IUCN endangered; 12. Pitcher plant Nephentes tobaica IUCN least concern; Indonesian endemic species
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3. BIODIVERSITY OFFSET OPTIONS CONSIDERED
3.1 Proposed Biodiversity Offset Options An initial options screening exercise was undertaken by Mott MacDonald2, which identified twelve (12) initial options provided by SOL based on stakeholder consultation from 2014 to 2018. The screening assessed each of the identified options according to criteria, including:
Potential offset gain of each option (based on habitat type and area using the Habitat Hectare metric);
Location relative to the Project and the Western and Eastern Batang Toru forest blocks;
Potential of the proposed site to improve connectivity of surrounding habitats and mitigate human and wildlife conflict;
Ability of the proposed option to demonstrate quantifiable habitat gains;
Potential presence of priority species identified within the biodiversity action plan; and
Ability of the proposed option to demonstrate quantifiable net gain in species biodiversity. The Biodiversity Offset Options assessed by Mott MacDonald (MM 2019) are outlined in Table 3-1.
3.2 Stakeholder Consultation ERM was contract by SOL in January 2019 to undertake further assessment of the proposed biodiversity offset options and to provide advice on the preferred option. ERM undertook additional analysis of the options identified by Mott MacDonald. This additional work included conduction additional government and NGO Service Provider stakeholder consultation. It is known that Mott MacDonald and SOL had performed consultations on 2014 with relevant stakeholder i.e. local communities within the Sarulla Valley adjacent to the Project, Forest Management Unit 11, Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BBKSDA), Paneco/YEL, Orang-utan Information Centre (OIC), SRI, and WWF Indonesia. ERM conducted additional stakeholder consultation with Indonesian government and NGOs to determine the feasibility of the proposals and assist in screening the identified options. Additional consultation also occurred with adjacent projects, including the North Sumatra Hydro Electric (NSHE) Project to understand current activities and risks associated with this project. The stakeholder consultation was undertaken with: 1. Government of North Sumatera Province, Natural Resources Conservation Agency (BBKSDA) and Regency Spatial Agency (WRMHSSP); 2. North Sumatra Hydro-Electric (NSHE); 3. Paneco/YEL; and 4. International and local conservation NGOs (WWF, Conservation International and IUCN). The overall results of the consultation generally provided support for Option 10. Government stakeholders were supportive of the financial mechanism initiative and were also supportive of working directly with local communities to drive conservation actions. They identified that coordination between the levels of government and the project was important and should be complimentary to existing initiatives. Consultation with NSHE occurred to understand the threats posed by the hydropower project construction and the initiatives being undertaken to limit those threats. The consultation also included discussions with LSLI, an NGO Service Provider employed by NSHE to undertake conservation
2 Mott MacDonald Sarulla Geothermal Power Project – Biodiversity Offset Management Plan 2018
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site activities. Biodiversity data collected by LSLI indicates that target species persist within the NSHE project area on the right bank of the River and that fauna movement occurs across the Batang Toru River at three (3) points approximately 3 km downstream of the NSHE Project area, where it is reported that forest canopy joins over the river. This location coincides with the western point of Option 10. Consultation with the Primate SSC and other specialists was also mixed. Some highlights of the discussion focussed on the threats posed by the NSHE project, particularly a reduction in connectivity across the Batang Toru River; the viability of fragmented populations3 of the Tapanuli orang-utan within the Sibualbuali corridor area. Conservation International (CI) and WWF focussed more on the proposed mechanism (being the conservation agreement) with support for the design and concept. Detailed Minutes of Meeting for the consultation is shown in Appendix A.
3.3 Peer Review ERM undertook a peer review of this BOMP and CCA in January 2020 with Dr Ian Singleton and Dr James Askew from Paneco and Dr Kuswanda, Sumatran orang-utan expert. Peer review advice was received from both parties on the approach, methods and recommendations contained within this BOMP. Where appropriate, these recommendations have been incorporated into the BOMP and CCA.
3.4 Analysis of Biodiversity Offset Feasibility Table 3-1 outlines the biodiversity offset options considered by SOL. This assessment was completed by Mott MacDonald (MM 2019).
3 Sloan et al 2018 states that the corridor of the West Block is nearly bisected by roads and associated incursions, with only a ~700 m-wide segment remaining uncut. If the west corridor is lost, the species’ range will become more fragmented, as the habitat defined by the Dolok Sibual Buali reserve would become isolated. This new fragment would contain ~5% of remaining habitat.
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Table 3-1 Biodiversity Offset Options Considered
S/N Option Description Analysis of Viability
1 Hutan Lobu Harambir, Purba Tua Restoration project located at Hutan Lobu It is located 14km south of SOL’s project area and within West Batangtoru Forest Harambir. Estimated area of 600ha of illegal Forest Block (WBTFB). The habitat is modified/degraded with potential logging available within and around the contribution to habitat hectare score of 90-120. Tapanuli orang-utan, Purba Tua forest area. siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. This site does not include key species (such as the Sumatran tiger).
2 Parbasiran Forest Two potential sites at Parbasiran Forest are It is located 20km south of SOL’s project area and within WBTFB. The habitat identified. Parbasiran 1 is estimated by Mott is modified/degraded with potential contribution to habitat hectare score of 2- MacDonald to be around 9ha in size; and 3. Tapanuli orang-utan, siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. The Parbasiran 2 is estimated to be about 4ha area is too small and fragmented, and contribution to habitat hectare is also As of 2015, the sites were described by too small to provide quantifiable net gain. Sumatra Rainforest Institute (SRI) as having high levels of illegal deforestation.
3 Lapaan Forest Site identified by SRI in 2015 has been It is located 17km south of SOL’s project area and within WBTFB. The habitat estimated by Mott MacDonald to be around is modified/degraded with potential contribution to habitat hectare score of 9- 60ha. As of 2015, the site was described by 12. Tapanuli orang-utan, siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. The SRI as having high levels of illegal area is too small and fragmented, and contribution to habitat hectare is also deforestation. too small to provide quantifiable net gain.
4 Reserve of Dolok Sipirok Suggested restoration of degraded habitat It is located 33km south of SOL’s project area and within East Batangtoru within Dolok Sipirok in a total area of 40 ha. Forest Block (EBTFB). The habitat is degraded with potential contribution to habitat hectare score of 8. Tapanuli orang-utan, siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. The area is too small and fragmented, and contribution to habitat hectare is also too small to provide quantifiable net gain. In addition, as the area is in EBTFB therefore outside of discreet management unit.
5 Reserve of Sibual Buali Suggested restoration of degraded habitat It is located 45km south of SOL’s project area and within WBTFB. The habitat within Sibual Buali in a total area of 40 ha. is degraded with potential contribution to habitat hectare score of 8. Tapanuli orang-utan, siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. The area is too small and fragmented, and contribution to habitat hectare is also too small to provide quantifiable net gain.
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S/N Option Description Analysis of Viability
6 Barumun Nature Reserve Restoration of 100ha of habitat within It is located 65km south of SOL’s project area. The habitat is degraded with Barumun Nature Reserve. potential contribution to habitat hectare score of 20. There is no Tapanuli orangutan’s presence in this area, while siamang and agile gibbon’s presence is unknown. The area is outside WBTFB and EBTFB, and also outside of Tapanuli orang-utan range.
7 Support or funding of Forest OIC has a conservation program in Leuser It is located 180km north of SOL’s project area. The habitat type and potential conservation program Leuser Ecosystem which can be funded by SOL. contribution to habitat hectare score are unknown. There is no Tapanuli Ecosystem OIC work in the Leuser Ecosystem includes orangutan’s presence in this area, while siamang and agile gibbon’s presence rescuing Sumatran orang-utan and habitat is unknown. The area is outside WBTFB and EBTFB, and also outside of restoration of 800ha Tapanuli orang-utan range.
8 Wildlife rehabilitation: Tapanuli SRI submitted a proposal to develop and It is located 43km south-east of SOL’s project area. The habitat type and Wildlife rescue centre run a wildlife rescue centre potential contribution to habitat hectare score are unknown. There is no Tapanuli orangutan’s presence in this area, while siamang and agile gibbon’s presence is unknown. The area is outside WBTFB and EBTFB, and also outside of Tapanuli orang-utan range. The area cannot be easily quantified using habitat hectare method.
9 Ecobridge between Adian Koting and Early stage proposal to construct an It is located 12km north of SOL’s project area and within WBTFB. The habitat WBTFB ecobridge providing a wildife corridor type and potential contribution to habitat hectare score are unknown. connecting Adian Koting with the WBTFB. Tapanuli orang-utan, siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. The area cannot be easily quantified using habitat hectare method.
10 Corridor to Dolok Sibual Buali Managing an area of APL (Areal It is located 40km south of SOL’s project area and within WBTFB. Tapanuli Penggunaan Lain – “other use”) forest orang-utan, siamang, and agile gibbon present in this area. The total area is between Sibual Buali and Sipirok. up to 1,500 ha with potential habitat hectare score of more than 900.
11 Protected Forest of Arse Managing a protected forest in a total area It is located 43km south of SOL’s project area. The habitat is of 60-70 ha modified/degraded with potential contribution to habitat hectare score of 11- 14. There is no Tapanuli orangutan’s presence in this area, while siamang and agile gibbon’s presence is unknown. The area is outside WBTFB and EBTFB, and also outside of Tapanuli orang-utan range. 12 Funding support for rescue centre SOL to provide funding for an existing This option cannot be easily quantified using habitat hectare method and may operated by BKSDA rescue centre, operated by BKSDA be considered as additional conservation measure to offset program.
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4. RECOMMENDED BIODIVERSITY OFFSET
Based on the results of the consultation and additional biodiversity surveys (See Section 6), the recommended biodiversity offset (being Option 10) was outlined to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in June 2019 in order to seek preliminary agreement to further pursue this option. The ADB agreed that this option had merit and hence further investigation was commenced. In this regard, Option 10 means managing an area of APL (Areal Penggunaan Lain – “other use”) forest between Sibualbuali and Sipirok. The purpose of the corridor area is to facilitate movement of two currently disjunct orang-utan communities located in the Batang Toru West Block and the Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. It should be noted that “Option 10” is referred to as the biodiversity offset area (BOA) in the remainder of this report.
4.1 Description of Biodiversity Offset Area The biodiversity offset area (BOA) is located at Bulu Mario, Batang Paya, Maraba, and Batu Satail Villages, Sipirok District, South Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province. The total area of the BOA is 3,179.35 ha. No changes to the biodiversity offset area or program can be made without prior approval by lenders. The location of the BOA is shown in Figure 4-1. The BOA has been designed with the following key objectives:
Establish an offset area that meets the required habitat hectares (in accordance habitat hectare approach methodology) to enable SOL to demonstrate at least no-net-loss as required by the ADB SPS and IFC PS6, including to offset impacts to habitat and species;
Maintain and enhance the existing wildlife corridor that can connect habitats between the Sibualbuali Nature Reserve and forest habitats adjacent to Batang Toru River in order to facilitate wildlife movement, particularly for the Tapanuli Orang-utan. This will use forest enrichment/rehabilitation planting along the Sitandiang River (enrichment planting area4);
Provide long-term management for primary/secondary forest habitats within the BOA; and
Provide support for community development and agroforestry to supplement local incomes and reduce threats to biodiversity through a Community Conservation Agreement (CCA). It should be noted that the area as outlined in this BOMP has changed from that originally proposed to the ADB. The original area was proposed based on information provided to ERM from Mott MacDonald and constituted an area of approximately 1,650ha within the Bulu Mario village boundary, including a wildlife corridor along the Aek Lancat River. It is understood that this original offset design was based on a design put forward by Paneco. Following consultation with the community and the Indonesian Government, the final BOA includes the area recommended by the Provincial Government as a designated wildlife corridor along the Sitandiang River. Additionally, given that this area covers an area outside of the village boundary for Bulu Mario, an additional three (3) villages have been included that coincide with this area. The final BOA area is therefore 3,179.35ha as shown in Table 4-2. The location of the BOA coincides with the road that passes between the southern coast of Sumatra (Sibolga) and the main east west road between Padang Sidempuan and Tarutung. This road currently has minimal traffic however the traffic volumes may increase in the future. Additionally, further developments are known to be proposed in the area, including palm oil plantations and the existing
4 For the purposes of this BOMP, “enrichment planting area” has been used as the term that encompases both forest rehabilitation in degraded areas and enrichment planting within moderately disturbed forest within the Sitandiang River wildlife corridor
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NSHE project. Continued consultation with government and other stakeholders will be required to understand potential future conflicts that may arise that could influence the biodiversity offset area.
4.2 Biodiversity Offset Management Actions ERM has scoped relevant biodiversity offset actions that are to apply to the BOA to achieve the objectives. These actions have been derived based on best practice techniques for biodiversity conservation as well as triggers within the ADB SPS and IFC PS6. The biodiversity management actions to apply to the BOA are outlined in Table 4-1. The relevant required ADB SPS and IFC PS6 clause is also highlighted.
Table 4-1 Biodiversity Management Actions to Apply to the Biodiversity Offset Area
S/N Action Applicable Area ADB SPS Safeguard IFC PS6 Requirements 1: Requirements Environment Clause5 1. Hunting, Primary and secondary forest 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) poaching and areas and enrichment Planning and ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of logging planting area Management) Biodiversity) management 2. Ground and Primary and secondary forest 32 (f. Management and ■ 6 (General) arboreal areas, enrichment planting Use of Renewable Natural ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of habitat areas, and along the road Resources). Biodiversity) management within BOA strategy 3. Patrols Primary and secondary forest 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) areas and enrichment Planning and ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of planting area Management) Biodiversity) 4. Injured wildlife BOA 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) management Planning and ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of protocol Management) Biodiversity) 5. Improving BOA 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) habitat Planning and ■ 10, 13-19 (Protection and condition Management) Conservation of Biodiversity) 6. Species BOA 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) monitoring Planning and ■ 10, 13-19 (Protection and Management) Conservation of Biodiversity) 7. Wildlife Enrichment planting area 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) corridor Planning and ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of enrichment Management) Biodiversity) planting ■ 21-23 (Invasive (including Alien Species) invasive
5 Rosien, J., 2010. Understanding the Asian Development Bank's safeguard policy. What protections does the bank's new safeguard policy provide for communities and the environment. Victoria: Oxfam Australia.
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S/N Action Applicable Area ADB SPS Safeguard IFC PS6 Requirements 1: Requirements Environment Clause5 species management) 8. Timber and Primary and secondary forest 13. (2. Environmental ■ 6 (General) NTFP harvest areas Planning and ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of strategy Management) Biodiversity) 9. Agroforestry Enrichment planting area and n/a ■ 6 (General) support villages area within BOA ■ 10 (Protection and Conservation of program Biodiversity) ■ 24 and 25 (Management of Ecosystem Services) 10. Environmental BOA and surrounding n/a n/a education villages (5 km radius) support program Note: Management actions were developed based on the assessment of biodiversity threats, evidence in survey results, and consultation/peer review by relevant experts6. No changes to the biodiversity offset programme can be made without prior approval by lenders. The definition of the areas within the BOA are outlined in Table 4-2. The location of the areas described above are shown in Figure 4-1. The enrichment planting area is shown in Figure 4-2. The biodiversity offset management actions are further elaborated in Section 8.
Table 4-2 Areas within the Biodiversity Offset Area
S/N Area Name Area (ha) 1. Community Conservation Agreement 3,179 2. Enrichment Planting Area/Local people/Human Use Area 313 3. Ground and Arboreal Habitat Management Area 1,514 4. NTFP Management Area 1,098
6 Dr. Ian Singleton from Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme and Wanda Kuswanda (government researcher).
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Figure 4-1 Biodiversity Offset Area
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Figure 4-2 Enrichment Planting Area
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4.3 Time Period Biodiversity Offset Actions Apply SOL are obliged to undertake management of the BOA in 5-yearly increments over an initial 20-year management period. This period is based on the offset gain period used in the assumptions as outlined by Mott MacDonald. Consultation with the ADB will be required during the offset management period where impacts on the BOA occur due to third parties or other acts outside of the control of SOL. In this regard, SOL will not be responsible for undertaking remediation of these acts. However any unexpected events will be communicated and consulted with ADB and the Lenders Environmental and Social Consultant as soon as practicably possible on how they will impact the net gain achievement within the BOA and the required respond measures. It is intended that the offset management occur beyond the 20 year timeframe. SOL will work with the Indonesian Government and local stakeholders prior to the expiry of the 20 year period to define the activities and mechanisms to occur beyond the offset time period.
4.4 Roles and Responsibilities The following sections describe the key roles and responsibilities of stakeholders associated with the biodiversity offset and the mechanisms that have been designed to administer and implement the biodiversity offset management actions.
Responsibilities of SOL SOL are responsible for demonstrating to the ADB and IFC compliance with the requirements to achieve no-net-loss (for Natural Habitat) and net gain (for Critical Habitat) according to the ADB SPS and IFC PS6 by way of maintaining the principle responsibility for establishing, managing and administering the biodiversity offset. SOL shall implement the following key actions for this purpose.
4.4.1.1 Biodiversity Offset Fund SOL is to establish a fund to support the implementation of the BOMP. The biodiversity offset fund is to be established to:
1. Fund the NGO Service Provider to implement the management actions contained within the BOA on an annual basis for an initial period of 5 years and renewable for the offset management period. 2. Fund basic stipends for the operation of the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee on a per meeting basis for an initial period of 5 years and renewable for the offset management period. 3. Fund community development activities (agroforestry) on an annual basis to local people as outlined within the CCA and renewable for the offset management period. SOL may withhold payments outlined above based on the outcomes from annual reports or results of monitoring and evaluation. NGO Service Provider is responsible for the annual implementation plan and budget that will undergo a review and approval process by SOL. The fund mechanism for the implementation of the management actions and operation of the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee is contained below.
4.4.1.2 Appointment of NGO Service Provider SOL is to appoint a suitably qualified NGO Service Provider for the supply of services associated with the implementation of the CCA. The successful party is to be subject to contractual terms based on the delivery on the objectives of this CCA and agreed funding structure. It is intended that the contracts be a maximum of 5 years duration in order to review performance and renew for the offset management period.
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A suitable legal agreement is to be prepared by SOL to outline the requirements of the NGO service provider. The legal agreement is to outline the roles and responsibilities of all parties, including the role of the NGO Service provider for administering the CCA.
4.4.1.3 SOL Staffing SOL will assign two of its staff to administer the proposed biodiversity offset as offset site manager and community engagement officer. The SOL staff will be represented on the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee and act as the key point of contact for the NGO Service Provider. Besides, the offset site manager is responsible for the management of schedule and activities, procurement, review of deliverables, data collation and analysis, monitoring and evaluation, and participation in government liaison if needed. Hence, the offset site manager should be experienced and be suitably qualified to fill the position. The community engagement officer will not be responsible for procurement and managing activities, but for community engagement activities, thus it will be beneficial if the officer is a local or Batak and have a good sense of community in the local context.
4.4.1.4 Monitoring and Evaluation SOL will report the BOMP implementation in the Safeguard and Social Monitoring Report every six months throughout the lifetime of the biodiversity offset period by engaging qualified ecologists who will undertake species monitoring. The details of monitoring and evaluation requirements are outlined in Section 9 of this report. Biodiversity monitoring within the offset area will be conducted by the NGO Service Provider on behalf of SOL, besides, Lenders Environmental and Social Consultant will evaluate the achievement of No-Net-Loss/Net Gain within the BOA.
4.4.1.5 Impacts to Biodiversity Offset due to Unforeseen Circumstances Impacts to biodiversity values and community livelihoods that arise due to (i) the unforeseen actions of third parties (ii) unforeseen circumstances or (iii) natural disasters ((i), (ii) and (iii) each being an“Unforeseen Circumstance”) may result in delays and/or changes to the implementation of the BOMP and CCA. Where an Unforeseen Circumstance constitutes a Significant Safeguards and Social Reporting Event, SOL is required to comply with its obligations under the Finance Documents accordingly. Where an Unforeseen Circumstance does not constitute a Significant Safeguards and Social Reporting Event, SOL shall immediately notify the Lenders and the LESC of the occurrence of the Unforeseen Circumstance (a “UC Notification”) and provide to the Lenders and the LESC, within 30 days of such UC Notification, SOL’s assessment of, and proposal for, any delays and changes to the implementation of the BOMP and CCA which result from the occurrence of such Unforeseen Circumstance (the “Revised BOMP Implementation”) . SOL shall provide all additional information requested by the Lenders and the LESC to assist the Lenders and the LESC to determine if the Revised BOMP Implementation is sufficient to continue to achieve the offset requirements or if any revisions or additional measures are required to be included in the Revised BOMP Implementation. The Lenders will take into account SOL’s assessment and recommendations when making such determination. If the Lenders determine any such revisions and/or additional measures are required, they shall inform SOL and the Revised BOMP Implementation shall be updated to reflect any such revisions and/or additional measures. SOL will, within a timeline agreed with the Lenders and the LESC, but in any event by no later than 60 days after the occurrence of the Unforeseen Circumstance, take steps to implement the Revised BOMP Implementation.
4.4.1.6 Implementation of Stakeholder Engagement and Grievance Mechanism SOL is required to undertake stakeholder engagement and manage grievances entailing complaints from the community within the BOA. The stakeholder engagement allows SOL to communicate any
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site issues associated with implementation of offset programs by conducting community consultation or make public announcement. A grievance channel (contact number) will be established and the grievance mechanism should be disclosed during community consultation and through a culturally appropriate channel i.e. information board, letter, and relevant community forum. Any submitted grievances shall be documented and will be responded to accordingly. The grievance period for response is described as:
1st response: 7 (seven) to 14 (fourteen) working days for responding after the grievance is received (once the grievance is submitted the response will be recorded);
2nd response: 7 (seven) for responding once the fact finding information is available based on internal policies and discussions with the relevant personnel to resolve the grievance issue (any grievance closed out will be recorded – voice record if the information requested can be given through phone, written record if the grievance resolved should be an action implemented); and
3rd response: 7 (seven) to 14 (fourteen) working days if the grievance requires further investigation or implemented actions are necessary. As SOL will engage with NGO Service Provider in implementing the offset programs, the contract between SOL and the NGO Service Provider shall capture the responsibility of the NGO to participate in community consultation and receive complaints as SOL’s representative in the BOA.
Responsibilities of the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee It is intended that the biodiversity offset be overseen by a Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee to attend to these objectives. An outline of the administrative arrangements proposed are below. SOL is to convene and provide support for the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee. The committee is to consist of:
SOL Staff (Chair);
External expert on biodiversity issues (to be appointed in consultation with ADB);
Village Representatives; and
NGO Service Provider. The Village Representatives are made up of four (4) people representing respective villages of Bulu Mario, Batang Paya, Maraba, and Batu Satail. These can be the village heads or customary leaders or other community figures who are preferred by the community to represent them in the committee. In addition, SOL will involve an external expert specialising in primates or orang-utan (as the key species) to provide advice and ensure the effectiveness, legitimacy, and transparency of the offset’s biodiversity approaches. However, the external expert appointment will be subject to Lender’s approval. The external expert will be paid only for agreed work or on an as needs basis to attend meetings. The role of the Advisory Committee is to oversee the implementation of management actions in the CCA. The committee is to:
Provide strategic advice on the conservation management actions contained in the CCA;
Preparation of minutes of meetings;
Advise on recommendations on the monitoring and evaluation framework;
Advise on the review reports on progress in implementing this BOMP;
Advise on the 5 yearly review of the BOMP; and
Assist in the resolution of any disputes with the community and other concerned parties.
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The tenure of members of the Advisory Committee is to be reviewed at years 2.5 and 5 yearly thereafter. The review process can occur during the mid-point of two (2) reviews, enabling efficient use of the Advisory Committee’s time and to manage workload during the member’s tenure. It is recommended that meetings be initially held on a quarterly basis for the first 12 months, followed by six (6) monthly meetings thereafter. More frequent meetings may be employed during review and/or tendering processes. Meetings frequencies may vary over the 20-year implementation timeframe.
Responsibilities of the Community The community will support the conservation activities commitment as outlined in the CCA with direction and assistance from the NGO Service Provider. Villagers will have the right to utilize natural resources wisely and sustainably in accordance with applied government regulations and the agreed CCA. All villagers will have right to access land within the BOA, however, all activities undertaken within the area must be undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the CCA. Villagers may be contracted by the NGO Service Provider to provide services under the CCA.
Responsibilities of NGO Service Provider As outlined above, the NGO Service Provider is to be appointed by SOL to undertake activities within the BOA. These activities are outlined below.
4.4.4.1 Implementation of the BOMP and CCA A Community Conservation Agreement (CCA) has been drafted to enhance the conservation of the proposed biodiversity offset area. The CCA will be signed by village representatives acknowledging that the community has understood and agreed with the conservation measures to take place in their area. The community’s participation will largely influence the implementation of the management measures and community empowerment programs are detailed in the CCA, although the NGO Service Provider will be the key implementer. The aim of the CCA is to provide long-term benefits to the community, whilst conserving biodiversity within the BOA. The draft CCA will be provided in a separate document.
4.4.4.2 Role of the NGO Service Provider The NGO Service Provider will operate and provide advice and support to the community within the BOA. The NGO Service Provider will undertake the following activities:
Support the community in the implementation of the actions contained within the CCA;
Undertake community extension and education activities with the community in the CCA area;
Liaise and provide information to SOL Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee regarding any illegal activities identified within the BOA;
Assist and provide advice to SOL on the purchase of all capital equipment and the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee;
Contract and pay wages to the community to assist in the implementation of the CCA (including but not limited to undertaking patrols, tending the nursery and tree planting). All contracts and wages provided to community representatives is to be subject to relevant labour laws including national law and International Labour Organization (ILO) core labour standards;
Seek additional support (such as the appointment of third parties to provide advice) to SOL and the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee;
Prepare annual implementation plans and budget for approval by SOL. The plans to be reviewed by Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee;
Provide quarterly reports on the CCA implementation; and
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Provide annual accounts on the expenditure of funds provided by SOL and authorised by the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee.
4.4.4.3 Monitoring and Evaluation The following monitoring and evaluation requirements apply to the implementation of the CCA and BOMP:
NGO Service Provider will report the implementation of CCA every three months to SOL and prepare Five Yearly Review Report with the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee;
NGO Service Provider is to prepare an annual report; and
SOL will report the BOMP implementation as part of SOL’s Safeguard and Social Monitoring Report (SSMR) every six months to ADB. The details of monitoring and evaluation requirements for the BOMP and CCA are outlined in Section 9 of this report. To ensure that the implementation of BOMP and CCA meets good practice and ADB’s expectations, Lenders Environmental and Social Consultant (LESC) will undertake verification of monitoring result and review if a no net loss/net gain is achieved.
4.5 Five Yearly Review of BOMP and CCA After the initial five (5) year implementation, a review is to be conducted of the BOMP and CCA. This review is to determine successes and weaknesses of plan implementation; determine future implementation arrangements (including ongoing tendering arrangements for the Contracted Conservation NGO Service Provider/company). The review and approval is to be undertaken by the SOL, Lenders, and LESC. The review is to be commence six (6) months prior to the five (5) yearly anniversaries and conclude any recommendations prior to the five (5) year anniversary. Table 4-3 presents the five yearly management plan schedule.
Table 4-3 Five Yearly Management Plan Schedule
Action Items Year
1 2 3 4 5
Signing and renewal of CCA and contract between SOL and NGO Service Provider Implementation of habitat, species, and social management actionsa Annual BOMP implementation report development BOAC members tenure reviewb Year 2.5
Five yearly review of BOMP and CCA report development and finalisation Note: a Detail implementation of the management actions is provided in Section 8; b First BOAC members will be selected in Year 1.
4.6 Roles and Responsibilities The roles and responsibilities for implementing the BOMP and CCA are outlined in Table 4-4.
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Table 4-4 Roles and Responsibilities
S/N Position Organisation Role 1 SOL SOL Corporate ■ Manager and administer the BOMP ■ Prepare and manage budget ■ Review deliverables of offset implementation ■ Oversee implementation of management actions ■ Manage and schedule activities ■ Funding Procurement ■ Data collation and analysis ■ Implement monitoring and evaluation by engaging qualified environmental consultants ■ Government liaison ■ BOMP review ■ Community engagement activities ■ Community liaison ■ Government liaison ■ Provide information on and support enforcement activities ■ Liaise with lenders in relation to biodiversity activities 2 Biodiversity Offset ■ SOL Staff (Chair) ■ Provide strategic advice on the conservation Advisory Committee ■ Village management actions contained in this BOMP Representative ■ Prepare minutes of meetings (BOAC) ■ External ■ Provide recommendations on the monitoring and biodiversity expert; evaluation framework; and ■ Review reports on progress in implementing this ■ NGO Service BOMP Provider ■ Prepare the 5 yearly review of the BOMP 3 NGO Service Provider NGO Service Provider ■ Implement CCA with the community and/ or company ■ Undertake education with the community ■ Liaise with SOL and the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee ■ Prepare annual and 5 yearly reports ■ Community liaison and engagement ■ Government liaison ■ Procurement 4 Lenders Lenders of SOL, ■ Review annual implementation plans including the LESC ■ Review monitoring result and verify if no-net- loss/net gain is achieved ■ Review the Five Yearly Review of BOMP and CCA
4.7 Capital Equipment Capital equipment is to be assessed and funded by SOL to the NGO Service Provider involved in the BOA management.
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Figure 4-3 Biodiversity Offset Implementation Organisational Chart
Lenders Sarulla Operations Limited (SOL)
LESC CCA Fund
Biodiversity Offset NGO Service Advisory Committee Provider
Community
CCA management action implementation: • Livelihood support for local people (agroforestry program) • Implementation of management actions • Monitoring
Controlled and managed by SOL Controlled and managed jointly by SOL and the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee
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5. NO-NET-LOSS ASSESSMENT
5.1 Biodiversity Offset Area The biodiversity offset no-net-loss calculations have been undertaken on the enrichment planting area along the Sitandiang River and the remnant areas of primary/secondary forest with in the offset management area that will be subject to management interventions. A biodiversity offset metric has been developed to determine the offsets required to offset residual impacts on biodiversity for the Project and as used by Mott MacDonald for the impact site assessment for SOL. ERM have used the Habitat Hectare model (BBOP 2012a) to calculate the offset “quantum” required to compensate for the residual values lost. This model captures the type (habitat and species), amount and condition of the habitat biodiversity values present on the impacted site and candidate offset sites. The basis of the analysis is calculating the change in condition (loss) at the impact site compared to the gain in condition at candidate offsets sites over time from management. Averted loss may also apply for areas in benchmark or high condition where background degradation is averted due to management actions. The quantification of biodiversity gains available from the establishment and management of the corridor are not easily quantified by using the Habtiat Hectare model. As such, the gains are considered to be “quantified” based on the assessment of species presence/use within the corridor during the offset management period. The monitoring requirements and KPIs are outlined in Section 9.3.1.The design method of the enrichment planting area is as outlined in Appendix B. The area is shown in Figure 5- 1. This area was surveyed during the biodiversity assessment outlined in Section 4 and also assessed during land-use surveys conducted on the site. The primary/secondary forests subject to management within the biodiversity offset area are shown in Figure 5-2. The baseline condition score definitions used in this assessment for the enrichment planting area and the remnant primary/secondary forest areas are outlined in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1 Habitat Hectare Condition Scores used in this Assessment
Condition Definition Value Benchmark Being habitats in a mature condition with only native origin vegetation, a diversity 1 of species of a mature or senescent state; and no sign of human disturbance (such as the presence of waste, vegetation removal). Natural High condition is defined as habitat largely of native origin, and/or where human 0.8 activity has not essentially modified the primary ecological functions and species composition. Some disturbance is likely present such as selective logging, vegetation removal, waste and minor introduction of invasive species. Modified Moderate condition habitats are areas that may contain a large proportion of plant 0.6 and/or animal species of non-native origin, and/or where human activity has substantially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species composition Degraded Degraded condition is defined as significant conversion or degradation of the 0.2 habitat such as the diminution of the integrity of a habitat caused by a major and/or long-term change in land use; or (ii) a modification that substantially minimizes the habitat’s ability to maintain viable populations of its native species. Impacted Impacted condition is defined as major conversion whereby little if any natural 0 vegetation remains on the site caused by significant land use change.
The management of candidate offset sites enables biodiversity value “gains” and hence enables impacts to be offset (that is, compensate for biodiversity losses). This is calculated based on the expected outcomes from positive interventions from management actions at the offset site to improve
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Sibualbuali Corridor Biodiversity Offset Site biodiversity values. Given that the enrichment planting area will remain for human use and not returned to the areas natural state, the gain score has been reduced to reflect the expected use of this area, in comparison to the expected management returns form the primary/secondary forest areas subject to management. The gains in condition value are relative to the existing condition of the offset site. Sites with an existing high condition are likely to have an incrementally smaller improvement in biodiversity condition values through management over time. Sites with a lower baseline condition have a greater capacity to improve from conservation management over time. Offset gain scores have been derived based on the relative gain in condition available from the Habitat Condition Scores over the offset gain period. The offset gain scores outlined have been derived based on the relative time frames to achieve ecological restoration and the available Offset Gain Period. For example, an offset site condition in “Natural” state (0.8) assumes that there is a 20% available improvement in condition to achieve a “Benchmark” condition (1.0). It is also assumed that offset management over time will have diminishing results; hence the multiplier reduces over time. In the case of Natural state vegetation, an 8.44% increase in value is estimated to be achieved in 10 years; and an 11.25% increase by 20 years. After 20 years of management, the condition of Natural vegetation would be 91.25% of the condition of benchmark vegetation (being 0.8+0.1125 x 100). The gain values used for the enrichment planting area have been discounted by 50% given that this area will continue to be used for agriculture at ground level. The biodiversity gains available in this area therefore are considered to be less as the midstorey and herb layer of the forest strata will not be restored. However the reduced gain value cannot be quantified based on existing literature. The condition scores used for the enrichment planting area and the primary secondary forest are shown in Table 5-3. In relation to habitat classed as Benchmark (or Primary Forest), ERM has determined the background loss rates for forest types within the Sipirok District to determine an appropriate backrground clearing rate. This rate will be used in determining the “averted loss” available for this area from reducing deforestation from management within the offset site. This averted loss rate is then used to determine the Habitat Hectare values that apply to this area (see Table 5-2). Based on data from 2014-2018, the loss of habitat projected over a 20 year period has been determined to be 11.659% (or 0.618% per annum). According to relevant guidance7, a discount rate has been applied to the estimated clearing rate to take into account counterfactuals. This means taking into account factors that may reduce the success of measures to limit future deforestation within the Primary Forest area of the offset, including things such as removal of individual trees and collection of NTFP for use by the local community. It is challenging to predict the success of conservation measures to avert forest loss, and so it is appropriate to be precautionary in the first instance. Few published estimates exist for such success. One of the few that does is for offsets for Rio Tinto QMM in Madagascar , which predicts only 50% success. Those offsets are in a similarly challenging socio-economic context to the ones discussed in this document, so the same conservative estimate is taken here. If later monitoring shows this offset is achieving greater than 50% success, greater actual gains can be credited to the offset program - and thus used, for example, to offset any habitat loss/degradation impacts of future changes to the project. With a 50% discount, averted loss is predicted to be only half of deforestation rates predicted above, i.e. 0.309% per annum or 6.001% over 20 years. Further analysis on the calculation of the background clearing rate can be found in Appendix C.
7 Maseyk et al (2020) Improving averted loss estimates for better biodiversity outcomes from offset exchanges, Cambridge University Press 10 February 2020. Downloaded from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge- core/content/view/B0E2657541609762085DD3D9162EBED6/S0030605319000528a.pdf/improving_averted_loss_estimates_fo r_better_biodiversity_outcomes_from_offset_exchanges.pdf
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Table 5-2 Habitat Hectare Gain Scores used in this Assessment
Existing Site Base Primary/ Secondary Forest Gain Enrichment Corridor Gain Condition Condition Scores Scores* Value Gain (10 Gain (20 Gain (10 Gain (20 Years) years) Years) years) Benchmark - - 0.06001 - 0.030005 Natural 0.75 0.0844 0.1125 0.0422 0.0562 Modified 0.5 0.1125 0.15 0.0563 0.075 Degraded 0.25 0.15 0.2 0.075 0.1 Impacted 0 0.2 0.275 0.1 0.1375
Note:
* The gain values used for the enrichment planting area have been discounted by 50% given that this area will continue to be used for agriculture at ground level and hence the level of biodiversity gain is considered to be less The habitat hectares available from the chosen offset site are calculated below using the offset calculation formula:
1. Calculation of Baseline Habitat Hectares: Candidate Offset Habitat Condition Score (A1) x Area of Habitat Type (B1) = Candidate Offset Habitat Hectares (W)
2. Calculation of Habitat Hectare Gains: Candidate Offset Habitat Condition Score (A1) + Candidate Offset Habitat Condition Score (Gain) (C1)] x Area of Habitat Type (B1) = Candidate Offset Habitat Hectares Gain (X)
3. Calculation of Offset Habitat Hectares: Candidate Offset Habitat Hectares Gain (X) - Candidate Offset Baseline Habitat Hectares (W) = Candidate Offset Habitat Hectares (Y)
The condition scores for the areas were derived by GIS and field observations during biodiversity surveys. The assessment of no-net-loss for potential gain in biodiversity values using the habitat hectare metric for the enrichment corridor is shown in Table 5-3. The potential gain in biodiversity values for the remnant primary and secondary forests subject to management are shown in Table 5-4.
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Table 5-3 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Habitat Offsets within the Enrichment Planting Area
Habitat Type Habitat Type Condition Score Offset Gain Score Habitat Type Habitat Hectare Habitat Hectare Habitat Hectare Condition (A1) (C1) Area (B1) Offset Area (W) Gain Value (X) Candidate Offset Value (Y) Primary Forest Benchmark - 0.030005 19.5 - 0.59 0.59 (Minor disturbance) Secondary Forest Natural 0.75 0.0562 74.17 55.63 59.80 4.17 (Minor disturbance) Modified Agricultural Modified 0.5 0.075 213.37 106.69 122.69 16.00 Areas (Major disturbance) Bare land, Bushes Degraded 0.25 0.1 6.06 1.52 2.12 0.61 (Medium disturbance) Total 21.37 Note that the areas above are estimated based on remote sensing. The condition of the enrichment planting area may vary and as such the density of enrichment planting will be adjusted.
Table 5-4 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Habitat Offsets within the Remnant Secondary/Primary Forest
Habitat Type Habitat Type Condition Score Offset Gain Habitat Type Habitat Hectare Habitat Hectare Habitat Hectare Condition (A1) Score (C1) Area (B1) Offset Area (W) Gain Value (X) Candidate Offset Value (Y) Primary Forest Benchmark - 0.06001 755.33 - 45.33 45.33 (Minor disturbance) Secondary Forest Natural 0.75 0.1125 346.43 259.82 298.80 38.97 (Minor disturbance) Total 84.30 Note that the areas above are estimated based on remote sensing. The condition of the primary and secondary forest areas may vary in the field.
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5.2 Results of Habitat Hectare Calculations for Biodiversity Offset Area Based on the habitat hectare calculations, the biodiversity-offset site is greater than the required habitat hectare values (required 60.1 habitat hectares based on residual impacts). The available habitat hectares from the offset site is 105.67 (forest enrichment area is 21.37 habitat hectares; and primary/secondary forest is 84.30 habitat hectares). There is a surplus of 45.57 habitat hectares that can be used to offset future expansion activities of SOL.Given this surplus, the Project will achieve a net gain for habitats. Regarding species values, Section 9 of this BOMP also outlines the species management measures to support the net gain achievement within the BOA. The species-focussed offsetting approach will be undertaken in conjunction with the habitat management approach. Mott MacDonald has completed an assessment identifying key species as the target on this offset program. A preliminary biodiversity survey has also been conducted by ERM, with another following round of survey, in order to confirm the presence of the critical habitat species within the BOA. These collective results will be used as a baseline to review the implementation of species management actions. An adaptive management approach will be used based on monitoring to determine whether changes need to be made to the management actions to achieve the net gain goal.
5.3 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Species that Trigger Critical Habitat The following species have been identified within the project concession and are subject to no net loss/net gain due to the presence of critical habitats:
Pongo tapanuliensis Tapanuli orang-utan IUCN CR;
Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran Tiger IUCN CR;
Hylobates agilis Agile Gibbon IUCN EN;
Manis javanica Malayan pangolin IUCN CR;
Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang IUCN EN;
Presbytis melalophos ssp. sumatranus Sumatran surili IUCN EN;
Ophisaurus wegneri Wegner’s glass lizard (endemic species); Bronchocela hayeki Hayek’s slender agama (endemic species);
Polypedates pseudotilophus False file-eared tree frog (endemic species);
Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted hornbill IUCN CR;
Shorea platyclados Dark red meranti IUCN EN; and
Nephentes tobaica Pitcher plant (endemic species). Table 5-5 outlines the threats identified for these species from the IUCN Red List and identifies the required specific offset management actions for those species where additional measures are required to manage threats. The management of threats is an accepted approach to achieve no-net-loss where population of the species to be assessed are difficult to determine. In this regard, surrogates outlined in the monitoring and evaluation section are to be used to determine reductions in threats. Population level monitoring is to occur as outlined in Section 9.3.1 to understand population level changes during the implementation of the BOMP.
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Figure 5-1 Enrichment Planting Area used for the Habitat Hectare Calculations
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Figure 5-2 Area of Primary/Secondary Forest Subject to Management Interventions
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Table 5-5 Assessment of No-Net-Loss for Critical Habitat Species
S/N Scientific Name Common IUCN Listing Species Threats (from IUCN) Required Species Offset Management Name Actions
1 Pongo Tapanuli CR Due to the extremely rugged terrain, external threats have been Hunting and Poaching Management; tapanuliensis orang-utan primarily limited to illegal clearing of protected forests, hunting Mitigation of Human-Wildlife Conflict; and killing during crop conflict, and trade in young Orang-utans. Timber and NTFP Management; Encroachment and hunting have increased in recent decades, Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting; due to an influx of migrants from Nias Island, west of Sumatra, and who settle on protected forest land on Batang Toru’s forest edge Species Monitoring. where no land claims exist at present.
2 Panthera tigris Sumatran CR Habitat loss due to expansion of oil palm plantations and planting Hunting and Poaching Management; sumatrae Tiger of Acacia plantations. Illegal trade, primarily for domestic market. Mitigation of Human-Wildlife Conflict; Prey-base depletion. Timber and NTFP Management; Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting; and Species Monitoring.
3 Hylobates agilis Agile Gibbon EN On Sumatra, this species is threatened by conversion of their Hunting and Poaching Management; forest habitats by humans and a subsequent opportunistic Timber and NTFP Management; capture for the pet trade. These threats extend to populations Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting; within national parks and forests, including illegal agricultural and development inside the parks. In Bukit Barisan Selatan National Species Monitoring. Park in south-western Sumatra, deforestation rates are linked to the coffee market; coffee plantations serve to completely strip arboreal primates of their canopy habitats The expansion of oil palm plantations is a major cause of forest loss on Sumatra.
4 Manis javanica Malayan CR Indonesia has been illegally exporting large numbers of live Hunting and Poaching Management pangolin animals as well as meat, especially in the last decade, some of Actions; which come from east Kalimantan. Targeted hunting is the Timber and NTFP Management; biggest threat here especially on Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting; as evidenced by seizures involving several thousand animals and over the last decade. Species Monitoring.
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S/N Scientific Name Common IUCN Listing Species Threats (from IUCN) Required Species Offset Management Name Actions
5 Symphalangus Siamang EN This species is threatened by forest conversion and opportunistic Hunting and Poaching Management; syndactylus collection for pet trade on Sumatra, where both of these threats Timber and NTFP Management; extend to populations in national parks and protection forests. Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting; Between 1995 and 2000, almost 40% of the habitat for this and species on Sumatra was damaged or destroyed by logging, road Species Monitoring. development (barrier and hunting) and conversion to agriculture or plantations. Legal logging seems to be accelerating in Sumatra. Forests, where they remain, are extremely fragmented. Coffee plantations present an increasing threat. The Siamang is one of the most heavily traded gibbon species for illegal pet trade.
6 Presbytis Mitred Leaf EN There has been extensive loss of habitat, especially for oil palm Hunting and Poaching Management; melalophos ssp. Monkey plantations, and this is a serious threat. However, the species has Timber and NTFP Management; sumatranus some tolerance to forest conversion. Trapping of the species for Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting; the illegal pet trade is a threat across their range, with some and incidental hunting for food. Species Monitoring.
7 Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted CR The species is heavily targeted by hunters and illegally traded. Hunting and Poaching Management; hornbill The species has a solid horn or casque on the upper side of its Timber and NTFP Management; and beak, which is highly prized. The species has specific nesting Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting. requirements, using the largest trees and apparently requiring trees with nest holes topped with a perch for the male to use while provisioning the female. Logging is therefore likely to significantly reduce available nest sites.
8 Ophisaurus Wegner’s DD, endemic There is extensive deforestation in Indonesia for conversion to Timber and NTFP Management; and wegneri glass lizard to Indonesia agriculture and plantations. While this species is known to inhabit Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting. montane regions, it is unknown if it also inhabits these heavily- altered lowlands. The main drivers of this habitat loss are logging and development of industrial timber and crop plantations.
9 Bronchocela Hayek’s NE, endemic Primary threats to the species have been attributed to extensive Timber and NTFP Management; and hayeki slender to Indonesia deforestation in Indonesia. Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting. agama
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S/N Scientific Name Common IUCN Listing Species Threats (from IUCN) Required Species Offset Management Name Actions
10 Polypedates False file- LC, endemic to Threats in Sumatra include deforestation for oil palm plantations Hunting and Poaching Management; pseudotilophus eared tree Indonesia and collection for the pet trade. It may tolerate a degree of habitat Timber and NTFP Management; and frog disturbance, such as coffee plantations, but is not tolerant of Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting. heavier disturbance levels.
11 Shorea Dark red EN The main threats to the dark red meranti have been identified as Timber and NTFP Management; and platyclados meranti logging and wood harvesting. Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting.
12 Nephentes Pitcher plant LC, endemic to The species is currently cultivated locally but as it is readily Timber and NTFP Management; and tobaica Indonesia propagated and demand for plants is scant, the species is not Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting. threatened by over-collection of wild plants.
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6. BIODIVERSITY VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY OFFSET AREA
The biodiversity values of the Biodiversity Offset Area (BOA) was assessed by ERM in April/May 20198. Surveys involved undertaking transect surveys and villager interviews over an 8-day period. The full report is attached at Appendix D. The purpose of the survey was to confirm the presence of species requiring specific biodiversity management within the offset site. These species included:
Siamang, Symphalangus syndactylus (IUCN EN);
Tapanuli Orang-utan, Pongo tapanuliensis (IUCN CR);
Agile Gibbon Hylobates agilis (IUCN EN);
Sumatran Surili Presbytis melalophos ssp. sumatranus (IUCN EN);
Sumatran Tiger, Panthera tigris sumatrae (IUCN EN);
Malayan Pangolin Manis javanica (IUCN CR); and
Bronze tailed peacock pheasant, Polyplectron chalcurum (IUCN LC).
6.1 Biodiversity Survey Results The results of the survey indicate that all of the target species were detected within the BOA area during the surveys. Direct observations were made of all of the target species, apart from Sumatran Tiger. Interview records from the villagers provided information that tiger pug marks and direct observations had been made in the area in recent years. Secondary information also indicates that Sumatran tiger has been recorded on the left bank of the Batang Toru River in the area currently occupied for the construction for the North Sumatra Hydro-Electric project (NSHE Project) which is located immediately north west of the BOA. The habitat values of the corridor were reported to be good with secondary and patches or primary forest remaining, providing contiguous habitat from the Sibualbuali nature reserve to the Batang Toru River. Observations of primates also were made within mixed-use forest with plantations of durian and other fruit trees. The community provided information that durian trees were often the target for orang- utans for foraging. The BOA was found to contain several vegetation communities. The dominant land classes included tropical lowland forests, shrub lands, modified shrub lands, dryland agro areas, paddy fields, settlements, grasslands and waterbodies. Secondary forest was the most abundant land class within the BOA. The map of the survey area is shown in Figure 6-1 below. The full list of conservation significant species detected during the surveys are shown in Table 6-1.
8 ERM 2019 Terrestrial Biodiversity Survey of SOL in South Tapanuli
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Figure 6-1 Survey Map of 2019 Biodiversity Survey
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Table 6-1 Species of Conservation Significance Detected in the Biodiversity Offset Area
S/N Species Name English Name Local Name CH IUCN Protected* Endemic Location Trigger A B C D E Mammals
1 Presbytis melalophos ssp. Sumatran Surili Simpai x EN x x x x x x sumatranus 2 Muntiacus muntjak Southern Red Muntjac Kijang LC x x
3 Rusa unicolor Sambar Rusa VU x x
4 Hylobates agilis Agile Gibbon Owa Ungko EN x x x
5 Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang Siamang x EN x x x
6 Nycticebus coucang Greater Slow-loris Kukang VU x x
7 Manis javanica Sunda Pangolin Trenggiling x CR x x
9 Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran Tiger Harimau Sumatra x CR x x
9 Pongo tapanuliensis Tapanuli Orangutan Orangutan Tapanuli x CR x x x
Birds
9 Tragulus kanchil Lesser Oriental Chevrotain Pelanduk Kancil LC x x
10 Ictinaetus malaiensis Black Eagle Elang Hitam LC x
11 Microhierax fringillarius Black-thighed Falconet Alap-alap Capung LC x x
12 Spizaetus alboniger Blyth's Hawk-eagle Elang Gunung LC x x
13 Pernis ptilorhynchus Crested honey Buzzard Sikep Madu Asia LC x x
14 Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle Elang Ular Bido LC x x x x
15 Nisaetus nanus Small Hawk-eagle Elang Wallace VU x x
16 Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill Rangkong Badak VU x x x
17 Aceros undulatus Whreathed Hornbill Julang Emas VU x x x
18 Chloropsis cochincinensis Blue-winged Leafbird Cica Daun Sayap Biru LC x x
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S/N Species Name English Name Local Name CH IUCN Protected* Endemic Location Trigger A B C D E 19 Chloropsis sonnerati Greater Green Leafbird Cica Daun Besar VU x x
20 Calorhampus hayii Brown Barbet Takur Ampis- LC x x x Sumatera Herpetofauna
21 Limnonectes sisikdagu Spinulate Chin Frog Bangkong Sisikdagu LC x x
22 Megophrys parallela Parallel Horned Frog Katak-Tanduk LC x x Sumatra 23 Ichthyophis paucisulcus Yellow Banded Caecilian Lindi LC x x
Notes: EN= Endangered; LC= Least concern; VU= Vulnerable; and CR= Critically endangered. Locations A-E refer to transect locations of the survey conducted as shown in Figure 6-1 above.
+ Detected from interview survey
* Protected under Indonesian Law
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7. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY OFFSET AREA
7.1 Land Use within the Biodiversity Offset Area This section outlines socio-economic information and land survey result of the proposed offset area. The information was gathered through land survey and socio-economic interview with the landowners to understand the following information:
Land use pattern;
Land ownership;
Land owners social profile;
Land based economic activity;
Clan structure in the location; and
Communities’ expectation towards the offset plan.
Social, Economic and Land Use Survey The land use and ownership survey was carried out by SRI in May and August 2019 in order to understand the ownership and land use within the proposed offset area of Bulu Mario as depicted in Figure 7-1. During the survey, SRI found that some of the proposed corridor area belongs to another village named Aek Batang Paya village. The survey on Aek Batang Paya has not been conducted yet due to limited timeframe as the community in the village would allow the survey if SRI acquires recommendation/ approval letter from regency government (See Section 11 regarding work to complete the land use survey). ERM provided SRI the survey tools i.e. questionnaire, land map of survey area with each land plot to be identified, and slide-deck to introduce the CCA to the community. Group discussions and guided interviews were conducted with the landowners to obtain thorough data on their social profile, ownership history, economic/livelihood focusing on their commodity grown, and their perception of the program. During the consultation with the clan leaders of Bulu Mario, they requested the land of clan leaders must be included in the BOMP. As such, SRI also had a site walkthrough with the clan leaders to define a boundary of land under their control to be included in the offset area. During the walkthrough, SRI utilized a GPS to mark the land. The group discussion with the clan leaders is done to understand their role on community, the clan structure, and traditional land ruling process especially land dispute. It should be noted that the surveyed areas do not depict exact boundaries and the exact number and extent of land plots within the BOMP area are likely to change following additional land use survey.
Social Profile Bulu Mario Village is located approximately 9 km from Sipirok District with a total population of 1,129 people in 2017, of which 559 were men and 570 were women9. The total households of Bulu Mario Village in the same year was 316. The village consists of two hamlets/sub-villages of Bulu Mario and Sitandiang. In general, community’s livelihoods in both hamlets are farming and utilizing forest products of the land within the village, with coffee as main commodity grown. General information such as age, religion, and education level was gathered during the survey as presented in Table 7-1 until Table 7-3. Three out of 100 identified landowners in the offset area are women. The owners’ age is ranging from 25 until 67 years old, with majority of 34% are in age group 51-60. Most of them finished primary and senior high school, while only few of them did not attend school. 97% percent of the landowners is Muslim, and the remaining 3% are Christian and Hindu.
9 Sipirok District in Figures 2018, South Tapanuli Central Bureau of Statistics
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Table 7-1 Age Group of Landowners within Offset Area
Age group Number of landowners <30 8 31-40 23 41-50 24 51-60 34 >61 11
Table 7-2 Education Level of Landowners within Offset Area
Education level Number of landowners Did not attend school 2 Primary school 36 Junior high school 22 Senior high school 39 Diploma/Bachelor/Master 1
Table 7-3 Religion of Landowners within Offset Area
Religion Number of landowners Islam 97 Christian 2 Hindu 1
The survey confirmed that the community land ownership in the offset area is ruled under clan’s control. It is a customary practice of land ruling amongst Batak tribe. Particularly, the ruling clan identified in the offset area who has highest authority in main decision on land matters is Siregar-Ritonga clan/marga.
Village Clan Structure – Batak Bulu Mario village is an indigenous village group from Batak. Based on Vergouwen10, the parts of early generation of Siregar clan travelled through Humbang to South Habinsaran and from there went to Sipirok. They occupied the extensive region of the Sipirok, Parau Sorat, and Baringin, which were founded by three brothers. From Sipirok a section broke away and went to Padang Bolak where it founded Hadjoran. Other sub-clans occupied Marancar in North Angkola and Lumut in South Sibolga. Individual groups, namely, Dongoran and Ritonga went from South Habinsaran to Dolok where they occupied separate territories. Because of these dispersals, Siregar forms an almost unbroken belt in the South Tapanuli. The kinship system of the Batak is patrilineal. A man’s lineage is continued by the men born into it and becomes extinct if no sons are born to them. This patrilineal kinship system is the backbone of Batak society, which is built up of lineages, marga and tribal groups. All these components are connected with each other in the male line. Batak people speak Batak language that may be divided into two mutually unintelligible groups of the Northern and the Southern. The proposed offset area belongs to the Southern, which includes Toba, Angkola, and Mandailing. However, it remains an open question as to how many of these different
10 Vergouwen, J. C. 1964. The Social Organisation and Customary Law of the Toba-Batak of Northern Sumatra.
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Batak tongues ought to be regarded as distinct languages, as opposed to dialects of the one language11. Based on provided information, it is known that the Siregar-Ritonga clan who originally opened Bulu Mario hamlet. In the other hand, the Sitandiang hamlet was opened by Hutasuhut clan. However, the first Hutasuhut who opened Sitandiang hamlet was the son-in law of the Siregar-Ritonga clan. This led to all Hutasuhut has to obey Siregar-Ritonga for any land use needs. Hence, the ruling clan for the entire tribe structure in the offset area in Bulu Mario is Siregar-Ritonga. All the land dispute case will need to be discussed under the coordination of Siregar-Ritonga clan. In performing traditional tribe ceremony, following clan’s structure is acknowledged as the component of the tribe structure (Harajoan):
Siregar (1 person);
Ritonga (2 persons);
Dalimunthe (1 person);
Simanjuntak (1 person); and
Hutasuhut (1 person).
The approval of the above clans’ are required in order to utilize the proposed land as offset area. The survey also confirmed the presence of attachment land within the offset area reserved by Bulu Mario Village with a total area of 1,100 ha. The attachment land is designated for the village’s future generations and should the land will need to be opened it should under agreement from the head of the clan in Bulu Mario.
Economic Profile of Landowners General livelihood in Bulu Mario is agricultural production, as the landowners utilize the land they inherited from generations. The results of the assessment indicate that by far the main commodity grown is coffee; followed by sugar palm and rubber. Other commodities mentioned by interviewees included lemons, avocados, durians, rice, chilli and chocolate. In a month, Landowners harvest 1-2 times. No cropping cycle implemented on their land, since the grown commodity has a yearlong harvesting period. The estimated annual production of 25,000kg of coffee production for the surveyed area generated annual revenues of around 730 million IDR. Some farmers complemented this with revenues from palm sugar (92 million IDR) and rubber (4 million IDR). However, rubber plants have not been harvested by farmers, in recent years, because the price of rubber has declined by 4,000 IDR/kg. Direct expense that incurred as part of community’s agricultural activities includes seed, planting equipment, and fertilizer. The community faces lack of capital, pest, and low quality seed as challenges in their activities.
Results of Land Use Survey The land use survey resulted in the identification of 208-land plots ownership through detailed interview. It was also identified that the majority of the owners live in Bulu Mario Village, but a few owners also come from other areas i.e. Angkola Julu and Simaninggir. The surveyed land plots are mostly inheritance lands thus the current landowners are the family offspring who have ownership rights over the respective plots. Hutasuhut is the clan that has the most land plots, followed by Siregar and Simanjuntak clan. It is known that all landowners have been occupying the land for more than 5 years. The area of each land plot varies from 0.2 to 5 hectares. Regardless, no land plot is occupied with legal certificate, unless
11 Woollams, Geoff. 1996. A Grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatera.
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one land plot that is used as quarry mining area in plot 19. The survey result of land use and ownership identification is presented in Appendix E. Most of the identified landowners utilize the land for agriculture activity, while the others have it as shrub and barren land. The majority of agro plantations found in the proposed offset area are Arabica coffee, rubber, and palm sugar, while the small presence of other plantations including chilli, chocolate, cinnamon, and seasonal plants (e.g. durian). A high selling price is likely to be the reason of Arabica coffee being the main commodity grown. The selling price of Arabica coffee is varying 25,000- 30,000IDR/kg, while for comparison the selling price of other commodity i.e. palm sugar is 10,000- 18,000IDR/kg. The survey also attempted to seek the owner of the remaining unidentified plots that mostly appear as contiguous forest outside of the agricultural areas utilised by the community. The identified land plots including the proposed corridor area adjacent to NSHE area. Land plots with unidentified owners are considered as community land, thus they are under customary clan control. Any decision made on these lands shall be in accordance with customary practice of the ruling clan as described in Section 7.1.2. ERM also compared the land plots to forest area stipulated by the Government. The plots coinciding with the production forest area are agroforestry, barren land, community and mix plantation, shrub, and secondary forest. The forest area is shown in Figure 7-2. .
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Figure 7-1 Land Use and Land Ownership within the Biodiversity Offset Area
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Figure 7-2 Forest Area within the Biodiversity Offset Area
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Assessment of Potential Economic Displacement ERM has estimated the impacts to community members from the implementation of the CCA to account for the loss of productive land available for agricultural activities. From the surveys undertaken by ERM, almost all surveyed farmers would accept some land being unavailable for farming due to conservation actions, so long as there was compensation in a form of agricultural assistance, however this will require to be further explored during additional consultation in the villages within BOA of Bulu Mario, Batu Satail, Maraba, and Batang Paya. Many believed that conservation actions could have a positive impact for farming, for example by improving the quality of land and yield from crops. ERM’s community surveys also found evidence of recent production losses because of animal damage, often due to civets and pig-tailed macaques. Average damage is in the order of one third of annual production, although estimates vary widely. The analysis of potential impacts due to CCA activities is outlined in Table 7-4. The questionnaires used during survey are outlined in Appendix G.
Table 7-4 Analysis of Potential Livelihood Impacts from CCA Activities
S/N Relevant CCA Analysis of potential livelihood impact Component 1 Patrols Community and NGO Service Provider will carry out patrol activity. Besides improving their skills and knowledge on wildlife patrol, community will also get paid to undertake the patrols. Local people will be chosen by the NGO service provider based on a merit selection process. No impact due to patrols has been identified. 2 Hunting, poaching By implementing this management strategy, the community who are used to and logging utilize natural resources will be affected. Currently, these resources are used for management and personal or household use (such as for constructing houses). Interviews timber and NTFP indicated that hunting was undertaken but on a minor scale by local people. harvest strategy People from outside of the villages are known to come from time to time to collect birds for the wildlife trade. No significant impact due to implementation has been identified. 3 Wildlife corridor The landowners in enrichment planting area will have limitation to access an maintenance and estimated 8% of their currently available arable land. This has been calculated improvement based on the density needed to establish and tend seedlings within the area. An impact is therefore envisaged based on the loss of land available to villagers within this area. In order to compensate for this loss, a fund will be established to pool the compensation payable to be used on an agroforestry program. Further information on the analysis of costs and fund mechanism is outlined below. 4 Agroforestry Development of the agroforestry program will create a source of income for support program those impacted by the enrichment program. Other people within the project area will also be able to participate in the program. The agroforestry program will provide a source of future income to support the community’s livelihood. The survey reveals that coffee is commodity with the highest selling price. 5. Fruit grazing by During the consultation, it was identified that the local community is impacted by animals the grazing of fruit by animals. This mostly impacts durian plantations, but other fruits from time to time. With the establishment of the enrichment planting area and controls on hunting/poaching, it is envisioned that an increase in fruit grazing by animals is likely to occur. To compensate this loss, additional livelihood support will occur.
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Economic Value of Commodity Production Based on this analysis, two potential impacts have been identified that would require compensation to the community. These include: 1. Loss of productive land due to enrichment planting activities; and 2. Loss of fruit crops due to animal grazing activities. To estimate the loss of productive land available due to the CCA, ERM has established a baseline income for the community. This has estimated the costs associated with agricultural production and the commodity values generated. In relation to the costs, these relate to farmers’ labour, and the labour of their families. There is generally no formal wage, though there is an estimate for the number of hours worked: almost 47,000 total annually for our 21 surveyed sites in Bulu Mario. Using an estimate of 9,000 IDR/hour (representing farmers’ hourly wage if they were not engaged in farming activity) allows us to calculate the ‘shadow price of labour’ as 422 million IDR. Direct input costs for seeds, fertilizer etc. are another significant cost, and were estimated to total 108 million IDR per year for our 21 surveyed sites. Indirect input costs include transportation and were estimated to total 107 million IDR per year. Total estimated costs from surveyed sites (637 million IDR), if extrapolated to cover non-surveyed productive land (114 ha), total 2.01 billion IDR per year. Using a discount rate of 3.5% and assuming that these costs are consistent into the future, the NPV of costs between 2020 and 2049 is 36.93 billion IDR. This analysis will be used as a reference in case there is any land affected by the program. Commonly used measures to protect crops include guard dogs, hunting and snares. It seems realistic to assume that if CCA actions are implemented, the ability of farmers to avoid wildlife conflict from fruit grazing on their land will be restricted, and so more damage will occur. Costs will also fall with some of the current direct input costs relate to wildlife management, and costs associated with transportation will also decline however this will be to a much lesser extent (estimate is 2%). The enrichment planting area will result in an 8% reduction of land available for agriculture in that area, and are therefore no longer available for farming, ERM assume that both revenues and costs are reduced proportionally within this area. This area has been calculated based on the estimated area required to plant and tend trees planted as part of the enrichment planting activities. It is estimated that 8% of productive land will be required for conservation activities, and so revenues and costs will be reduced by on average of 8% for all landowners within this area. The analysis of impacts due to the enrichment planting area design is outlined in Appendix B. During CCA implementation, there will be no local people that will lose the right to existing land or the right to use the land. The estimated revenues and costs associated with the CCA are outlined in Table 7-5 below.
Table 7-5 Revenues and Costs Associated with Land within Enrichment Planning Area
Revenues/Costs Without CCA With CCA Notes (IDR billion) (IDR billion) Revenues Calculated revenues based on productive use of land within the CCA Area (163 hectares of degraded and modified land within the enrichment planting area) Costs (NPV 2020- reduction due to loss of productive land in the 2049) enrichment planting area Gross Margin (NPV Fall in gross margin following CCA is estimated to be 2020-2049) Estimated loss of reduction in income due to fruit grazing in orchards income from fruit extrapolated across the agricultural area of the BOA
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Revenues/Costs Without CCA With CCA Notes (IDR billion) (IDR billion) grazing within CCA (Note that this amount relates to the area and value of area fruit crops estimated based on community survey)
The estimated NPV of loss of income within the enrichment planted area for 2020 to 2049 would be The estimated loss of income due to fruit grazing is estimated to be. The analysis of income loss is outlined in Appendix F.
Livelihood Support (Compensation) In order to compensate for losses incurred by the community for both loss of productive land due to the enrichment planting corridor and fruit grazing, community livelihood support programs will be established in the form of an agroforestry support program available for all community members within the BOA. This program is outlined at Section 8.1.7 below. The estimated compensation amount is included in the BOMP budget to implement the agroforestry program is summarised in Table 10-1. The funding management structure is as shown in Figure 4-3. The annual fund allocation will be subject to the successful implementation of management actions. SOL may retain funds if it is determined that unsatisfactory implementation activities have occurred and any additional funds sought by the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee or NGO service provider will be at the discretion of SOL. All funding arrangements will be subject to standard accounting and auditing practices.
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8. BIODIVERSITY OFFSET MANAGEMENT ACTIONS
8.1 CCA Management Actions The following management actions in Table 8-1 are to be implemented by the NGO Service Provider in conjunction with the community. Each management measure with the associated party responsible for the implantation is provided in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Management Actions
S/N Management Measure Management Focus Responsibility Biodiversity offset administration and management Establishment of the Administration and SOL 1. Biodiversity Offset Advisory management Committee Establishment of the Provision of funds and SOL 2. Biodiversity Offset Fund capital equipment Coordination with government Coordination SOL and NGO Service Provider 3. and NGO stakeholders Monitoring and evaluation Reporting and adaptive SOL and NGO Service Provider 4. management Biodiversity offset management actions Hunting, poaching and logging Habitat and Species NGO Service Provider and 5. management strategy community SOL and Government Liaison Timber and NTFP Harvest Habitat NGO Service Provider and 6. Strategy community Ground and arboreal habitat Species NGO Service Provider and 7. management strategy community Injured wildlife management Species NGO Service Provider and 8. protocol community Patrols Habitat and Species NGO Service Provider and 9. community SOL and Government Liaison Wildlife corridor enrichment Habitat NGO Service Provider and 10. planting, (including invasive community species management) Agroforestry support program Social NGO Service Provider and 11. community Environmental education Social, Habitat, Species NGO Service Provider and 12. support program community
Hunting, Poaching and Logging Management The purpose of this measure is to reduce hunting, poaching and logging pressure within the enrichment planting area and primary and secondary forest areas.
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8.1.1.1 Operational controls The following hunting, poaching and logging management rules to be enforced:
Hunting, poaching and illegal logging will be prohibited within the Community Conservation Agreement Area;
The deployment or use of traps and snares will be prohibited within the Community Conservation Agreement Area;
Any community member identified to be illegally in possession, purchase, trade or collect wildlife or forest resources will be subject to sanctions as outlined in this Agreement. The following management actions will be implemented:
All traps and snares are to be actively removed within the Community Conservation Agreement Area;
Should community members identify illegal activities (e.g. hunting) within the Community Conservation Agreement Area they are required to immediately notify local authorities;
If safe, fauna found to be in the possession of hunters or poachers should be confiscated and if required taken to a veterinarian for treatment. The fauna should then be released at the point of capture;
Patrols are to occur at least on a monthly basis for the first twelve months and quarterly thereafter to identify any unauthorised access.
If safe, fauna found to be ensnared or trapped are to be released at the point of capture and if required taken to a veterinarian for treatment; and
Posters and signage that outlines the prohibition of hunting, poaching and logging are to be prepared and placed within the Community Conservation Agreement Area.
Timber and NTFP Harvest Strategy The purpose of the strategy is to outline sustainable harvesting of forest resources within the primary and secondary forest areas. The action will be occur within the NTFP Management Area as shown in Figure 9-3.
8.1.2.1 Operational Controls The following actions will be undertaken for the sustainable management of timber forest products (TFP):
Assessment of the species that are used by the community, including estimates of volumes used and frequency of use;
NGO Service Provider should employ a suitably qualified forester to undertake a sustainable yield assessment for the primary and secondary forest area;
This sustainable yield assessment should follow relevant best practices for the sustainable harvest of timber;
The Annual Cutting Area estimate is to be enforced and not exceeded;
Avoid any unnecessary damage to the plant (e.g. exercise caution to enable the plant can re-grow);
Avoid mechanical damage to the harvested material that results in undesirable quality changes; and
Make sure that all equipment used is clean and free of remnants of previously collected products. The following actions will be undertaken for the sustainable management of non-timber forest products (NTFP):
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NTFP harvest areas are to be rotated on an annual basis so that areas are left fallow;
Where community members agree (at least 50% of community must agree) that a certain NTFP has been subject to overharvesting, the Village Representative can enact a three (3) month harvesting ban of the NTFP;
Avoid any unnecessary damage to the plant i.e. exercise caution to enable the plant can re-grow;
Avoid mechanical damage to the harvested material that results in undesirable quality changes; and
Make sure that all equipment used is clean and free of remnants of previously collected products.
Ground and Arboreal Habitat Management Strategy The purpose of this management strategy is to install/facilitate ground and arboreal habitat for target species within the primary and secondary forest areas, enrichment planting area, and along the road within BOA as shown in Figure 9-5. This includes areas adjacent to the road that transverses the BOA. More specifically the objectives are to:
Provide connectivity to surrounding forest at ground, mid storey and canopy level with the Community Conservation Agreement Area, including across roads;
Supplement ground habitat features within the Community Conservation Agreement Area (e.g. logs);
Manage threats to reduce risks to ground dwelling and arboreal fauna, including management of predators.
8.1.3.1 Operational Controls
Arboreal Connectivity Arboreal connectivity is important for tree dwelling species in order to provide connected habitat for them to traverse. The following species have been identified as species requiring arboreal habitat management:
Pongo tapanuliensis Tapanuli Orang-utan (IUCN CR);
Hylobates agilis Agile gibbon (IUCN EN);
Sympahalangus syndactylus Siamang (IUCN EN); and
Presbytis melalophos ssp. sumatranus Sumatran surili (IUCN EN). The following management measures are required to be implemented at the Enrichment Planting Areas and across the road:
Installation of suitable arboreal connectivity devices between existing trees located within the Enrichment Planting Area and across the road to facilitate movement of arboreal fauna. These devices are to be developed in consultation with relevant primate experts;
The location of the proposed connectivity devices is to be marked in the field prior to installation; and
All suitable arboreal connectivity devices are to be maintained on a regular basis and replaced if they become broken.
Ground Habitat Establishment SOL is to install relevant ground habitat at the Enrichment Planting Area and Primary/Secondary Forest (if required). The following species have been identified as being ground dwelling:
Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran Tiger (IUCN CR);
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Manis javanica Malayan pangolin (IUCN CR); and
Tapirus indicus Asian tapir (IUCN EN). The following management measures are to be applied as needed to the Enrichment Planting Area and Primary/Secondary Forest :
Ground habitat is to include fallen logs and rocks obtained from cleared or disturbed areas;
The ground habitat features are to be placed randomly in all areas subject to revegetation activities within the Community Conservation Agreement Area at a minimum spacing of 5 metres apart; and
Any logs or trees that fall within the Community Conservation Agreement Area are to be left in- situ.
Management of Predators The following species are likely to occur within the vicinity of Community Conservation Agreement Area and may pose threats to arboreal and ground dwelling fauna:
Domestic dog (Canis familiaris); and
Domestic cat (Felis domesticus). The following management actions are to be applied to manage these predators.
Dogs are not to be used to control wildlife within the CCA Area; and
A local domestic waste collection system is to be implemented in conjunction with the local authority.
Injured Wildlife Management Protocol
8.1.4.1 Operational Control The following measures are to be applied if an injured animal is identified within the CCA area.
Upon Discovery of Injured Animal
Record the date, time, location, condition of animal and circumstances concerning the incident, including photographic evidence wherever possible - Stop work in affected area. - Observe from a distance what the animal is doing. - If NOT in immediate danger, wait for animal to move off before carrying on with work. - If animal is in immediate danger or clear distress, assess feasibility of capture depending on its size, location and safety of capture to both animal and persons.
Alert BKSDA on incident and arrange a same-day appointment for transfer of animal to them.
Preparation for Containment
BKSDA are to be responsible for containment activities following required protocols for the safe containment and transport the animal
Treatment of Small to Medium Sized Injured Animals
Pass the animal to forest department BKSDA persons.
All persons involved in the capture to wash and sterilize their hands immediately upon return from site.
All clothes worn during the capture should be washed the same day.
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Post-incident
Follow up with forest department/ veterinarian on condition of animal and date of release.
Identify potential activities that could have led to animal injury
If injury attributed to project activities, identify corrective actions to avoid future incidents
Patrols Patrols are to be undertaken by the NGO Service Provider and community to detect hunting and poaching activities and illegal clearing activities. The patrols will also likely deter individuals undertaking illegal activities within the Patrol Area due to an increased physical presence. The action will be occur within the primary and secondary forest areas and enrichment planting area (Patrol Area) as shown in Figure 9-4.
8.1.5.1 Operational Control
NGO Service Provider are to undertake regular patrols at least on a monthly basis for the first twelve months and quarterly thereafter of the boundary CCA Area and the immediate surrounding areas. Local people may be contracted and paid by the NGO Service provider to undertake patrols involving the local community. Patrols are to be undertaken over a minimum 20 hours per month and observe at least 10% of the BOA (approximately 300ha).
The NGO Service provider is to provide support and training to local people who undertake patrols.
The patrols are to be undertaken on a monthly basis depending on the frequency of detection and involve: - Conduct community engagement with communities along the boundary of Patrol Area, including house-to-house visits, market visits and discussions with community members. - Discussions are to identify poaching/hunting threats and requirements for alternative income supporting programs to reduce reliance on poaching/hunting as an income source. - Local people are to be encouraged to report outsiders who enter the forest for the purposes of hunting/poaching or illegal logging activities; - Forest inspections are to occur within the boundary of Patrol Area with a focus on identifying snare/traps within the forest and removing them.
Market surveys conducted are to identify sources of traded flora and fauna (if possible). This information is to understand areas of hunting poaching pressure that can be targeted with patrols and community engagement.
Where illegal activities are repeatedly identified, all information is to be reported to the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee and SOL.
Liaise with government representatives regarding any enforcement action.
Hunting, poaching and illegal logging will be prohibited within the CCA Area;
The deployment or use of traps and snares will be prohibited within the CCA Area;
Any community member identified to be illegally in possession, purchase, trade or collect wildlife or forest resources will be subject to sanctions as outlined in this Agreement.
NGO Service Provider: - All traps and snares are to be actively removed within the CCA Area; - Should community members identify illegal activities (e.g. hunting) within the CCA Area they are required to immediately notify local authorities;
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- If safe, fauna found to be in the possession of hunters or poachers should be confiscated and if required taken to a veterinarian for treatment. The fauna should then be released at the point of capture; - Patrols are to occur at least on a monthly basis for the first twelve months and quarterly thereafter to identify any unauthorised access. - If safe, fauna found to be ensnared or trapped are to be released at the point of capture and if required taken to a veterinarian for treatment.
Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting The purpose of the wildlife corridor is to reduce or moderate some of the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation within the enrichment planting area. This is to be done by restoration and revegetation works to create suitable habitat. This program is limited only for the local people who are the landowners or land users within the corridor area. The wildlife corridor establishment will be applied to an area 200 metres either side of the Aek Sitandiang River as shown in Figure 4-1 (known as “Enrichment Planting Area”). Following general requirements are to be applied in the corridor area:
No domestic pets are to be allowed in the corridor area;
No wood fences should be allowed within the corridor area or along any of the lots adjacent to the corridor;
No feeding of wild animals, other than bird feeders, should be allowed;
The Village Representative and/or NGO should discuss with the villagers the regulations and rules regarding the wildlife corridor (e.g. no trespass, no resource harvesting).
Villagers should actively monitor for instances of non-compliance within the corridor establishment and pass the information onto relevant government authorities.
Develop posters and convene meetings to discuss implementation with the Village Representative. In appropriate locations, install educational signs/ posters about the corridor and the species that could potentially use the corridor. The NGO Service Provider with assistance from the community will plant native trees, shrubs, and other flora species (e.g. herbaceous and grass species) to provide food and cover, as well as nesting opportunities for Orang-utans. No fruiting species are to be planted within the corridor to reduce the chances of additional human/wildlife conflict. The following tree species are to be planted:
Lithocarpus meijeri (Hoteng tree);
Lithocarpus spp (Hoteng);
Litsea Spp (Medang);
Areca pinnata (Aren);
Hevea braziliensis (Karet). The NGO Service Provider, with assistance from the community, will collect seeds from the local provenances and establish a nursery to propagate trees within 6 months of the approval of the CCA.
8.1.6.1 Planting Requirements The suggested density of enrichment seedlings to be planted is as follows:
No enrichment required for the minor disturbance land.
200 seedlings/ha for the medium disturbance land.
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400 seedlings/ha for the high disturbance land All plantings are to occur in a grid pattern within the corridor area at the required density. All plantings are placed into a 1.5 metre square area that has been cleared of other vegetation. All plantings are protected to avoid grazing by animals or insect attack.
Areas of Minor Disturbance
Typically, this area can be grown naturally to become mature forest without intervention (natural restoration). At the proposed corridor area, this area is identified as forest or mature secondary forest.
This area can be identified through the relatively high density of natural trees (diameter >' 20 cm) composition with some minor disturbance trace (e.g. logging activity). This area still contains sufficient seeds for natural regeneration.
Areas of Medium Disturbance
At the proposed corridor area, this area is identified as an agro-forestry area, young secondary forest area, mix plantation area, and mixed plantation with secondary forest area.
This area has medium vegetation coverage that has recently grown to become natural forest after experiencing high disturbance. This area can be identified through the domination of pioneer species with an average tree diameter of 10 cm thinning of the trees is required to accelerate the succession into a mature forest.
Enrichment can be done through planting natural nesting species (Litsea spp, Lithocarpus spp., and dipterocarps) only. No fruiting trees are to be planted in the enrichment corridor to reduce the chances of additional wildlife/human conflict.
Areas of High Disturbance
This area has low vegetation coverage with sparse and immature tree coverage (10 – 20 cm); in general, this area is dominated by bush or in the form of crops with very low density and natural seedlings.
Enrichment can be done through planting a combination of natural nesting species (Litsea spp, Lithocarpus spp., and dipterocarps).
Planting density is described based on the level of disturbance of the proposed land. The higher level of disturbance requires a higher density of the seedlings.
Maintenance
All seedlings are to be maintained by a suitably qualified horticulturalist for a period of five (5) years after planting. Maintenance is to include: - Maintenance of grow tubes around each seedling for a period of up to one (1) year; - Invasive species an area of at least 1.5 square metres from the base of the seedling; - Watering (if required) during dry periods or periods of drought; and - Restriction of access to the area of any livestock.
Where seedlings and/or saplings die or are removed, they are to be replaced within one (1) month of detection.
Where certain species planted suffer from pest or disease, they are to be quarantined and destroyed.
If required, advice from a suitably qualified horticulturalist may be sought on planting and propagation activities
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8.1.6.2 Establishment of Nursery The NGO Service Provider with assistance from the community is to establish a nursery (or multiple nurseries) with sufficient capacity to grow the required number of seedlings per annum. The nursery is to be placed on flat level ground away from waterways. Seedlings are to remain into the nursery until they are ready to be planted out at the required maturity. Where seedlings are not available from the nursery, other sources may be established.
Agroforestry Development Program The purpose of the Agroforestry Development Program is to increase financial returns on current agroforestry operations within the enrichment planting and villages area within BOA. The program will occur within the Agroforestry Development Program area as shown in Figure 9-6.
8.1.7.1 Operational Controls The following productivity controls should be implemented at existing agroforestry developments within the Agroforestry Development Program Area:
Undertake the production of fruits and vegetables in accordance with ‘A Scheme and training manual on Good Agroforestry Practices (GAP) for Fruits and Vegetables’ :
Soil preservation: - Hedging and ditching along exposed boundaries to reduce wind and water erosion; - Application of fertilisers (at the appropriate dosage); - Rotation of crop species each year and manure application to preserve soil organic content; - Reduce heavy tillage practices and use of heavy mechanical machines to retain soil structure integrity; - Application of green manuring to enhance organic content of soil;
Water application: - Practice scheduled irrigation and also irrigate when required based on regular crop monitoring; - Do not over apply water and recycle water when possible to avoid soil salinization; - After applying pesticides or fertilisers wait two (2) days before applying irrigation input; - Maintain permanent soil covering to avoid nitrogen run-off; - Provide suitable water access points for livestock (e.g. avoid muddy and unstable areas);
Harvesting: - Farmers should refer to a maturity index to determine the most appropriate time to harvest produce; - Harvesting to be undertaken at the coolest time of the day (fruit and vegetables); - Containers used for collecting susceptible produce (e.g. fruits) should be cleaned, not overfilled, absent of moisture and sharp edges; - Harvested material to be placed in a cool area when stored. Farmers should utilise all major climatic seasons during the year by growing a range of seasonal crops. Farmers within the Agroforestry Development Area should aim to produce high-value Agroforestry products, which should comprise a mix of wildlife-food non-commodity species and non-food commodity species (e.g. mangosteen, durian, coffee). High-value products should be marketed as exclusive products (e.g. these products have been produced in accordance with the conservation of Orang-utan). The Village Representative is to employ a suitably qualified Agronomist to manage and operate the Agroforestry Development Program.
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Environmental Education Support Program The purpose of the Environmental Education Support Program is to raise awareness on conservation with local communities, particularly youth groups within the Community Conservation Agreement area.
8.1.8.1 Operational Controls
School visit and environmental education events to the community are undertaken on annual basis to raise conservation awareness of students and youth groups; and
Every visit and event shall be recorded and reported by NGO Service Provider to SOL a month afterwards.
8.2 NGO Service Provider Management Actions
Government Liaison NGO Service Provider on behalf of SOL is to undertake government liaison in relation to the implementation of the CCA. The following activities are to be undertaken:
Meetings are to be undertaken with local and provincial government representatives that are responsible for habitat and species management i.e. BBKSDA and Forestry Department to report on the implementation of the CCA and BOMP. The meetings will be held at least once a year and may be conducted as bi-lateral or multi-lateral meeting;
NGO Service Provider is to report any illegal activities detected within the BOA and surrounding landscape; and
NGO Service Provider is to follow up with government representatives on any enforcement action that may occur, especially regarding any community representatives in the area subject to the CCA.
Strategic Enforcement NGO Service Provider is to work strategically with related authorities such as BBKSDA, Forestry Department and local authorities to undertake strategic enforcement activities.
The following activities are to be undertaken:
Coordination of enforcement activities between relevant government agencies;
Collection of intelligence by NGO Service Provider from patrols and community engagement;
Government agency led community extension activities on law enforcement and obligations;
Creation of a register of illegal activities detected by NGO Service Provider; and
Targeted enforcement activities on repeat offenders by government agencies. Government agencies are to be provided with all intelligence on wildlife crime collected by NGO Service Provider during all patrol and community engagement activities. The intelligence is to be kept and analysed by the relevant authorities to identify key players associated with wildlife crime/illegal clearing within the regency.
A SMART database12 is to be established and maintained by the agencies, and used by patrols to document all wildlife crime and illegal clearing detected during patrols. Information collated is to be provided as soon as the alleged activity occurs (within two weeks). Law enforcement agencies are to conduct random community extension activities in conjunction with NGO Service Provider to provide information to the community regarding wildlife crime and illegal
12 SMART (Spatial Monitoring And Reporting Tool). Retrieved from https://smartconservationtools.org/
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clearing activities. At least one (1) public meeting is to be conducted by government agencies on enforcement activities per year. The database is to be analysed to identify repeat offenders. These offenders are to be reported to relevant enforcement authorities for further action within two (2) weeks of detection. Based on the results of intelligence gathering, community extension activities and information gathered in the database, targeted enforcement activities are to be undertaken by law enforcement agencies. Targeted enforcement activities should be used as a last resort and only where clear and sustained breaches of relevant laws are demonstrated. All relevant enforcement activities are to be undertaken according to the relevant laws and policies of Indonesia.
NGO Service Provider is to facilitate enforcement activities by:
Providing intelligence gathered to relevant enforcement agencies;
Analyse data to identify patterns in illegal activities, individuals or groups;
Collect evidence on illegal activities within BOA; and
Provide in-kind support to law enforcement agencies as required (through provision of patrol personnel, meeting venues and coordination activities). SOL should not undertake any enforcement activities. All enforcement activities are to be undertaken by relevant law enforcement agencies. SOL should only play a coordination and information provision role.
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9. BIODIVERSITY OFFSET MONITORING AND EVALUATION
9.1 Application Biodiversity monitoring and evaluation applies to the assessment of biodiversity values at the BOA in order to meet the requirements of no-net-loss. The purpose of the Biodiversity Monitoring and Evaluation Plan (BMEP) is to outline the requirements to measure the success (or failure) of the implementation of the management actions as outlined in this BOMP as well as the requirements for adaptive management where failures are identified.
9.2 Adaptive Management Framework The implementation of the BOMP is required to operate in accordance with an adaptive management framework. Adaptive management allows limitations such as uncertainty, new risks and threats addressed and allows innovation in management to be used. Each management action should have an associated monitoring or audit program, which allows these management approaches to be reviewed. Management approaches that consistently fail to meet objectives and performance outcomes need to be adjusted and updated. The adaptive management framework will be applied to all biodiversity management approaches and will contain the following key steps: design; implement; monitor; evaluate; update; learn; and inform future design approaches. These key steps form a continuous management cycle, which is displayed in Figure 9-1.
Figure 9-1 Adaptive Management Framework Cycle
Design
Implement Design Design Refinements Refinements Inform Future Inform Future Monitor Evaluate Evaluate Adaptive Management
Learn Framework
Adjust and update
9.3 Monitoring and Evaluation Requirements The proposed monitoring and evaluation methods for the BOMP are outlined in Table 9-1.
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Table 9-1 Biodiversity Offset Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
S/N Means of Verification has Monitoring/ Inspection/ Spot Check Parameters Responsibility KPI been met Timing and Parameters Location Reporting Frequency of Requirements Monitoring 1.0 Habitat Management Actions 1.1 Hunting, Poaching and Logging Management Monitoring will be 6 monthly basis Type and Primary and Six-monthly NGO Service Surveys undertaken of villagers to undertaken to record the volume/number secondary forest report by NGO Provider record NTFP collection use of NTFP within the of NTFP areas Service Provider NTFP management area. collected to SOL. SOL are This will include random to incorporate surveys of villagers to the report to its determine NTFP use on a 6 SSMR. monthly basis Results of patrols to 6 monthly basis Number of Six-monthly NGO Service Recording all snares/traps determine the number of patrols report by NGO Provider removed/confiscated traps/snares identified Number of Service Provider within the CCA Area. traps/snares to SOL. SOL are Recording and reporting of illegal Number of individuals collected to incorporate activities to relevant authorities identified undertaking Number of the report to its illegal activities is also to be individuals SSMR. recorded identified undertaking illegal activities 1.2 Wildlife Corridor Enrichment Planting Monitoring will be Annual Enrichment Six-monthly NGO Service Prepare a restoration/enrichment undertaken to record the monitoring planting area report by NGO Provider plan; height/diameter and extent of (Figure 4-2) Service Provider Prepare planting technical survival of a random successful to SOL. SOL are document; and
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S/N Means of Verification has Monitoring/ Inspection/ Spot Check Parameters Responsibility KPI been met Timing and Parameters Location Reporting Frequency of Requirements Monitoring sample of at least 100 propagation (i.e. to incorporate At least 80% of all seedlings planted trees within the number of the report to its established within the BOA survive. corridor surviving SSMR. seedlings) Photo-point monitoring Annually Ten photo Photos to be NGO Service All photo points taken on an annual sites to be established at points to be recorded and Provider basis and reported to SOL by the ten (10) areas within the established changes noted. NGO Service Provider restoration and with photos To be included in revegetation areas. taken at four annual report to bearings on an SOL annual basis Sapling production for Annually Number of Vicinity area of Nil NGO Service Production of saplings at rate to agroforestry needs and saplings the enrichment Provider supply expansion of agroforestry establishment of nursery produced planting area and developments centre within BOA Nursery centre is established 1.3 Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) Harvest Strategy Generation of sustainable Yearly Annual cutting Primary and Six-monthly NGO Service At least one (1) annual sustainable timber yield estimate area estimate secondary forest report by NGO Provider timber yield estimate for the BOA areas (Figure Service Provider per year 9-3) to SOL. SOL are Compliance with Bi-annual Timber Timber harvested within the BOA < to incorporate sustainable timber yield harvested sustainable timber yield estimate the report to its assessment within BOA SSMR. Appropriate timber and Semi-annually Condition of No deliberate impacts to harvested NTFP harvesting methods harvested trees trees plants or plants
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S/N Means of Verification has Monitoring/ Inspection/ Spot Check Parameters Responsibility KPI been met Timing and Parameters Location Reporting Frequency of Requirements Monitoring Closure of management Bi-annual Harvesting of No deliberate over harvesting of areas for NTFP NTFP within harvesting NTFP during time of closed closure management areas Compliance with temporary As required Harvesting of NTFP not harvested in during time harvesting ban of NTFP banned non- of ban timber forest product during ban 1.4 Offset Habitat Condition
Improvement in habitat Five-yearly Achievement of BOA Land vegetation Independent No habitat loss occurred to ensure condition of offset site biodiversity analysis report consultant the achievement of NNL/net gain monitoring KPIs Land vegetation analysis 2.0 Species Management Actions 2.1 Illegal Hunting, Poaching and Logging Management Strategy and Injured Wildlife Management Protocol Patrols Monthly Number of Enrichment Six-monthly NGO Service Regular patrols conducted patrols planting area and report by NGO Provider (Monthly) conducted primary and Service Provider Patrol reports secondary forest to SOL. SOL are areas within BOA to incorporate (Figure 9-4)
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S/N Means of Verification has Monitoring/ Inspection/ Spot Check Parameters Responsibility KPI been met Timing and Parameters Location Reporting Frequency of Requirements Monitoring Posted and signage N/A Number of N/A the report to its At least 2 signs posted at entrance installed signs posted SSMR of the offset site Referrals of enforcement As required Number of N/A Instances of misconduct requirements local illegal incidents appropriately reported authority, police or army referred to authorities Identification of illegal N/A Number of Enrichment N/A Hunters and poachers within the activities/ repeat offenders hunters or planting area and BOA identified poachers primary and identified secondary forest Satellite imagery (identify Annually Production of areas within BOA The imagery is to NGO Service Production of satellite imagery (Figure 9-4) illegal logging through satellite be attached in Provider annually induced habitat conversion) imagery SSMR. annually Application of injured As required Protocols being N/A NGO Service All identified injured animals are wildlife management applied Provider cared for and managed. protocol 2.2 Ground and Arboreal Habitat Management Strategy Installation of arboreal Installed within Installation Enrichment Six-monthly NGO Service Successful installation within connectivity devices six (6) months within planting area and report by NGO Provider timeframe following the timeframe along the road Service Provider signing of CCA within BOA to SOL. SOL are Deployment of Annual Records of Enrichment to incorporate Successful addition of ground supplementary ground additional planting area and the report to its habitat features habitat features features added primary and SSMR (supplementary features to secondary forest be marked with paint) areas (if needed)
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S/N Means of Verification has Monitoring/ Inspection/ Spot Check Parameters Responsibility KPI been met Timing and Parameters Location Reporting Frequency of Requirements Monitoring 2.3 Strategic Enforcement Provision of intelligence to As required Provision of n/a Six-monthly NGO Service Provision of details to law law enforcement agencies details to law report by NGO Provider and enforcement agencies within 4 enforcement Service Provider law enforcement weeks of detection agencies to SOL. SOL are agencies to incorporate Illegal activities register As required All activities n/a Illegal activities entered into the the report to its maintained entered into the register within 2 weeks of detection SSMR register Law enforcement agencies As required Number of BOA One (1) enforcement campaigns to conduct enforcement enforcement undertaken per year campaigns campaigns undertaken Law enforcement agencies Annually Number of Villages within a 5 n/a Completion of at least one to conduct community community km radius of BOA community extension campaign per extension activities extension year activities undertaken 2.4 Species Monitoring Species monitoring of key Annually Regular BOA Annual report by NGO Service Report of species monitoring species monitoring NGO Service Provider annually conducted with Provider to SOL methodology as detailed in Section 9 3.0 Social Management Actions 3.1 Agroforestry Support Program to the Community
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S/N Means of Verification has Monitoring/ Inspection/ Spot Check Parameters Responsibility KPI been met Timing and Parameters Location Reporting Frequency of Requirements Monitoring Intensive agroforestry As required Area of Enrichment Annual report by NGO Service Expansion of agroforestry extension service for the agroforestry planting area NGO Service Provider developments villagers within enrichment (Figure 4-2) Provider to SOL. planting area SOL are to Development of As required Number of BOA (Figure 9-6) incorporate the Increase in agroforestry coffee agroforestry coffee farm as agroforestry report to its farms a source of income for coffee farms SSMR future self-help financing (Post 5 years) 3.2 Environmental Education Support Program School visit Annually Number of BOA Annual report by NGO Service Regular site visit once a year completed NGO Service Provider school visits Provider to SOL. SOL are to Environmental education Bi-annual Number of BOA and NGO Service Two (2) environmental education events, which may include completed surrounding incorporate the Provider and events completed yearly introduction to eco-tourism environmental villages (5 km report to its community SSMR education radius) events completed
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Species Monitoring Requirements
9.3.1.1 Introduction Species monitoring has been identified as a biodiversity offset action as listed in Table 8-1, however the actions are listed in this section as the requirements relate to monitoring and evaluation. It should be noted that these actions are to commence on approval of this BOMP. The Critical Habitat Species will be subject to ongoing monitoring within the BOA. The monitoring is to ensure that the proposed management measures are effective at protecting and enhancing existing populations. These species include:
Pongo tapanuliensis Tapanuli orang-utan IUCN CR;
Panthera tigris sumatrae Sumatran Tiger IUCN CR;
Hylobates agilis Agile Gibbon IUCN EN;
Manis javanica Malayan pangolin IUCN CR;
Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang IUCN EN;
Presbytis melalophos ssp. sumatranus Sumatran surili (IUCN EN);
Ophisaurus wegneri Wegner’s glass lizard (endemic species);
Bronchocela hayeki Hayek’s slender agama (endemic species);
Polypedates pseudotilophus False file-eared tree frog (endemic species);
Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted hornbill (IUCN CR);
Shorea platyclados Dark red meranti (IUCN EN); and
Nephentes tobaica Pitcher plant (endemic species). Critical and Natural Habitat Species baseline surveys at the BOA have been established (ERM 201913). The proposed monitoring for these species will aim to continue the survey methodology employed in the baseline surveys to ensure the integrity of future results. All future results to be reported in each Annual Report.
9.3.1.2 Methodology SOL will undertake annual monitoring and execute biodiversity surveys that have a focus on the Critical Habitat and Natural Habitat Species within the BOA by engaging qualified ecologists (environmental consultants). Five (5) permanent survey transects will be established in the BOA (Figure 9-7). Each transect extends for 1 km (length). The methodology will consist of targeted surveys for each target species along each transect. Targeted surveys are to occur on an annual basis to account for seasonal variation.
Asian Tapir and Sumatran Tiger During each annual survey, the qualified environmental consultants are to undertake camera-trap surveys. This will involve the deployment of ten (10) motion sensor cameras, which are to be deployed in pairs at each permanent transect location to allow photographs to be taken of both sides of the Tapir/ Sumatran Tiger. The minimum distance between cameras is to be 400m. A range of habitat types should be targeted (e.g. creeks, highland forest, lowland forest) along the transect. Cameras should be placed away from areas subject to anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. roads).
13 ERM 2019. Terrestrial Biodiversity Survey of SOL in South Tapanuli
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In order to estimate the density of tapirs, the qualified environmental consultants should follow the method specified by Tobler et al. 201414. Each tapir photographed should be independently identified based on features such as scars, skin marks, tail length/ shape, sex, ear shape and notches, size, shape/ size of vesicles and skin folds. Photographs that cannot be attributed clearly to one individual are to be excluded from the analysis. Photographs are to be imported and analysed within the Camera Base software V1.7. Camera Base is capable of generating a density estimate based on processed camera trap data (e.g. individuals identified). Density estimation of Sumatran Tigers to be conducted in accordance with the Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses 15 . Each Sumatran Tiger photographed should be independently identified based on features such stripe patterns on their flanks, limbs, face and even the tail. The qualified environmental consultants are to follow the capture-recapture framework to estimate the density of Sumatran Tiger within the BOA. Camera trap data to be assessed using CAPTURE or MARK. The following steps need to be followed to ensure density estimates are reliable: 1. Testing the assumption that the tiger population was closed, using the observed tier capture frequencies; 2. Selecting the CR model most likely to have generated the observed tiger capture history data, by using discriminant function model selection statistics and comparing the relative fit and number of parameters of various plausible models; 3. Estimating capture probabilities per sampling period (p) and tiger abundance (N) using the most appropriate model for the data on hand; 4. Estimating the area effectively sampled by camera traps and computing the tiger population densities based on abundance estimates.
Malayan Pangolin The survey method to estimate the density of Malayan Pangolins was prepared in accordance with Evaluating methods for detecting and monitoring pangolin (Pholidata: Manidae) populations16. The habitat conditions at the BOA (dense forest) and the semi-arboreal nature of the Malayan Pangolin is likely to prevent effective monitoring via camera trapping. The qualified environmental consultants are to undertake line transect surveys annually. During the line transect surveys, the consultants will aim to identify Malayan Pangolin burrows and den sites. Each burrow and den site will be considered as one (1) individual. The consultants should undertake surveys with local hunters and other community members familiar with the environment. The consultants are to slowly walk along each of the five (5) permanent transects and to locate and actively search at 3 observation points with a distance of 400 meters between each point (in point 100 m, 500 m and 900 m) of the 1 km transect. At each point, make a circular plot with an approximate radius of 57 meters, hence the area for each observation point is 1 ha (Kuswanda, pers. comm.). Therefore, in total covering 15 ha per year. The density of Malayan Pangolins’ can be estimated based on the abundance of burrow and den sites along transects. The usage of the burrow/den is to be recorded based on observations on how recent tracks/traces are within proximity of the feature.
14 Tobler, M.W., Hibert, F., Debeir, L. and Richard-Hansen, C., 2014. Estimates of density and sustainable harvest of the lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris in the Amazon of French Guiana using a Bayesian spatially explicit capture–recapture model. Oryx, 48(3), pp.410-419. 15 O'Connell, A.F., Nichols, J.D. and Karanth, K.U. eds., 2010. Camera traps in animal ecology: methods and analyses. Springer Science & Business Media. 16 Willcox, D., Nash, H.C., Trageser, S., Kim, H.J., Hywood, L., Connelly, E., Ichu, G.I., Nyumu, J.K., Moumbolou, C.L.M., Ingram, D.J. and Challender, D.W., 2019. Evaluating methods for detecting and monitoring pangolin populations (Pholidota: Manidae). Global ecology and conservation, p.e00539.
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Tapanuli Orang-utan In order to estimate Orang-utan density within the BOA, nest density should be used as a proxy. At a slow pace, the qualified environmental consultants should walk along each of the five (5) permanent transects and actively search the canopy for Orang-utan nests. All data related to the Orang-utan nest including location, tree species, nest distance to transect, nest class, height, and nest position is to be recorded. The nest location then marked on GPS. It is important that the nest is not double counted. Orang-utan nest density should be estimated using Van Schaik et al (1995) formula below:
푁 퐷표 = Where Do is Orang-utan nest density, N is number퐿푥 of2. nests, 푊 L is length of transect, and W is effective width of transect. After nest density is discovered, Orang-utan density can be estimated by using formula below:
퐷표 퐷표푈 = Where DoU is Orang-utan density and p/r/t are constant푝. 푟. 푡number related to the nest data. Agile Gibbon and Siamang Agile Gibbons and Siamang are to be monitored in accordance with the Triangle Count Method (O’Brien et al, 200417). Two (2) teams will simultaneously conduct listening surveys at pre-defined locations within the BOA to predict the presence/location of gibbons based on the sound analysis of two angular lines intersection between observers. During the listening surveys the following data are to be recorded: Gibbon species calling, call starting time, call duration, call direction/azimuth, call distance, call type and number of Gibbon groups present. The call data is then later calibrated in accordance with methods specified by O’Brien et al. (2004)17.
Figure 9-2 Basic Approach of Triangle Count Method
Note: α is azimuth Group density for the Agile Gibbon and Siamang at each survey location is estimated in accordance with the following formula:
DGi = mi · p−1 · (1i · 5 · r 2 ) −1 Where in DGi = group density (km−2) in the ith location, mi = number of distinct groups heard over a 3- day period, p = probability of a group calling during a 3-day period, 1i = proportion of circle from where a group could be heard, and r = the radius from which groups could be heard (2.0 km in this study).
17 O'brien, T.G., Kinnaird, M.F., Nurcahyo, A., Iqbal, M. and Rusmanto, M., 2004. Abundance and distribution of sympatric gibbons in a threatened Sumatran rain forest. International Journal of Primatology, 25(2), pp.267-284.
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Mitred Leaf Monkey
A. Plumptre and E. Sterling’s (2013) primate census and survey techniques analysis was reviewed in conjunction with the Mitred Leaf Monkey’s behavioral characteristics and ecological requirements, which assisted in determining the most appropriate survey method for this monitoring program18. A line transect method is likely to be the most appropriate method for this species as it is commonly used for diurnal primates and is capable of covering large areas.
The qualified environmental consultants are supported by a wildlife assistant should undertake the line transect surveys along the five (5) permanent transects. Surveyors are to move at approximately 1 km/hr when traversing the line transects (Buckland et al. 2010). Surveyors should move quietly and count every Sumatran surili individual within the transect at any height (e.g. canopy). It is also important to identify how many social groups were encountered during each transect.
Following the collection of count data from line transect surveys, the data should be analyzed via the population analysis software ‘Distance’, which can estimate true density. To estimate density and mean group size in the target population, follow analysis instructions specified in design and analysis of line transect surveys for primates19.
Amphibian Survey
Amphibian surveys are to be conducted for Wegner’s glass lizard (endemic species), Hayek’s slender agama (endemic species); and False file-eared tree frog (endemic species). The surveys are to consist of habitat searches during the wet season. Surveys are to consist of visual and aural surveys with pitfall traps performed twice within each of three time windows, including midday (11:00–15:00), sunset (18:00–19:00) and night (20:00–24:00) windows. All possible hiding spots encountered are to be inspected, including the tree canopy with binoculars. Whenever the encountered animals are within the reach of the observers, they are to be temporarily captured, and species-specific morphological characteristics of each individual animal are to be photographed for identification. For aural surveys, calls are to be recorded using a microphone coupled to a recorder for interpretation. When captured, all animals are to be released at the point of capture. For pitfall traps, traps are to be set up at the end of midday sessions, then left open and checked the following day in the night window, so that they were active for approximately 36 h. Each trap is to consist of four perpendicular black plastic fences that are 35 cm high and 5 m long, converging towards a middle point, with a 40 cm wide bucket placed in the ground. Each trap is to have a diameter of 10 m (Bury and Corn (1987). Traps are to be partly filled with litter to provide hiding and shading spots for animals, and the bottom is to be pierced to avoid rain flooding the traps. The species, approximate age (juvenile or adult), location in the section, and time of encounter are to be recorded for all detections.
Bird Survey (Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted hornbill)
Bird surveys are to consist of diurnal transects in the morning and evening for a minimum period of 2 hours. Surveys are to conduct by trained observers observing for hornbills using suitable binoculars. The surveys is to observe hornbills flying at canopy height. Surveys for potential nesting hollows are to occur through forest transect surveys. Binoculars are to be used to observe suitable hollows for hornbill activity. Call surveys are to be undertaken at dawn and dusk. Suitable recording equipment is to be
18 Plumptre, A.J., Sterling, E.J. and Buckland, S.T., 2013. Primate census and survey techniques. Primate ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques, pp.10-26. 19 Buckland, S.T., Plumptre, A.J., Thomas, L. and Rexstad, E.A., 2010. Design and analysis of line transect surveys for primates. International Journal of Primatology, 31(5), pp.833-847.
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used to identify hornbill calls. Binoculars are to be used to identify the species identified. Where possible, photographs are to be taken of the species to enable appropriate taxonomy.
Flora Survey
Flora transects are to occur along transect points to identify individuals of Shorea platyclados Dark red meranti; and Nephentes tobaica Pitcher plant. Transects are to occur along ten (10) set 500m transects. Observations are to identify individuals if present of the two target species. The transects are to record the location of individuals detected using a GPS. Habitat searches for the Pitcher Plant are to focus on suitable habitats along drainage features at ground level. Red meranti is to be identified through leaf morphology and flowers (if collected).
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Figure 9-3 NTFP Management Area
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Figure 9-4 Patrol Area
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Figure 9-5 Ground and Arboreal Habitat Management Area
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Figure 9-6 Agroforestry Development Program Area
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Figure 9-7 Permanent Survey Transect Locations within BOA
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10. BUDGET
This section outlines estimated budget amount as per ERM’s assumption, therefore the budget for actual implementation will be calculated annually based on planned activities in the relevant year by SOL.
10.1 Estimated Budget to Support the NGO Service Provider ERM has estimated the budget for the implementation of the following items by the NGO Service Provider:
Hunting, poaching and logging management strategy;
Timber and NTFP harvest strategy;
Wildlife corridor enrichment planting;
Ground and arboreal habitat management strategy;
Injured wildlife management protocol;
Patrols; and
Monitoring and evaluation.
10.2 Estimated Budget for Community Development Activities within the CCA It is intended that the estimated loss of income amount be used to implement actions related to community development as outlined within the CCA. These actions include:
Wildlife corridor enrichment planting;
Agroforestry support program;
Environmental education support program; and
Other programs as defined by the community during the life of the CCA. Note that these actions may be implemented through advice provided by suitably qualified persons and/or the NGO Service Provider.
10.3 Estimated Budget for SOL Implementation of Management Actions ERM has the budget for the implementation by SOL of the:
Government liaison;
Strategic enforcement;
Administration and management of the CCA and BOMP;
Administration and support for the Biodiversity Offset Advisory Committee; and
SOL Staff.
10.4 Estimated Budget for Monitoring and Evaluation ERM has estimated the costs associated with monitoring and evaluation activities as outlined in Section 9 above. The following budget outlined within Table 10-1 has been prepared according to the management actions outlined in this BOMP as an estimated budget for the biodiversity offset management period. ERM has used information provided by SRI on the likely costs to undertake activities when defining the budget. The selected NGO Service Provider will need to update the budget, where SOL may select the
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NGO Service Provider through tender process. The budget outlined below is an estimation only and actual contract amount with such NGO Service Provider will be subject to negotiation. All values are in 2019 US Dollar values. All future year values will be required to be adjusted for inflation, salary rates and costs.
Table 10-1 Estimated Biodiversity Offset Management Plan Budget
S/N Item Estimated Estimated Estimated Estimated Total Cost Annual Cost Total Cost Annual Cost for 20 years (Thousand for 20 years (Thousand (Thousand IDR) (Thousand USD) IDR) USD) 1 NGO Service Provider Actions (Incl. SOL implementation actions, Government and NGO stakeholder consultation, and Capital equipment) 2 Hunting, poaching and logging management strategy (incl. Injured wildlife management protocol and Patrols) 3 Timber and NTFP Harvest Strategy 4 Ground and arboreal habitat management strategy 5 Wildlife corridor maintenance and improvement, including enrichment planting 6 Agroforestry support program (incl. Environmental education support program) 7 Monitoring and evaluation (by SOL engaging qualified consultant) 8 Invasive species management 9 Contingency
Total
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11. NEXT STEPS
The following required actions have been prepared based on the actions to finalise the BOMP and associated CCA and to commence implementation. The actions are outlined in Table 11-1. Considering the outbreak of COVID-19, the timeline may be discussed further with the Lenders and adjusted if necessary. .
Table 11-1 Required Actions to Implement the BOMP
S/N Action Target October 2020 1. Conduct additional land use surveys of landowners within the BOA, particularly for Aek Batang Paya village and any other areas within the BOA that have not been subject to survey
October 2020 2. Conduct additional socialisation of the CCA concept with village representatives, including minority groups and women. The socialisation is to include at least two (2) rounds of discussions with villagers.
October 2020 3. Conduct biodiversity surveys as part of the monitoring program to confirm the presence of the following additional critical habitat species within the BOA:
Ophisaurus wegneri Wegner’s glass lizard (endemic species);
Bronchocela hayeki Hayek’s slender agama (endemic species);
Polypedates pseudotilophus False file-eared tree frog (endemic species);
Rhinoplax vigil Helmeted hornbill (IUCN CR);
Shorea platyclados Dark red meranti (IUCN EN); and
Nephentes tobaica Pitcher plant (endemic species).
October 2020 4. Ensure that sufficient information is provided to all villagers to enable free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) for villagers subject to the CCA, and thereafter finalise the CCA in conjunction with the community
November 2020 5. Provide adequate staffing as outlined in Section 4.4.1.3 to support implementation of the BOMP
November 2020 6. Establish and convene the BOAC to oversee the implementation of the BOMP
December 2020 7. Define the tendering process/appoint an offset service provider to implement offset actions. SOL is to review biodiversity offset management contract amounts once tender process has been finalised.
January 2021 8. Establish internal mechanisms within SOL to implement the BOMP/CCA, including establishment of accounts/funding arrangements
March 2021 9. Finalise the CCA following community feedback and provide to community representatives for approval and signature
December 10. Continue consultation with government and NGO representatives in relation to the 2020/January proposed biodiversity offset. Consultation with provincial and local government 2021 and ongoing
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S/N Action Target agencies is to continue to discuss management and regulation requirements in the North Sumatra Regency.
December 11. Continue consultation with other developers within the area surrounding the 2020/January biodiversity offset area. This includes developers proposing palm oil plantations and 2021 and the NSHE Project. ongoing
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REFERENCES Anderson, P. 2011. Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in REDD+: Principles and Approaches for Policy and Project Development. RECOFTC – The Center for People and Forests, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Sector Network Natural Resources and Rural Development – Asia. Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2009. ADB Policy Paper: Safeguard Policy Statement. Asian Development Bank. Buckland, S.T., Plumptre, A.J., Thomas, L. and Rexstad, E.A. 2010. Design and analysis of line transect surveys for primates. International Journal of Primatology, 31(5), pp.833-847. Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2009. Biodiversity Offset Design Handbook. Washington, D.C: BBOP. Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP). 2012. Biodiversity Offset Design Handbook Updated. Washington, D.C: BBOP. Central Bureau of Statistics (South Tapanuli). 2018. Sipirok District in Figures 2018. ERM. 2013. Sarulla Geothermal Power Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. ERM. 2019. Terrestrial Biodiversity Survey of SOL in South Tapanuli. IFC (International Finance Corporation). 2019. International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Note 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources. Retrieved from https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Sustainabilit y-At-IFC/Policies-Standards/Performance-Standards
Mott MacDonald (MM). 17 December 2018. Sarulla Geothermal Power Project – Critical Habitat Assessment. Mott MacDonald (MM). 2018. Sarulla Geothermal Power Project – Biodiversity Offset Management Plan 2018. Mott MacDonald (MM). 2019. Sarulla Geothermal Power Project – On-site Forest Restoration Plan. O'brien, T.G., Kinnaird, M.F., Nurcahyo, A., Iqbal, M. and Rusmanto, M. 2004. Abundance and distribution of sympatric gibbons in a threatened Sumatran rain forest. International Journal of Primatology, 25(2), pp.267-284. O'Connell, A.F., Nichols, J.D. and Karanth, K.U. eds. 2010. Camera traps in animal ecology: methods and analyses. Springer Science & Business Media. Plumptre, A.J., Sterling, E.J. and Buckland, S.T. 2013. Primate census and survey techniques. Primate ecology and conservation: A handbook of techniques, pp.10-26. Rosien, J. 2010. Understanding the Asian Development Bank's safeguard policy. What protections does the bank's new safeguard policy provide for communities and the environment. Victoria: Oxfam Australia. Sloan, S., Supriatna, J., Campbell, M. J., Alamgir, M. and Laurance, W. F. 2018. Newly Discovered Orangutan Species Requires Urgent Habitat Protection. Current Biology 28, R1-R3. SMART (Spatial Monitoring And Reporting Tool). Retrieved from https://smartconservationtools.org/ Tobler, M.W., Hibert, F., Debeir, L. and Richard-Hansen, C. 2014. Estimates of density and sustainable harvest of the lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris in the Amazon of French Guiana using a Bayesian spatially explicit capture–recapture model. Oryx, 48(3), pp.410-419. van Schaik, C. P., Priatna, A., Priatna, D. 1995. Population estimates and habitat preferences of orangutans based on line transects of nests. In: R. D. Nadler, B. F. M. Galdikas, L. K. Sheeran, and N. Rosen, ed., The neglected ape. New York City: Plenum Press, pp. 109-116.
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Vergouwen, J. C. 1964. The Social Organisation and Customary Law of the Toba-Batak of Northern Sumatra. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. Willcox, D., Nash, H.C., Trageser, S., Kim, H.J., Hywood, L., Connelly, E., Ichu, G.I., Nyumu, J.K., Moumbolou, C.L.M., Ingram, D.J. and Challender, D.W. 2019. Evaluating methods for detecting and monitoring pangolin populations (Pholidota: Manidae). Global ecology and conservation, p.e00539. Woollams, G. 1996. A Grammar of Karo Batak, Sumatra. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
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APPENDIX A MINUTES OF MEETING FROM STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION
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Subject/Ref : Meeting Minutes of Preliminary Stakeholder Consultation for Proposed Offset Sites of Sarulla Operations Ltd. (Number for ERM Ref.: 0496296)
Introduction : Sarulla Operations Ltd. (SOL) has secured financing from several financial institutions, including Asian Development Bank (ADB), for its field in Pahae Julu and Pahae Jae districts, North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera. As part of the financing commitments, SOL has been required by the ADB to comply with its Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) as the loan conditions in relation to achieving a no-net-loss biodiversity values. ERM was commissioned by SOL to develop a Biodiversity Offset Management Plan (BOMP), where its preparation, commitment, and implementation shall satisfy ADB SPS’s requirement. One of the approaches in the BOMP development is NGO and government stakeholder consultations aiming to determine potential concerns and inputs into offset design.
1. Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (BBKSDA) of North Sumatera Venue BBKSDA Office Jl. Sisingamangaraja, Harjosari II, Medan Date of Meeting 15 April 2019 Present BBKSDA: Hotmauli Sianturi, Fitri Noor Ch, Irzal SOL: Keysha Fortuna ERM: David Nicholson, Anisa Salsabilla Keynotes ■ BBKSDA is currently developing a corridor plan in North Sumatera. Orang-utan survey; development of standard operating procedure in terms of wildlife rescue, evacuation, conflict; detailed engineering design of the corridor are parts of the plan which BBKSDA wants the companies located in the Batangtoru ecological landscape i.e. NSHE, SOL, and Agincourt involve in this corridor establishment. One of the corridors in the plan coincides with SOL’s proposed offset site Sibualbuali corridor. ■ SOL is expected to disclose its environmental activities to BBKSDA, so there will be good coordination in the environmental and conservation aspects. ■ It is intended to set up a finacnial mechanism to provide funds to the conservation corridor communities. BBKSDA commented that this financial mechanism is a good idea. ■ To date, there is no Indonesia law regulating biodiversity offset. However, in terms of BBKSDA, the concept of biodiversity offset can be linked to one of its policies named Essential Ecology Area (Kawasan Ekologi Esensial – KEE). ■ Since NSHE is potentially planning to have conservation activity in the Sibualbuali corridor, BBKSDA suggested SOL to consult with NSHE and the government of North Tapanuli, South Tapanuli regencies and the representative of Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF) to coordinate and inform these agencies. ■ Once the BOMP is approved, BBSKDA would like SOL to have a scientific assessment of the ecological and biodiversity values in the selected offset area. The assessment can be done by the experts from Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) if needed. SOL commented that this can be considered but it is part of the scope of the current work to understand the biodiversity values of the corridor.
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2. Water Resources Management, Human Settlements, and Spatial Planning (WRMHSSP) Department of North Sumatera Venue WRMHSSP Office Jl. Sakti Lubis No. 7, Medan Date of Meeting 15 April 2019 Present WRMHSSP: Poppy Hutagalung, Nerita Rumapea SOL: Keysha Fortuna ERM: David Nicholson, Anisa Salsabilla Keynotes ■ One of the livelihood support suggested to be included in the BOMP is to get the community ready to be a local guide in tourism activity. The Department considered this as a good opportunity for the locals. ■ The Department has 5 corridors proposed in the Batangtoru strategic plan. Though the plan is not finalized yet by the MoEF, the offset plan shall be aligned with the proposed strategic plan which consists of social, economic, and conservation values. ■ In supporting local’s livelihood, Conservation International (CI) has the experience to trained Marancar community to plant and produce coffee that SOL can refer to.
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3. Conservation International (CI) of North Sumatera Venue CI Office Jl. Sei Padang No. 39, Medan Date of Meeting 16 April 2019 Present CI: Bharaty, Fitri Hasibuan SOL: Keysha Fortuna ERM: David Nicholson, Anisa Salsabilla Keynotes ■ CI has a Community Conservation Agreement (CCA), a voluntary conservation activity, where CI also provides livelihood supports to the community. In North Sumatera, CI has been implementing CCA in South Angkola, South Tapanuli Regency, for 1.5 years. ■ The CCA started with an initial agreement consisting of raising community awareness of the CCA, training the community, and assessing the economic alternatives. Socio-economic baseline data was used to define the status/profile of the community’s livelihood and know the gap to the community’s need. ■ CI puts camera traps in the conservation area and has a regular patrol agenda with FMU and community. For the patrol activities, the community is paid Rp120,000/day and taught how to use GPS and other supporting devices. There is a log book to record the patrol activities. ■ To have community engagement, CI recommends SOL to consult with stakeholders to be involved in the offset implementation, including local Forest Management Unit (FMU). ■ CI had worked with SRI in 2014-2015 to identify villages/areas in Mandailing Natal that was interested in conservation activities. ■ CI learned from its experiences engaging with Batak people that they are smart, tough, and confident in delivering their ideas. Batak people really value commitment and trust. Besides, engages with Batak people means that we have to be very careful of their motives.
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4. Conservation International (CI) Jakarta Venue Skype Phone Date of Meeting 18 April 2019 Present CI: Nassat Idris ERM: David Nicholson, Anisa Salsabilla Keynotes ■ In Batangtoru, there are multiple of land use so it is necessary to get every stakeholder on the same page to implement the offset plan. It will require a good management system involving the community and FMU i.e. ensuring the community knowing its right and responsibility in the offset plan. The offset plan should be streamlined with the government plan as well. ■ The FMU does not have directive management at the provincial level. CI expected the FMU to improve its capacity in forest monitoring. The FMU cannot receive fund from the private sector, but the private sector can hold the capacity improvement program by funding an NGO to facilitate the program. ■ CI thinks it is better not to have NSHE in the joint meeting suggested by BBKSDA since there will be a reputational risk. ■ According to CI, the offset plan would also need to be consulted with YEL and a landscape architect. CI can involve its landscape specialist to give technical feedback on the corridor design and its environmental-economist to provide feedback on the proposed economic model. ■ CI develops water-balance study in Batang Toru. The study is expected to be completed within 2-3 months and can be shared afterward. ■ A financial mechanism is a great idea considering a community empowerment program is better than providing direct cash. The financial mechanism shall be transparent and inclusive. Lack of planning and community’s capacity should be prevented in achieving environmental objectives.
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5. IUCN Primate SSC Date : 7 May 2019 Venue : Skype Call Present : Primate SSC: Prof. Serge Wich ERM: David Nicholson Keynotes ■ ERM outlined the proposals to set up a biodiversity offset within the Sibualbuali Corridor, South Tapanuli province, North Sumatra. ERM also described the scope of works to define the biodiversity offset over the forthcoming weeks. ■ ERM requested advice on the key threats to the proposals and opportunities to ensure a successful biodiversity offset at the location ■ Prof. Wich highlighted that the Tapanuli Orang-utan was faced with key threats in the area and that currently separated populations may be unviable. He highlighted the threats posed by the North Sumatra Hydroelectric Project (NSHE) caused by fragmentation of habitat rom the construction of the project. This includes construction on the left and right banks of the river. ■ Prof. Wich discussed the IUCN meeting held with the NSHE project earlier in 2019 and highlighted that the project had not specifically outlined methods to rehabilitate disturbed forest and provide sufficient connectivity across roads and tunnels constructed for the project. ■ Prof. Wich mentioned that the IUCN had called for a moratorium on further construction and approvals of projects in the area until a detailed spatial plan was prepared, including options for the development of corridors within the area. ■ Prof. Wich highlighted the need to ensure that any NSHE proposals to reduce threats, conduct rehabilitation and manage connectivity would need to be considered and detailed plans prepared. In case such plans do not sufficiently mitigate threats the advice could be to halt the PT NSHE project completely. The current scientific work indicates that orang-utan conservation and the current dam plans are not compatible. Such plans would need to be considered in conjunction with the preparation of a biodiversity offset plan for the Sibualbuali corridor. ■ ERM asked if the Primate SSC or Prof Wich could continue to provide advice on the Project. Prof Wich responded to say that this was possible however the process for this to occur would need to be discussed as this would take time.
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6. North Sumatra Hydroelectric (NSHE) Date : 7 May 2019 Venue : Skype Call Present : Rizal Kapita, NSHE ERM: David Nicholson Keynotes
Consultation with Rizal Kapita from North Sumatra Hydroelectric regarding activities within their project area regarding activities to reduce threats to biodiversity and undertake habitat rehabilitation within their Project Area LSLI are contracted to undertake a program to do replanting in the Project area by Sinohydro. The contract with LSLI is for nursery construction and replanting activities. The contract was commenced in May 2019. Replanting timeframe for Sinohydro is around 6 months until the start the rehabilitation. Sinohydro has almost finished the road construction activities with 1km to complete. Sinohydro activities have improved in terms of sediment and erosion control. Five (5) arboreal rope bridges have been implemented. The bridges however are not effective for the species present. Expert advice has been sought on the design of the rope bridges. One natural bridge is currently in use by orang-utan and other primates. LSLI have been monitoring the rope bridges LSLI have been monitoring the orang-utan within the project area and have identified 8 individuals. NSHE has requested that SOL contact LSLI to gather further information. Sinohydro and NSHE have been training the community about biodiversity related issues. NSHE has contracted NGOs to undertake patrols within the project area.
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7. Environment and Forestry Research and Development Agency of Aek Nauli) Date : 15 May 2019 Venue : Skype Call Present : Bapak Wanda Kuswanda (Environment and Forestry Research and Development Agency of Aek Nauli) SOL: Keysha Fortuna ERM: David Nicholson, Anisa Salsabilla Keynotes
The risks on orang-utan movement on Batangtoru West Forest Block and Sibualbuali corridor include conflicts with human, habitat fragmentation, and land clearing. There is a plan of palm oil plantation development on the north of NSHE’s dam location to Batangtoru River with a total area of 2,000 hectares (located outside of the proposed Sibualbuali corridor). To establish a long term of orang-utan conservation and support its viability, it is important to identify fragmented areas within Sibualbuali corridor, conduct habitat enhancement by planting trees as orang-utan food and commodities that can increase local community’s livelihood, and build wildlife bridge/canopy in certain areas. The bridges present in the vicinity of the proposed offset site are part of NSHE’s conservation program and made by rope only. SOL can refer to the existing bridge, then modify the design and material by adjusting to orang-utan behaviour in the proposed offset site i.e. add liana plants on the rope to make it looks more natural to the fauna. In developing the corridor design, conducting ecological survey, and the choosing the offset location, SOL should consider government’s spatial plan and land status. Bapak Kuswanda does not see a problem if NSHE keeps doing its series of conservation activity on the current area. The conservation activities both from SOL and NSHE can be integrated, if possible. Bapak Kuswanda has been working for 15 years on ecology and habitat enhancement researches. He also has experience working with BBKSDA since the Agency he is working for is under the same Ministry of Environment with BBKDSA. Other than that, he also has been dealing with Batak people during performing his works – Batak people specifically on South Tapanuli are hard to trust new people, thus any party who has an interest working with them shall keep the project transparent and being responsible to any commitments made. It is possible for Bapak Kuswanda to be hired professionally as advisor of SOL’s project.
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APPENDIX B CORRIDOR DESIGN
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SIBUALBUALI CORRIDOR DESIGN 1 SPATIAL PLANNING The overview of the spatial planning at the proposed Sibualbuali Corridor are described as follows. 1.1 International Recognized Area 1.1.1 KBA Batang Toru Based on information provided by Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT), the proposed Sibualbuali corridor area is located within the Batang Toru Key Biodiversity Area (KBA). The KBA covering the East and West Batang Toru protection forest, the Dolok Sibual-buali Natural Reserve, the Sipirok Natural Reserve, and some portion of production forest and non-forestry area in between of the protection and natural reserves area. The KBA area is considered as important habitat for 67 mammal, 287 bird, 110 herpetofauna and protected flora. The endangered and protected species including Sumatran Orang-utan (Pongo abelii), further update this species has been distinguished into Tapanuli Orang-utan (Pongo Tapanuliensis); Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae); Sunbear (Helarctos malayanus); Slow loris (Nycticebus coucang); Sumatran serow (Naemorhedus sumatrensis); Tapir (Tapirus indicus); Marbled cat (Pardofelis marmomata); Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos ssp. sumatranus); Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis); Siamang (Symphalangus syndactilus); Silvered Langur (Trachypithecus cristatus); Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac); Hornbills (Buceros rhinoceros, B. bicornis, Rhinoplax vigil, Rhyticeros comatus); Eagle and Hawks(Ictinaetus malayensis, Spilornis cheela, Accipiter virgatus); Titan arum (Amorphophalus baccari), Amorphophalus gigas); Raflessia (Rafflesia gadutensis Meijer); and Pitcher plant (Nephentes sumatrana, Nephentes eustachya, Nephentes albomarginata). 1.2 National Spatial Plan overview 1.2.1 Forestry Map Area According to spatial forestry map, most of the proposed Sibualbuali corridor area is laid on non-forestry purpose area (Areal Peruntukan Lain – APL) and some part in the south east known to be laid on the production forest before connecting to the Dolok Sibual-buali Natural Reserve Area; In general, the conservation and protected forest surrounding the proposed corridor area is described as follows:
The Dolok Sibual-buali Natural Reserve (5,000 Ha) in the South East, the corridor will be directly connected to this natural reserve;
The Sipirok Natural Reserve (6,970 Ha) in the North at approximately 5.8 Km North side of Bulu Mario Village; and
The Batang Toru West Block protection forest in the at approximately of 4 Km Northwest side of Bulu Mario Village 1.2.2 Land use planning According to the Provincial Strategic Spatial Plan Batang Toru Conservation Area report, the surrounding proposed corridor area are consisted of dry land agricultural area and conservation area. Meanwhile, the proposed corridor area is included in the buffer zone area of West Block Batang Toru protection forest and also part of proposed corridor area for Tapanuli orangutan, this corridor will connecting the forest area surrounding the Batang Toru Strategic Conservation areas. 1.2.3 Habitat orang-utan distribution map The only known population of Pongo tapanuliensis occurs in the uplands of the Batang Toru Ecosystem, an area of roughly 1,500 km² consisting of three forest blocks, of which 1,022 km² is suitable orang- utan habitat (Wich et al. 2016 within Nowak, M.G, 2017). ERM review to the habitat distribution map
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presented in this report indicate that the proposed corridor area is consistent with the orang-utan distribution map.
2 CORRIDOR DESIGN
The Indonesian Government has regulated specific guideline on determining the wildlife corridor through General Director of Natural Resource Conservation and Ecosystem Regulation No. P8KSDAE/BPE2/KSA.419/2016. This guideline is used to determine the requirements for wildlife corridor design for essential ecosystems.
According to the Guideline, ‘wildlife corridor is an area or vegetated lane (natural or artificial) which sufficient wide that connected two or more habitats or conservation area or open land and other resources, it allows movement or exchange of individual among wildlife population or the movement of biotic factors to avoid adverse impacts to the fragmented habitat, inbreeding risks and to avoid genetic diversity caused by genetic drift that occurred within the isolated population’. The analyses consideration on determining the corridor according to the guideline, including:
Ground check to identify the connectivity, predation and competition
Stakeholder mapping
Spatial analyses considering the best lane in terms of connectivity
Consider the shortest distance with forest cover for cost effective
Prefer to choose the riparian area, given this area is legally protected according to the presidential decree no 32/1990 regarding to management of protection area.
Strengthening the status of the corridor in the form of a legal body through regional decisions or regulations
Option for corridor buffer area if the corridor is prone to conflict (i.e. the present of agricultural land) Considering the abovementioned criteria and Guideline recommendations, ERM recommends Aek Sitandiang riparian area as to be designated as sibual-buali corridor for Tapanuli Orangutan, Agile Gibon, Siamang and Sumatran Surili’s. Technically, the proposed corridor area has adequate precondition to meet the requirements as wildlife corridor as per the General Director of Natural Resource Conservation and Ecosystem Regulation No. P8KSDAE/BPE2/KSA.419/2016, regarding to guideline on determining wildlife corridor as essential ecosystem. Table B-1 presents the analysis for the proposed corridor.
Table B-1 Analysis of the Aek Sitandiang Riparian area
No Preconditions Consideration 1 Suitability of habitat ■ ERM baseline study 2019 confirmed the present of Tapanuli orangutan, Agile Gibbon, Siamang and Sumatran Surili’s within and surrounding the proposed area ■ Included in the habitat distribution map according to IUCN 2 Part of international ■ The area is laid on the Batang Toru KBA Conservation Area 3 The presence of ■ The presence of Dolok Sibual-buali Natural Reserve with the West Conservation Areas ■ The presence of Batang Toru West Block protection forest in the North west that can be ■ The presence of Sipirok Natural Reserve in the North connected 4 Formal Legal Status ■ Included in the Provincial Strategic Spatial Plan Batang Toru Conservation Area
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No Preconditions Consideration ■ Riparian river is legally protected according to the presidential decree no 32/1990 regarding to management of protection area20. 5 Community ■ Positive feedback and support from local community regarding to the Perception proposed conservation programs within their administrative area ■ The presence of locally protected area due to water conservation purposes
3 VEGETATION ENRICHMENT PLAN 3.1 Consideration Based on the land coverage characteristic from spatial analyses and the field survey, ERM noted that most of the proposed corridor area consisted of agricultural area or secondary forest that formed due to logging or agricultural activity. ERM refers to the General Director Conservation of natural resources and ecosystem regulation No: P.12/KSDAE-Set/2015 regarding Guideline planting and enrichment in order to terrestrial ecosystem restoration within natural reserve and conservation area in developing the vegetation enrichment plan. The guideline suggest the consideration on determining the enrichment plants including:
Mutualistic species; vegetation species that can be use as food source, nesting/breeding site and migration path
Rare or threatened species; endemic species
Fast growing species; this species is used in the initial phase to accelerate the land cover, prior to adding the climax species;
Species with high tolerance to the marginal land. Another consideration in determining the enrichment species is based on its value for the community, given some species might be considered to have high value (economically, culturally) for conservation. 3.1.1 Nesting Characteristics This section only presents the Tapanuli orangutan preference record of nesting trees characteristic since there were no available information to be review regarding to the Sumatran Surili, Agile Gibbon and The Siamang preference for the Nesting trees. A Nasution et. al. (2018) described the Tapanuli Orangutans mostly built their nest in Lithocarpus meijeri (Hoteng tree- local name for Oak tree) of the Fagaceae. The genus of this family including: Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, and Quercus. The study revealed that a total of 85 species and 29 families were recorded using as nesting trees for Orangutan in Batang toru area. There were 46 species of 26 families were observed to be used in Sitandiang observation area. The trees families including Altingiaceae, Apocynaceae, Bombacaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Guttiferae, Meliaceae, Myristicaceae, and Theaceae. It is noted that the Tapanuli Orangutan’s nesting tree height in Sitandiang observation area ranged from 8 meters to 28 meters, while the nest height ranged from 7 meters to 25 meters and mostly found in 10-15 meters. Tree height and nest height selection is limited by availability of nesting trees in the area. Pujiyani (2009) also confirmed that the orangutan in Batang Toru tends to prefer the Lithocarpus spp as their nesting trees, the study noted 52 of 154 nests were known to be developed on this species.
20 The protection of riparian area at minimum of 50 meters for small river and 100 m for big river, and at minimum of 200 m radius from the natural spring.
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Figure B-1 Nesting trees of Tapanuli Orangutan in Batang toru (Pujiyani 2009) Regarding guidelines for planting and enrichment in order to achieve terrestrial ecosystem restoration within natural reserve and conservation area the following factors should be considered. 3.1.2 Feeding Characteristics In general, the Orangutan, Siamang, Sumatran surili and the Agile Gibbon are known to be herbivores, Based on ERM consultation with the community member from Bulu Mario, it is known that the diet of the Orangutan in Batang Toru area consisted of: Durio zybentinus (Durian), Garcinia mangostana (Manggis), Parkia speciose (Parkia speciosa); and Areca pinnata (Aren). According to local community, the Orangutan also known to avoid coffee and cacao as their preferred food. ERM was also informed that the Siamang also tends to eat the Areca pinnata (Aren) fruits, while the Sumatran surili was reported to be pest for community rubber plantation (Hevea braziliensis) since this species is fond of the young leaves. 3.1.3 Valuable (non timber) Vegetation Based on ERM field observation and consultation with local community, ERM noted that there are some valuable species of vegetation that can be considered for enrichment species. Those are Durio zybentinus (Durian), Garcinia mangostana (Manggis), Parkia speciosa (Petai) Areca pinnata (Aren), Hevea braziliensis (Karet) and Boswellia spp. This species is grown by community around the habitat of the Orangutan, Siamang, Sumatran surili and the Agile Gibbon. These species produce valuable fruits, resins, and palm sugar. The community also grows other agricultural commodities such as coffee and cacao that are not considered as food for orang-utan. These species can be grown as enrichment species within the buffer area of the corridor as this can be beneficial for both the community and orangutan. The species presents an income source for the community as well as the moving path for the arboreal wildlife. 3.2 Recommended Enrichment Species Considering the orang-utan nesting and feeding characteristics ERM recommends to enrich the corridor area with the following species, which includes wildlife-food/nesting non-commodity species:
Lithocarpus meijeri (Hoteng tree)
Lithocarpus spp (Hoteng)
Litsea spp (Medang)
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Durio zybentinus (Durian)
Garcinia mangostana (Manggis),
Parkia speciosa (Petai);
Areca pinnata (Aren);
Artocarpus spp (Jackfruit);
Hevea braziliensis (Karet). To minimize conflict between farmers and orangutan, agricultural commodity such as coffee and cacao are proposed to be considered as primary agricultural commodity to be grown in the understory of the area. These species are not considered as forage for orang-utan, are shade tolerant species (can be left underneath the canopy) and have economic value. Other non-food commodity species to be considered include candlenut and kemenyan. Another consideration of these recommended species is that Parkia speciosa and Hevea braziliensis are fast growing species and are known to grow between 50 - 100cm in diameter and take up to 7 years from seed until they begin to crop. The other recommended species include Garcinia mangostana, Areca pinnata and Durio zybentinus are known to be relatively easy to grow. The local community around the proposed corridor area has also grown these species within their plantation area. According to the community the species needs between 6-8 years from seed before its first fruiting. While Lithocarpus meijeri and Litsea Spp are tree species that become most favourable species for orangutan nesting that can be found both in mature and secondary forest. These species can grow to 42 m with an average diameter of 20-100 cm. This species can be found around western and central archipelago of Indonesia, Philippine, Brunei and Malaysia. The proportion of the species and number of seedlings for each species for habitat enrichment is recommended to comprise feeding/nesting species (60%) and economically valuable species (40%) in consideration of the APL status of the BOA. 3.3 Estimation of Seedlings Needed for Enrichment By adopting the Guideline planting and enrichment in order to terrestrial ecosystem restoration within natural reserve and conservation area, ERM determined the requirement of seedlings for the enrichment program based on the quality of the land cover of the proposed corridor area. Based on the spatial analysis results and the field observation the land cover quality of the proposed corridor area can be classified as follows: 3.3.1 Minor disturbance This area can be identified through the relatively high density of natural trees (diameter > 20 cm) composition with some minor disturbance trace (i.e. logging activity). This area still contains sufficient seeds for natural regeneration. Typically, this area can be grown naturally to become mature forest without intervention. At the proposed corridor area, this area is identified as forest or mature secondary forest. 3.3.2 Medium disturbance This area has medium vegetation coverage that has recently grown to become natural forest after experiencing major disturbance, this area can be identified through the domination of pioneer species with an average tree diameter of 10 cm. Thinning of the trees is required to accelerate the succession into a mature forest. Enrichment can be done through planting natural nesting species (Litsea spp, Lithocarpus spp., and dipterocarps).
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At the proposed corridor area, this area is identified as agro-forestry area, young secondary forest area, mix plantation area, and mixed plantation with secondary forest area. 3.3.3 Major disturbance This area has low vegetation coverage with sparse and immature tree coverage (10 – 20 cm), in general this area is dominated by bush or in the form of crops with very low density and natural seedlings. Enrichment can be done through planting natural nesting species (Litsea spp, Lithocarpus spp., and dipterocarps). Planting density is described based on the level of disturbance of the proposed land. The higher level of disturbance the higher density of the seedling required. ERM suggested the density of enrichment seedlings to be planted as the following options:
No enrichment required for the minor disturbance land.
200 seedlings/ha for the medium disturbance land.
400 seedlings/ha for the major disturbance land. According to the Guideline on planting and enrichment in order to achieve a terrestrial ecosystem restoration within natural reserve and conservation area, the composition of enrichment species shall consist of 40% climax species (Mutual of nesting / feed species), and the layout of planting pattern can be developed as the following illustration Figure B-2 Layout Planting Design
Table B-2 Disturbance Level and Required Seedling Summary
Disturbance level Area (hectare) Seedling density per Number of hectare seeding Major 6.06 400 2,424 Medium 213.37 200 42,674 Minor 93.67 N/A N/A Total 313.1 - 45,098
3.4 Maintenance and Monitoring Plant maintenance need to be carried out properly and periodically, in order to ensure the optimal plant growth and achieve the ecosystem recovery target. Plant maintenance includes: (1) fertilizing, (2) controlling pests and diseases, (3) cleaning weeds, and (4) replanting to the died seedlings. Ideally the fertilizing is conducted from the initial planting up to 2 years or where the seedlings have grown taller than the weeds. The replanting shall be conducted when the vegetation success rate is below 80%. And the replacement species shall be done with the same species previously planted. It is often to find that in the initial succession phase, there will be potential transmission of invasive species from surroundings of the area. The listed invasive species (Table B-3) such as Acacia spp, and
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Caliandra spp can be a potential problem when weed control is absent. To ensure the success of the enrichment program, the guideline suggested to have at least 5 years maintenance program on site during the initial set up with ongoing weed control for the 20 year program associated with the Community Conservation Agreement. To evaluate the success of the enrichment programs, the Biodiversity Offset Management Plan will contain a monitoring and evaluation program that includes activities of enrichment progress and success rate; and flora fauna composition particularly for the targeted species (Tapanuli Orangutan, Agile Gibon, Siamang and Sumatran Surili).
By taking these corridor design measures, ERM has developed the proposed wildlife corridor area as outlined in Section 5. The proposed wildlife corridor will cover 200 m either side buffer of Aek Sitandiang riparian area that links West Batang Toru Forest Block and Sibualbuali Nature Reserve. Administratively, the proposed corridor lays on three villages that are Batang Paya, Maraba, and Bulu Mario villages. The area is as shown in Figure 5-1.
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Reference Dinas Sumber Air Cipta Karya dan tata Ruang, ‘Penyusunan RTR Kawasan Strategis Provinsi Kawasan Konservasi Hutan Batang Toru - Laporan Akhir – Development of Provincial Strategic Spatial Plan Batang Toru Conservation Area – Final Report’, 2018 General Director Conservation of natural resources and ecosystem regulation No: P.12/KSDAE- Set/2015; Guideline planting and enrichment in order to terrestrial ecosystem restoration within natural reserve and conservation area, 2015 General Director of Natural Resource Conservation and Ecosystem Regulation No. P.8KSDAE/BPE2/KSA.419/2016, regarding to guideline on determining wildlife corridor as essential ecosystem, 2016 Nasution. A, Perwitasari-Farajallah. D, Utami-Atmoko. S S, ‘Nesting Characteristics of The Tapanuli Orangutan (Pongo tapanuliensis) in Two Unprotected Forests of Batang Toru’, 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 197 012027 Nowak, M.G., Rianti, P., Wich , S.A., Meijaard, E. & Fredriksson, G. Pongo tapanuliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017, 2017. Pujiyani Hendri, ‘Karakteristik pohon tempat bersarang orangutan sumatra (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) di kawasan hutan Batang Toru’, IPB, 2009 Presidential decree No. 32 year 1990, ‘Management of protection area’ 1990 Tapanuli Selatan Government, ‘Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan - Strategic environmental Assessment of Tapanuli Selatan Regency’s Spatial Plan’, 2014 Zahra, L.N, Winarno, G.D, Population Study Of Siamang (Shimpalangus Syndactylus) In Protected Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang Tanggamus Regency, 2017
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Table B-3 List of Invasive Species
Species Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family System
Acacia confusa Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Terrestrial
Anoplolepis gracilipes Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Hymenoptera Formicidae Terrestrial
Chromolaena odorata Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Terrestrial
Clidemia hirta Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Myrtales Melastomataceae Terrestrial
Columba livia Animalia Chordata Aves Columbiformes Columbidae Terrestrial
Corvus splendens Animalia Chordata Aves Passeriformes Corvidae Terrestrial
Lantana camara Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Lamiales Verbenaceae Terrestrial
Leucaena leucocephala Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Fabales Fabaceae Terrestrial
Macfadyena unguis-cati Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Scrophulariales Bignoniaceae Terrestrial
Nypa fruticans Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Terrestrial
Pomacea canaliculata Animalia Mollusca Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Ampullariidae Freshwater
Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Siluriformes Loricariidae Freshwater
Pterygoplichthys pardalis Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Siluriformes Loricariidae Freshwater
Pterygoplichthys spp. Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Siluriformes Loricariidae Freshwater
Pycnonotus jocosus Animalia Chordata Aves Passeriformes Pycnonotidae Terrestrial
Rusa unicolor Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Cervidae Terrestrial
Scyphophorus acupunctatus Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Curculionidae Terrestrial
Viverricula indica Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Viverridae Terrestrial
Xylosandrus compactus Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Scolytidae Terrestrial
Xylosandrus mutilatus Animalia Arthropoda Insecta Coleoptera Scolytidae Terrestrial
Source: Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved from: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/search.php
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APPENDIX C ASSESSMENT OF AVERTED LOSS RATE FOR NO-NET- LOSS CALCULATION
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BACKGROUND ERM has calculated the required biodiversity offsets for the Sarulla Operations project based on the Habitat Hectare model. This model is a “rehabilitation metric” that predicts future gains in biodiversity management that can be used to offset or compensate for development losses. In order to account for biodiversity gains applicable to primary forest (or forest in benchmark condition), an averted loss rate is required to be calculated to use in the model. Averted loss protects existing biodiversity values by reducing background losses identified in the landscape. ERM has therefore used data obtained from the Indonesian Government to assess existing deforestation rates within the administrative region associated with the biodiversity offset site (Sipirok Sub-District). The approach for calculating the averted loss is described below. APPROACH Base Clearing Rate ERM obtained forest loss data from the Indonesian government’s geoportal on forest clearing for the period 2014-201821 for the Sipirok Sub District within the South Tapanuli Regency. The Sub District coincides with the Sarulla biodiversity offset site and includes the areas to the north towards the township of Sipirok. The areas cleared within the Sub-District have been mapped by the Indonesian Forestry Department (BKSDA) for this period. The total area of forest in 2018 was 14,902.1ha within an average forest loss during the 4 year period of 0.618% per annum. The areas cleared are shown within Table C-1. Figure C-1 outlines the mapped forest areas cleared.
Table C-1 Areas Cleared within Sipirok Sub-District 2014-2018
Year Forest Loss (ha) Total Forest (ha) % Loss
2015 58.5 15,215.20 0.384%
2016 63.4 15,151.80 0.418%
2017 130.4 15,021.40 0.868%
2018 119.3 14,902.10 0.801%
Average Annual Loss 0.618%
21 Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 2020 https://geoportal.menlhk.go.id/arcgis/home/
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Figure C-1 Areas Cleared within Sipirok Sub-District 2014-2018
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Counterfactuals The literature requires that counterfactual impacts to this forest loss be taken into account when determining the deforestation rate used in the calculations. In this regard, counterfactual impacts can include: government or community programs aimed at reducing deforestation within the jurisdiction and the effectiveness of actions within the managed area. In terms of government programs aimed at reducing deforestation rates in Indonesia, these measures to date have focussed on mapping areas of primary forest and prohibiting development (known as the Forest Clearing Moratorium, Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011) as well as community based measures through the establishment of Forest Management Units (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan or KPH)22. These measures are designed to work with communities to better manage forest resources. Generally, forest deforestation has subsequently slowed according to the World Resources Institute (WRI, 2019) with a 45% reduction in clearing rates in North Sumatra from 2015-201823. Forest clearing within areas of “Non-Forest Area” (Areal Penggunaan Lain) or APL is not generally controlled and continues to be of primary concern. The rate of reduction of forest loss within the Sipirok district due to Indonesian Government policy is difficult to predict. However given the close community management of the forest resource within the offset area and resistance to government intervention that was documented during consultation, the effects of these policies is likely to be minimal. The community however has generally resisted broad scale clearing in the offset area apart from single tree removal and NTFP collection restricted to domestic rather than commercial use. Impacts from developments in the area are likely to continue within areas of APL, including adjacent projects currently under construction and future projects. The underlying deforestation due to these projects is likely to remain. In relation to the effectiveness of proposed programs to reduce deforestation within the biodiversity offset area, these measures include managing the collection of NTFP and employing sustainable forest practices for the local community. A specific strategy for this purpose (Timber and NTFP Harvest Strategy) which require practices to be employed according to FAO guidelines24, including the definition of a sustainable yield threshold. The requirement of the strategy is also to audit and enforce the sustainable yield threshold within the offset area. It is challenging to predict the success of conservation measures to avert forest loss, and so it is appropriate to be precautionary in the first instance. Few published estimates exist for such success. One of the few that does is for offsets for Rio Tinto QMM in Madagascar25, which predicts only 50% success. Those offsets are in a similarly challenging socio-economic context to the ones discussed in this document, so the same conservative estimate is taken here. If later monitoring shows this offset is achieving greater than 50% success, greater actual gains can be credited to the offset program - and thus used, for example, to offset any habitat loss/degradation impacts of future changes to the project. With a 50% discount, averted loss is predicted to be only half of deforestation rates predicted above, i.e. 0.309% per annum.
22 Yuen-Su et al (2016) Indonesia's Forest Management Units: Effective intermediaries in REDD + implementation Downloaded from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1389934115300472 23 WRI (2019) Indonesia Is Reducing Deforestation, but Problem Areas Remain https://www.wri.org/blog/2019/07/indonesia- reducing-deforestation-problem-areas-remain 24 FAO ‘Guidelines for the Management of Tropical Forests: The production of wood’; Downloaded from: http://www.fao.org/3/w8212e/w8212e07.htm#3.3.1%20classical%20methods%20for%20determination%20of%20the%20allowa ble%20cut 25 H.J. Temple et al (2012). IUCN and Rio Tinto Technical Series No.2: Forecasting the path towards a Net Positive Impact on biodiversity for Rio Tinto QMM. Downloaded from: https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2012-049.pdf
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Estimation of clearance rate during offset management period Given the estimated clearance rate (0.618% per annum) and the proposed discount (50%), the clearance rate for the offset management period has been determined. This calculation is shown in Table C-2.
Table C-2 Estimation of clearance rate during the offset management period
Year Total Forest Area (ha) Area Lost Percentage Loss
1 14902.1 46.039 0.309% (from 0.618x0.5)
2 14837.64 45.897
3 14773.47 45.755
4 14709.57 45.614
5 14645.95 45.473
6 14582.6 45.333
7 14519.53 45.193
8 14456.73 45.053
9 14394.2 44.914
10 14331.94 44.775
11 14269.95 44.637
12 14208.23 44.499
13 14146.77 44.361
14 14085.59 44.224
15 14024.66 44.088
16 13964 43.951
17 13903.6 43.816
18 13843.47 43.680
19 13783.59 43.545
20 13723.97 43.411
Totals 14902.1 894.3 6.001%
Recommended clearance rate for averted loss calculation The recommended averted loss rate over the biodiversity offset management period of 20 years is 6.001% or 0.06001 as used in the habitat hectare metric calculation.
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APPENDIX D BIODIVERSITY SURVEY REPORT
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REPORT OF TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY SURVEY OF SOL IN SOUTH
TAPANULI
PREPARED BY AKSIOMA
ERRY KURNIAWAN M CHOIRUDDIN AZIS HERY SUDARNO ILHAM KARTIKO GUSTI WICAKSONO AHMAD NANANG B A
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CONTENTS
Introduction ...... 1 General Condition ...... 1 Habitat ...... 1 Fauna ...... 1 Method ...... 1 Time and Location ...... 1 Data Collection ...... 2 Rapid Biodiversity Assessment ...... 2 Orangutan Nest ...... 3 Gibbon Listening Survey ...... 3 In-depth Interview Survey ...... 3 Data Analysis ...... 3 Species with Conservation Significance ...... 3 Species Diversity and Evenness ...... 3 Species Richness ...... 3 Orangutan Density Estimation ...... 4 Maps of Landcover and Species Distribution ...... 4 Survey Results ...... 5 Rapid Biodiversity Survey ...... 5 Bird ...... 5 Mammal ...... 9 Herpetofauna ...... 12 Ape Density Survey ...... 15 Orangutan Estimated Density ...... 15 Gibbon Estimated Density ...... 17 In-depth Interview ...... 19 Landcover and Habitat ...... 21 Species with Conservation Significance ...... 23 Threat ...... 25 Recommendation ...... 25 References ...... 26 Appendix ...... 27
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INTRODUCTION
Sarulla Operation Limited is existing operator of geothermal power plant located in North Tapanuli, South Sumatra, Indonesia. To support environmental program, a Biodiversity Offset Management Plan (BOMP) is developed as a compliance requirement under the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Safeguard Policy Statement. Part of the project is Sibualbuali Corridor in South Tapanuli that connect existing area with Natural Reserve Dolok Sibual-buali in which this terrestrial biodiversity survey was conducted. Habitat around the project area is relatively green with large area of secondary forest and agroforestry. Development not quite blooming in this regency. Therefore, this area inhabited by various species of rainforest flora and fauna including the newly discovered Orangutan Tapanuli. Besides that, key species such as Sunda Pangolin, Agile Gibbon, and various species of Hornbill also inhabit this area. Biodiversity observation was conducted in 5 transects. All of the transect location conducted mostly in secondary forest or agricultural area to obtain comprehensive data related to the biodiversity in the area. This survey aims to collect all biodiversity baseline data in survey sites. The data taken from this survey can be used to determine the policy related to the biodiversity and environment. GENERAL CONDITION Habitat Landcover in the survey sites consist of various different vegetation types, including forest, shrub, bush, dryland agriculture, paddy field, settlement, openland, and water body. Survey was conducted in three of those landcover, that are Forest, Dryland Agriculture, and Paddy Field area. These landcover were selected to obtain most of the biodiversity and to better represent the survey area. Forest is the vastest landcover among the others. Survey area located in highland mountain with steep slope and far from developed city which makes the area relatively safe. Dryland Agriculture in the survey area mostly planted with coffee and oil palm and also various kinds of fruit trees. While paddy field is observed mostly in flat area and some of them is found within the forest. Fauna Fauna survey conducted in 5 transects. Observation split into three taxa, which are mammals, birds, and herpetofauna. Mammals encountered in the study area was relatively diverse with 21 species from 13 families with the highest number of species from Sciuridae family. Birds from Pycnonotidae family dominated the number of species found. As for the herpetofauna, Agamidae have the highest encounter for reptilian along with Dicroglossidae family for amphibian. METHOD Time and Location Biodiversity survey was conducted in April 29 – May 7, 2019. Survey located in Bulu Mario Village, Sipirok District, South Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province.
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Figure 1. Map of survey transects in study area Data Collection Rapid Biodiversity Assessment Mammals Mammals survey was conducted in relevance to Reconnaissance Survey (Moheb & Mostafawi, 2011). Observers were walk along the path and records the name, number, and notes of every species encountered by visual and/or auditory detection. Observers also mark the location of encountered species in the GPS to create map of distribution. Birds Birds survey was also conducted in relevance to Reconnaissance Survey (Moheb & Mostafawi, 2011). Observers were walk along the path and records the name, number, and notes of every species encountered by visual and/or auditory detection. Observers also mark the location of encountered species in the GPS to create map of distribution. Herpetofauna Diurnal herpetofauna survey was also conducted in relevance to Reconnaissance Survey (Moheb & Mostafawi, 2011). Additional nocturnal survey was conducted by Visual Encounter Survey (VES). VES is an efficient tool to collect data of reptile and amphibian species over diverse habitat (Crump & Scott, 1994). Observers will walk along the path in slow and steady speed and records every species found in survey area. Observers allowed to take specimen to be identified later.
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Orangutan Nest Surveyor walks in the transect in medium pace. All data related to the orangutan nest including location, tree species, nest distance to transect, nest class, height, and nest position were recorded. The nest location then marked on GPS. Beside the nest data, observer noted additional data including weather, habitat cover and condition, diameter of the tree with nest, and fruit tree and ficus tree location in the transect. Gibbon Listening Survey Gibbon survey was conducted in relevance with Triangle Count (O’Brien, Kinnaird, Nurcahyo, Iqbal, & Rusmanto, 2004). This method predicted the location of gibbon through intersection of three line from three observers in three different locations. Gibbon species, call starting time, call duration, call direction/azimuth, call distance, and call type will be noted. In-depth Interview Survey Several sessions of interview were conducted in order to gather secondary records of fauna observed in the survey area. Informants were selected through purposive sampling. Relevance interviewees which have adequate information related to the fauna in the survey area were inquired in relevance with in-depth interview method.
Data Analysis Species with Conservation Significance All gathered data was tabulated and sorted by its conservation significance. Conservation status of these species based on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and Indonesian Law for Protected Species (Government Decree No. 7/1999). Species Diversity and Evenness Species diversity is composed of two distinct components, the total number of species and the evenness, which gives an indication of the structure of species distribution of a stand (Ludwig, J. A., Reynolds, 1988). Shannon index of diversity (Magurran, 1973) follows the equation:
푆 ′ 퐻 = − ∑ 푝푖 ln 푝푖 Where S is the number of species and pi is the proportion푖=1 of individuals found in the ith species. The evenness shows the degree of uniformity in the distribution of individual species over standardized area. The equation for the evenness index is:
퐻′ 퐻′ 퐸 = = Where H’ is the actual degree of evenness and퐻푚푎푥 Hmaxln 푆 is the mathematically maximum possible evenness in a stand.
Species Richness
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Species richness is the number of species in the community. Richness indices are based on the relationship between S and the total number of individuals observed, N, which increases with increasing sample size (Ludwig, J. A., Reynolds, 1988). The equation for richness index was used Margalef Index (Carmichael, Clifford, & Stephenson, 2007):
푆 − 1 Where N is the total number of individuals in the퐷푀퐺 sample= and S is the number of species recorded. ln 푁 Orangutan Density Estimation In order to predict orangutan density estimation, nest density was estimated first using Van Schaik et al (1995) formula below:
푁 Where Do is orangutan nest density, N is number퐷표 = of nests, L is length of transect, and W is effective 퐿푥2. 푊 width of transect. After nest density is discovered, orangutan density can be estimated by using formula below:
퐷표 퐷표푈 = Where DoU is orangutan density and p/r/t are constant푝.푟. number 푡 related to the nest data. Maps of Landcover and Species Distribution Maps was derived from satellite image/aerial photograph interpretation and confirmation from groundtruthing. Species with conservation significance locations that taken by GPS were plotted in the map to show the distribution of these species. Landcover, habitat, vegetation class and other supporting maps were created and analyzed in accordance to the condition of flora and fauna in the region.
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SURVEY RESULTS Rapid Biodiversity Survey Bird Survey activity resulted in 75 species of 31 families found throughout 5 transects. Two of those species can be found in four transects, that are White-headed Munia and Black-headed Bulbul. Detailed list of birds in all transects presented in the table below. Table 1. List of Bird Species Found in Survey Sites Finding Location Landcover N Family Species Name English Name Indonesia Name DL P o A B C D E F A F Crested Serpent- 1 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Elang Ular Bido √ √ √ √ eagle 2 Accipitridae Spizaetus alboniger Blyth's Hawk-eagle Elang Gunung √ √ 3 Accipitridae Ictinaetus malaiensis Black Eagle Elang Hitam √ Crested honey 4 Accipitridae Pernis ptilorhynchus Sikep Madu Asia √ √ Buzzard 5 Accipitridae Nisaetus nanus Small Hawk-eagle Elang Wallace √ √ Microhierax Black-thighed 6 Accipitridae Alap-alap Capung √ √ fringillarius Falconet 7 Aegithinidae Aeghitina viridissima Green Iora Cipoh Jantung √ √ √ 8 Aegithinidae Aeghitina tiphia Common Iora Cipoh Kacat √ √ White-breasted 9 Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis Cekakak Belukar √ √ Kingfisher Raja Udang 10 Alcedinidae Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher √ √ Meninting 11 Alcedinidae Lacedo pulchella Banded Kingfisher Cekakak Batu √ √ 12 Bucerotidae Aceros undulatus Whreathed Hornbill Julang Emas √ √ √ 13 Bucerotidae Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill Rangkong Badak √ √ √ 14 Campephagidae Pericrocotus miniatus Sunda Minivet Sepah Gunung √ Hemipus Black-winged 15 Campephagidae Jingjing Batu √ √ hirundinaceus Flycatcher-shrike Chloropsis Cica Daun Sayap 16 Chloropseidae Blue-winged Leafbird √ √ cochincinensis Biru Greater Green 17 Chloropseidae Chloropsis sonnerati Cica Daun Besar √ √ Leafbird 18 Cisticolidae Prinia atrogularis Black-throated Prinia Perenjak Gunung √ 19 Cisticolidae Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia Perenjak Rawa √ √ 20 Columbidae Macropygia ruficeps Little Cuckoo-Dove Uncal Kouran √ √ √ √ 21 Columbidae Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Perkutut Ketitir √ √ Thick-billed Green 22 Columbidae Treron curvirostra Punai Lengguak √ √ √ Pigeon 23 Columbidae Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove Tekukur Biasa √ √ Platylophus 24 Corvidae Crested Jay Tangkar Ongklet √ √ galericulatus Malaysian Hawk- 25 Cuculidae Cuculus fugax Kangkok Melayu √ √ √ Cuckoo Phaenicophaeus 26 Cuculidae Red-billed Malkoha Kadalan Kembang √ √ javanicus 27 Cuculidae Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Wiwik Kelabu √ √ Dicaeum Orange-bellied 28 Dicaeidae Cabai Bunga Api √ √ √ √ trigonostigma Flowerpecker Prionochilus Crimson-breasted 29 Dicaeidae Pentis Pelangi √ √ √ percussus Flowerpecker
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Dicaeum Yellow-vented 30 Dicaeidae Cabai Rimba √ √ chrysorrheum Flowerpecker 31 Dicruridae Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Srigunting Kelabu √ √ √ 32 Estrildidae Lonchura maja White-headed munia Bondol Haji √ √ √ √ √ 33 Estrildidae Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Bondol Peking √ √ 34 Estrildidae :omchura striata White-rumped Munia Bondol Tunggir Putih √ √ Eurylaimus Black-and-yellow 35 Eurylamidae Sempur Hujan Darat √ √ √ ochromalus Broadbill Hemiprocne Grey-rumped 36 Hemiprocnidae Tepekong Jambul √ √ √ longipennis Treeswift 37 Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne comata Whiskered Treeswift Tepekong Rangkang √ √ 38 Laniidae Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike Bentet Loreng √ 39 Laniidae Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike Bentet Coklat √ √ 40 Megalaimidae Megalaima oorti Black-browed Barbet Takur Bukit √ √ √ √ Takur Ampis- 41 Megalaimidae Calorhampus hayii Brown Barbet √ √ Sumatera 42 Megalaimidae Psilopogon pyrolophus Fire-tufted Barbet Takur Api √ √ Megalaima 43 Megalaimidae Coppersmith barbet Takur Ungkut-ungkut √ √ √ √ haemacephala Red-bearded Bee- 44 Meropidae Nyctyornis amictus Cirik-cirik Kumbang √ √ eater Fulvous-chested Sikatan Rimba Dada 45 Muscicapidae Rhynomyias olivacea √ √ √ Jungle Flycatcher Coklat 46 Muscicapidae Cyornis unicolor Pale Blue Flycatcher Sikatan Biru Muda √ √ Grey-headed 47 Muscicapidae Culicicapa ceylonensis Sikatan Kepala Abu √ √ √ Flycatcher Burung Madu Sepah 48 Nectariniidae Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird √ √ √ Raja Arachnothera 49 Nectariniidae Little Spiderhunter Pijantung Kecil √ √ longirostra Burung Madu 50 Nectariniidae Cinnyris jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird √ Sriganti Streaky-breasted 51 Nectariniidae Arachnothera affinis Pijantung Gunung √ √ Spiderhunter Long-billed 52 Nectariniidae Arachnothera robusta Pijantung Besar √ √ Spiderhunter Chalcoparia Ruby-cheeked Burung Madu 53 Nectariniidae √ √ singalensis Sunbird Belukar 54 Oriolidae Oriolus xanthonotus Dark-throated Oriole Kepudang Hutan √ √ 55 Phasianidae Argusianus argus Great Argus Kuau Raja √ √ Micropternus 56 Picidae Rufous Woodpecker Pelatuk Kijang √ √ brachyurus Fulvous-breasted 57 Picidae Dendrocopos macei Caladi Ulam √ woodpecker 58 Picidae Picus miniaceus Banded Woodpecker Pelatuk Merah √ √ Crimson-winged Pelatuk Sayap 59 Picidae Picus puniceus √ √ Woodpecker Merah 60 Picidae Sasia abnormis Rufous Piculet Tukik Tikus √ √ Pycnonotus Cream-Stripped 61 Pycnonotidae Cucak Kerinci √ √ leucogrammicus Bulbul 62 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented Bulbul Merbah Corok-Corok √ √ 63 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul Cucak Kuricang √ √ √ √ √ √ 64 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed Bulbul Merbah Mata Merah √ √ 65 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul Cucak Kutilang √ √ √ √ 66 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Merbah Cerukcuk √ √ √ √ √ Pycnonotus 67 Pycnonotidae Spectacled Bulbul Merbah Kacamata √ √ √ √ erythropthalmos 68 Sittidae Sitta azurea Blue Nuthatch Munguk Beledu √ √ 69 Sylviidae Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird Cinenen Kelabu √ √ √
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70 Timaliidae Macronus gularis Striped-Tit Babbler Ciung Air Coreng √ √ √ 71 Timaliidae Malacocincla sepiaria Horsfield's Babbler Pelanduk Semak √ √ Scarlet-rumped 72 Trogonidae Harpactes duvaucelii Luntur Putri √ √ √ Trogon 73 Turdidae Enicurus velatus Lesser Forktail Meninting Kecil √ √ Maroon-breasted Philentoma 74 Vangidae Philentoma velata √ √ Philentoma Kerudung Zosterops palpebrosus 75 Zosteropidae Oriental White-eye Kacamata Biasa √ √ buxtoni Notes: F=Secondary Forest; DLA=Dryland Agriculture; PF=Paddy Field The highest number of species encounter is in Transect A with 32 species. This transect has wide stream with approximately 10-15m width with high current and give good ecotone condition to support high species encounter. While Transect E has the lowest number of birds with 15 species. Several parts of Transect E were previously agricultural land planted with coffee but already abandoned and turned into forest due to its appointment to become the part of natural reserve. This transect also has the highest altitude among other transects because of its relatively near location to Mount Dolok Sobual- buali.
Birds Observed in Survey Sites Dominating Bird Family
32 Pycnonotidae Accipitridae 25 3 Nectariniidae 3 9 3 Picidae 16 16 Columbidae 15 3 6 Megalaimidae 3 Alcedinidae 4 6 Cuculidae 4 5 Dicaeidae Estrildidae Muscicapidae A B C D E
Figure 2. Number of species and dominating bird family in survey site
Pycononotidae has the highest member of bird family with 9 species. Pycnonotidae, or commonly called as Bulbul, is cosmopolite bird which inhabit every type of landcover from pristine forest to human settlement. In general bulbuls are resistant to human pressures on the environment and are tolerant of disturbed habitat. Black-headed Bulbul that part of this family can be found in four different transects. While three of them, Black-headed Bulbul, Yellow-vented Bulbul and Sooty-headed Bulbul, were observed in two different landcover.
Birds Observed in Landcover Diet Type of Observed Birds Molluscivore Paddy Piscivore Field 11% 13% Carnivore 28% Granivore Dry Land Nectivore Agriculture Forest 25% Frugivore 62% 45% Insectivore
Figure 3. Proportion of observed birds in different landcover and diet
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Species Diversity and Evenness Indices for Species Richness Index Birds
3,203 3,113 2,632 2,619 2,631 E; 4,297 A; 7,272
D; 6,269 0,926 0,769 0,858 0,899 0,869 B; 4,254 C; 4,551
ABCDE
Species Diversity Indices Species Evenness Indices A B C D E
Figure 4. Bird diversity, evenness, and richness indices Most of the birds were observed in forest area. This landcover consists of primary, secondary, and overgrowth of abandoned agricultural area. The vegetation in this landcover ranging from covered canopy of big trees with 40m high to young secondary forest with dense understory vegetation. This various condition gives choice to various bird species to flourish.
a b
d c
Figure 5. Birds found in survey sites. (a) Scaly-breasted Bulbul represent Pycnonotidae bird; (b) Maroon- breasted Philentoma, one of unique bird which is Near Threatened; (c) Whreathed Hornbill that protected by Indonesia Government; (d) White-headed Munia that can be found in 4 different transects.
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Insectivorous birds dominate the survey site. This type of birds often observed in the open area with direct sunlight and contain various vegetation that attract insects. Insectivore birds is less sensitive than other birds and have high number of species so that this type of birds can be observed much easier. Birds diversity index in the survey locations are relatively high, ranging from 2,619 in Transect C up to 3,203 in Transect A. Evenness index score also shows high score from 0,769 in Transect A up to 0,926 in Transect E. The richest area is also Transect A with 7,272 and the lowest one is Transect B with 4,254. Forest coverage with various canopy cover allow birds species to flourish and inhabit this area. Therefore, various species of birds can live in the area and enhance the diversity in the locations. Evenness index also indicates that there is minimum domination throughout all of the locations. Mammal Survey activity resulted in 21 species of 13 families found throughout 5 stations. Most of them were observed through direct observation but several cryptic species including sun bear, deer, and pangolin only observed by its track such as footprint, scratch, and nest. Detailed list of mammals in survey sites presented in the table below. Table 2. List of Mammal Species Found in Survey Sites
Indonesia Finding Location Landcover No Family Species Name English Name Name A B C D E F DLA PF Southern Pig- 1 Cercopithecidae Macaca nemestrina tailed Beruk √ √ Macaque Sumatran 2 Cercopithecidae Presbytis sumatrana Simpai √ √ √ √ √ √ Surili Southern Red 3 Cervidae Muntiacus muntjak Kijang √ √ Muntjac 4 Cervidae Rusa unicolor Sambar Rusa √ √ √ 5 Hylobatidae Hylobates agilis Agile Gibbon Owa Ungko √ √ √ Symphalangus 6 Hylobatidae Siamang Siamang √ √ √ √ syndactylus Greater Slow- 7 Lorisidae Nycticebus coucang Kukang √ √ loris Sunda 8 Manidae Manis javanica Trenggiling √ √ Pangolin 9 Muridae Rattus exulans Polinesian Rat Tikus √ √ Tapanuli Orangutan 10 Hominidae Pongo tapanuliensis √ √ Orangutan Tapanuli Woolly 11 Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus luctus Kelelawar √ √ Horseshoe Bat Pale Giant 12 Sciuridae Ratufa affinis Jelarang √ √ Squirrel Black Giant 13 Sciuridae Ratufa bicolor Jelarang √ √ √ √ Squirrel Callosciurus Black-stripped 14 Sciuridae Bajing √ √ √ √ √ nigrovittatus Squirrel Plantain 15 Sciuridae Callosciurus notatus Bajing Kelapa √ √ √ Squirrel Slender 16 Sciuridae Sundasciurus tenuis Bajing √ √ √ √ √ Squirrel Red Giant 17 Sciuridae Petaurista petaurista Bajing Terbang √ √ Flying Squirrel 18 Suidae Sus scrofa Wild Boar Babi Hutan √ √ √ √ Lesser Pelanduk 19 Tragulidae Tragulus kanchil Oriental √ √ Kancil Chevrotain Common 20 Tupaidae Tupaia glis Tupai √ √ Treeshrew Small-toothed 21 Viverridae Arctogalidia trivirgata Musang Akar √ √ Palm Civet Notes: F=Secondary Forest; DLA=Dryland Agriculture; PF=Paddy Field
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Transect A has the highest species encounter in the site with 10 species while transects C only achieve 3 species. Transects A has various landcover including the forest with various canopy which supports many species of mammals to inhabit and fulfill their needs. Mammals shared the same observation rate in both forest and dryland agriculture landcover. Both of them share the ecotone that formed between them. This ecotone supports many species as a result of edge effect that can be inhabited by species of different ecosystem.
Mammals Observed in Survey Sites Mammals Observed in Landcover Paddy Field 4% 10
8
6 5 Forest 48% Dry Land Agriculture 3 48%
A B C D E
Figure 6. Number of Mammals species by Location and Landcover As much as 6 species are member of Sciuridae, largest family in the site. Sciuridae is the scientific family for squirrels. As a generalist mammal, squirrel can live in various habitat and some of them even can inhabit heavily disturbed habitat as long as their main feed is available. They are primarily herbivore and eat a wide variety of plants, as well as nuts, seeds, conifer cones, fruits, fungi, and green vegetation. They even develop wing-like structure to glides between trees such as Red Giant Flying Squirrel which observed in transect A.
Mammals by Family Cervidae; 2
Cercopithecidae; 2 Suidae; 1 Muridae; 1
Tragulidae; 1
Hylobatidae; 2 Tupaidae; 1
Other; 9 Lorisidae; 1 Manidae ; 1 Sciuridae; 6
Hominidae; 1 Rhinolophidae; 1 Viverridae; 1
Figure 7. Number of Mammals species by Family
Some of the families of mammals in the survey location only have one species as its member. As much as 9 species belong to this category. One of them is Hominidae that only have Tapanuli orangutan as their member in survey location. This species is newly recognized species, separated by its relative in the northern part of Sumatra. Sunda Pangolin is a member of Manidae that its population is in steep decline due to high extent of hunting. This species considered as Critically Endangered refer to IUCN Red List.
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Species Diversity and Evenness Indices for Species Richness Index Mammals
2,042 E; 1,924 1,677 1,776 A; 2,643 1,386
0,892 0,739 0,800 D; 2,203 0,701 0,608 B; 2,276 0,600 C; 0,8341
ABCDE
Species Diversity Indices Species Evenness Indices A B C D E
Figure 8. Mammals Diversity, Evenness, and Richness Indices
Range of mammal diversity in the survey locations is wide, stretches from 0,600 in Transect C up to 2,042 in transect A. Transect C has the lowest number of diversity index among other transect. Habitat condition is the inhibiting factor for the mammal diversity in the survey location over other factor. Transect C consist of secondary forest that contain coffee plantation and paddy field blocks inside the forest. Local community plant those commodities in the area that considered as optimum such as flat area for the paddy field. Coffee plantation in this area mostly planted recently within months so that certain area is still in open condition. This condition is not preferred by mammals so that they will leave this habitat to find the suitable one.
a b
d c
Figure 9. Mammals in the survey location. (a) Sumatran Surili that can be found in four different transects; (b) A family of Southern Pig-tailed Macaque resting in the night; (c) Woolly Horseshoe Bat hanging in a tree; (d) Red Giant Flying Squirrel ready to glide .
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Species richness also support that notion. Its index in Transect C also show the lowest number among other transects with 0,8341. Transect A has the highest number of species richness with 2,643. Transect A has favorable habitat for 10 species of mammal. Various canopy cover with over several landcover and wide stream helps to create edge effect that can be inhabited by large number of species. Domination level of mammal species in the survey location is relatively low. Species evenness indices show small range which stretches from 0,608 to 0,892. This high number shows that number of animals of the species is evenly distributed. Mammals tend to be sensitive so that they will avoid direct encounter with human. Therefore, encounter rate of mammal during survey is low among all of the species. Herpetofauna Survey activity resulted in 21 species of 9 families found throughout 5 transects. Herpetofauna consists of two categories, which are amphibian and reptile. Amphibians that found in the survey location are 14 species from 6 families while reptiles are 7 species from 3 families. Among them, only Crab-Eating Frog that can be found in three different transects. As much as 5 species was observed in two different transects while 15 species only observed in one transect. Detailed list of herpetofauna in all transects presented in the table below. Table 3. List of Herpetofauna Species Found in Survey Sites Finding Location Landcover No Family Species Name English Name Indonesia Name A B C D E AF SF Amphibians Kodok Puru 1 Bufonidae Phrynoidis aspera River Toad √ √ Sungai Kodok-Buduk 2 Bufonidae Phrynoidis juxtaspera Giant River Toad √ √ Raksasa Crab-Eating 3 Dicroglossidae Fejervarya cancrivora Katak Sawah √ √ √ √ Frog 4 Dicroglossidae Fejervarya limnocharis Gass Frog Katak Tegalan √ Indonesia Wart 5 Dicroglossidae Limnonectes microdiscus Bangkong Kerdil √ √ Frog Spinulate Chin Bangkong 6 Dicroglossidae Limnonectes sisikdagu √ √ Frog Sisikdagu 7 Dicroglossidae Limnonectes kuhli Kuhl' Craak Frog Bangkong Tuli √ √ Bangkong Anak 8 Dicroglossidae Limnonectes laticeps Rivulet Frog √ √ √ √ Sungai Kecil Green Paddy 9 Ranidae Hylarana erythraea Kongkang Gading √ √ √ Frog 10 Ranidae Chalcorana chalconota Schlegel's Frog Kongkang Kolam √ √ Poisonous Rock 11 Ranidae Odorrana hosii Kongkang Racun √ √ Frog 12 Microhylidae Microhyla superciliaris Cave Rice Frog Percil Mata Tebal √ √ Parallel Horned Katak-Tanduk 13 Megophrydae Megophrys parallela √ √ Frog Sumatra Yellow Banded 14 Ichtyophiidae Ichthyophis paucisulcus Lindi Lindi √ √ Caecilian Reptiles Green Crested 15 Agamidae Bronchocela cristatella Bunglon Hijau √ √ √ Lizard Cicak Terbang Black-Barbed 16 Agamidae Draco melanopogon Kerongkongan √ √ Flying Dragon Hitam Sumatra Flying Cicak Terbang 17 Agamidae Draco sumatranus √ √ √ Dragon Sumatra Rough-Scaled 18 Scincidae Eutropis rudis Kadal Sisik Kasar √ √ Skink Common Sun 19 Scincidae Eutropis multifasciata Kadal Biasa √ √ √ Skink
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Oriental Whip 20 Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina Ular Pucuk √ √ Snake Dark-Necked Ular Pemakan 21 Colubridae Pareas malaccanus Slug-Eating √ √ Siput Malaka Snake Green Crested 15 Agamidae Bronchocela cristatella Bunglon Hijau √ √ √ Lizard Cicak Terbang Black-Barbed 16 Agamidae Draco melanopogon Kerongkongan √ √ Flying Dragon Hitam Sumatra Flying Cicak Terbang 17 Agamidae Draco sumatranus √ √ √ Dragon Sumatra Notes: F=Secondary Forest; DLA=Dryland Agriculture; PF=Paddy Field Unlike other taxa, reptile and amphibia are highly dependent with the existence of water and its surrounding. Therefore, survey was conducted in Batang Toru river and its tributaries on each transect. Transect A has the most observed herpetofauna with 12 species. While the lowest number of herpetofauna species found is in transect D.
Herpetofauna Observed in Survey Sites Herpetofauna by Family
12 Dicroglossidae 2 Ranidae 2 6 Bufonidae Microhylidae 6 Reptiles Megophrydae 5 3 Amphibians Ichtyophiidae 3 2 1 3 Agamidae 1 Scincidae 1 2 Colubridae
A B C D E
Figure 10. Number of species and dominating herpetofauna family in survey site Transect A has various type of stream including the widest stream with up to 15m width, and surrounding which support different kinds of herpetofauna species. This kind of habitat support various species to coexist. Dicroglossidae family is the largest family with 6 species. This family occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa, with most member is in Asia. Previously Dicroglossidae considered as sub- family of Ranidae but now it is established as distinct family. This is a large family with broad range of variety in its form and habit. Member of this species is famous for its edible meat such as Crab-eating Frog and it was found in survey location. In reptiles, Agamidae has the largest number with 3 species found. Agamidae family has over 300 species throughout the world, mostly in Africa, Asia and Australia. Many species that belong to this family commonly called as dragons or dragon lizards. Many Agamid species can change their colors which useful to regulate their body temperature as well as to camouflage. Some of them also develop flying part to glide from one tree to another. Two of them, Black-Barbed Flying Dragon and Sumatra Flying Dragon were observed in the survey site.
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Species Diversity and Evenness Indices for Species Richness Index Herpetofauna
2,289 E; 0,9102
1,525 D; 1,516 1,332 A; 3,806
0,950 0,945 0,822 0,766 0,758 0,637 C; 1,243 0,862
B; 1,949
ABCDE
Species Diversity Indices Species Evenness Indices A B C D E
Figure 11. Herpetofauna diversity, evenness, and richness indices
a b
d c
Figure 12. Herpetofauna found in survey sites. (a) Black-Barbed Flying Dragon, one of flying Agamidae; (b) Yellow Banded Caecilian is highly sensitive amphibian; (c) Crab-Eating Frog, cosmopolite frog in the site; (d) Dark-Necked Slug-Eating Snake, a harmless small snake
In line with number of species observed in each transect, Transect A have the highest diversity index with 2,289. Stream condition, environmental setting and various landcover support this transect to have high diversity index. While transect E has the lowest index with 0,637. Transect E has the highest
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altitude among other transect. There are many streams but most of them is small as its located in upstream and have slow current. Only two species were observed in this transect. Transect A also became the richest transect with 3,806 index number. However, domination in the transect relatively low in all transect locations. Ape Density Survey Orangutan Estimated Density Survey site is located in Tapanuli Orangutan’s natural habitat, that is in the corridor of Dolok Sibual- buali Nature Reserve and Batang Toru Ecosystem. This corridor apparently become their route to crossing those two habitats, despite of the existence of road that cut across the corridor. Orangutan and its nest were found in four transects from five transects available in this study. Orangutan was observed directly in Transect D while another finding is observed by its nest. Detailed nest finding in the location explained in the table below. Table 4. Nest findings in survey location No. Transect Number Class Tree species 1 A 0 - - 2 B 7 3; 4 Medang, Api-api, Unidentified 3 C 16 1; 3; 4 Hanyan Polok, Balik-balik Angin, Kemenyan, Medang, Unidentified Medang, Bayur, Durian, Hoteng, Hayun Dolok, Kemenyan, 4 D 11 2; 3 Unidentified 5 E 4 3; 4 Hoteng, Hayan Dolok, Unidentified Total 38
As much as 38 nests were found during site visit. The largest number of orangutan nests was in Transect C with 16 number followed by transect D with 11 nests while the lowest number is in Transect A where there was no sign of orangutan observed. Transect A is located adjacent with the road and most of them covered by bushes, small agricultural area and secondary forest. Apparently, orangutan avoid to built their nest in as this area has high intensity of human activity. Transect C and D located in the western part of the corridor close to Batang Toru forest. Those area have steep slope and rough terrain that fit to become orangutan temporary shelter.
Nest Height (in meter)
30
25
20
14,53 14,25 15 12,5 10,75 7 6 7 6
BCDE
Figure 13. Nest height relative from ground level Orangutan nest were observed in various height from 6 meter in Transect E up to 30 meter in Transect C. Tapanuli Orangutan share habitat with Sumatran Tiger. Orangutan prefer to choose highest place with good camouflage to avoid this predator. In addition, height preference also depends on the canopy where the habitat given. Transect E has the lowest maximum height because most of the area is
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abandoned agricultural area that has low canopy. Overall, average height of the nest height is between 10,75 – 14,53 meter above ground. Those number is the average canopy of the survey location. Compared to the geographic range map released by IUCN, nest finding located within Tapanuli orangutan range. Even though transect A is also located within the range, no nest was observed in there. The distribution map shows that survey location is in the corridor that connecting two natural habitats of the Tapanuli Orangutan.
Figure 14. Map of Orangutan Nest compared with Tapanuli Orangutan Geographic Range Analysis data from nest findings in the survey location resulted in Tapanuli orangutan estimated density in the survey area is 0,728 individuals/km2 with nest density is 245,203 nests/km2. This high density of orangutan can be compared with other record in overall Batang Toru Forest with 0,52 individuals/km2 (Simorangkir, Mansjoer, & Bismark, 2009), southern part of Batang Toru Forest with 0,35 individuals/km2 (Nasution, Perwitasari, & Atmoko, 2017), Sipirok Nature Reserve with 0,47 individuals/km2 (Kuswanda, 2013) and IUCN approved of overall Batang Toru Forest with 0,78 individuals/km2 (Nowak, Rianti, Wich, Meijaard, & Fredriksson, 2017; Wich et al., 2016). Previous survey was conducted in Sitandiang as part of the southern part of Batang Toru Forest survey and resulted in relatively close number with 0,7 individuals/km2 (Nasution et al., 2017). He stated that Sitandiang forest has low disturbance. Orangutan nest number is adjacent with the rate of forest conversion. Therefore, orangutan will be harder to find in the area that already converted to be agricultural area.
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Table 5. Comparison of orangutan density over year in nearby location Density No. Location Year Source (ind/km2) 1 Overall Batang Toru Forest 0,52 2009 (Simorangkir et al., 2009) 2 Sipirok Nature Reserve 0,47 2013 (Kuswanda, 2013) 3 Overall Batang Toru Forest 0,78 2016 (Nowak et al., 2017; Wich et al., 2016) 4 Southern part of Batang Toru Forest 0,35 2017 (Nasution et al., 2017) 5 Sitandiang (near this corridor) 0,7 2017 (Nasution et al., 2017) 6 Batang Toru - Sibual-buali Corridor 0,73 2019 This survey Sibual-buali corridor act as connector between population in Batang Toru Forest and Dolok Sibual-buali Nature Reserve. This small area creates bottleneck effect that will increase encounter rate of the orangutan since they have to pass through this area to crossing both habitats. This way, the resting nest that they make for temporary shelter will often be found in this corridor. In addition, people activity in survey area is relatively high as this corridor has road and agricultural area. It has possibility that orangutan is able to coexist with people in disturbed forest as long as their necessities is fulfilled.
a b
Figure 15. Orangutan observed in survey location. (a) Tapanuli Orangutan hanging in the tree; (b) One of orangutan nest observed in Transect C. Gibbon Estimated Density Field survey for gibbon call resulted in finding of both Siamang and Agile Gibbon throughout survey transects. Both of them can be found in all of the transect, except Siamang that was not observed in Transect E. Some of them were observed directly in a group with average 3 members. Usually, their group is formed from family that consist of male, female, and juvenile. Calculation of gibbon’s encounter rate and density exposed in the table below. Table 6. Encounter rate and estimated density of agile gibbon and siamang in survey location
Group ER Group Density Individual Density (group/km) (group/km2) (individual/km2) Transect AGB SMG AGB SMG AGB SMG A 1,680 2,240 5,573 7,431 16,720 22,293 B 0,348 1,390 0,569 2,274 1,706 6,823 C 0,435 0,435 3,907 3,907 11,720 11,720 D 0,326 0,652 2,960 5,919 8,879 17,758 E 0,835 0 1,366 0 4,098 0 Average 0,725 0,943 2,875 3,906 8,624 11,719 Notes: ER = Encounter Rate; AGB = Agile Gibbon; SMG = Siamang Average density of siamang is 3,906 group/km2 or approximately 11,719 individual/km2. While average density of agile gibbon is 2,875 group/km2 or approximately 8,624 individual/km2. These number can be compared to other study in their range. Research in SOCP Station Research in Batang Toru Forest
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resulted in 3,37 group/km2 of siamang and 5,12 group/km2 of agile gibbon (Mubarok, Rinaldi, & Mardiastuti, 2012). While study in Kerinci Seblat National Park resulted in 5,4 group/km2 of siamang and 3,8 group/km2 of agile gibbon.
a b
Figure 16. Two species of gibbon in survey location. (a) Siamang hanging with cautious in the tree; (b) Agile gibbon brachiation to move swiftly between trees. Similar with result of the research in Kerinci Seblat NP, agile gibbon density is lower than siamang. Both of the species is Hylobatidae and shared relatively same habit and diet since both of them have the same ancestor. This scientific phenomenon is called sympatric speciation. This condition will make them compete over the same resources in their habitat. However, they could survive together through unique adaptation. Agile gibbon makes a morning call earlier than siamang. In this way, agile gibbon can avoid direct competition with siamang (Mubarok et al., 2012).
Figure 17. Siamang distribution in survey location
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Figure 18. Agile gibbon distribution in survey location
In-depth Interview Interview was conducted in order to gain information related to the finding of fauna that considered as key species. Fauna that considered as key species in the survey location are Tapanuli Orangutan and Sumatran Tiger. Besides that, information about other fauna with conservation significance were also asked to obtain relevant information related to the existence and sustainability of their population. Tapanuli Orangutan is threatened animal that recently being separated by its closest relation in the north of Lake Toba. With this separation, Tapanuli Orangutan stated as the most threatened great ape in the world. This species live in relatively narrow habitat, covering about 1000 km2 of Batang Toru Forest ecosystem and separated into two blocks that dissected by road and river. Latest reported population of this orangutan is estimated fewer than 800 individuals. This great ape is facing serious threat from habitat loss and hunting. This ape considered as key species because of its great role in forest ecology and regeneration. Orangutans are important dispersal agents of fruit seeds, either by passing seeds through their digestive tract or by carrying and discarding seeds as they move through the trees. They eat hundred of flora species and help those plants dispersed and maintain the balance of the ecosystem. Sumatran Tiger is threatened big cat that categorized as Critically Endangered in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Tiger is top predator that in charge for maintaining population number of trophic
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levels below them. This task that carried by tiger ensures that there will be no overpopulation that can destroy the balance of the ecosystem. In survey location, most of the local people around survey area works as farmer, woodcutter, and forest product gatherer. There are also shop and food stall since this area relatively close to the main road that connect Padang Sidempuan and Tarutung. However, hunting rate in the survey location is relatively low. Trap usually deployed by local people to prevent wild boar entering their agricultural area. Village head of Bulu Mario, Maraganti Ritonga, said that Tapanuli Orangutan often found in agricultural area especially in fruit season. Orangutan even considered as pest since they eat the fruit and damaging the agricultural trees around. However, people did not hunt this great ape and just drive them away from agricultural area. According to the head of Dolok Sibual-buali Nature Reserve, Chairil, approximately 5-7 orangutan inhabit the forest and agricultural area around Bulu Mario, Aek Batang Paya, and Bulu Satail based on the survey in the last several years. They were spotted in secondary forest that mixed with agricultural area but mostly in the forest area. Orangutan prefer to live in this area because there are plenty of food available from agricultural plants. Chairil said that orangutan regeneration also happens in this area. Two juveniles with one adult male ever spotted during their survey. Even the orangutan often eats and damages agricultural area, local people did not hunt them so that they can live safely in the area. Local people behavior related to the orangutan is also stated by Rasyid, SRI (Sumatra Rainforest Institute) coordinator. SRI is local NGO based in North Sumatra which concern with the conservation of the Sumatran rainforest and its endangered species, rescuing wildlife in need as well as assisting local farmers to implement eco-friendly agricultural systems and technology in Northern Sumatra. Rasyid stated that unlike in North Tapanuli where orangutan still hunted and eaten by local people, community in South Tapanuli did not hunt them down but only drive orangutan away from their agricultural area because they are considered as pest. For the number of the Tapanuli Orangutan, Rasyid said that SRI did not conduct population study but according to YEL and SOCP, there area approximately 400-800 individuals in their natural habitat around Batang Toru Ecosystem and its surrounding. Even orangutan is not hunted, hunting activity still exist in survey location especially for big mammals such as serow, wild boar, and deer. Awal, village secretary of Bulu Mario, stated that at least 2-3 months ago there was Sumatran Serow that trapped in the sling cable trap that deployed during forest opening for agricultural area. Local people will deploy the trap near their agricultural area or in the recently converted forest. This trap will harm wildlife in the area especially big mammals such as Sumatran Tiger. Rasyid said, tiger still considered as sacred animal and several clans in North Sumatra honoring tiger because of spiritual bond with their ancestor. Those clans are for example Siregar clan in South Tapanuli, and Rangkuti in Mandailing. Whenever they built monument for various purposes, there will be one obelisk with tiger head to honor the tiger. There was minimum number of tiger encounter in this area. Both SRI and Dolok Sibual-buali Nature Reserve did not conduct tiger population assessment. Chairil said that more than 2 years ago one individual of tiger was observed in the Dolok Sipirok, north of the survey area. In addition, in February 2019 there is a report from local people in Batang Parsulaman Village, Saipar Dolok Hole District to BBKSDA North Sumatra that 4 goats have been eaten by tigers that stated in Medan Bisnis Daily Online (Harja, 2019). Survey team from KSDA Area III found from the tracks that 2 adult and 1 juvenile was came and preyed upon those 4 goats within its cage.
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Landcover and Habitat Based on satellite imagery analysis, there are 8 kinds of landcover in the survey area. Forest, which consists of primary and secondary forest, dominates the survey area. Survey location is surrounded by two important forest area, which are Batang Toru forest as part of Batang Toru Ecosystem and Dolok Sibual-buali Nature Reserve. However, several parts of this area were already converted into agricultural area and settlement. Therefore, quite large area of agricultural plantation including coffee, palm oil, and rice was found in survey location.
Figure 19. Landcover map of survey location Primary forest located in relatively far from the access road. The nearest part of the forest to the road is in the southern part of project location. It needs to pass through abandoned agricultural area (mainly tea and coffee) and secondary forest to access the primary forest. Visually, primary forest consists of various forest vegetation such as Dipterocarpaceae, oak, and fig trees. This forest also has various canopy cover with average height is above 30 meters and overgrown by climbing plants and epiphyte such as orchid and giant giant fern. Secondary forest is varied from abandoned ex-logging area to overgrown agroforestry area. Most of the survey activity was conducted in this type of landcover. Ex-logging area can be distinguished by the existence of pioneer trees such as Macaranga trees that has relatively similar height and basal area. The overgrown agroforestry area actually also ex-logging area but already grown by main trees and also planted with fruit and timber trees by local community such as durian, petai, and styrax tree. This type of secondary forest has various canopy height and big trees often observed as community’s timber reserve.
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Agricultural area often got false classification with the secondary forest because of its similar cover from satellite imagery. The main difference of the agricultural area with overgrown agroforestry is its monoculture plantation. Some agricultural land was observed in small area so that it cannot be distinguished from its surrounding. Main agricultural commodities in this area are tea, coffee, and palm oil. Paddy field mostly found in flat area near the settlement. Some field were also found near agricultural area or even in the middle of secondary forest. This location is chosen because it has fertile soil and located in relatively flat area. Some of them also chosen because of its easy access to water source. Bushes and bareland dominated by some small shrubs and grasses. This type of landcover usually formed from abandoned open area that previously intended to be an agricultural area. This area has infertile land so that it is overgrown by shrubs and grasses instead of pioneer trees.
a b
d c
Figure 20. Images of vegetation types in survey location. (a) Forest with various height of canopy cover; (b) Coffee plantation as one of main plantation commodity in survey location; (c) Paddy field that located near the forest; (d) Part of cleared forest that become bushes area
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Species with Conservation Significance All of the taxon of flora and fauna in the survey location have species with conservation significance. Three different criterions used as the basis for determine species with conservation significance, which are: Indonesian law, global policy, and endemicity. Indonesian government protects its flora and fauna by regulation under Government Regulation Number 7 Year 1999. Latest list of protected flora and fauna is registered under Ministry of Environment and Forestry Decree Number P. 106 Year 2018. Global policy to conserve flora and fauna refer to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Species which have status as Endangered (EN) and Critically Endangered (CR) in IUCN Red List considered as species with conservation significance. While endemicity means flora and fauna species can only be found in specific region, national level at least up to small region within country. Based on above mentioned criterions, 23 species of fauna are considered as species with conservation significance. As much as 9 species of mammals, 11 species of birds, and 3 species of herpetofaunas flagged as important species. Detailed list of species with conservation significance listed in table below.
Ende Location No Famili Species Name Local Name English Name IUCN P 106 mic A B C D E Mammal Cercopithecidae Presbytis Sumatran Surili Simpai EN √ √ √ √ √ √ 1 sumatrana Cervidae Muntiacus Southern Red Kijang LC √ √ 2 muntjak Muntjac 3 Cervidae Rusa unicolor Sambar Rusa VU √ √ 4 Hylobatidae Hylobates agilis Agile Gibbon Owa Ungko EN √ √ √ Hylobatidae Symphalangus Siamang Siamang EN √ √ √ 5 syndactylus Lorisidae Nycticebus Greater Slow-loris Kukang VU √ √ 6 coucang 7 Manidae Manis javanica Sunda Pangolin Trenggiling CR √ √ Pongidae Pongo Tapanuli Orangutan CR √ √ √ 8 tapanuliensis Orangutan Tapanuli Tragulidae Tragulus kanchil Lesser Oriental Pelanduk Kancil LC √ √ 9 Chevrotain Bird Ictinaetus 10 Accipitridae Black Eagle Elang Hitam LC √ malaiensis Microhierax Black-thighed 11 Accipitridae Alap-alap Capung LC √ √ fringillarius Falconet Spizaetus Blyth's Hawk- 12 Accipitridae Elang Gunung LC √ √ alboniger eagle Pernis Crested honey 13 Accipitridae Sikep Madu Asia LC √ √ ptilorhynchus Buzzard Crested Serpent- 14 Accipitridae Spilornis cheela Elang Ular Bido LC √ √ √ √ eagle 15 Accipitridae Nisaetus nanus Small Hawk-eagle Elang Wallace VU √ √ Buceros Rhinoceros 16 Bucerotidae Rangkong Badak VU √ √ √ rhinoceros Hornbill Whreathed 17 Bucerotidae Aceros undulatus Julang Emas VU √ √ √ Hornbill Chloropsis Blue-winged Cica Daun Sayap 18 Chloropseidae LC √ √ cochincinensis Leafbird Biru Chloropsis Greater Green 19 Chloropseidae Cica Daun Besar VU √ √ sonnerati Leafbird Calorhampus Takur Ampis- 20 Megalaimidae Brown Barbet LC √ √ √ hayii Sumatera Herpetofauna Limnonectes Spinulate Chin Bangkong 21 Dicroglossidae LC √ √ sisikdagu Frog Sisikdagu
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Megophrys Parallel Horned Katak-Tanduk 22 Megophrydae LC √ √ parallela Frog Sumatra Ichthyophis Yellow Banded 23 Ichtyophiidae Lindi Lindi LC √ √ paucisulcus Caecilian Notes: DD=Data Deficient; LC=Least Concern; NT=Near Threatened; VU=Vulnerable; EN=Endangered; CR=Critically Endangered Primate dominates the protected species of mammal. Five out of nine species of mammal is categorized as primate. Most of the primate live as arboreal animal. They live in trees and leaping or branchiating among the trees and rarely go down to the ground. Because of habitat conversion and deforestation, their number keep decreasing and makes them threatened species. Two of the species that flagged as important species are categorized as Critically Endangered refer to IUCN. Those species are Tapanuli Orangutan that recently separated from previous species and Sunda Pangolin that highly sensitive. Both of them are experiencing high level of threat due to its sensitivity and limited habitat setting.
a b
d c
Figure 21. Species with conservation significance. (a) Tapanuli Orangutan resting in a tree; (b) Footprint of Sunda Pangolin indicated by its unique front flipped foot with long claw; (c) Blyth's Hawk-eagle watching its prey; (d) Endemic Parallel Horned Frog with its unique horn-like head shape.
Tapanuli Orangutan restricted in Batang Toru Ecosystem covering area of roughly 1,500 km2. Since separated from Sumatran Orangutan, this orangutan became the most threatened great apes in the world with not more than 800 individuals. Its existence is threatened by habitat loss from forest conversion and industry including several power plants that planned to be built in their habitat.
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Sunda Pangolin is highly threatened from poaching and illegal hunting for illicit international trade. Its meat and scale have very high demand for delicacy and traditional medicine, especially in China and Vietnam. Last month, foreigner got caught for their effort to smuggle 44 pangolin scale in Kualanamu Airport, North Sumatra. In Singapore, as much as 28 tons of pangolin scale was seized by local authority. The seized scales were worth around $77 million and could come from as many as 40,000 pangolins. This high level of threat is calamitous to pangolin existence. Four bird species considered as threatened species by both Indonesian government and IUCN, that are Small Hawk-eagle, Rhinoceros Hornbill, Whreathed Hornbill and Greater Green Leafbird. Hornbill is usually form monogamous pairs and raise their chick inside hollow tree from abandoned nest of woodpecker or inside existing natural holes or crevices. The male has to collect food and transfer it to the female from the hole. Forest conversion that destroy their habitat and excessive hunting for their valued hornbill ivory and other parts threat the hornbill. None of the herpetofauna in the survey location is considered as protected nor threatened. However, three of them is endemic species that have limited distribution. Herpetofauna is sensitive taxon that highly dependent with its environment. They are cold-blooded animals; hence they need suitable condition to fulfill their needs. Since their range are limited due to their endemicity, their habitat must be protected in order to prevent the threat. Threat Threat to the biodiversity in survey location consists of threat to the species and threat to the habitat. Threat to the species in the survey location comes from hunting activity in all of the survey area. Hunter capture various kinds of animals including small to big mammals to get its meat. For mammal hunting, they installed sling cable trap and rope trap in many places. Orangutan considered as pest because of their habit to eat fruits from agricultural land. However, people did not hunt orangutan in South Tapanuli. Excessive capture for endangered species will drive them to rapid declines of their population, especially for species with special characteristic of habitat and low breeding productivity. Threat to the habitat in the survey location comes from land conversion. Forest conversion into agriculture area is the threat to habitat that mainly comes from local community. However, other impact may come from industries around the area. Mining activity, hydro and geothermal electric development, and agricultural plantation by corporation needs to be conducted with high degree of caution to maintain the sustainability of habitat and flora and fauna in the survey location. Recommendation • Thorough study in fruit season and fruit shortage is recommended to learn orangutan and gibbon movement pattern. • A lot of endemic species were observed across every taxon. Further study to measure potential impact to those endemic species is recommended. •
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REFERENCES
Carmichael, J. W., Clifford, H. T., & Stephenson, W. (2007). An Introduction to Numerical Classification. Mycologia. https://doi.org/10.2307/3758765 Crump, M. L., & Scott, N. J. (1994). Visual encounter surveys. In Measuring and Monitoring Biological Diversity - Standard Methods for Amphibians. Harja, R. (2019, February 14). Dalam Seminggu, Harimau Muncul di 2 Tempat Berbeda. Medan Bisnis Daily Online. Retrieved from http://www.medanbisnisdaily.com/news/online/read/2019/02/14/66359/dalam_seminggu_harima u_muncul_di_2_tempat_berbeda/ Kuswanda, W. (2013). Estimation of the Orangutan Population (Pongo abelii Lesson 1827) Based on the Nest in Sipirok Nature Reserve, North Sumatra. Penelitian Hutan Dan Konservasi Alam, 10(1), 19–31. Retrieved from http://forda-mof.org/files/Jurnal_HKA_10.1.2013-2.wanda_klm_OK.pdf Ludwig, J. A., Reynolds, J. F. (1988). Statistical ecology. A primer on methods and computing. Ecological Modelling. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(91)90106-B Magurran, A. E. (1973). Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. In Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7358-0_1 Moheb, Z., & Mostafawi, S. N. (2011). Biodiversity Reconnaissance Survey in Shahr-e Buzurg District, Badakhshan Province. Kabul. Mubarok, A., Rinaldi, D., & Mardiastuti, A. (2012). Distribusi dan Kepadatan Simpatrik Ungko (Hylobates agilis) dan Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara. Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Nasution, A., Perwitasari, R. D., & Atmoko, S. S. U. (2017). Studi Populasi Dan Distribusi Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo Abelii) Di Hutan Penyangga Dan Koridor Batang Toru Sumatera Utara (Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)). Retrieved from https://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/85384 Nowak, M. G., Rianti, P., Wich, S. A., Meijaard, E., & Fredriksson, G. (2017). Pongo tapanuliensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017, 8235, e.T120588639A120588662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.Taxonomic O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F., Nurcahyo, A., Iqbal, M., & Rusmanto, M. (2004). Abundance and distribution of sympatric gibbons in a threatened Sumatran rain forest. International Journal of Primatology. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:IJOP.0000019152.83883.1c Simorangkir, R. H., Mansjoer, S. S., & Bismark, M. (2009). Kajian Habitat dan Estimasi Populasi Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Sumatera Utara (Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)). Retrieved from http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/55488 Wich, S. A., Singleton, I., Nowak, M. G., Atmoko, S. S. U., Nisam, G., Arif, S. M., … Kühl, H. S. (2016). Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). Science Advances. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500789
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APPENDIX Appendix 1. Map of NDVI in Survey Site
Appendix 2. Map of Bird with Conservation Significance
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Appendix 3. Map of Mammal with Conservation Significance
Appendix 4. Map of Herpetofauna with Conservation Significance
ERM Terrestrial Biodiversity Survey Report – SOL Sibualbuali Corridor South Tapanuli 2019
APPENDIX E LANDUSE AND OWNERSHIP IDENTIFICATION
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Appendix D Land Use and Ownership Identification
ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 1A Mix plantation Customary Land No legal certificate 1B Mix plantation (bordering Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Secondary forest, shrub to plot 94)
2 Bush No legal certificate
3 Bush No legal certificate
4 Road No legal certificate 5A Community plantation Bulu Mario 2 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (± 4000 trees, durian ± 30 (closed to plot 89, 88) trees, avocado ± 5 trees, rubber ± 200 trees) 5B Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Coffee (1000 trees (mix arabica-robusta), (closed to plot 87 and 30 rubber 100 trees, durian 6 trees, clove 10 b) trees, palm sugar 5 trees, chili (1800) 5C Bordering to plot 31 Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 5 D Bordering to plot 33 and Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (1000 trees), palm sugar, 88 sinamon, rubber, lemon 6 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (± 1/4 ha = ± 500 trees), patai (± 30 trees), durian (± 2 trees) 7A Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 7B Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (800 trees), rubber (100 trees), palm sugar (50 trees) 8 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber 9 Agroforestry Communal Land Bulu Mario No legal certificate 10 Agroforestry Customary Land Bulu Mario No legal certificate 11 Shrub Bulu Mario - 5 ha No legal certificate Durian, patai, jengkol, Medan
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 12 Secondary forest Customary Land Bulu Mario No legal certificate 13 Community plantation Bulu Mario 2 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, cinnamon 20 trees, clove 50 trees, durian 40 trees 14 Plantation mix shrub Pintu Langit 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub (Angkola Julu) 15 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 16 Dryland agriculture Communal Land Sitandiang 0.5 ha No legal certificate Mix shrub, lemongrass 17 Water bodies Customary Land No legal certificate 18 Plantation mix shrub Communal Land Sitandiang 0.25 ha No legal certificate Rubber, plam sugar, coffee 19 Barren land Simaninggir- 5 ha Mining license (SK Gubsu Mountain rocks, big quarry Sipirok No. 540/549/DIS PM PPTSP/5/XII-B/III/2018)
20 Community plantation Communal Land No legal certificate Sulphur 21 A Agroforestry (closed to Bulu mario 1 ha No legal certificate Non productive forest/there is no agro plot 57,58) commodity 21 B Agroforestry (closed to Bulu mario 2 ha No legal certificate Forest plot 5 b) 21 C (Bordering to plot 125 Bulu mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (400 trees), durian (10 trees), and 37) rubber (150 trees), palm sugar (10 trees), young forest 50 % 21 D (Bordering to plot 85 and Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Secondary forest 26) 22 Secondary forest Customary Land No legal certificate 23 Secondary forest Customary Land No legal certificate
24 Agroforestry (closed to Bulu Mario No legal certificate Secondary forest plot 79 and 80)
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 25 Mix plantation Pintu Langit 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub (Angkola Julu) 26 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, patai, durian
27 Plantation mix shrub 2 ha No legal certificate Shrub 28 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, shrub
29 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee
30 A Barren land (closed to Bulu Mario No legal certificate Arabica coffee plot 31 and 32) 30 B Bordering to plot 28 Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee
31 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mixed young forest 32 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee
33 Community plantation Bulu Mario 2 ha No legal certificate Young forest, rubber, palm sugar 34 Barren land Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber 35 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mixed rubber, palm sugar 36 Barren land Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Just open (planning to plan coffee) 37 A Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Rubber, palm sugar (bordering to plot 21) 37 B Bordering to plot 36 Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Rubber, palm sugar 38 Agroforestry Customary Land No legal certificate 39 Primary forest Customary Land No legal certificate 40 Agroforestry Customary Land No legal certificate 41 Agroforestry Customary Land No legal certificate Forest
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 42 Secondary forest Customary Land No legal certificate 43 Barren land Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Planning coffee 44 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate 0.25 ha arabica coffee, 0.25 ha rubber 45 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee
46 Community plantation Sitandiang 0.5 ha No legal certificate Young forest 47 Community plantation Bulu mario 0.5 No legal certificate Arabica coffee 48 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Young forest and shrub
49 Dryland agriculture 1.25 ha No legal certificate Palm oil, rubber, arabica coffee, robusta coffee, durian 50 A Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Robusta coffee (closed to road)
50 B Community plantation Bulu Mario No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber, palm sugar 51 Plantation mix shrub Customary Land No legal certificate 52 Community plantation Bulu Mario 2,5 ha No legal certificate Rubber, arabica coffee, durian, patai 53 Shrub Sitandiang 0.5 ha No legal certificate Young forest, shrub, coffee 54 C Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 1.5 ha No legal certificate Young forest 54 B Plantation mix shrub ( Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (20 trees) bordering to plot 72)
54 A 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub
55 Bush Customary Land Sitandiang 0.5 ha No legal certificate Paddy field 56 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1.5 Ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mix rubber, patai and durian 57 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 Ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee ( ± 0.75 ha) 58 Shrub Bulu Mario 1 Ha No legal certificate Shrub
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 59 Barren land Bulu Mario 1 Ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee ( ± 100 trees) 60 Shrub Bulu Mario 1 Ha No legal certificate Young forest (durian 30 trees, clove 20 trees, alvocado 20 trees, patai 10 trees) 62 Water bodies Bulu Mario- 0.25 ha No legal certificate Poll Lampung 63 Water bodies Bulu Mario- 0.25 ha No legal certificate Poll Lampung 64 House Bulu Mario- 0.25 ha No legal certificate Home Lampung 65 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber, durian, patai 66 A Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Non productive, old rubber, former logging (bordering to plot 8) source 66 B Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Non productive, old rubber, former logging (bordering to plot 8 and ] source 1) 66 C Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Non productive, old rubber, former logging (bordering to plot 12 and source 1) 66 D Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Non productive, old rubber, former logging (bordering to plot 12 and source 1 ) 67 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Rubber
68 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Rubber plantation and mix with arabica coffee 69 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mix mangosteen + durian (75% of land) and forest (25% of land)
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 70 Barren land Bulu Mario 0.25 Ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mix with cacao 71 Barren land Bulu Mario 1.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber (0.5 ha) 72 A Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mixed rubber, palm sugar, (bordering to plot 54 and durian road) 72 B (Bordering to plot 99) Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, palm sugar (4 trees), durian (1 trees) 73 A Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 1 Ha No legal certificate Non productive land/no agro 73 B Bordering to plot 70 and Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (400 trees), durian (35 trees), 71 rubber (30 treess)
74 A Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Secondary forest/note : former logging (close to plot 50, 51) source, non productive land, 4 durian trees 74 B Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 3 ha No legal certificate Palm sugar (100 trees), robusta coffee, (bordering to plot 75) rubber (500 trees), durian (5 trees) 74 C Bordering to plot 78 Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Incense (40 trees), palm sugar (20 trees) 75 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 76 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Rubber plantation and mix with arabica coffee 77 A Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber
77 B Community plantation 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 78 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber
79 A Community plantation Bulu Mario 1.2 Ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (100 trees) mix durian, (closed to plot 78) mangosteen, chili, ginger
www.erm.com Version: 3.0 Project No.: 0496296 Client: Sarulla Operations Limited 2 October 2020 ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 79 B Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (closed to plot 80) 80 Bush Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 81 Bush Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 82 Barren land Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 83 Barren land Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, palm sugar (20 trees), sinamoon (100 trees). 84 Shrub Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (1000 trees), rubber (50 trees), palm sugar (100 trees) 85 Bush Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Shrub, palm sugar 86 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber
87 Shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub 88 Shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, young forest 89 Barren land Bulu Mario 2 Ha No legal certificate 0.5 ha arabica coffee mix alvocado, cinamon and barren land (1.5 ha) 90 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber 91 Mix plantation Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Secondary forest 92 Barren land Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mix with alvocado, palm sugar, durian, rubber and chili crop
93 Water bodies Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mix with alvocado, palm sugar, durian, rubber and chili crop
94 Shrub Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Robusta coffee (± 250 trees), rubber (± 120 trees ≤ 5 years)
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 95 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber
96 Community plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, palm sugar, rubber
97 Shrub 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub and young forest 98 Community plantation Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee 99 Community plantation Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub and young forest 100 Barren land Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (2000 trees), palm sugar (50 trees), rubber (300 trees), patai (3 trees), durian (10 trees), sinamon (120 trees) 101 Shrub Communal Land Sitandiang 0.25 ha No legal certificate Shrub, palm sugar 102 Shrub Communal Land Sitandiang 0.25 ha No legal certificate Shrub 103 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 104 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 105 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 106 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 107 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 108 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field
109 Paddy field Communal Land 110 Paddy field Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Paddy field 111 Shrub Communal Land Sitandiang 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, palm sugar, shrub 112 Mix plantation Communal Land Sitandiang 1 Ha No legal certificate Palm sugar, rubber, mixed forest 113 Shrub Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Shrub 114 Shrub Communal Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Shrub 115 Mix plantation Customary Land Sitandiang No legal certificate Young forest
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 116 Shrub Bulu Mario Arabica coffee, No legal certificate Coffee and rubber barren land 117 A Shrub (closed to plot Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate 0.5 ha (rubber, arabica coffee, robusta 127) coffee) and 0.5 ha (palm sugar = 25 trees), durian = 25 trees, alvocado = 6 trees, jengkol = 5 trees 117 B Bordering to plot 136 Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (2000 trees), palm sugar (10 trees), rubber (100 trees), patai (3 trees), jengkol (5 trees) 118 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Secondary forest 119 Shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Young forest 120 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, durian 121 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.25 ha No legal certificate Forest 122 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee, rubber 123 Community plantation Bulu Mario 0.25 Ha No legal certificate Fish pool 124 Plantation mix shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub and rubber 125 Shrub Bulu mario 1 ha No legal certificate Shrub 126 Shrub (bordering to plot Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub 127 and 34) 127 Shrub Bulu mario 1 ha No legal certificate Shrub, rubber, plam sugar 128 Shrub Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (200 trees/ 75%), other shrub (25%) 128 B (Bordering to plot 125) Bulu mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Shrub, palm sugar 129 Agroforestry Customary Land 130 Agroforestry Customary Land 131 Mix plantation Customary Land
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 132 Mix plantation Customary Land 133 Mix plantation Customary Land 134 A Mix plantation (closed to Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Non productive land plot 13 and 14) 134B Mix plantaion (closed to Bulu Mario 0.25 No legal certificate Forest plot 56 and 53) 135 Shrub Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mixed rubber and palm sugar 136 Agroforestry Bulu Mario 0.75 ha No legal certificate Young forest 137 A Agroforestry (bordering Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Robusta coffee mixed rubber to plot 21 and road) 137 B Agroforestry (bordering Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee mixed rubber to plot 35 and road) 137 C Agroforestry (bordering Buu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Young forest to plot 136 and 37) 137 D (Bordering to plot 136 Bulu Mario 1 ha No legal certificate Arabica coffee (800 trees), palm sugar (20 and 117) trees), rubber (100 trees) 137 E (Bordering to plot 21) Bulu Mario 0.5 ha No legal certificate Young forest 140 (A) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Jengkol
140 (B) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 No Legal Certificate Durian, Rubber, Sugar Palm, Coffee Arabica 140 (C) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0.5 No Legal Certificate Coffee Arabica, Durian, Sugar palm
140 (D) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Coffee Arabica, Sugar Palm, Cocoa, Patai 143 (A) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 0,5 Ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest
143 (B) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Bamboo, Secondary Forest
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 165 (A) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Cinamon, Durian
165 (B) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Jengkol, Cinamon
165 (C) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian
165 (D) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm
165 (E) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Cinamon, Jengkol
165 (F) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Patai, Cocao, Rubber, Coffee Robusta 165 (G) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Cinnamon, Rubber, Jengkol
165 (H) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar palm, Rubber, Coffee Robusta 165 (I) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Robusta, Jengkol, Durian
165 (J) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Jengkol
165 (K) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm, Patai
179 (A) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 rante No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Shurb
179 (B) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Rubusta, Sugar Palm, Cinamon
179 (C) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Coffee Arabica, Patai
179 (D) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Rubusta, Sugar Palm, Cinamon
179 (E) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Rubusta, Cinamon
179 (F) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 2 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Rubber, Cinamon, Durian, incense
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 179 (G) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Rubusta, Sugar Palm, Cinamon, Durian 179 (H) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate coffee robusta, sugar palm
179 (I) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Patai, hazelnut, cinamon
179 (J) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm, Patai, Cinamon
179 (K) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm, Hazelnut
179 (L) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm, Hazelnut
180 (A) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Bamboo, Sugar Palm
180 (B) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Cinnamon, Durian, Sugar Plam, Patai, Coconut 180 (C) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm, Patai, Cinamon, Avocado, Coffee Arabica 181 Shrub Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Petai, Manggo
182 Bush Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Bush
183 Paddy Field (A) Bulu Mario 2 rante No Legal Certificate Paddy
183 Paddy Field (B) Bulu Mario 2 rante No Legal Certificate Paddy
183 Paddy Field (C) Bulu Mario 2 rante No Legal Certificate Paddy
183 Paddy Field (D) Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Paddy
183 Paddy Field (E) Bulu Mario No Legal Certificate Paddy
189 (A) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Robusta, Patai
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 189 (B) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 2 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Patai, Durian
189 (C) Agroforestry Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest (Young forest)
193 (A) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Jengkol, Durian, Patai, Landorung
193 (B) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Durian
193 (C) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 Rante No Legal Certificate Coffee Robusta
193 (D) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario Less than 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Durian
193 (E) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Robusta, Durian, Cinamon
193 (F) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm
193 (G) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 Ha No Legal Certificate Coffee Robusta, Sugar Palm
193 (H) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Cinamon, Sugar palm, Coffee Robusta
202 Paddy Field Bulu Mario 2,5 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Jengkol, Cocunut, Coffee Arabica, Paddy 245 (A) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Coffee Robusta, Durian
245 (AA) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Patai, Sugar Palm,
245 (B) Mix Plantation, After Plot Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Coffee Robusta, Durian 245 (A) 245 (BB) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 2 ha No Legal Certificate Cinnamon, Sugar Palm, Patai, Durian, Jengkol 245 (C) After Plot 245 (B) Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Coffee Robusta, Durian
245 (CC) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm
www.erm.com Version: 3.0 Project No.: 0496296 Client: Sarulla Operations Limited 2 October 2020 ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 245 (D) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest
245 (DD) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 7 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm
245 (E) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest
245 (EE) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Hazelnut
245 (F) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest
245 (G) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian
245 (H) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate coffee arabica, sugar palm, cinamon, durian
245 (I) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 3 ha No Legal Certificate Rubber, Sugar Palm, Durian, Patai
245 (J) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest
245 (K) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Secondary Forest
245 (L) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Bamboo, Sugar palm,
245 (M) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Bamboo, patai,
245 (N) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Incense, Rubber, Patai, Forest
245 (O) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1,5 ha No Legal Certificate Rubber, Incense, Patai, Sugar Palm, Forest
245 (P) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 2 ha No Legal Certificate patai, Sugar Palm, Rubber, Incense, Forest
245 (Q) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate coffee arabica, sugar palm, patai, cinnamon, avocado, forest 245 (R) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar Palm, Durian, Patai, Cinnamon
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ID Land Cover Land Owner Address Approximate Land Ownership Status Current Land Use Size 245 (S) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate durian, sugar palm, patai
245 (T) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Sugar palm, Durian, Cinnamon, patai, areca nut 245 (U) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,2 ha No Legal Certificate durian, sugar palm, cinnamon
245 (V) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 0,5 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar Palm
245 (W) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate patai, Sugar Palm, coffee robusta
245 (X) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Sugar palm, coffee robusta
245 (Y) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Durian, Patai, Coffee Robusta, Sugar Palm
245 (Z) Mix Plantation Bulu Mario 1 ha No Legal Certificate Jengkol, Patai, Sugar Palm, Cinnamon
Land plots within enrichment planting area
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APPENDIX G Questionnaire Questionnaire Biodiversity Offset Management Plan Sarulla Operations Ltd. (SOL)
Kuesioner Rencana Pengelolaan Penggantian Keanekaragaman Hayati Sarulla Operations Ltd. (SOL)
Environmental Resources Management and Sumatra Rainforest Institute have been employed by Sarulla Operations Limited to talk to the community about establishing a Community Conservation Agreement. Sarulla is an electricity generator located near Pahae Julu and Pahae Jae Districts, North Tapanuli Regency The Community Conservation Agreement is proposed to support the community in protecting the forest and wildlife in around 1500ha of land from Sibualbuali Nature Reserve to the Batang Toru River. The purpose of the agreement is to: - Assist the community in applying conservation practices on their land - Manage wildlife so that they can easily move within the land as required - Manage any human/wildlife conflict, including crop losses - Revegetate part of the land to enable movement of the animals - Assist the community to explore new income generating sources by supporting agricultural cooperatives and tourism opportunities There may be some changes to existing land-use practices but these will only occur if agreed to by the community. It is proposed to set up a way to assist the community but these details are still being worked out. It may be a trust fund or some other way to pay for the assistance. The conservation agreement would run for 20-25 years. Part of the trust fund would be set aside to enable ongoing support after this time. How much support that will be set aside is not certain at this time but the information we are collecting will help us understand. No decisions will be made unless the community agrees to participate. The process will follow the Free Prior and Informed Consent Process (FPIC) when establishing the proposed Community Conservation Agreement. The first stage of the process will be: 1. Complete a biodiversity survey of the area to understand the animals and plants and how they move within the 1500ha 2. Complete a survey of all land use and economy to understand the historical, current and future land use of the corridor. Economic information will also be collected in order to understand what impact to current incomes may occur due to the Conservation Corridor and what opportunities there may be to help improve incomes 3. Consult with the community on the draft Community Conservation Agreement to get feedback on the proposals 4. Consult on the final proposed Community Conservation Agreement to seek approval ERM and SRI will also consult with government of North Tapanuli, South Tapanuli regencies and associated Forest Management Units. Please let us know if you have any questions before we commence the survey.
Environmental Resources Management (ERM) dan Sumatra Rainforest Institute (SRI) selaku konsultan dari Sarulla Operations Limited (SOL) diminta untuk melakukan konsultasi kepada masyarakat terkait Pembentukan Perjanjian Konservasi. Sarulla merupakan perusahaan pembangkit listrik yang berada di Kecamatan Pahae Julu dan Pahae Jae, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara. Perjanjian Masyarakat terkait konservasi ini bertujuan untuk mendukung masyarakat dalam melindungi hutan dan binatang liar dalam wilayah sekitar 1.650 hektar lahan dari Cagar Alam Dolok Sibual-buali hingga ke Sungai Batang Toru. Tujuan dari perjanjian ini adalah: - Mendampingi masyarakat dalam melakukan konservasi di wilayahnya; - Pengelolaan binatang liar sehingga mereka dapat bergerak di sekitaran area tersebut sesuai kebutuhan; - Mengelola konflik masyarakat dengan binatang liar termasuk berkurangnya hasil panen; - Penanaman kembali di bagian lahan tertentu sehingga dapat memudahkan pergerakan binatang; - Mendampingi masyarakat dalam mencari ide-ide sumber mata pencaharian baru melalui koperasi pertanian dan peluang pariwisata.
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Ada kemungkinan perubahan pada jenis penggunaan lahan, namun hal tersebut hanya terjadi apabila masyarakat menyetujuinya. Cara-cara yang akan digunakan untuk membantu masyarakat sedang dikembangkan, mungkin berbentuk trust fund/ dana perwalian 26atau cara lainnya. Perjanjian Konservasi akan berlaku hingga 20 – 25 tahun. Sebagian dari dana perwalian akan disisihkan untuk menunjang keberlanjutan program Konservasi setelah masa perjanjian berakhir. Saat ini, jumlah yang akan disisihkan belum ditentukan. Namun, informasi yang kami kumpulkan akan membantu memahami hal ini. Keputusan apapun tidak akan diambil jika masyarakat tidak setuju untuk berpartisipasi. Pembuatan persetujuan konservasi masyakarat ini akan dilakukan dengan menerapkan prinsip Free Prior and Informed Consent Process (FPIC)/ Proses Persetujuan atas Dasar Informasi Awal Tanpa Paksaan27. Tahap pertama dari proses ini adalah: 5. Menyelesaikan survei keanekaragaman hayati di wilayah studi untuk memahami tentang tumbuhan dan binatang liar dan bagaimana mereka bergerak di dalam wilayah 1.650 Ha. 6. Melengkapi survey tentang penggunaan lahan dan kegiatan ekonomi untuk memahami penggunaan lahan di masa lampau, saat ini, dan masa yang akan datang. Informasi ekonomi juga akan dikumpulkan untuk memahami potensi dampak terhadap pendapatan masyarakat saat ini yang mungkin terjadi karena adanya Koridor Konservasi serta peluang-peluang yang ada untuk meningkatkan pendapatan. 7. Mengkonsultasikan draft persetujuan konservasi masyarakat untuk mendapatkan masukan tentang konsep yang diajukan. 8. Melakukan konsultasi akhir mengenai Perjanjian Konservasi Masyarakat untuk mendapatkan persetujuan.
ERM dan SRI juga akan melakukan konsultasi dengan pemerintah Tapanuli Utara, Tapanuli Selatan, dan Lembaga kehutanan terkait (Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan). Apabila terdapat hal-hal yang kurang dipahami, jangan ragu untuk bertanya Sebelum wawancara ini dilakukan.
26 Dana perwalian adalah dana hibah yang diberikan oleh satu atau beberapa pemberi hibah yang dikelola oleh suatu lembaga sebagai wali amanat untuk tujuan penggunaan tertentu (Peraturan Presiden Nomor 80 Tahun 2011). 27 "Free, Prior and Informed Consent" (FPIC) adalah hak masyarakat adat untuk mengatakan "ya, dan bagaimana" atau "tidak" untuk pembangunan yang mempengaruhi sumber daya dan wilayah mereka. Hal ini berbasis pada hukum internasional dan hukum nasional di beberapa negara. Status hukumnya telah diperkuat melalui adopsi dari Deklarasi PBB tentang Hak Masyarakat Adat (UNDRIP) pada tahun 2008. Berasal dari hak masyarakat adat untuk menentukan nasib sendiri, kemudian semakin diperluas ke semua masyarakat lokal dengan hubungan historis atau adat atas tanah dan sumber daya yang mereka gunakan. Sumber: https://www.forclime.org/index.php/id/kumpulan-berita/44-2011/218-free-prior-and-informed-consent-fpic-in-redd- guidebook-launched
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A. GENERAL INFORMATION/INFORMASI UMUM 1 Respondent Name 5 Religion Nama Responden Agama Nama Depan: a. Kristen katolik Nama Panjang/Marga: b. Kristen protestan Status Pernikahan: c. Islam d. Hindhu e. Budha f. Agama Kepercayaan lainnya, sebutkan ______
2 Gender 6 Address Jenis Kelamin Alamat-nama dusun/desa a. Laki-laki b. Perempuan
3 Age 7 Phone number Umur_____ Tahun Nomor telepon
4 Education 8 ID number Pendidikan Nomort KTP (lampirkan foto KTP): a. Tidak sekolah b. Tidak tamat SD c. SD d. SMP e. SMA f. Diploma/Sarjana/Pasca Sarjana
B. LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP/PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DAN KEPEMILIKAN LAHAN 1 Land and building ownership Kepemilikan lahan dan bangunan :
Jumlah Pekerja/Pengguna lahan selain pemilik :_( Perempuan______) (Laki-laki______)
Jumlah Jenis Kepemilikian Lahan (SHM, SKD, Catatan Bangunan tanpa surat) Rumah
Toko/ Warung
Kebun Bangunan lainnya, sebutkan: ______
Kepemilikan lahan komunal :______*lahan komunal : dimiliki bersama dengan keluarga atau satu dusun atau satu desa
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B. LAND USE AND OWNERSHIP/PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DAN KEPEMILIKAN LAHAN 2 Land size and location Lokasi dan ukuran lahan
Luas Lahan Luas Bangunan Nomor Bidang Tanah Catatan (m2) (m2) (sesuaikan dengan peta) Rumah
Toko/ Warung
Kebun Bangunan lainnya, sebutkan: ______
3 Length of time of owning/occupying the land Lama waktu kepemilikan/ penggunaan lahan
____ Tahun ____ Bulan
4 Type of agriculture/plantation and other land-use Jenis pertanian/perkebunan dan jenis pemanfaatan lahan lainnya
5 Describe historic land use for the land parcels for the previous 5 years Sejarah pemanfaatan lahan untuk bidang tanah yang dimiliki/digunakan selama 5 tahun ke belakang
6 Describe future proposed land use for the land parcels for 5 years into the future Rencana Pemanfaatan lahan di masa yang akan datang untuk 5 tahun ke depan
C. ECONOMY/EKONOMI 1 What are the important commodities in your area? Komoditas apa yang dianggap penting di daerah anda?
2 What percentage of land do you use to plant commodities in your area? Berapa persen tanah yang anda gunakan untuk menanam komoditas tersebut di lahan anda?
3 Is there a cropping cycle in farming activities in this area? Apakah ada musim tanam/ panen di daerah anda? Jelaskan
4 Has there ever been a new entry commodity into the community that changed the pattern of community agriculture? Apakah pernah ada jenis komoditas baru di dalam masyarakat yang mengubah pola pertanian masyarakat?
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C. ECONOMY/EKONOMI
5 What obstacles and challenges do you face in your agriculture activities? Kendala dan tantangan apa yang dihadapi terkait kegiatan pertanian?
6 Is there forest clearing in the last 5 years for agriculture? If so, where?Apakah ada kegiatan pembukaan hutan untuk aktifitas pertanian dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun ke belakang? Jika ada, dimana?
7 Have there been any forest clearing by outsiders in the last 5 years? If so, where? Apakah ada kegiatan pembukaan hutan yang dilakukan oleh pendatang dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun ke belakang? Jika ada, dimana?
8 On average, what price per kilogram do you receive for each of the commodities you sell? Rata-rata berapa harga perkilogram yang anda peroleh dari hasil penjualan masing-masing komoditas yang Anda tanam?
No Komoditas Harga per kilogram Catatan
9 Over the past few years, can you estimate the minimum and maximum price received for each commodity? Selama beberapa tahun terakhir, bisakah anda memperkirakan harga minimum dan maksimum dari masing-masing komoditas tersebut?
No Komoditas Harga Maksimum Harga Minimum Catatan
10 How many kilograms of each commodity did you produce (for either personal consumption or sale) in 2018? Berapa kilogram masing-masing komoditas yang Anda hasilkan (baik untuk konsumsi pribadi maupun yang dijual) pada tahun 2017 dan 2018?
Harga per kilogram No Komoditas Catatan 2017 2018
11 Can you estimate the amount of time you (and other members of the household) are engaged in farming activities during an average week?
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C. ECONOMY/EKONOMI Bisakah anda memperkirakan jumlah waktu yang anda (dan anggota keluarga lainnya) habiskan untuk bertani dalam satu minggu?Catat total waktu dalam jam/minggu
12 Can you estimate the direct input costs that you incur as part of your farming activities? Dapatkah anda memperkirakan jumlah biaya langsung yang dikeluarkan untuk bertani? Hal ini termasuk bahan bakar, bibit, pupuk, pestisida, dan peralatan lainnya. Apabila memungkinkan, rincikan biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk masing-masing komoditas. Catat jawaban dalam (a) Rp/kg produksi; atau (b) Nilai rupiah untuk masing-masing musim tanam.
13 Do you incur any other significant costs before you consume or sell any of your commodities, for instance, processing expenses or transportation to market? Labour from workers outside of your area? If so, please provide an estimate of these costs. Apakah anda mengeluarkan biaya lainnya sebelum mengkonsumsi ataupun menjual hasil komoditas anda? Misalnya biaya transportasi? Biaya pekerja dari luar daerah,dll? jika ada, bisakah anda memperkirakan biaya untuk pengeluaran untuk lain-lain tersebut? Biaya tersebut tidak termasuk biaya- biaya yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya.
No Pengeluaran Jumlah Catatan 1 Transportasi 2 Biaya pekerja dari luar daerah 3 Lainnya, sebutkan ______4 5 Total
D. PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATION/PERSEPSI DAN HARAPAN 1 Please provide your knowledge of flora and fauna in your land parcel Mohon menjelaskan apa yang anda ketahui tentang tumbuhan dan binatang yang ada/ terlihat di bidang tanah milik anda.
2 What fauna have you seen in the last 6 months? Binatang apa yang anda lihat selama 6 bulan terakhir? Catat spesies binatang yang hanya terlihat di daerah tersebut. Catat apabila teridentifikasi/disebutkan Orangutan, Macan, Siamang, Gibbon, atau Pangolin.
3 What have you seen in the last 2 years? Binatang apa yang anda lihat dalam 2 tahun terakhir?
www.erm.com Version: 3.0 Project No.: 0496296 Client: Sarulla Operations Limited 2 October 2020 D. PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATION/PERSEPSI DAN HARAPAN 4 What changes in the species type or number of individuals you observed in the species over the last 5 years? Perubahan apa yang anda lihat terkait jumlah dan jenis spesies binatang selama 5 tahun terakhir?
5 What species of animal have impacted your crop/agriculture? Has there been any conflict with any fauna in land parcel in the last 5 years? If so please describe Spesies binatang apa yang terkena dampak dari aktifitas bertani yang anda lakukan? Apakah ada permasalahan terkait binatang dibidang tanah anda dalam 5 tahun terakhir? Jika ya, jelaskan masalah tersebut.
6 How would you manage the conflict/loss of commodities due to the wildlife? Bagaimana Anda ingin mengelola konflik/ kehilangan komoditas yang disebabkan oleh binatang liar?
7 How much on average loss of production per annum has occurred because of the animal? Berapa rata-rata kehilangan hasil panen pertahun yang disebabkan oleh binatang? Catat jawaban dalam (a) kg/tahun; atau (b) total rupiah per minggu/bulan/tahun.
8 How do you think you could improve your income in the future? Menurut Anda, bagaimana pendapatan Anda dapat ditingkatkan di masa mendatang?
9 What is your expectation of any community development program that may be coordinated with your village? Apa harapan anda terhadap program pengembangan masyarakat yang mungkin nantinya akan diadakan di desa anda?
10 What is your view on whether part of your land was removed from production for use by fauna? Bagaimana pandangan anda apabila sebagian lahan produksi pertanian berkurang karena digunakan untuk kepentingan konservasi binatang?
11 If you were supported to increase your income, would you be satisfied with part of the land being set aside for use by wildlife? Jika anda mendapatkan bantuan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan Anda, apakah anda bersedia jika sebagian dari bidang tanah yang anda miliki tersebut dijadikan tempat konservasi binatang liar? Beberapa pilihan: peningkatan nilai hasil panen; peningkatan pendapatan dari aktivitas pariwisata; kompensasi dalam bentuk uang; alternatif lahan lain yang dapat digunakan. Setuju/tidak setuju (alasan)
12 Is there any tradition or custom ceremony still regularly take place? Apakah masih ada jenis tradisi atau upacara adat yang dilakukan secara rutin? 13 Do you believe that conservation efforts might affect your ability to carry out farming activities? Menurut Anda, apakah usaha-usaha konservasi akan mempengaruhi kemampuan Anda dalam menjalankan
www.erm.com Version: 3.0 Project No.: 0496296 Client: Sarulla Operations Limited 2 October 2020 D. PERCEPTION AND EXPECTATION/PERSEPSI DAN HARAPAN kegiatan pertanian?Jelaskan pengertian konservasi- misalnya penanaman kembali hutan alami, penanaman kembali area yang dikhususkan untuk orang utan. Jelaskan rincian dampak kegiatan konservasi pada pendapatan kegiatan pertanian dalam Rp/tahun
Atas nama tim Survei, termakasih atas waktu dan informasi yang Bapak/Ibu berikan. Informasi ini akan menjadi informasi yang berharga untuk memahami bagaimana proyek ini berdampak pada rumah tangga Bapak/Ibu. TERIMA KASIH
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