EDITORIAL BOARD:
President NICOLAE Ion Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists President of Agricultural Section
SCIENTIFIC BOARD:
DUCA Maria Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Rector of the University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
MASCIANDARO Grazia Senior Researcher at National Research Council - Institute for Ecosystem Study Unit of Pisa
GAJO Paolo Member of Italian Academy of Forestry Sciences Full Professor of Agriculture Economics at the Florence University of Agricultural Sciences (Italy)
MARTINI Andrea Associate Professor of Animal Science, International relationship responsible at the Agriculture School of University of Florence (Italy)
GAVRILESCU Camelia Anisoara Associate Member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Researcher in the Institute of Agricultural Economics of the Romanian Academy
ATUDOSIEI Nicole Livia Associate Member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Vice-Rector of International Relations at the Bioterra University of Bucharest
CROITORU Constantin Associate Member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Member of the New York Academy of Science BIOTERRA „BIOTERRA” University Foundation ROMANIA – BUCHAREST 2011 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION code NURC : 882 category “C” ISSN 1454 – 816X NR. 29 January-June 2015 Publication located in the international database: ReportLinker.com (twice a year publication) INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS CERMI Publishing House Recognized by National Council for Scientific Research in Higher Education (NURC), cod 181 [email protected] www.cermi.3x.ro 0040 723 136 640 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
EGIPT
Khadiga Mohamed Gaafar – Higher Institute for Specific Studies May Mohamed El Batran – Higher Institute for Specific Studies Technical Editors: Mohamed Mahmout El Batran – Higher Institute for Specific Studies GALAN Cătălin [email protected] ITALIA
Balestri Gino – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Ceccanti B. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa Professional Translation: Doni S. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa LĂZUREANU Cătălin Fantoni Elena – Comune di San Giuliano Terme Pisa Fontanelli Marco – University of Pisa Fratini Roberto – Department of Florence University Gajo Paolo – Florence University O ce: Ginanni M. – University of Pisa Nicolae Șuţu Street, no. 11 – 15 Lorenzini G. – Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze Central building, second floor, room 9, sector 1, Bucharest, Romania Macci C. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa http://www.bioterra.ro/bulletin.php Mani Danilo – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Martini Andreea – Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze Masciandaro Graziana - ISE-CNR Pisa Migliorini P. – Università degli Studi di Scienze Gastronomiche Peruzzi A. – Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerce Agro-Ambientali “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa Peruzzi E. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa Pistoia Alessandro – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Poli Piera – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Raffaelli M. – University of Pisa Siboni Eugenio – Società Produttori Sementi SpA, International Marketing Manager, Argelato (BO) Publication Recognized by NURC category “C” code NURC : 882 Publication located in the international database: ReportLinker.com BRASIL ISSN 1454 – 816X Guilhermino, M.M. – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN President’s Allocution
We have the special pleasure to let you know that the Review of our University, „ ”, having ten years of consecutive issue, it achieved the recognition of the (NURC), being comprised in the category „National Reviews – C Category”.
So, the Bioterra University review „ ” works as a real platform connected sciences (food industry, agro-tourism, ecology, agricultural economics etc.).
This way I express my gratitude the contributors to our review, authoritative academic and univeritary with whom we have strong relations of partnership and mutual support in the development and course of some conjointed research projects.
I wish to the review many and consistent issues.
Prof. Floarea Nicolae, PhD President of Senat Bioterra University Bucharest Editorial Board’s Allocution „Bulletin of Scientific Information” magazine was published at the initiative of several young researchers with the direct support of Bioterra University Board, having the first edition in 1998.
Years passed and this magazine has enriched continuously its scientific and didactic dowry, becoming slowly but surely a veritable platform for academic information. In 2008 the magazine changed itself into a new more dynamic and attractive format, being published in special graphic conditions (full-color) and fully in English language. Also, since 2014 the magazine benefits of a modern website: www.bsi.bioterra.ro. Every year the editorial team has increased the number of members; nowadays it brings together numerous personalities of the scientific and academic world from different foreign countries, thus being a guarantor of a high scientific level. Thanks to all our readers and collaborators that through their suggestions, criticisms and feedback contribute to the improving of our magazine quality.
Prof. ATUDOSIEI Nicole Livia, PhD Prof. GALAN Catalin, PhD Vice Rector of International Relations Vice Rector of the Educational Activity Summary:
» TYPES OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPED IN PROTECT AREA COMOROVA - NEPTUN Prof. Ph.D Ion NICOLAE, Prof. Ph.D Marian NICOLAE, Prof. Ph.D Floarea NICOLAE, Student Ph.D Simona TURCU, Lecturer Ph.D Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania [email protected] ------01 » ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS OF THE MYCOTOXIC RISK: CONTRIBUTIONS AT THE INCIDENCE OF SOME MYCOTOXINES IN FOOD PRODUCTS Student Ph.D Simona Laura TURCU, Prof. Assoc. Ph.D Sergiu MEICA Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania [email protected] ------07 » RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF LAND DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL POPULATION IN THE SLANIC PRAHOVA AREA Prof. Ph.D. Cristian Ovidiu SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU, Lecturer Ph.D. Mariana SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D. Roxana Marilena CIOBANU, Student Ph.D Simona Laura TURCU Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania ------10 » THE EFFECTS OF USING FERTILIZERS TO WHEAT CROPS Lecturer Ph.D. Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU, Prof. Ph.D. Cristian Ovidiu SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D. Mariana SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D. Roxana Marilena CIOBANU, Lecturer Ph.D. Cristina Elena NEDIANU Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania ------21 » THE HUMAN CAPITAL – FOUNDATION NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION IN THE INNOVATIVE ECONOMY Mirela STOICAN 1, Adina Liana CAMARDA 2, Mihai MARES 1, Culai DASCĂLU 1, Nelly FILIP 3, Lina VLĂSCEANU 1 1 Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, ROMANIA 2 George Baritiu University of Brasov, ROMANIA 3 Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
------35 » CRESEARCHES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF AGRO-ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF ADJACENT LOCALITIES OF CĂLDĂRUŞANI LAKE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE Prof. Ph.D. Cristian Ovidiu SIMION 1, Lecturer Ph.D. Roxana Marilena CIOBANU 1, Lecturer Ph.D. Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU 1, Lecturer Ph.D. Cristina Elena NEDIANU 1, Prof. Ph.D. Adrian BASARABĂ 2 1 Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, sector 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania 2 University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharesti, No. 59, Mărăşti Boulevard, District 1, Bucharest, 011464, Phone: +40 (21) 318 25 64, Fax: +40 (21) 318 28 88, Web: www.usamv.ro ------44 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
TYPES OF ECOTOURISM DEVELOPED IN PROTECT AREA COMOROVA - NEPTUN
Prof. Ph.D Ion NICOLAE, Prof. Ph.D Marian NICOLAE, Prof. Ph.D Floarea NICOLAE, Student Ph.D Simona TURCU, Lecturer Ph.D Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania [email protected]
Abstract: Ecotourism represents any form of sustainable tourism having the main motivation in observing, using and conservation of nature, of its biodiversity, of local traditions regarding also the use of human resources in the areas of interest. Nowadays, when environment pollution level triggered alarming quota for the planet health, the ecological tourism based on personal and direct experience within the nature has the aim of its protection having as a priority the educative feature of the man, seeing as a main moderator of the environment’s components. With this purpose, the professors and researches of Bioterra University of Bucharest, have initiated and transposed the activity of sustainable ecotourism, created to provide the best tourism practices in order to preserve the nature and its sustainability. The ecotourism centre of Bioterra University ‘’Comorova’’ in Neptun resort represents the experience transposed into reality of a modern concept of total tourism ‘’all in one’’ which means various offers touristic services within the same zone, such as: ecological, rest and recreation, cultural, sportive, scientific, creation and medical ecotourism features [4].
Key words: ecological, ecotourism, cultural, sporting, entertainment, scientific, medical, responsible, green energy, all-in-one.
nature, biodiversity and local traditions- Introduction related to the use of human resources in the areas of import (of interest) [3]. The responsible tourism is not another form To this end, teachers and researchers from of tourism, but a different approach of how the Bioterra University of Bucharest initiated to travel and leisure, and also a different way and implemented sustainable ecotourism to provide travel services “all in one”. activities designed to provide best tourism The Responsible tourism in its purest practices for nature conservation and sense represents a minimal impact on the steadfast development. environment and local culture. Moreover its The existence of an eco-tourism center in the goal is not only to generate incomes and jobs Comorova woods in the Romanian coast, was for the local community but also to contribute and is an ideal and sustainable framework to the conservation of local ecosystems. for the development of eco-tourism. Every The Eco-Tourism is any form of sustainable year thousands of students, pupils and young and sustainable tourism where the main aim people from other social groups are taking is the observation, use and conservation of: advantage of the center and its remarkable
PB 1 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION facilities in camps organized at national level. All of these makes from Comorova Results and discussions center an European standard in the practice of general tourism [2]. Due to the rich and varied tourism potential and the extensive range of the provided travel services different types of tourism can aterials and methods be practiced, the most popular being: tourism M for rest and treatment; business tourism; Overview of the tourist complex Comorova mixed tourism for banting and leisure Forest - Neptune summer activities (due to ozone air offered Comorova resort known under this name in the by Forest Comorova); recreational and local region, is located in the heart of the forest curative tourism in other seasons; cultural Comorova and it spread on an area of about 5 ha. tourism (related to visiting neighboring The resort is owned by Bioterra University areas where there are monuments of art and during the summer it provides facilities and architecture, museums and memorial like:accommodation, meals, local transport houses); festival tourism related to the major (beach or neighborhoods), leisure activities cities on the coast Constanta (Tomis) and and spa treatments that can satisfy the current Mangalia (Callatis) with cultural festivals - requirements of a high-quality tourism. national or international; trade and exhibition The main attraction is considered to be the Black tourism, sport tourism, hunting tourism; Sea but what makes this resort unique is its cure climating spa tourism (air ozone in location within a secular forests of oaks, along forest Comorova) in the neighborhoods with pine trees and many species of shrubs. resorts area for heliotherapy. Also we can Therefore Comorova forest can be considered organize trips to the Danube Delta and to the an “ecological niche” - a bridge between the Romanian and Bulgarian seaside. seaside and forest area. The primary features This tourist resort promotes the concept of this modern tourist complex are quality ,,all in one,, (the total tourism in which and elegance, which are reflected into: the ecotourism can be found along with other villas (with a capacity of 500 beds), pools tourism concepts namely: classic tourism, with sulfur water, saline facilities, sports, bars, cultural, spa, sports, entertainment, business, disco, restaurant, terrace, cellar , rustic lounge, academic and formative activities - applied landscaped barbecue places, etc. and also the all brought together in the same area that catering services offered. Comorova agritourism discerning travelers everywhere to the complex is open to tourists in all seasons having highest standards. central heating and available staff. The movment between resorts is ensured Types of tourism in Forest Complex by Comorova – Neptune Complex with Comorova: friendly means of transport using two electric 1. Eco-tourism – represents the subject of minibuses (supplied by electric batteries and this communication and it is justified by the photovoltaics). The trips are linking Comorova existence of natural elements and human Center to: beach, Mangalia and Neptun-Olimp, contributions such as: the south of our sea-side, and the tour of the Forest Comorova representing the Green Mamaia resort. Gold of the Romanian coast; The representative symbol of the area
2 3 ¥ The representative symbol of the area is the oak (with copies of more than 300 years protected by law) with whom were intercalated species of fir, spruce, cedar and white cedar in a landscape of exceptional harmony; ¥ Moreover there is a mini plantation of fruit trees (apricot, peach, apple, pear) and vegetable crops grown under ecological conditions for the tourist needs of food. ¥ The food is provided in special hygienic conditions and the products which are going to the costumer are controlled in accordance with the legislation in force. ¥ The existence of a modern kitchen, fully equipped and divided in accordance with the rules of the Health Authority - Veterinary and legislation. Food preparation equipment consists of ovens and induction hobs,with high energy efficiency supplied by batteries solar cells and wind generators. The menus offers are based on traditional cuisine without forgetting the fish preparations specific to the coast.
The renewable energy resources (Fig. no. 1 and 2) is used in the complex energy management, as follows: ¥ The heating of the housing space and domestic water it is mad eusing only renewable electricity from wind and solar sources, obtained directlty heated by solar panels and indirectly through photovoltaic panels batteries ¥ The Housing space it is heated by IR devices with high energy frequency. ¥ The using of ecological means of transport (minibuses electric power through photovoltaic panels, Secquoia. ATV and scooters with electric propulsion) in ensuring both tourists traveling in the area, the beach and leisure activities BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION ¥ In this way were completelyBULLETIN removed OF SCIENTIFIC the polluting INFORMATION energy sources, vey intensive electrical devices with low energy efficiency and a high degree of operational hazard.
Fig. no. 1 - Wind turbine Fig. no. 2 - Photovoltaic panels and solar panels for hot water
is2. the Tourism oak (with leisure copies and ofentertainment: more than 300 renewable electricity from wind and solar yearsIncludes protected travel bypackages law) with within whom are wereoffered bothsources, leisure obtained and recreation directlty servicesheated by and solar intercalatedresulted in speciesan exceptiona of fir,l spruce,material cedar base withand educationalpanels and content indirectly and specific through actions photovoltaic for whitethis typecedar of in tourism a landscape (Fig. no.of 3exceptional and 4). The materialpanels basisbatteries associated with leisure and harmony;entertainment tourism include [1]: The Housing space it is heated by IR ¥Moreover 3 terraces thereassociated is a wthmini kitchens, plantation 2 restaurantsof devices eight withrusticall highy energyfurnished frequency. towers and fruitsuspended trees (apricot, terraces peach, serviced apple, by qualified pear) and personnel 3The bars usingwith permanent of ecological program; means of vegetable¥ Wine cellar crops with grown tasting under program ecological transport (minibuses electric power through conditions for the tourist needs of food. photovoltaic panels, Secquoia. ATV and The food is provided in special hygienic scooters with electric propulsion) in ensuring conditions and the products which are going both tourists traveling in the area, the beach to the costumer are controlled in accordance and leisure activities with the legislation in force. In this way were completely removed The existence of a modern kitchen, fully the polluting energy sources, vey intensive equipped and divided in accordance with the electrical devices with low energy efficiency rules of the Health Authority - Veterinary and a high degree of operational hazard. and legislation. Food preparation equipment 2. Tourism leisure and entertainment: consists of ovens and induction hobs,with Includes travel packages within are offered high energy efficiency supplied by batteries both leisure and recreation services and solar cells and wind generators. The menus resulted in an exceptional material base with offers are based on traditional cuisine without educational content and specific actions for forgetting the fish preparations specific to this type of tourism (Fig. no. 3 and 4). The the coast. material basis associated with leisure and The renewable energy resources (Fig. no. entertainment tourism include [1]: 1 and 2) is used in the complex energy 3 terraces associated wth kitchens, 2 management, as follows: restaurants eight rustically furnished towers The heating of the housing space and and suspended terraces serviced by qualified domestic water it is mad eusing only personnel 3 bars with permanent program;
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Wine cellar with tasting program 3. Cultural tourism: 12 Barbecue grills which can operate It is linked to the visit of surrounding areas simultaneously and to the development of cultural and Accommodation, different in architecture educational activities: and comfort, igenios integrated in the organizes sightseeing of art and architecture complex space respecting the environment. monuments, museums and memorials above; The complex has an accommodation folk performances are organized with art capacity of 500 seats, equivalent to a 3 star students at the University of Bucharest in the comfort category. Bioterra natural stage offered within the pool 3 hotels with a capacity of 500 seats; and multimedia auditorium of 300 seats; 32 rustic cabins with two studios evening entertainment (competitions, 14 family villas (P + 1) - one living room concerts, literary circles, traditional and ¥ 12 Barbecue grills which can operate simultaneously downstairs and two bedrooms upstairs with modern dances, disco overtime); ¥ Accommodation, different in architecture and comfort, igenios integrated in the terraces; folk with seasonal contract; complex space respecting the environment. ¥pavilions The complex with hasstudios an accommodationand apartments capacity disco of 500 with seats, extended equivalent hours. to a 3 star protocol;comfort category. traditional-style¥ 3 hotels with awine capacity cellar; of 500 seats; 4. Sports tourism 160sqm¥ 32 rustic club cabins with associatedwith two studios facilities It is very well represented in the complex ¥heliport 14 family fot villas the (P access + 1) - ofone the living utility room downstairsby highly-equipped and two bedrooms base upstairswith withmodern helicopter;terraces; equipment and night facilities, including: ¥well pavilions of sulphurous with studios waters, and apartments laboratory protocol; multifunctional sports grounds with certified¥ traditional-style as having curativewine cellar; properties; synthetic carpet from Spain, guaranteed 10 ¥ 160sqmteraces cluband with paths associated for facilitieswalking, years; environmentally¥ heliport fot the friendly access lighting of the utilityat night; helicopter; football, tennis, basketball, handball, daily¥ well excursions of sulphurous organized waters, with laboratory electrical certified volleyball;as having curative properties; buses¥ teraces and the and decker paths forbus walking, with a capacity environmentally of • friendlySpecific lighting paintball at night;field perimeter arranged 80¥ seats. daily excursions organized with electrical busesin complianceand the decker with bus environmental with a capa standards;city of 80 seats. table tennis, billiards, darts, chess and rummy;
Fig. no. 3 - Swimming poo Fig. no. 4 Ð Reception green transport
3. Cultural tourism: It is linked to the visit of surrounding areas4 and to the development of cultural and 5 educational activities: ¥ organizes sightseeing of art and architecture monuments, museums and memorials above; ¥ folk performances are organized with art students at the University of Bucharest in the Bioterra natural stage offered within the pool and multimedia auditorium of 300 seats; ¥ evening entertainment (competitions, concerts, literary circles, traditional and modern dances, disco overtime); ¥ folk with seasonal contract; ¥ disco with extended hours.
4. Sports tourism It is very well represented in the complex by highly-equipped base with modern equipment and night facilities, including: BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
contests and competitions of the season; The air humidity is sustained by a fountain swimming courses organized within the which contributes to achieving a good three pools; tennis courses air using a circular current of air which is Electronic Secquoia, ATV, scooter in permanent contact with the walls of electronics. saline. The concentration reach 20 mg / m3, much higher than in natural mines, so 5. Scientific and creative tourism it shortens the time required for treatment, Takes place in dedicated facilities, which hydromassage, targeted therapies made after allow national and international actions and Oriental traditions, medical rehabilitation activities. These include: techniques, etc. two multimedia lecture of 300-500 seats; Other actions in favor of responsible WIFI coverage with broadband internet, tourism wired by optical fiber; To maintain control of the environment, In such spaces, have already occurred biodiversity conservation, and pollution prestigious events such as: grade the creation of laboratories was International Congress for compiling new considered appropriate and imperative, as maps planet’s climate - 2009; follows: • The scientific session of the Academy of National Laboratory of physico-chemical, Scientists in Romania in 2009 and 2010 cf. RENAR Accreditation Certificate no. Ll • Interuniversity scientific sessions, national 946 / 23.01.2012 and international, with participants from Laboratory environment, equipped with the more than 15 countries; latest generation equipment and technology; international student mobility, symposia Laboratory for the study of renewable and student circles (Italy, Canada, Egypt, energy. France); For work done in the complex, it was intensive training courses courses for considered appropriate also the existence of students with low frequency classes. network for specialisation training, reflected in the establishment and authorization of a 6. Medical tourism: unique specialization in Romania, as well Starting this year it is organized medical as study program called “consumer and tourism based on: natural procedures environmental protection”, which had visit like sulfur water treatments; diagnoses RQAAHE authorization 8-10 March 2012, and treatments center with bioresonance; obtaining a favorable operating. treatments arranged in areas where The development and ecological unprocessed salt is used (salt crystals rehabilitation of infrastructure Comorova are active), uncontaminated by toxins or Complex Neptune, Department of European pollution, being extracted from Salina Slanic Projects, developed by applying the - Prahova. The air is rich in saline aerosols, competition and winning grants / European negative ions and minerals (natural elements projects with EU funds, such as: vital to the body). The air purifies and has “Together for green horizons”, part of disinfectant qualities, an the antioxidant “education and public awareness program and detoxifying and microbial load is 10 aimed at environmental protection”, financed times lower than outside (100 germs / m3 from the Environment Fund, registered with of air to 1,000 germs / m3 in urban area). AFM, no. 75174 / 21.09.2010, the financier
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Environment Fund Administration. Curricula project is circumscribed logo: Conclusions “The earth is life for all” and concepts “Eco”, or in other words : From the above it can be seen that the concept “Inspired future breathable expirat.Inspira of total tourism - “all in one” has found future!” fertile ground in the complex expression “People eco eco think, feel eco, eco act!” “Forest Comorova - Neptune”, giving “Take atitudine.Pedaleaza green” every tourist a comprehensive framework “Comorova - Forest seaside” - project to integrate all the tourist type activities in approved a unique location provides psychological Source of funding: Regional Operational comfort, physical, cultural diversity, and Programme 2007-2013 (Nr. Registration: sport specific knowledge of the area and SV / 2/5 / 5.3 / B / 579 / 20.10.2010) exploring in particular the activities of spa Priority 5 - Sustainable development and tourism. promotion of tourism Area of Intervention 5.3 – Promoting of the potential tourism and creating the necessary References infrastructure to increase Romania’s attractiveness as a tourist destination. [1] Bioterra University Bases and tourist Operation - Development and consolidation complexes, no. 1/2011, Ed. Euro Academia, of domestic tourism by supporting specific ISSN 1582-0254 products and specific marketing activities. [2] Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert D., A project POSDRU approximately EUR Wanhill, S. - „Tourism, Principles and 800 000, the stage of development - project Practice”, Longman, Harlow, 1998 implementation [3] Weaver David (2001), Ecotourism, Milton, Australia: John Wiley & Sons; [4] www.bioterraturism.ro
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ADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS OF THE MYCOTOXIC RISK: CONTRIBUTIONSADMINISTRATION SYSTEMS AT THE OF INCIDENCE THE MYCOTOXIC OF RISK:SOME MYCOTOXINESCONTRIBUTIONS AT INTHE FOOD INCIDENCE PRODUCTS OF SOME MYCOTOXINES IN FOOD PRODUCTS Student Ph.D Simona Laura TURCU, Prof. Assoc. Ph.D Sergiu MEICA
Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Student Ph.D Simona Laura TURCU, Prof. Assoc. Ph.DBucharest, Sergiu RomaniaMEICA Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, G‰ [email protected] Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania Abstract: The geographical position and climate of our country [email protected] the mouldiness of the cereals, oily seeds, vegetalles, fruits and fodders, which can be mycotoxigen risk. OMS signals theAbstract: endemic The evolution geographical of a cronical position Balkan and climate nephopathy of our necrosant country supports as a result the of mo theul dinessmycotoxines of the cereals, oily seeds, vegetalles, fruits and fodders, which can be mycotoxigen risk. OMS signals indigestion. The legal regulations impose the supervision and monition of the mycotoxines in the endemic evolution of a cronical Balkan nephopathy necrosant as a result of the mycotoxines theindigestion. food products The legal presence. regulations impose the supervision and monition of the mycotoxines in the food products presence. KeyKey words:words: mycotoxines, Alfatoxine, Alfatoxine, Ochratoxine, Ochratoxine, Zearalenona, Zearalenona, food food products. products.
The food products studied were: maize ntroduction INTRODUCTION I and wheat grains, rice, nuts, ground nuts Studies about the extensibility and intensness of theto presence estabilish of themycotoxines Aflatoxine. in food Milk products. as a raw Studies about the extensibility and intensness We are going to disness about the incidence materialof three and mycotoxines: bladder cheese B1, M 1 for Alfatoxine, the M1 ofOchratoxine the presence and Zearalenonaof mycotoxines (Figure in 1, food2 end 3). Aflatoxine. Rasted grain coffee and raisins products.The food Weproducts are going studied to were:disness maize about and the wheat grains,for Ochratoxine. rice, nuts, ground Wheat nuts floor, to estabilishsmall bakery the incidence of three mycotoxines: B1, M1 Aflatoxine. Milk as a raw material and bladder cheeseproducts for the Mand1 Aflatoxine. cereals Rastedfor breakfast grain coffee for Alfatoxine,and raisins forOchratoxine Ochratoxine. and Wheat Zearalenona floor, small bakeryZearalenona. products and cereals for breakfast for (FigureZearalenona. 1, 2 end 3).
Fig. no. 1 Ð Aflatoxine, microscopic image Fig. no. 2 - Ochratoxin, microscopic image in (Source: www.journalducameroun.com) human tissue (Source: www.mdpi.com)
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As a heterogenous assay, ELISA separates some component of the analytical reaction mixture by adsorbing certain components onto a solid phase which is physically immobilized. In ELISA, a liquid sample is added onto a stationary solid phase with special binding properties and is followed by multiple liquid reagents that are sequentially added, incubated and washed followed by some optical change (e.g. color development by the product of an enzymatic reaction) in the final liquid in the well from which the Fig. no. 3 Ð Zearalenona, microscopic image in pig tissue (Source: www.mdpi.com) quantity of the analyte is measured.
MATERIALS AND METHODS aterials and methods M esults and discussions There were analysed 156 food samples between SeptemberR and November 2015, 4 samples a Theremonth. were analysed 156 food samples The determinations results were revealed in between September and November 2015, 4 from tables 1, 2, 3 end 4. samplesÈ The determinations a month. were made by ELISA method As an analytic biochemistry assay, ELISA involves detection of an "analyte" (i.e. the specific » Thesubstance determinations whose presence were is beingmade quantitatively by ELISA or qualitatively analyzed) in a liquid sample by method a method that continues to use liquid reagents during the onclusions"analysis" (i.e. controlled sequence of Asbiochemical an analytic reactions biochemistry that will generateassay, ELISA a signal whichC can be easily quantified and interpreted involvesas a measure detection of the of amount an “analyte” of analyte (i.e. in the sample) that stays liquid and remains inside a It was noticed the presence of 30 per cent specificreaction substancechamber or wellwhose needed presence to keep is the being reactants contained. It is opposed to "dry lab" that can use dry strips Ð mycotoxinesand even if the and sample of the is totalliquid amount (e.g. a of the quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed) in measured small drop), the final detection step in "dry"examined analysis involves samples. reading At any of apositive dried strip sample it a liquid sample by a method that continues by methods such as reflectometry and does not need awasn’t reaction noticed containment an exceeding chamber ofto preventthe maximum to spilloveruse liquid or mixing reagents between during samples. the “analysis” limits admitted. (i.e.As acontrolled heterogenous sequence assay, ELISA of separatesbiochemical some component of the analytical reaction mixture by B1 Alfatoxine was revealed at 33 per cent reactionsadsorbing that certain will components generate ontoa signal a solid which phase which is physically immobilized. In ELISA, a liquid sample is added onto a stationary solidof the phase examined with special samples binding with properties the maximum can be easily quantified and interpreted as and is followed by multiple liquid reagents that are sequentiallyvalue of 2,5 added, μg/kg incubated at the ground and washed nuts and the a measure of the amount of analyte in the followed by some optical change (e.g. color developmentmaximum by theof theproduct 0,2 μg/kg of an atenzymatic the rice. sample)reaction) that in thestays final liquid liquid and in the remains well from inside which the quantity of the analyte is measured. The M1 Alfatoxine was detected at 25 per a reaction chamber or well needed to keep cent of the examined samples of bladder the reactants contained. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS cheese. The content of M1 mycotoxine was It is opposed to “dry lab” that can use dry The determinations results were revealed in from tablesrevealed 1, 2, 3 end between 4. 0,02-0,05 μg/kg. strips – and even if the sample is liquid (e.g. The Ochratoxine was found in 41 per cent of a measured small drop), the final detection the examined samples with values between step in “dry” analysis involves reading of a 0,5-2,0 μg/kg. Zearalenone was revealed dried strip by methods such as reflectometry at 17 per cent of the samples with2 values and does not need a reaction containment between 3 and 25 μg/kg. chamber to prevent spillover or mixing In the paper it was emphasized the necessity between samples. of applying some programs mycotoxigen
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Table no. 1 - The results of Aflatoxin B1 (µg/kg) No. Number of Extreme The Pozitive crt. Food samples % values maximum samples examined detected limit 1 Corn grains 12 5 42 0,5-2,0 5,0 2 Wheat grains 12 3 25 0,5-2,0 2,0 3 Rice 12 2 16 0,2-1,0 2,0 4 Walnuts 12 7 58 0,5 -2,0 5,0 5 Hazelnuts 12 3 25 1,0-2,5 8,0 Total 72 24 33 - -
Table no. 2 - The results of Aflatoxin M1 (µg/kg) No. Number of Extreme The Pozitive crt. Food samples % values maximum samples examined detected limit 1 Milk raw material 12 3 25 0,02-0,05 0,05 2 Bellows cheese 12 5 42 0,02-0,05 0,05 Total 24 8 33 - -
Table no. 3 - The results of Ochratoxin (µg/kg) No. Number of Extreme The Pozitive crt. Food samples % values maximum samples examined detected limit 1 Roasted coffee beans 12 6 50 0,3-1,0 5,0 2 Raisins 12 4 33 0,5-2,0 10,0 Total 24 10 41 - -
Table no. 4 - The results of Zearalenone (µg/kg) No. Number of Extreme The Pozitive crt. Food samples % values maximum samples examined detected limit 1 Wheat flour 12 3 25 5-25 75 2 Bakery products small 12 2 16 3-10 50 3 Cereal for breakfast 12 1 8 5-20 50 4 Total 12 6 17 - -
risk control in the food products based onCONCLUSIONS the 2. Brewer Joseph H.et. All (2013) – HACCP system applied from “ pitch fork to „Detection of Mycotoxins in Patients with It was noticed the presence of 30 per cent mycotoxinesChronic and ofFatigue the total Syndrome“, amount of the US examined National fork”. Library of Medicine National Institutes of samples. At any positive sample it wasnÕ t noticed anHealth; exceeding 5(4): of 605–617,the maximum Apr.; limits admitted. B1 Alfatoxine was revealed at 33 per cent of the examined3. Meica samples S. (2011) with – „Siguranta the maximum alimentelor“, value of 2,5eferences µg/kg at the ground nuts and the maximum of theEditura 0,2 µg/kg Sitech, at the Craiova; rice. RThe M1 Alfatoxine was detected at 25 per cent of the4.www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/ examined samples of bladder cheese. The content of M1 mycotoxine was revealed between 0,02-0,05mycotoxins; µg/kg. 1. Banu C. şi colab. (2010) – „Tratat de 5.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELISA; industrie alimentara: probleme generale“, 6.www.mdpi.com; Ed. ASAB, Bucuresti; 7.www.journalducameroun.com. 3
8 9 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
RESEARCH ON THE IMPACT OF LAND DYNAMICS IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL POPULATION IN THE SLANIC PRAHOVA AREA
Prof. Ph.D. Cristian Ovidiu SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU, Lecturer Ph.D. Mariana SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D. Roxana Marilena CIOBANU, Student Ph.D Simona Laura TURCU
Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania
Abstract: This paper research the existing territorial disparities in the Slanic Prahova area, related to many aspects of natural-climatic and socio-economic elements which determine generating business environment elements. Currently farms, agritourism base, partially cover non-agricultural activities to support the rural population in the area, thereby not fully capitalizing local resources. These are reasons to be known farming / non-agricultural activities in the dynamics of their development and their impact on the viability sustainable farms.
Key words: land fund, value reliability, socio-economic development.
Within these limits the county covers an area Introduction of 4716 km² (1.98% of Romania’s territory) and a population of 86,000 inhabitants [1]. In the Slanic Prahova area was assumed Population density in Prahova County that the tasks of economic development, reaches the highest values in the country. If determined the rate of population movements, in terms of area, Prahova County ranks in the which were permanent. For the analyzed group of small counties, the large number of area, the economic potential problem is people has led to a density twice the national based on the current concerns of rural average, respectively 186 inhabitants per communities and manifested through their km². attractiveness and guidelines of political, social, religious, which occurred in a not too distant past [4].In the rural communities aterials and methods in the Slanic Prahova area may show by M description and location, the characteristics To analyze the current situation of the land of Prahova County in terms of administrative in the Slănic-Prahova area, was organized a territorial this county is located in the central- survey of knowledge and evaluation of the southern part of Romania, north of Muntenia agricultural and non-agricultural activities historical province, the southern slopes of in the Slănic Prahova area. In order to the Carpathians, along Prahova and Teleajen know all the aspects of these activities river courses. the investigations were carried out at the
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level of the farms from the area of the 10 structure analysis significant differences are localities in the Slănic Prahova area for found between towns. Accordingly, between which 30 questionnaires were used. It was Izvoarele commune, holding 7000 ha and taken into consideration the going through Vălenii de Munte with 2159 ha only, as to several steps related to: the purpose of the the county is 1.48% and 0.46%, respectively investigation, the territorial frame of the 10 of the total South-Muntenia development localities from Slănic Prahova, the questions Region is 0.20% and 0.06%. Regarding to elaboration, the carrying out of the quiz and the built-in plot area of Slănic Prahova, it the analysis of the data in the questionnaires. can be seen that out of 5892.7 ha, localities The research carried out targeted the Aluniş, Izvoarele, Văleni de Munte, Slănic, Vărbilău; Bertea, Cosminele, Izvoarele, Ştefeşti, Teişani and Aluniş occupies the largest share Slănic, Teişani, Vălenii de Munte, Vărbilău, (fig.1), (the relative numbers of all the 100% Vîlcăneşti şi oraşele Slănic-Prahova and total, the levels of these areas are: 16,97%; Vălenii de Munte communes. 14,83%; 10,9%; 10,35%; 10,05 %)[1]. Regarding the structure of teh questions one » The level of the resident population may say that they have been differentiated at in Slănic Prahova area highlights issues the level of all communities and a number differentiated in the rural communities of of 3 exploitations/farms for each of the 10 the entire area, but also of the entire county, localities. the data presented in table 2 emphasize the differences of the residents in the the territorial structure between 2008-2012. Results and discussions Significant problems can be considered as follows: In terms of administrative organization, - Prahova County resident population, which Prahova County has 104 local government in 2008 had 827,512 people, in 2012 reached units, of which 14 urban (2 municipalities 817,632 people, which represents a decrease and 12 towns) and 90 communes. Major of -1.20%. The situations of the rural cities: Ploiesti (county seat), Azuga, population emphasize the same downward Băicoi, Boldeşti Scăeni, Breaza, Câmpina, trend, but with a reduced tendency (decrease Comarnic, Mizil, Plopeni, Sinaia, Slănic, for the same period comparability is -0.32%); Urlaţi, Vălenii de Munte. - The structure of towns belonging to the Slănic Prahova area comprises 10 towns, area Slănic Prahova, stable population is which in administrative terms includes the largest in Vălenii de Munte, followed by 8 communes (Aluniş, Bertea Cosminele, Vărbilău, Slănic and Izvoarele. The level of Izvoarele, Ştefeşti, Teişani, Vărbilău and the decrease within the residents in the 2008- Vîlcăneşti) and two towns (Slănic Prahova 2012 dynamic is maintained with different şi Văleni de Munte). rhythms, mostly lower than the rural level of The territory is located in the middle of the Prahova County. The resident population the county with a total area of 37,869 ha in the commune Cosminele decrease (the values shown in Table 1)[1]. recorded in 2012 compared to 2008 is a Compared to the whole county, this area decrease of -4.50%, in Slănic with -4,10 %, is 8.02% of Prahova County and 1.08% and in other places this population decreases of the entire region of South Muntenia stable varies between -1,7 % şi -0,30 %.[1] development area. Also from the surface
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Table 1 - Administrative and territorial organization of the rural area in Prahova Slănic
Total area Surface plot Number of village % to % to Specify ha total total ha % total total no. county region county region Total, Prahova county, 471.587 405 100 in which: 100 13,69 x x 20,059 Slănic 37869 30 Prahova area 8,02 1,08 5892,7 100 7,39 1,498 Aluniş 2.678 0,57 0,08 592 10,05 2 0,49 0,10 Bertea 5.232 1,11 0,15 370,3 6,28 2 0,49 0,10 Cosminele 2.506 0,53 0,07 286,4 4,86 4 0,99 0,20 Izvoarele 7.000 1,48 0,20 1000 16,97 6 1,48 0,30 Ştefeşti 4.458 0,95 0,13 444 7,53 3 0,74 0,15 Slănic* 3.920 0,83 0,11 760 12,9 0 0 0 Teişani 2.928 0,62 0,08 610 10,35 5 1,23 0,25 Văleni de 2.159 0 Munte* 0,46 0,06 862 14,63 0 0 Vărbilău 4.260 0,90 0,12 642 10,9 5 1,23 0,248 Vilcăneşti 2.728 0,5784 0,08 326 5,53 3 0,74 0,15 Primary data base of calculation: surface region =3445300 ha; no. village region=2019 (last year 2012 existing data). * → villages falling within the administrative city.
8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 ş ani Bertea Aluni ş Tei Ş tefe ş ti Sl ă nic* V ă rbil u Izvoarele ă ne ş ti Vilc Cosminele
Total area Surface plot V ă leni de Munte* Fig. 1 - Total area and the area of land in the Slănic Prahova area
È The level of the resident population in Slănic Prahova area highlights issues differentiated in the rural communities of the entire area, but also of the entire county, the data presented in table 2 emphasize the differences of the residents in the the territorial structure between 2008-2012. Significant12 problems can be considered as 13 follows: - Prahova County resident population, which in 2008 had 827,512 people, in 2012 reached 817,632 people, which represents a decrease of -1.20%. The situations of the
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Table 2 - Stable population dynamics in the rural area of Prahova Slănic 2008 2009 2010 2012 number number number number Specify % with % with % with of of of of 2008 2008 2008 persons persons persons persons Total county, 827512 823509 99,51 821013 99,21 817632 98,80 in which: - in rural areas, 406690 406142 99,86 406141 99,86 405428 99,68 in which localities: Aluniş 3735 3722 99,65 3713 99,41 3646 97,61 Bertea 3456 3435 99,39 3415 98,81 3380 97,80 Cosminele 1199 1194 99,58 1179 98,33 1145 95,50 Izvoarele 6926 6897 99,58 6866 99,13 6808 98,30 Ştefeşti 2486 2478 99,68 2478 99,68 2481 99,80 Slănic 6958 6872 98,764 6750 97,01 6673 95,90 Teişani 3987 3960 99,32 3938 98,77 3901 97,84 Văleni de 13574 13527 13401 Munte 13590 99,88 99,54 98,61 Vărbilău 7314 7275 99,47 7301 99,82 7275 99,47 V” lcăneşti 4044 4032 99,70 4037 99,83 4032 99,70 Source: Own (according to data from the questionnaires used in the study)
14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 ş ani Sl ă nic Bertea Aluni ş Tei Ş tefe ş ti Izvoarele V ă rbil u V” lc ă ne ş ti Cosminele V ă leni de Munte 2008 2009 2010 2012
Fig. 2 - Stable population dynamics in the rural area of Prahova Slănic
In the Slanic Prahova area, for the town Slănic was analyzed for the period 2007-2012 dynamics, population movement, along with MIG (minimum income guaranteed). In absolute and relative levels are shown in table 3, from which we can deduce the 12 following [1]: 13 - residence changes in the town records submitted to the differentiated rates. There is an upward flow in 2007-2009, with reference to 2009 the number of departures with 85 home is maximum, representing 202.38% compared to 2007. Between 2010-2012
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In the Slanic Prahova area, for the town embossed side migration which contributes Slănic was analyzed for the period 2007- to diminishing population and the sharp 2012 dynamics, population movement, along decline in the birth rate is the lagged effect with MIG (minimum income guaranteed). of migration of final departure, plus sharp In absolute and relative levels are shown decline in fertility. All this results decrease in decreasestable 3, from the numberwhich weof suchcan deducedepartures the in 2009the reached rural population 60 persons, in thewhich analyzed is 142.85% area. followingcompared [1]: to the base year 2007; Area Slănic Prahova, the middle part of the - residence- for the periodchanges 2007-2012 in the town in Sl ărecordsnic city determinationsspace Prahova were County,fluctuating dominant population profile, submittedhowever to themanifested differentiated a downward rates. There trend is during industrial 2007-2009 (yearand 2009agricultural is a decrease secondary of - an 10.30%upward flowcompared in 2007-2009, to 2007), withafter reference that in the comingfavorable years conditions 2010Ð 2012, for the this development decrease is of to reduced2009 the (reduction number ofin thesedepartures years withis only 85 -1.48% horticulture, compared to viticulture 2007); and livestock. home- the is guaranteed maximum, minimum representing income 202.38%, analyzed theFor dynamics this reason same the periodmain economic has a constant activities comparedrate of growthto 2007.. In 2012Between this indicator2010-2012 reached of 67382 the inhabitants lei, representing are engaged an inincrease these sectors of decreases97.20% the compared number to of 2007. such departures in to joining processing of agricultural and rural 2009 reached 60 persons, which is 142.85% services. In this context multidimensional compared to the base year 2007; structure study was focused on the situation of - for the period 2007-2012 in Slănic city land and farm situation Slănic Prahova area.
Table 3 - Population movements and the guaranteed minimum income in the locality Slănic Departures Settling Guaranteed to home with home minimum income Years number of % with number of % with % with persons 2007 persons 2007 Lei 2007 2007 42 100 68 100 34.169 100 2008 75 178,57 60 88,23 41.459 121,33 2009 85 202,38 61 89,70 54.374 159,13 2010 61 145,23 67 98,52 49.417 144,62 2012 60 142,85 67 98,52 67.382 197,20 Source: Own (according to data from the questionnaires used in the study)
From all this, the population structure is embossed side migration which contributes to determinationsdiminishing werepopulation fluctuating and the population, sharp decline »in The the landbirth andrate itsis thestructure lagged in effect the Slanic of howevermigration manifested of final departure a downward, plus sharp trend decline Prahova in fertility area.. All Agro-economicthis results decrease zoning the in duringrural 2007-2009 population (yearin the 2009analyzed is a area.decrease relation to land use suitability includes most of -10.30%Area Slă niccompared Prahova to, 2007), the middle after partthat inof the spacemunicipalities Prahova Countyin agricultural, dominant areas profile with theindust comingrial yearsand 2010–2012,agricultural thissecondary decrease favorable dominant conditions functions, for thespecialized development in vegetable of is reducedhorticulture, (reduction viticulture in these and livestock.years is only crops. The structure of the land of this area -1.48%For thiscompared reason to the 2007); main economic activities isof quitethe inhabitants varied. For are thisengaged reason in researchthese - thesectors guaranteed to joining minimum processing income, analyzedof agricultural profile and rural was services. within 11In Prahovathis context counties of themultidimensional dynamics same period structure has astudy constant was ratefocused onagricultural the situation production of land and areas, farm and situation the area of Slgrowth.ănic Prahova In 2012 area. this indicator reached Slănic Prahova the following profile: fruit- 67382 lei, representing an increase of wool-milk-potatoes. Designation of areas 97.20%È The compared land and itsto 2007.structure in the Slanic Prahovawas area based. Agro on-economic soil types zoning and insize relation of the Fromto landall this,use suitabilitythe population includes structure most municipalities is communal in agricultural territory. areas with dominant functions, specialized in vegetable crops. The structure of the land of this area is quite varied. For this reason research profile was within 1114 Prahova counties of agricultural production 15 areas, and the area Slănic Prahova the following profile: fruit-wool-milk-potatoes. Designation of areas was based on soil types and size of the communal territory. Within these areas of agricultural production for location Vălenii de Munte, the evaluation notes of use categories and main crops (N-natural and E- enhanced) are the following [4] : - solvency notes by use: arable land: N- 36, E- 57; vine crops (wine) N- 17, E- 21, orchards (apples and pears) N- 6, E- 15; pastures N- 25, E- 34; hayfields N- 28, E- 38;
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- notes evaluation for main crops are following: wheat N- 41, E- 63; corn N- 32, E- 55; sunflower N- 31, E- 45; sugar beet N- 36, E- 64; potato N- 36, E- 65; vegetables N- 26, E- 48. BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Value crops evaluationBULLETIN notes OF highlights SCIENTIFIC the INFORMATION natural suitability of land for different cultures of this area [1].
Table 5 - The structure of land area in 2012 in Slănic-Prahova
in which the main categories of agricultural use: Arable land Pastures and Orchards Forestry Total Territorial hayfields farmland location total % of the total % of the total % of the total ha (ha) ha total ha total ha total agricultural agricultural agricultural Total area of the 18225 1849 10,15 13920 76,38 2455 13,47 15551 localities: Aluniş 1761 144 8,18 1478 83,93 139 7,89 472 Bertea 2323 10 0,43 1913 82,35 400 17,22 2299 Cosminele 1197 95 7,94 1036 86,55 66 5,51 1182 Izvoarele 2343 313 13,36 1565 66,79 465 19,85 3633 Ştefeşti 1262 46 3,65 863 68,38 353 27,97 3074 Slănic 2709 46 1,70 2448 90,37 215 7,94 831 Teişani 2243 408 18,19 1725 76,91 110 4,90 447 Vălenii 1106 336 30,38 654 59,13 116 10,49 522 deMunte Vărbilău 1934 223 11,53 1206 62,36 504 26,06 1845 V” lcăneşti 1347 228 16,93 1032 76,61 87 6,46 1246 Source: Own (according to data from the questionnaires used in the study)
Within theseEffectively areas of agriculturalarea Slănic Prahova production territorial structure- the analysis of land located of area-wide in rural communities, land Slănic for locationas Vălenii shown dein tableMunte, 5 highlights the evaluation the following Prahova issues: shown a preponderance of forests, notes of use- the categoriesanalysis of areaand- widemain land crops Slănic Prahovawith shown categories a preponderance of pastures of andforests, hayfields with (N-natural categoriesand E- ofenhanced) pastures and are hayfields the (occupying(occupying 76.38% 76.38% of ofthe the total total agricultural). agricultural). following [4]However : other categories of agricultural landHowever occupies other reduced categories surface (forof weightsagricultural of - solvency notestotal arable by use: farming arable and land: orchards N- 36, E-are 10.15%land and occupies 13.47%); reduced surface (for weights 57; vine crops- same (wine) structure N- analysis17, E- 21, of landorchards for the 10 localities,of total reveals arable significant farming discrepancies. and orchards Forests are in the municipalities Izvoarele and Ştefeşti occupies an area of 3633 ha and that 3074 ha, is (apples andthe pears) largest N- forested 6, E- area 15; in pastures the studied N- area (fig.10.15% 3). and 13.47%); 25, E- 34; hayfieldsFor the biggest N- 28,agricultural E- 38; land in rural areas- same are structureBertea, Izvoarele, analysis Sl ofănic, land Tei forşani the and 10 - notes evaluationVărbilău (area for of themain surface crops being arebetween 2243localities, ha and 2709 reveals ha). significantBy type of agricultural discrepancies. use following: iswheat also differentiatedN- 41, E- 63; situation, corn N- being 32, able toForests mention: in arablethe municipalities land in areas where Izvoarele Teisani, and E- 55; sunflowerVălenii de MunteN- 31, and E- V” lc45;ăne şti sugar holds beet significantŞtefeşti shares occupies in total anagricultural area of 3633(18,19 ha %, and 30,38 that N- 36, E- 64;% potatoand that N- 16,93 36, E-%); 65; pastures vegetables and hayfields 3074 with ha, the islargest the largestshare (between forested 86.35% area in and the N- 26, E- 48.59.13%); orchards for which differentiated areasstudied fall area within (fig. amplitudes 3). between 504 ha in common Vărbilău and 66 ha in common Cosminele (which is 26.06% and 5.51% of the total Value crops evaluation notes highlights For the biggest agricultural land in rural agricultural land of the community). the natural suitability of land for different areas are Bertea, Izvoarele, Slănic, Teişani cultures of this area [1]. and Vărbilău (area of the surface being Effectively area Slănic Prahova territorial between 2243 ha and 2709 ha). By type structure of land located in rural communities, of7 agricultural use is also differentiated as shown in table 5 highlights the following situation, being able to mention: arable land issues: in areas where Teisani, Vălenii de Munte
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6000
4000
2000
0 ş ani Sl ă nic Aluni ş Bertea Tei Ş tefe ş ti V ă lenii V ă rbil u deMunte Izvoarele V” lc ă ne ş ti Cosminele Total agricultural (ha) Forestry Fig. 3 - The structure of land area in 2012 in Slănic-Prahova andIn Vîlcăneştithe studied holdsregion significant were identified shares land in in classesis a major I - III economic suitability solution for use every as arable year for totalland agricultural [1]: (18,19 %, 30,38 % and 3-4 months can be maintained large flocks of that- class 16,93 I. %);- the pastures share of andagricultural hayfields land withwith veryanimals, good qualityespecially soils sheep without and limitations young cattle, thewhen largest used shareas arable (between land is reduced86.35% - approx.and 3,87with % minimal of total agriculturalcosts. area; 59.13%);- class IIorchards - consists for of which land suitabilitydifferentiated good and Inlow connection limitations with for the field share crops of land - 21.14% allocated areasof total fall withinagricultural amplitudes area; between 504 ha per capita surfaces in table .6 levels of these in -common class III Vărbilău - the suitability and 66 hamiddle in common with moderate surfaces limitations are -shown occupies in 30.5%comparison of total with Cosmineleagricultural (which area. is 26.06% and 5.51% of the total Prahova County, lifting the relief theWith total referenceagricultural to theland use of theof natural community). pastures in thefollowing following [1]: types analyzed: In - the hill- studiedmountain region pastures were, which identified are usually land located- for theoutside whole city area limits Slănic is Prahova, mountainous 34,55 ha in andclasses communal I - III suitability pastures. for use as arable infield / inhabitant , is exceeded to Prahova land- grasslands, [1]: which are of special economic importancecounty assembly to the area,with 2.85%,although and they an excessare - classstrongly I. - thedegraded share ofby agricultural erosion of surface land with and depthof. Rearing60.38% thisfor forests;alpine pasture was and is a verymajor good economic quality soilssolution without every limitations year for 3 -4 months- the cansame be indicatorsmaintained in large the flocksstructure of of whenanimals, used asespecially arable land sheep is reducedand young - approx. cattle, with minimalsettlements costs . in the area Slănic Prahova, 3,87In connection% of total agricultural with the share area; of land allocated per highlightscapita surfaces the in tabledifferentiated .6 levels ofsituations these - classsurfaces II - consistsare shown of landin comparison suitability goodwith the totalor very Prahova low perCounty, capita lifting farmland the reliefin rural andfollowing low limitations [1]: for field crops - 21.14% Vălenii de Munte and Vărbilău (their share of -total for theagricultural whole area area; Slănic Prahova, 34,55 ha infieldto the / inhabitantwhole county , is exceededis between to 24.56%Prahova and county assembly with 2.85%, and an excess of 60.38% for forests; - class III - the suitability middle with 79.13%); per capita areas in the county, - the same indicators in the structure of settlements in the area Slănic Prahova, moderate limitations - occupies 30.5% of the existing situation in the municipalities highlights the differentiated situations or very low per capita farmland in rural Vălenii total agricultural area. Vîlcăeşti and Izvoarele (weights were de Munte and Vărbilău (their share to the whole county is between 24.56% and With79.13%); reference per to capita the use areas of natural in the pastures county, the betweenexisting 99.44%situation and in 102.44%);the municipalities large areas in V”the lc followingăeşti and typesIzvoarele analyzed: (weights were betweenper 99.44% inhabitant and 102.44%);in Cosminele, large Bertea, areas Ştefeştiper - hill-mountaininhabitant in pastures,Cosminele, which Bertea, are Şusuallytefeşti and andother other (weight (weight is between is between 311.18% 311.18% and and located143.77%). outside city limits is mountainous 143.77%). and communal pastures. The situation of forest area per capita is - grasslands, which are of special economic similar to that of agricultural land. Types and importance to the area, although they are activities in the rural area holdings Slănic strongly degraded by erosion of surface and Prahova reveals that most are individual depth. Rearing this alpine pasture was and and is the most important agricultural
16 17
8
Table 6 - Share of land area per capita distributed BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATIONin the Slănic Prahova area in 2012 Infield Forestry Territorial area ha/ ha/ % to county % to county inhabitant inhabitant Table 6 - Share of land area per capita distributed Total: in the Slănic Prahova area in 2012 Prahova county 33,59 100,00 18,38 100,00 Infield Forestry Slănic Prahova area 34,55 102,85 29,48 160,38 Territorial area ha/ ha/ % to county % to county in which:Aluniş inhabitant48,29 143,77 inhabitant12,94 70,41 Total:Bertea 68,72 204,58 68,01 369,98 PrahovaCosminele county 104,5433,59 100,00311,18 103,2318,38 100,00561,52 SlIzvoareleănic Prahova area 34,5534,41 102,85102,44 29,4853,36 160,38290,27 inStefesti which:Aluni ş 48,2950,86 143,77151,41 123,9012,94 673,9670,41 BerteaSlanic 68,7240,59 204,58120,84 68,0112,45 369,9867,73 CosmineleTeişani 104,5457,49 311,18171,15 103,2311,45 561,5262,32 IzvoareleVălenii de Munte 34,418,25 102,4424,56 53,363,89 290,2721,18 StefestiVărbilău 50,8626,58 151,4179,13 123,9025,36 673,96137,95 SlanicV” lcăne şti 40,5933,40 120,8499,44 12,4530,90 168,0967,73 Source:Teişani Own (according to data57,49 from the questionnaires171,15 used 11,45in the study) 62,32 Vălenii de Munte 8,25 24,56 3,89 21,18 The situation of forest area per capita is similar to that of agricultural land. Types and Vărbilău 26,58 79,13 25,36 137,95 activities in the rural area holdings Slănic Prahova reveals that most are individual and V” lcăneşti 33,40 99,44 30,90 168,09 is the most important agricultural activity. An advantage for these occupations was the factSource: that Own during (according the communistto data from periodthe questionnaires the majority used of in thethese study) were common cooperativized in this regard is well organized inhabitants. Currently the number of farmsThe situation in the territorial of forest structure area per ofcapita the analyzed is similar area to thatcan beof consideredagricultural significant. land. Types and activities in the rural area holdings Slănic Prahova reveals that most are individual and is the most important agriculturalTable activity7 - Territorial. An advantage structure forof the these number occupations of farms was within the fact that during the communistthe area period Slanic Prahovathe majority (last year of withthese existing were data)common 2012 cooperativized in this regard is well organized inhabitants. Currently the number of Number of % faţă de: farmsTerritorial in the areaterritorial structure of the analyzed area can be considered significant. holdings total county total area Total county Table 3116257 - Territorial structure100,00 of the number of farmsX within Slănic Prahova area d.c.: the area22252 Slanic Prahova (last7,14 year with existing 100data) 2012 Aluniş Number1430 of 0,46 % faţă de: 6,43 Territorial area Bertea holdings1650 total0,53 county total7,41 area Cosminele 725 0,23 3,26 Total county 311625 100,00 X SlIzvoareleănic Prahova area d.c.: 222523500 7,141,12 15,73100 Ştefeşti 978 0,31 4,39 Aluniş 1430 0,46 6,43 BerteaSlănic 16503289 0,531,06 14,787,41 Teişani 1800 0,58 8,09 Cosminele 725 0,23 3,26 Vălenii de Munte 4729 1,52 21,25 Izvoarele 3500 1,12 15,73 ŞVtefeărbilştiău 2527978 0,310,81 11,364,39 V” lcăneşti 1624 0,52 7,3 Slănic 3289 1,06 14,78 Source:Teişani Own (according to data from1800 the questionnaires0,58 used in the study) 8,09
Vălenii de Munte 4729 1,52 21,25 Regarding this situation, the data presented in table 7. highlights the following: Vărbilău 2527 0,81 11,36 - wide zone number 22252 is 7.14% holding to the whole county Prahova; V” lcăneşti 1624 0,52 7,3 16 Source: Own (according to data from the questionnaires17 used in the study) 9 Regarding this situation, the data presented in table 7. highlights the following: - wide zone number 22252 is 7.14% holding to the whole county Prahova;
9
BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION activity. An advantage for these occupations - wide zone number 22252 is 7.14% holding was the fact that during the communist to the whole county Prahova; period the majority of these were common - in the structure of settlements in the area, cooperativized in this regard is well may be considered a situation in Vălenii organized inhabitants. Currently the number de Munte, Izvoarele, Slănic and Vărbilău, of farms in the territorial structure of the where the number of households is between analyzed area can be considered significant. 21.25% and 11.36% over the entire area. Regarding this situation, the data presented Other places within a small number of in table 7. highlights the following: households (between 3.26% and 7.41%)[6].
Table 8 - Structure of farm land spread over Slanic Prahova area (last year with available data) 2012 Infield Forestry Territorial area ha/ ha/ % to county % to county exploitation exploitation Total, Prahova county 88,14 100,00 48,23 100,00 Slănic Prahova area 81,90 92,91 69,88 144,88 in which: Aluniş 123,14 139,71 33,00 68,42 Bertea 140,78 159,72 139,33 288,86 Cosminele 165,10 187,31 163,03 337,99 Izvoarele 66,94 75,94 103,80 215,19 Ştefeşti 129,03 146,39 314,31 651,62 Slănic 82,36 93,44 25,26 52,38 Teişani 124,61 141,37 24,83 51,48 Vălenii de Munte 23,38 26,53 11,03 22,88 Vărbilău 76,53 86,82 73,01 151,36 V” lcăneşti 82,94 94,10 76,72 159,06 Source: Own (according to data from the questionnaires used in the study)
400
300
200
100
0
Infield ha/exploitation Forestry ha/exploitation
Fig. 4 - Agricultural land and forests spread over the farm in rural area in Slănic Prahova year 2012
CONCLUSIONS
Powers of economic development determined18 the rate of population movements, which 19 had definitive character. The economic potential problem area analyzed is based on the current concerns of rural communities and manifested through their attractiveness and guidelines of political, social, religious model, which occurred in a not too distant past. For the period 2007-2012 in the Slănic area setteling with home were fluctuating, however keeping a downward trend for 2007-2009 (in 2009 there is a decrease of - 10.30% compared to 2007), then in 2010-2012, this decrease is reduced (reduction in these years is only -1.48% compared to 2007); The analysis of area-wide land fund Slănic Prahova shows mainly forests, along with pastures and meadows (covering 76.38% of the total agricultural fund). However the other categories of agricultural land occupies small areas (for arable farming and orchards the weights of total arable land are 10.15% and 13.47%); All these differences of economic sectors, the agricultural sector of Slanic Prahova is due to both natural and geographical conditions, but also the socio-economic
11
BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
This whole can emphasize on the one hand the current concerns of rural communities common situation Cosminele with the and manifested through their attractiveness lowest number of farms and at the same time and guidelines of political, social, religious the largest agricultural area per capita, and model, which occurred in a not too distant on the other hand at the two urban (Slănic past. and Vălenii de Munte), with a large number For the period 2007-2012 in the Slănic of farms and small areas per capita. area setteling with home were fluctuating, For this reason it’s necessary to know the however keeping a downward trend for level of agricultural and forest area per 2007-2009 (in 2009 there is a decrease of holding (the expression ha / farm, fig. 4) and -10.30% compared to 2007), then in 2010- percentage (% of total Prahova county). The 2012, this decrease is reduced (reduction structure of these levels of the indicators in these years is only -1.48% compared to listed is shown in table 8, resulting in the 2007); following [1]: The analysis of area-wide land fund Slănic - Slanic Prahova area at the agricultural land Prahova shows mainly forests, along with per holding is 81.90 ha, representing 92.91% pastures and meadows (covering 76.38% of total county. The forest area is 69.88 ha / of the total agricultural fund). However the holding, compared with the entire county is other categories of agricultural land occupies 144.88%; small areas (for arable farming and orchards - same indicators analyzed in the structure the weights of total arable land are 10.15% of the 10 cities included in the area Slanic. and 13.47%); All these differences of economic sectors, the » Prahova are marked differences being able agricultural sector of Slanic Prahova is due to delineate two situations: to both natural and geographical conditions, a) returning holdings to agricultural land but also the socio-economic development. under the 82.94 ha as Vălenii de Munte, Regarding agriculture, it appears that we Izvoarele, Vărbilău, Slănic and Vîlcăneşti. can rarely encounter state held agricultural At the same localities situation forest areas sectors, agricultural activity being carried per capita is similar. The relative numbers out only in individual households or of these indicators are below the county small associations of citizens on land they average; own. Correlating this with occupancy of b) farms with large areas of farmland and households, we have seen the necessity for forests on the holding over 123.14 ha, as the development of industry and trade areas, Cosminele, Bertea, Ştefeşti, Teişani and followed by services, construction and then Aluniş. In these indicators than the county other activities. average. Because of the geographical conditions, piedmont and mountain villages, where arable land is very low in total agricultural Conclusions area, emphasize the low level of area per capita and per farm respectively. Powers of economic development determined the rate of population movements, which had definitive character. The economic potential problem area analyzed is based on
18 19 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
[4] Pilot study (2002) – „Update landscaping References plan Prahova county“, Volume II, December, Romania; [1] Constantinescu Dana (2011) – [5] Simion C., Farcas N., Profeanu G., „Thesis Researches on the Agritourism Simion Mariana (2007) – „Management of in Slănic Prahova and its possibilities agricultural establishments, catering and for development“, USAMV Bucharest, rural development“, Cermaprint Publishing Romania; House, Romania; [2] Local City Development Strategy Slănic [6] Prahova County Council, Department of 2008-2015; European Integration (2008) – „Sustainable [3] Oancea Margareta (2007) – Development Plan of Prahova County in „Management, economic management and 2007-2013“. strategy agricultural units“, Ceres Publishing House, Romania;
20 21 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
THE EFFECTS OF USING FERTILIZERS TO WHEAT CROPS
Lecturer Ph.D. Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU, Prof. Ph.D. Cristian Ovidiu SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D. Mariana SIMION, Lecturer Ph.D. Roxana Marilena CIOBANU, Lecturer Ph.D. Cristina Elena NEDIANU Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, District 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania
Abstract: In this paper the researches are focused on the need to promote local agro-tourism, which will be aimed at communicating an image to be outlined: originality of agro products, agro and features of the potential of the area; logistics planning conception of the whole household and rural community; opportunities to practice other forms of tourism in socio- cultural context. These forms and structures of strategic objectives in agro Slănic Prahova area were rendered differently at territorial level, aiming at shaping sustainable competitive strategies. The agrotourism seen from the point of view of the effects it has on the rural households appears as a version of the development of the rural environment, especially in the areas with difficult life conditions such as the ones in the piedmont and mountain areas, which are considered as disadvantaged areas and which can hardly offer sustenance only from agriculture and livestock farming. In this context it is necessary to know that the tourism of the present stage shows requests for a territorial infrastructure and a level of comfort that is satisfactory to good. Therefore, all of these have imposed that in the Slănic Prahova area these facto existing utilities be known, and as a result their potential can be shaped from evaluations and the questionnaires’results.
Key words: agro-tourism, the piedmont and mountain areas, livestock farming, social-economic development
constitues a base of potential agrotourism Introduction infrastructure exists. The agrotourism in Slănic Prahova can be considered as an alternative for the revival aterials and methods of this area. The economic life of the studied M communes should be analyzed and through For the analysis of the actual situation of agrotourism must be revived and developed the agrotourism in the Slănic-Prahova area, but it is necessary for other domains to be an investigation for the knowledge and driven: agriculture, zootechnics, industry, evaluation of the agrotourism activities in the trade and forestry. Slănic Prahova area was organized. In order The village and the rural household in the to know all the aspects of the agrotourism Slănic Prahova area represent territorial areas aspects investigations were carried out at the where for the agrotourism activites carried level of the farms with possibilities to carry out an accessible degree of utilities which out some agrotourism activities from the
20 21 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION area of the 10 localities in the Slănic Prahova area for which 30 questionnaires were used. Results and discussions It was taken into consideration the going through several steps related to: the purpose » Location and potential of the territorial of the investigation, the territorial frame of infrastructure in the Slănic Prahova area the 10 localities from Slănic Prahova, the The rural communities in the Slănic Prahova questions elaboration, the carrying out of area are formed of villages. Regarding the the quiz and the analysis of the data in the „tourist village” one may say that it is defined questionnaires. as rural, picturesque settlement located The research carried out targeted the Aluniş, within a natural, unpolluted environment, Bertea, Cosminele, Izvoarele, Ştefeşti, keeper of traditions and a rich historical Slănic, Teişani, Vălenii de Munte, Vărbilău, past which complies with the function of Vîlcăneşti şi oraşele Slănic-Prahova and welcoming and accomodating tourists for Vălenii de Munte communes. a stay on an undetermined period. By its Regarding the structure of teh questions one cultural, historical, etnographic, natural may say that they have been differentiated at and social – economic values such that the the level of all communities and a number village in the analyzed area can become a of 3 exploitations/farms for each of the 10 highly original and brand tourism product localities. for the local tourism. In the farms included in the study, at the The agrotourism seen from the point of view level of the 10 localities, the questions were of the effects it has on the rural households focused on the knowledge of the structure appears as a version of the development of of social – demographic characteristics of the rural environment, especially in the areas the population, the location and territorial with difficult life conditions such as the ones utilities of the farms, the main activities in the piedmont and mountain areas, which carried out within the householding, the are considered as disadvantaged areas and structure of the accomodation offer and which can hardly offer sustenance only from utilities in the households, the main activities agriculture and livestock farming. carried out within the rural households with In this context it is necessary to know that the agrotourism potential, the professional tourism of the present stage shows requests knowledge regarding the carrying out of for a territorial infrastructure and a level of agrotourism, the affiliation to the local forms comfort that is satisfactory - good. Therefore, of association of the rural households. all of these have imposed that in the Slănic By types of closed and open questions Prahova area these de facto existing utilities significant problems which could partially be known, and as a result their potential be quantified and introduced in the tables can be shaped from evaluations and the were searched for. The cumulation of the 30 questionnaires’results. answers to the questions (closed and open) By questions of the analyzed characteristics have been included in <30< levels. And (the closed and open form), in table1 it is this due to the cases in which: the analyzed shown the location and territorial utilities of phenomenon does not exist in a household; the farms included in the study from which the analyzed phenomenon for only one the following resulted: household is present in more characteristics - the distance between the farms and the of the sme question [1]. center of the locality is for the majority of
22 23 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION
the households between 500-1000 m, after whose location is below 1 km is very low that the distances below 500 m and over (6,66 %); 1000 m are structured; - by analyzing the existence of the means - regarding the distance of the household of access within localities it is found that from the nearest town it is found that 2/3 in most of them (93,33 %) the roads are of the farms are located at distances of 5-20 accessible for persons transportation. The km. The distances between 1-5 km (26,66%) route of the national road and railways are are favoured, but the number of households limited by these infrastructures (thus having
Table 1 - Location and territorial utilities for the households studied from Slănic Prahova Analyzed characteristics Households included number % (30 households = 100) 1.- Distance between farm and the center of locality (commune)* - below 500 m 7 23,33 - 500-1000 m 16 53,33 - 1000-1500 m 3 10 - over 1,5 km 4 13,33 2.- Distance between the farm and the closest town* - below 1000 m 2 6,66 - 1-5 km 8 26,66 - 5-20 km 20 66,66 3.- Existence of means of access within the locality - reilways 12 40 - persons transportation 28 93,33 - national road 24 80 - European road 0 0 - unmodernized road 0 0 4.- Transportation network and existing utilities up to the farm - paved road 27 90 - gravel road 10 33,33 - dirt road 0 0 - low voltage network 27 90 - average voltage network 16 53,33 - drinking water from collective network 18 60 - drinking water from personal sources 17 56,66 - natural gas pipeline 2 6,66 - internet access 27 90 *Closed questions (Σ answers of the analyzed characteristics = 100 %). Cumulating the
30 answers it can be included in the <30 At the same time, within the rural communities in Slănic Prahova, malfunctions of the 22 road network can be mentioned generated by23 [3]: - mainly the modernized roads (most highways are made of ballast or are paved); - the incomplete or improper improvement of some traffic intersections; - transverse profiles with improper size and elements (lack of sidewalk and faulty rainwater drainage); - the existing built-up area without providing a street network. Each village in the area has a unique personality and character which include specific features and conditions the existing infrastructure. Under these conditions the village in this area signifies the human dimension, the local intimacy, evoked both through the community superstructure bodies and also through the traditions and customs 4 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION the possibility to only 80% and respectively and customs manifested. Under this 40 % of the households number); multidimensional form people’s life in this - the modernization degree of different area has been delimited and presently defines utilities has the following forms: the paved the agrotourism potential. road which is predominant (90% of the total Hence it results that both rural tourism as well of the road network), this form is completed as for the two cities may constitute a strong with the cobbled road; the electrical network point of the economies of their communities is low voltage (90 %), to which the average provided that an investment will be made in voltage is added (53,33 %); regarding the the neessary infrastructure to support and ddrinking water supply the access to the exploit the latent existing potential. collective network prevails (60 %), with the water supply additions from personal sources » The village household and the agro-tourism (56,86 %); he heating supply with natural gas attratctiveness for the analyzed households is insignificant The village household with agrotourism (6,66 %); the access to internet services is features can be two-dimension characterized existent for most households (90 %). in Slănic Prahova, [6]: a) morpho-functional Therefore it results that through the social – unit, in which the monocellular family lives, historical conditions in which it developed, being set in a space which belongs to a people the village and the rural household in the (or which becomes as such), a place in which Slănic Prahova area represent territorial areas the house and the household dependencies where for the agrotourism activites carried are built, possibly the spaces for agricultural out an accessible degree of utilities which cultivation; b) social – territorial unit formed constitues a base of potential agrotourism of a complex of properties (the house and infrastructure exists. additional buildings) built within a delimited At the same time, within the rural communities space – the courtyard and the garden in Slănic Prahova, malfunctions of the road belonging to a family jointly living and network can be mentioned generated by [3]: using the assets acquired; the architectural - mainly the modernized roads (most ensemble, made of house and all additional highways are made of ballast or are paved); buildings, grouped within a courtyard or - the incomplete or improper improvement a unit made of the house and the related of some traffic intersections; persons living together having a common - transverse profiles with improper size budget and jointly capitalizing the assets and elements (lack of sidewalk and faulty acquired [2]. rainwater drainage); In order for the present level of the - the existing built-up area without providing agrtourism activities to be known it must a street network. be showed that in the past the largest part of Each village in the area has a unique the rural households in Slănic Prahova was personality and character which include included in a mixed economy, in different specific features and conditions the existing rates dealing with agriculture, zootechnics infrastructure. Under these conditions the and fruit farming. The mixed character of village in this area signifies the human these households was the expression of need dimension, the local intimacy, evoked both for the rural household to solely produce through the community superstructure almost everything it needed for its support. bodies and also through the traditions Thus, the mixed character of the occupations 24 25 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION has directly influenced the structure and categories: households with economy functionality of the household which focused on animal breed, households with therefore reflected the nature of the and economu focused on agriculture and animal complexity of human works. In this frame breed, households with economy focused on the household of this area can be seen from animal breed and fruit farming; households the following points of view: the permanent with economy focused on animal breed and household within the village limits (which fruit farming and households with mixed includes the house, the dependencies for economy (more than two occupations, animal breed and for for storing food amongst which agrotourism can be included). products as well as the fencing, the gate, the Out of all of these one may conclude that well, etc.) and the temporary household. the two dimensions, the village household From an economic – functional point of view and the agrotourism attraction carry out a these households are divided in the following symbiosis, rendered on the one hand by the Table 2 - Structure of social-demographic characteristics of the population in the households studied in Slănic Prahova Analyzed characteristics Households included number % (30 households = 100) 1.- Total number of family members within the husehold* - less than 2 persons 3 10 - between 2-4 persons 20 66,66 - between 4-6 persons 7 23,33 2- Number of non working members in the family ¥ male 15 50 ¥ female 16 53,33 3.- Training level of the household members - primary school 4 13,33 - gymnasium 6 20 - highschool 14 46,66 - technical school 12 40 - higher studies 18 80 4.- Family members working outside the household* - none 6 20 - one 12 40 - two 10 33,33 - three or more 2 6,66 *Closed questions (Σ answers of the analyzed characteristics = 100 %). Cumulating the 30 answers it can be included in the <30 Hence the conclusion that the agrotourism attractiveness shall have to take into consideration the activities carried out in the rural household, to contain objectives and 24 investments to stimulate the creation of agrotourism25 family hotels to capitalize the the frame created by the agricultural activities, but also the improvement of some recreation areas (it can be given as examples the locations on the riverbeds adjacent to the area within the built-up area of the communes), but also the extension of the accomodation capacities and recreation and capitalization of local, county or national events organized in that area. 7 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION form and degree of agriculture activities working person in the family (40 %), two development and on the other by the working persons (33,33 %), three or more existence of the rural structures (the rural working persons (6,66 %), cases in which no household, the farm, the village), the natural family member works (20 %). environment and the population natural The presentation of this structure is mainly which bear between them complementarity given by the possibilities of other activities and interdependency relations. Whereas, which can be carried out in the area of rural these are essential elements of agrotourism communities. In this case, by the study which determine the attractive element carried out and through the investigations needed for Slănic Prahova, a knowledge resulted from the interrogations was searched rendered by a result of the questionnaries for the successive knowledge of agricultural (on the one hand the social - demographic production capacity and the results obtained characteristics of the population and on the within the household. În table 3. the synthesis other the main activities carried out within of these aspects is rpesented thus resulting as the household). follows[1]: - most households studied have small total » The structure of the social – demographic surfaces included in the measure of 0,1- characteristics of the households 0,5 ha (the percentage being of 50 %), studied, according to the synthesis of the households of 0,5 – 1,0 ha (23,33 %), thus questionnaires studied and the quantitative showing a percentage level of only 13,33 % and qualitative aspects presented in table 2., of households below 0,1 ha; has the following aspects[1]: - analyzed in structure, the species of - the number of persons within the households animals breed in the household are recording studied which represents 2/3 from their differentiations. The birds is of 86,66 % of total, is of 2-4 persons. Therefore we have the number of households, the pigs 70 %, the a share of 23,33 % for the families with 4-6 sheep only 30 %., and there are no horses in persons and only 10 % for the families with the studied households; 2 persons; - if the products obtained are taken into - regarding the number of non working consideration one may find that the vegetable persons, male/female, from the families and animal products are presented with studied it is found approximately in equal predominant levels (the percentages are 89 % shares; şi respectively 76,66 %). The crafts obtained - the situation of the level of qualification in teh households with a percentage of 20% of the members of teh family shows two can be considered as forms at a beginning aspects: the members of teh family have level of crafts activities carried out. varying degrees of training, but those with Hence the conclusion that the agrotourism higher studies prevail (this can be explained attractiveness shall have to take into by the existence of 18 such persons out consideration the activities carried out in of the total of existing persons in the 30 the rural household, to contain objectives households), then the highschool and and investments to stimulate the creation technical schools graduates; of agrotourism family hotels to capitalize - regarding the family members working the the frame created by the agricultural outside teh household one may find that the activities, but also the improvement of some structure differentiates as follows: only one recreation areas (it can be given as examples 26 27 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Table 3 - Main agricultural activities carried out within the rural households studied in Slănic Prahova Analyzed characteristics Households included number % (30 huseholds = 100) 1.- Total surface per household* - below 1000 m² 4 13,33 - 1001-5000 m² 15 50 - 5001-10000 m² 7 23,33 - over 10000 m² 4 13,33 2.- Species of animals raised in the household - cows 5 16,66 - sheeps 9 30 - pigs 21 70 - horses 0 0 - birds 26 86,66 - no species 2 6,66 3.- Products obtained in the household - vegetable products 24 80 - animal products 23 76,66 - arts and crafts products 6 20 - no product 2 6,66 *Closed questions (Σ answers of the analyzed characteristics = 100 %). Cumulating the 30 answers it can be included in the <30 the locations on the riverbeds adjacent potential in Slănic Prahova. È The traditional potential of the area is: to the area within the built-up area of the The offer of existing agrotourism activities 1.- The ethnography, the folklore, the museums, the fairs and festivals respresent tourist communes),attractions butof thealso Sl ăthenic extensionPrahova area of bythe the potetionalactivităţilor offered. can be considered a result of accomodation2.- The arts capacitiesand crafts ,and as a recreation form of integration and thein the ensemble tourist potentialof conditions of Sl ămanifestednic Prahov a,over capitalizationhere including of thelocal, woodworking county or andnational sculpture. the households in the rural area of Slănic eventsThe organizedoffer of agrotourism in that area. activities and conditioningPrahova. in capitalizingThe main sides the oftourist their potential knowledge » Thein Sl traditionalănic Prahova. potential of the area is: aims the accomodation structure which has 1.- TheThe offer ethnography, of existing agrotourismthe folklore, activities the activitbeenăţ iloranalyzed can be byconsidered the infrastructure a result of ofthe the museums,ensemble the of fairs conditions and festivals manifested respresent over the househouseholds itself or in the the favorability rural area of theof territorial Slănic touristPrahova. attractions The main of the sides Slănic of theirPrahova knowledge area aimsensemble the accomodation in this area. structure The results which ofhas the by beenthe potetional analyzed offered. by the infrastructure of the interactivehouse itsel formsf or theof interrogation favorability carriedof the out 2.- territorialThe arts ensemble and crafts, in this as areaa form. The ofresults ofrepresent the interactive a study formsand include of interrogation the potential integrationcarried outin the represent tourist potentiala study ofand Slănic include thewhich potential can be takenwhich into can consideration be taken into in the Prahova,consideration here including in the development the woodworking of agrotourism, development respectively: of agrotourism, respectively: and1.- sculpture. Potential of the accomodation offer in the households1.- Potential in ofSl ăthenic accomodation Prahova. offer in the TheThey offer are of based agrotourism on the knowledgeactivities ofand a successivehouseholds situation in Slănic which Prahova. begins from the conditioningcapacities ofin the capitalizing house, the existencethe tourist of utilities and the degree of comfort. By the interrogations carried out in the 30 households have been nominated by number 26 and percentage and have been cumulatively27 shown the analyzed characteristics. 8 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Table 4 - Structure of studied accommodation and utilities with the potential of agro-tourism farms in the area Slanic Prahova Analyzed characteristics Households included number % (30 huseholds = 100) 1.- Equipped rooms for living inside the household* - 3 6 20 - 4 14 46,66 - 5 -7 9 30 - over 7 1 3,33 2.- Source of drinking water - well 15 50 - coast spring 0 0 - commune pipe-line 20 66,66 3.- Location of toilets - inside the house 17 56,66 - in the courtyard of the household 18 60 4.- The existence of the shower rooms* - yes 24 80 - no 6 20 5.- Means of heating the wastewater - hub/stove 13 43,33 -boiler 15 50 - gas heating/wood burning boiler 4 13,33 6.- Gas source used in the household - gas tank 29 96,66 - gas 2 6,66 7.- Means of heating the living space - wood stove 24 80 - gas heating 2 6,66 - wood burning boiler 7 23,33 *Closed questions (Σ answers of the analyzed characteristics = 100 %). Cumulating the 30 answers it can be included in the <30 TheyAll arethese based aspects on are the shown knowledge in a structured of a wayAll in tablethese 4 aspectsthus resulting: are shown in a structured successive- the habitable situation capacity which expressed begins byfrom the thenumber ofway rooms in table equipped 4 thus for resulting: living is differentiated capacities(fig.1). Thus,of the it is house, found thethe existence existence of aof number - of the 4 roomshabitable for most capacity households expressed (46,66 by%), the utilitiesand then and for the 5 -degree7 and 3 ofrooms comfort. (the level being betweennumber 30 % andof 20rooms %) (fig. equipped 2.); for living is By- theregarding interrogations the drinking carried waterout in resourcethe 30 in differentiatedthe rural households (fig.1). one Thus, my itfind is thefound the existence of a number of 4 rooms for most following situations: most of them (66,66 %) are supplied only from the commune pipe- households have been nominated by number households (46,66 %), and then for 5-7 and andline percentage or from andthe well,have beenwhile cumulatively another part both 3from rooms the (the commune level being pipe between-line as well30 % as and from the well; shown the analyzed characteristics. 20 %) (fig. 2.); - the shower rooms for the households studied resulted in having priority (80 %) and only 20 % do not have these installations; 28 29 9 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION - regarding the drinking water resource in the - the heating of wastewater is carryed in the rural households one my find the following households by boiler installations with hub/ situations: most of them (66,66 %) are stove (13,33 %), but also by simultaneously supplied- the heating only fromof wastewater the commune is carryed pipe-line in the householdsholding by twoboiler or installationsthree forms withof heating; hub/stove or (13,33from %),the butwell, also while by simultaneously another part holding both two or- thethree source forms of of gas heating used; is the gas tank (96,66 from- the the source commune of gas pipe-line used is asthe well gas astank from (96,66 %)%) and and only only a asmall small number number uses uses the thegas gas thenetwork well; (6,66 %); network (6,66 %); - the- regarding shower rooms the heating for the ways households of the livingstudied space it- is regarding predominant the theheating wood waysstove (80of the%), livingto resultedwhich inwood having burning priority boilers (80 are %) added and (23,33only %) andspace the itgas is heatin predominantg (6,66 %). the It woodis shown stove the (80 20simultaneous % do not have existence these installations;for the same household of two%), or to three which forms wood of heating. burning boilers are added 14 12 10 8 6 Number households of 4 2 0 with 3 rooms with 4 rooms with 5-7 rooms over 7 rooms Fig. 1 - Households distribution by the number of rooms equipped for living with 3 rooms with 4 rooms 20% 46,66% over 7 rooms 3,33% With 5-7 rooms 30% Fig. 2 - The structure of households by the number of rooms equipped for living It results that in the studied rural households there are modern utilities, but for most of 28 them out of these forms of utilities the ones29 existing in the past are also kept. Thus, the modernization degree of the rural households with agrotourism potential is a result of the utilities supply system for the house. For most households it is found the existence of a higher legel (of acceptability), but also a lower degree (less accepted by the tourist). Actually these differences are manifested from the agrotourism services supply, which 10 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION (23,33 %) and the gas heating (6,66 %). It from the agrotourism services supply, which is shown the simultaneous existence for the are phenomena and processes which take same household of two or three forms of place in a differentiate way in the territory heating. according to the space, time and structural It results that in the studied rural households characteristics. Even if spatially and there are modern utilities, but for most of temporarily all units in Slănic Prahova have them out of these forms of utilities the ones similar conditions, from a structural point of existing in the past are also kept. Thus, the view there are notably differences regarding modernization degree of the rural households the qualitative level of agrotourism services. with agrotourism potential is a result of the Thus, the qualitative level of the offer utilities supply system for the house. For given by the comfort in the rural household most households it is found the existence of definitively influences the degree of a higher legel (of acceptability), but also a attraction of the tourist for agrotourism. lower degree (less accepted by the tourist). In the case of the two urban centres, Slănic Actually these differences are manifested and Vălenii de Munte, the agrotourism Table 5 - Professional knowledge on applying agrotourism in the households studied in Slănic Prahova Analyzed characteristics Households included number % (30 households = 100) 1.- We have knowledge about the way the agrotourism activity is carried out - yes 21 70 - no 9 30 2.- Agrotourism is a chance for economic increase and development for the households in the area - yes 27 90 - no 3 10 3.- The existence of the interest for this form of tourism as agrotourism family hotel - yes 20 66,66 - no 10 33,33 4.- Accomodation capacity (expressed by the number of places) destined, available in the household - none 7 23,33 - 2 places 7 23,33 - 3 places 6 20 - 4-6 places 9 30 - 7-10 places 0 0 - over 10 places 1 3,33 5.- Are there any traditional activities carried out in this household? - yes 8 26,66 - no 22 73,33 *The characteristics analyzed for each of the 5 questions are the result of sime closed questions ( Σ the answers of the analyzed characteristics = 100 %). 30 31 9 8 places 7 6 5 available 4 3 2 Number of 1 0 No place With 2 With 3 With 4-6 With 7-10 With over places places places places 10 places Fig. 3 - Accommodation capacity expressed by the number of available places in the households studied 12 Table 5 - Professional knowledge on applying agrotourism in the households studied in Slănic Prahova Analyzed characteristics Households included number % (30 households = 100) 1.- We have knowledge about the way the agrotourism activity is carried out - yes 21 70 - no 9 30 2.- Agrotourism is a chance for economic increase and development for the households in the area - yes 27 90 - no 3 10 3.- The existence of the interest for this form of tourism as agrotourism family hotel - yes 20 66,66 - no 10 33,33 4.- Accomodation capacity (expressed by the number of places) destined, available in the household - none 7 23,33 - 2 places 7 23,33 - 3 places 6 20 - 4-6 places 9 30 - 7-10 places 0 0 - over 10 places 1 3,33 5.- Are there any traditional activities carried out in this household? - yes 8 26,66 - no 22 73,33 *The characteristics analyzed for each of the 5 questions are the result of sime closed questions ( Σ the answers of the analyzed characteristics = 100 %). BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION 9 8 places 7 6 5 available 4 3 2 Number of 1 0 No place With 2 With 3 With 4-6 With 7-10 With over places places places places 10 places Fig. 3 - Accommodation capacity expressed by the number of available places in the households studied capacities of accommodation are strongly agrotourism activities in Slănic Prahova. influenced by the forms of comfort of the 12 In table 5. It is shown the synthesis of the other accommodation structures (with characteristics regarding the practicing of special reference to the hotel system existing agrotourism analyzed by questionnaires and in these localities). In the city Vălenii de which shows the following [1]: Munte there are the following accomodation - the existence of a predominance regarding forms: two hotels of three stars totalizing the way in which the agrotourism activities 165 rooms and only three family hotels with are carried out and only a diminished level 65 rooms. One can also add 7 restaurants does not have this knwledge (30 %); in which tourists can serve traditional and - most of the persons questioned (90 %) specific for the area dishes. agrees that agrotourism respresents a chance 2.- Professional knowledge and affiliation to to economic increase and development for the association forms for the integration of the households in this area; the agrotourism household. - the interest for the agrotourism activities Considered as a potential, the professional under the form of agrotourism family hotels knowledge in agrotourism represents, is only for 2/3 of the persons questioned especially in the present phase, a source while 1/3 are not interested; which can be capitalized by specific ways. - the availabilities of the accomodation Even in the analyzed area these are included capacities are between 2-6 places (73,33 in social-professional forms specific for the %), together with the existence of certain agrotourism activities. households which do not have the possibility Actually, in the study carried out by of these accomodation capacities (23,33 %) questionnaires it was targeted the knowledge (fig. 3 and 4); of diversity and the forms of manifestation - carrying out the traditional activities is of the professional knowledge together with at a low level of 26,66 % from the total of conception/tendency for integration of the households. 30 31 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION With 2 places 23,33% No place 23,33% With over 10 places 3,33% With 3 places 20% With 4-6 places 30% Fig. 4 - Structure of accommodation capacity expressed by available places in the households studied An advanced form of the capitalization of agrotourism potential in these areas was targeted by the affiliation to the local association forms. The same interpretation form of Table 6 - Rural households affiliation to local association the questionnaires synthetizes in table 6 the form of association affiliation of the rural forms with agrotourism potential studied in Slănic Prahova households with agrotourism potential. The following aspects can be emphasized: Characteristics analyzed Households included - most of the households studied (86,66 %) are not affiliated to the forms of association number % in the territorial area in which they are placed. Percentage levels represented by (30 households = 100) coperative, associations and groups of manufacturers are reported (the levels being 1.- The form to which the household is affiliated* 6,66%, 10 % and 10 %); - - regardingcooperative the specification of activities it turned out2 that the households6,66 studied are recorded- associations in the before mentioned cooperative/asociation3 forms, are included10 in the forms of- groupmanufacture of manufacturers, service supply and agrotourism (the percentage3 levels being 3,3310 % and 10 %). According- other form to the cases previously presented the association0 of the households0 to the cooperative/association- no form forms may determine the following26 situations: a) the86,66 preponderance of2.- rejection If the for holding the affiliation is a ofmember the households of a previouslyto the cooperative/associations mentioned form forms,in what this beingcooperative/association considered as a mentality is it a ofmember?* indiference and/or fear for these forms of organization; b) teh- manufacture case in which the same household is part of1 more forms of affiliation3,33 to a cooperative/association,- supply (marketing) hence one may infer the existence0 of some orientations0 and even some- sale more (marketing) advanced knowledge. 0 0 From- service here supplyone may infer that the degree of integration of3 the activities is poorly10 represented in he- agrotourismterritory bith for the agricultural activities as well as for3 the agrotourism. 10 - arts and crafts activities 0 0 * The analyzed phenomenon does not exist in only one household; (the situation is present in more characteristics of the same question). The cumulation of the 30 answers can be included in the levels <30<. 3.- Forms of acting of the existing associations with agrotourism activites in Slănic Prahova. Because whithin the analyzed area the Association32 for Tourism Promotion in the Higher 33 Bassin of the Telejeanului Valley and the Mountain Tourism Association in Prahova, the knowledge of the events in the territory for these association units was considered necessary. 13 One may show that Association for Tourism Promotion in the Higher Bassin of the Telejeanului Valley [4] includes 10 localities as founders out of which only 3 are included in the analyzed area Slănic Prahova: Izvoarele, Teişani and Vălenii de Munte. The effect of these organizations in the territory was materialized in the increase of the average measure of the agricultural households and the annual average income per household through a better capitalization of the products. The natural conclusion which can be drawn is that the degree of complexity of the non agricultural activities in the analyzed area is still reduced. CONCLUSIONS È Based on this sequential knowledge of the agrotourism capacities structured in the territory at the level of the area Slănic Prahova, the analysis has a special role through the metodological singularity to include all the factors that determine especially the delimitation and implementation possibilities of the agrotourism potential. From these arguments it results the special role of the analysis precisely through the outlining of the main problems the implementation deals with. [5] . 14 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION An advanced form of the capitalization Slănic Prahova. of agrotourism potential in these areas Because whithin the analyzed area the was targeted by the affiliation to the local Association for Tourism Promotion in the association forms. The same interpretation Higher Bassin of the Telejeanului Valley form of the questionnaires synthetizes in and the Mountain Tourism Association in table 6 the form of association affiliation Prahova, the knowledge of the events in of the rural households with agrotourism the territory for these association units was potential. The following aspects can be considered necessary. emphasized: One may show that Association for Tourism - most of the households studied (86,66 %) Promotion in the Higher Bassin of the are not affiliated to the forms of association in Telejeanului Valley [4] includes 10 localities the territorial area in which they are placed. as founders out of which only 3 are included Percentage levels represented by coperative, in the analyzed area Slănic Prahova: associations and groups of manufacturers Izvoarele, Teişani and Vălenii de Munte. are reported (the levels being 6,66%, 10 % The effect of these organizations in the and 10 %); territory was materialized in the increase - regarding the specification of activities of the average measure of the agricultural it turned out that the households studied households and the annual average income are recorded in the before mentioned per household through a better capitalization cooperative/asociation forms, are included of the products. in the forms of manufacture, service supply The natural conclusion which can be drawn and agrotourism (the percentage levels being is that the degree of complexity of the non 3,33 % and 10 %). agricultural activities in the analyzed area is According to the cases previously presented still reduced. the association of the households to the cooperative/association forms may determine the following situations: a) the Conclusions preponderance of rejection for the affiliation of the households to the cooperative/ » Based on this sequential knowledge of associations forms, this being considered as a the agrotourism capacities structured in the mentality of indiference and/or fear for these territory at the level of the area Slănic Prahova, forms of organization; b) teh case in which the analysis has a special role through the the same household is part of more forms metodological singularity to include all of affiliation to a cooperative/association, the factors that determine especially the hence one may infer the existence of some delimitation and implementation possibilities orientations and even some more advanced of the agrotourism potential. From these knowledge. arguments it results the special role of the From here one may infer that the degree analysis precisely through the outlining of of integration of the activities is poorly the main problems the implementation deals represented in he territory bith for the with. [5] . agricultural activities as well as for the » Both the natural tourism resources, as well agrotourism. as the anthropic ones which are based on 3.- Forms of acting of the existing knowledge of some factors which refer to associations with agrotourism activites in favourable conditions for the development 32 33 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION of different forms of rural tourism; natural, cultural historic potential for the tourism References development; the existence of accomodation capacities and the possibilities to increase [1] Constantinescu Dana (2011) – “Researches the quality level of the services supplied; on the agrotourism in Slănic Prahova and its the diversity of the food products and a possibilities for development”, PhD Thesis, diversified, rich cultural offer; the existence USAMV Bucharest, Romania; of an ethnographic and folklore treasure [2] Dumitrescu, I. - „The traductional rural of high originality with a rich calendar household in Vâlcea“, Internet (http://www. of tradictional fairs and folklore events muzee-valcea.ro/buridava/BURIDAVA6/ throughout the entire year are representative dumitrescu.pdf); for the tourism potetial in Slănic Prahova. [3] S.C. ECOSAFE CONSULTING S.R.L. » The advantages of the area are determined – „Environment report, General Urban Plan, in the evolution of the external factors which Vîlcăneşti Commune“, County Prahova, can positively influence. Romania; » These can be delimited by the following [4] Founding of the Association for the factors: the development of business tourism Tourism Promotion and Development in and reunions which may take place in the Higher Bassin of Telejeanului Valley, the localities of teh studied zone (Aluniş, Annex 2, The Decision of the Prahova Slănic, Văleni de Munte); the revival of the County Council, Ploieşti, Romania, Articles itinerant cultural tourism for the knowledge of Incorporation, May 15th 2009; of some parts of the area with tourist value; [5] Romania’s SWOT analysis as tourist the arts and crafts activities; the possibility destination, Internet (.regielive.ro/.../ to develop the transit tourism; increased analiza_swot_a_romaniei-4479.html..); the possibilities for the conversion of salt mines Plan of sustainable development of Prahova by tourism. county within the period 2007-2013, the » Through analysis methodology that we Prahova County [6] Council, Department for adopted to be allowed the identification of European Integration, 2008; the interal and external factors which affect [6] Toşa, I. (1986) – „Contributions to the the rural family hotel and the quantifying of study of Romanian rural settlements“, the impact on it. Processed after other sources: Bihar, XVI, » Hence it results the need to shape some Oradea, p. 347; strategic objectives in the agrotourism [7] Ionescu, G. (1981) – „Architecture in of the area Slănic Prahova to provide a Romania over the centuries“, Processed after diversification of the activities by which other sources: Academiei Publishing House, effective changes of labour force with an Bucharest, p. 65. orientation in the directions desired be carried out. 34 35 THE HUMAN CAPITAL Ð FOUNDATION NATIONAL SYSTEM BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION OF INNOVATIONBULLETIN OF IN SCIENTIFIC THE INNOVATIVE INFORMATION ECONOMY Mirela STOICAN1, Adina Liana CAMARDA2, Mihai MARES1, Culai DASCĂLU1, Nelly FILIP3, Lina VLĂSCEANU1 THE HUMAN CAPITAL – FOUNDATION NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INNOVATION1 Bioterra University IN ofTHE Bucharest, INNOVATIVE No. 81, G‰ rlei Street,ECONOMY District 1, 013722, 1 Bucharest,2 ROMANIA 1 Mirela STOICAN2 , Adina Liana CAMARDA , Mihai MARES , George Baritiu 1University of Brasov,3 ROMANIA 1 3 Culai DASCĂLU , Nelly FILIP , Lina VLĂSCEANU 1 Bioterra University Academy of Bucharest, of Economic No. 81, Studies Gârlei of Street, Moldova, District REPUBLIC 1, 013722, Bucharest, OF MOLDOVA ROMANIA 2 George Baritiu University of Brasov, ROMANIA [email protected],3 Academy [email protected],of Economic Studies of Moldova, [email protected], REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA [email protected],[email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The progress in developing countries contributed to the formation of the new Abstract:economy, The knowledge progress in economy, developing innovation, countries contributednew technologies to the formationand business of the venture. new economy, The knowledgehuman capital economy, is the innovation, foundation ofnew this technologies new economy. and business venture. The human capital is the foundation of this new economy. Key words: new economy, knowledge economy, innovation, innovation economics, human Keycapital, words: National new economy, System ofknowledge Innovation. economy, innovation, innovation economics, human capital, National System of Innovation. INTRODUCTION knowledge, "net-economy", "digital economy", "virtual economy", but all have In recent years a general mood was created phenomenoncontemporary and featuresinterpreted ofdifferently society by Introductionabout the role of human capital in economists.development. There In the are post-industrial used different society names: economic growth and the formation of are found the information society, the “new economy” post-industrial society, "new economy" as a necessary step in knowledge and science society [1]. All In recent years a general mood was created postmodern society, information, knowledge, abouteconomic the role evolution of human of society.capital in economic these are based on innovative ideas of The New economy is based on knowledge “net-economy”,human capital, “digitalresulting economy”, in innovative “virtual growth and the formation of “new economy” economy”, but all have contemporary as anda necessary ideas, key step factors in economic to the evolution creation ofof nature of post-industrial society and its role high standards of living where ideas and featuresin building of society them. Indevelopment. our opinion In the the next post- society. innovative technologies are essential. industrialstage of society post-industrial are found society the information is the TheÈ TheoreticalNew economy background is based on knowledge society,innovative knowledge society, anddeterminant science society of the [1]. andIn ideas,the professional key factors literature to the , creationthe "new of Allinnovation these are economy, based on as innovative necessary stepideas in of higheconomy" standards is ofperceived living whereas a ideascomplex and humanthe evolution capital, of resulting society. in Synthesizing innovative nature the innovativephenomenon technologies and interpreted are essential. differently by ofopinions post-industrial of foreig andsociety native and authors its aboutrole in » Theoreticaleconomists. backgroundThere are used different buildingthe postindustrial them. In our society opinion, thethe nextauthor stage names: the "new economy" post-industrial establishes the correlation between the In the professional literature, the “new of post-industrial society is the innovative economy”society, postmodernis perceived society, as information,a complex expressions of the new society (Figure1). Postindustrial Society Postindustrial Economy Society INFORMAȚIONAL KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE SOCIETY INNOVATION SOCIETY SOCIETY SOCIETY SOCIETY Informațional Knowledge Science Innovation economy Economy economy economy Fig. 1 - Postindustrial society phrases 34 35 MATERIALS AND METHODS The particularities of human capital in the innovative economy have multiplicative È Hypotheses of the research consist in value that consist in the fact that, after the the deepening and developing the concept process of production, newly created value of human capital and efficiency in the in the input exceeds its output. As a result, formation of innovative economy. the author proposes the following The achieving of the goal led to formulate definition of human capital in innovative the following objectives: economy representing all socio-economic - the argumentation of the importance of relations on the formation and human capital as a prerequisite for the accumulation of knowledge with development of innovative economy and innovation multiplicative effect. Individual its multiplier effects; human capital is crucial for innovation - the shaping of economic policies and activity and the representation of a nation's increase efficiency of human capital and its human capital can be an expression of creative potential; relevant skills for innovation. According to - the development on the strength of these skills we can say that the innovative recommendations on investigations under component of human capital represents all the National System of Innovation training intellectual capacities of BULLETINthe worker OF SCIENTIFIC to INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION effectiveness. generate new knowledge and achievement È Means and tools of research society,in its determinantstructure withof the the innovation physical The achieving of the goal led to formulate The methodological basis of research economy,capabilities as andnecessary those step intellectual in the evolution of the the following objectives: knowledge is dialectical method, device ofworker. society. Its Synthesizing structure includes the opinions the follow of foreiging - the argumentation of the importance of and philosophical categorical general andelements native: education, authors about training, the postindustrialreproductive human capital as a prerequisite for the systems theory, comparative analysis society,capacity the and author renewal establishes of knowledge the correlation, skills development of innovative economy and its method. betweenand personality the expressions types, health of the andnew geneticsociety multiplier effects; (Figure1).background , motivations, migration ability. - the shaping of economic policies and RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Skills of innovation is expressed through increase efficiency of human capital and its the annual growth rate of GDP per capita, creative potential; Innovative economy is the economy of Mshareaterials of GDP and spending methods in this area, - the development on the strength of knowledge-based society, innovation, the number of patents, number of staff recommendations on investigations under positive acceptance of new ideas, systems »involved Hypotheses in research,of the research development consist inand the the National System of Innovation training and technologies and their implementation innovation, all of a link between them and deepening and developing the concept of effectiveness. in various spheres of economic activity. economical increase. human capital and efficiency in the formation » Means and tools of research This is a type of economy based on 1.The annual growth rate of GDP per of innovative economy. The methodological basis of research innovation flow, the constant technological capita perfection, the production and export of knowledge is dialectical method, device and high tech products with high added value philosophical categorical general systems and export of technologies [2]. Basic theory, comparative analysis method. notions of innovative economy are: innovations, innovative activity and innovative infrastructure [3]. This type of Results and discussions economy is based on human capital as a measure of individual skills and qualities Innovativedetermination economy of the is fundamental the economy problems of knowledge-based society, innovation, the made from investments which are actually Fig.1 Annual growth rate of GDP per of formation and use of innovative human used, leading to increased productivity and capita and Research and development positivecapital, acceptance embodied of innew a ideas,SWOT systems analysis income. These qualities of human being expenses by the development of countries and(Table technologies 2). and their implementation have opened new horizons in individual in various spheres of economic activity. This perception of economic phenomena, based World states lie at different rates of GDP is a type of economy based on innovation on innovative ideas that give rise to per capita, which is, in 2009, the highest innovative economy. for LuxembourgTable 1 -- InnovativeU.S. $ 78,395, design U.S. features - Romania Republic of Moldova Liberal ideology only in privatization of Liberal ideology too simplistic. state and business. Financial sources both internal and External financial sources which are external. fluctuating due to remittances from abroad. The average work motivation. A lower motivation to work. Transposition of the results is done Innovative passive (slow implementing the moderately. ideas into reality ). Fundamental research is characterized by Fundamental research is characterized by external expertise. external expertise. The Ò brain drainÓ effect continues to be an Export of labor resources which appears as a obstacle to the proper development of the brake on economic development. national economy. Research conducted in Romania about the 36 37 National System of Innovation allowed the BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION flow, the constant technological perfection, innovation, all of a link between them and the production and export of high tech economical increase. products with high added value and export of 1.The annual growth rate of GDP per capita technologies [2]. Basic notions of innovative World states lie at different rates of GDP economy are: innovations, innovative per capita, which is, in 2009, the highest for activity and innovative infrastructure [3]. Luxembourg - U.S. $ 78,395, U.S. - 46381 This type of economy is based on human USD, Switzerland - 43007 USD [4], while capital as a measure of individual skills the Republic of Moldova - only 2843 USD, and qualities made from investments which by purchasing power parity [5]. are actually used, leading to increased 2. Regarding the expenses on R&D in the EU productivity and income. These qualities in 2007 has allocated 229 billion research of human being have opened new horizons and development. CD costs as a percentage in individual perception of economic of GDP, which rose from 1.85% in 2007 phenomena, based on innovative ideas that remained stable compared to 2006. The give rise to innovative economy. highest intensity of CD was recorded in the The particularities of human capital in the Nordic countries and Austria and Germany. innovative economy have multiplicative In 2007, expenses as a percentage of GDP value that consist in the fact that, after the CD (CD intensity) was highest in Sweden process of production, newly created value (3.6% of GDP) and Finland (3.47%) in the input exceeds its output. As a result, followed by Austria (2.56%), Denmark the author proposes the following definition (2.55%) and Germany (2.54%) and lowest of human capital in innovative economy values and is registered in Cyprus (0.45%), representing all socio-economic relations Slovakia (0.46%), Bulgaria (0.48%) and on the formation and accumulation of Romania (0.53%). knowledge with innovation multiplicative In 2010, the economic crisis has deeply effect. Individual human capital is crucial for affected research in Romania, the total innovation activity and the representation of allocations for research, public funds, a nation’s human capital can be an expression is approximately 1.64 billion lei, which of relevant skills for innovation. According represented an increase of 8.6% since 2009 to these skills we can say that the innovative (1, 53 billion), but only a return to around component of human capital represents the year 2008 and well below the planned all intellectual capacities of the worker to launch of the National Research and generate new knowledge and achievement in Development and Innovation 2007-2013, its structure with the physical capabilities and about 4 billion. States with a higher share of those intellectual of the worker. Its structure R & D expenditures in GDP have a better includes the following elements: education, position in global competitiveness rankings, training, reproductive capacity and renewal resulting in the need to increase investment of knowledge, skills and personality types, in science. health and genetic background, motivations, 3. Patents per 1 million people in 2000- migration ability. Skills of innovation is 2005, 189 were in high human development expressed through the annual growth rate countries (Korea 1113, Japan 857, Sweden of GDP per capita, share of GDP spending 166, Romania 24, Chile 1, Bosnia and in this area, number of patents, number of Herzegovina 3). staff involved in research, development and 36 37 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION 4. Employment in R&D in 2007 the equivalent factors of renewal and sustainable growth. In of 2.3 million people working full time in terms of innovative component, the author the EU-27. CD staff corresponded to 1.6% made an analysis by comparing the average of total employment, the highest proportion performance results in Romania from EU27. being in Finland (3.25 of total employment), The results are based on analysis of Sweden (2.7% in 2005), Luxembourg (2.6 elements such as institutions, human % in 2006), Denmark 82.4% in 2006) and potential, information and communications Austria (2.1% in 2006), and the opposite technologies, market development, business stands Romania (0.5%), Bulgaria (0.6%), development through the innovative Cyprus (0 , 7% in 2006), Poland (0.8%) and environment, the ecosystem of innovation, Portugal (0.9% in 2006). openness to foreign and local competitors, Researchers representing 0.9% of total scientific achievements and creative labor EU-27 in 2007, this proportion activities as an element of Innovative varies in Romania and Finland in 2005 Capacity Index (ICI). According to the to 2.1%. Staff on CD, at the end of 2009 Global Innovation Index 2009/10, Sweden is in Romania, operating in research and the top position fall index (0.871), followed development 42,420 employees, decrease of by Denmark (0.834) and Finland (0.810) approximately 1082 employees from the one and the last position is located in Romania recorded at the end of the year 2008. (0.136) and Bulgaria (0.130)[6]. Placing On the background of global economic on the last places of Romania and Bulgaria developments recorded globally in 2008, demonstrates the low degree of openness of there is a tendency to focus government political society and economic development efforts to effectively use innovative capacity implementation and application of elements of human capital. of a knowledge society without setting Before the economic crisis of 2008, the priorities in this regard and without the use firms were concerned to maintain market of existing infrastructure before ‘89. The position by reducing costs for standardized author concludes that developed countries products. For this stage, they must take have high levels of correlation between concrete measures by which investors turn the degree of development and innovation, to technology and innovation sector. Faced this situation being true for Romania but with new challenges, Romania is facing a in reverse. Poor economic results recorded fragile economy, uncertain, and this time once again confirms that the modest activity that minimizes the role of knowledge and of the Romanian companies in the CD-I is effective transfer of new technologies. Given a divergent path towards the EU. The main the macroeconomic situation of Romania in reasons identified are: 2008-2010, it is estimated that Romania is in - the low volume of financing for CD-I, the domination of classical macroeconomic Romania is among countries with the lowest environment and the competitiveness of investment in this area, only 0.58% in 2008. Romanian economy is far surpassed by the The situation worsened in 2009 when public EU Member States. spending returned to the level existing before In this circumstance, in which Romania has the boom, 0.2% of GDP respectively; the rank 64 of 133 worldwide, in terms of - the increasing of the public debt and budget competitiveness, technological information constraints from the IMF agreement raises and knowledge are required to constitute key questions about Romania’s ability to increase 38 39 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION public expenditure on education innovation This can be achieved through a stable and short and medium term even if the innovative policy and using the levers of National Strategy for Research, Innovation state structural reform-oriented branch and 2007-2013 provides for the allocation of creating innovative growth models [7]. significant amounts in this sector; It should be noted however, that each - poor cooperation on innovation especially economy is characterized by evolving with weak link between academic research and specific characteristics that customize and industrial applications; individualize it. - weak development of clusters, in Romania The stability of an economy is relative and was encouraged development of industrial it depends on global economic and social parks at the expense of clusters, and the context, so it is necessary for the innovational Romanian government was not financially management to pursue to continually adapt involved but was limited to a business to these changes [8]. The author carried out a information on the major role that those parallel between this innovative model from have in competitive economic development; Romania and Moldova (Table 1). - human capital deficiency in the CD-I, From the presented analysis, the author notes mainly due to lack of interest given to the that Romania meets the business model sector and lack of motivation to young innovation more than Moldova, primarily researchers. due to the advantage of being a member of Based on these facts, the major role of the EU. It should be noted that each of these human capital in the formation of the faces a major problem, namely a high degree National Innovation System, is materialized of corruption, which is an obstacle for the as a solution to speed up implementation development of innovative activity. and development of innovative economy. To transform the economy of Romania in But, above all, should be considered the an innovative development, the main task importance of innovation infrastructure, is setting staged the National System of namely the role played by technoparks, Innovation [9]. business incubators, clusters, business Research conducted in Romania about the angel and, not least, of venture capital in National System of Innovation allowed the the formation of a reliable and performant determination of the fundamental problems National Innovation System. of formation and use of innovative human Innovative infrastructure in all countries capital, embodied in a SWOT analysis isThe formed author with demonstrates, the full participation based on SWOT of the enhance(Table 2).competitiveness of domestic state.analysis, Formation that in of recent innovative years infrastructure have been industrial products and production intaken Romania actions is one related of the mainto stimulatingdirections of capacity. Thus are proposed for Romania theinnovation country’s processesdevelopment and andhave integration been the innovative development strategy intocreated global the innovation premises system. for achieving components (Figure 2). innovations in Romania's industry, to Components innovative development strategy of Romania Integration into global Creating innovative Formation of priority Forming a strategy for innovation chains technology clusters innovative directions innovation funding Fig. 2 - Components of innovative development strategy in Romania CONCLUSIONS situation in Romania, reducing negative 38 39 effects of economic crisis that continues, 1. Global processes taking place at the determining priorities in conceptual beginning of the III-rd millennium related reasoning reforms aimed at achieving to accelerating the development of the strategic goals of long-term development. tertiary sector, individual production, These priorities are to create conditions for intellectualization of human activity, training and accumulation of human creating an efficient information system, capital, the development of those branches. etc. forming a new motivational Also Romania should collaborate mechanism. are the premises of post- effectively with countries where there is a industrial economy, which requires rapid development of innovative economy, creative interpretations by economics. of a national innovation system strongly The changing of the role of the individual, included in innovative global economy, his intellect transformation into a decisive based on production and export of factor of the progress of society, argues the intellectual products, knowledge and need to form a new development information. paradigm. Its essence lies in the transition 4. The practice making of the CD-I to a new level of socialization, the strategies in Romania will have positive changing of development priorities and the impact and help to: enhance national transfer from the anthropocentric to economic competitiveness on domestic and technocratic approach, oriented towards foreign markets through the the needs and human capabilities. implementation in economic practice of 2. Human capital in innovative economy scientific achievements and innovation, represent all socio-economic relations on increasing the scientific and innovative the formation and accumulation of support of the and socio-economic knowledge innovation multiplicative development of the country, acceleration effect, that consist, after the production economic growth rates and improvement process, in the newly created value that at of its quality, creating new jobs, increase the input exceeds its value at the ouptut. exports of goods and services with high The innovative component of human added value, especially those capital represent all intellectual capacities scientointensive (IT, nano-technology, of the worker to generate and to achieve pharmaco-genetics, biotechnology); new knowledge, containing both physical increasing the domestic and foreign and intellectual capacities of the worker. investments in the economy, 3. The research of human capital role in intensification of regional development; innovative economy, undertaken in this improvement of the environment and paper permit the assessment of the real enhancing its protection; improving of BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Tabelul 2 - SWOT analysis of SNI in Romania STRONG POINTS WEAK POINTS OPPORTUNITIES THREATS §. the existence of a §. low level of §. continuous growth §. Continuation of framework for innovation culture in in demand for exodus of skilled stimulating both productive and innovative products professionals in the innovation activities, service sector and and technologies; field of innovation research - research institutions §. the existence of research into other development; and innovation; the legal framework fields and in other §. the existence of a §. lack of for the development states; network of research information, of beneficial public- §. low level of and innovation that especially statistics private partnerships attractiveness for have some on the innovation in innovation and youth activities in experience in the activities of technology transfer innovation compared field and qualified companies and through the initiation to other activities human potential; businesses; and implementation related to modern §. significant §. deficiencies of the of joint projects advanced increase of budgetary educational system (consortia / clusters, technologies; funding for research, for training and technology §. regional gaps in innovation, continuing education platforms, etc); development of technology transfer of specialists in the §. capitalization of innovation processes and innovation management of funding mechanism especially in EU infrastructure innovation, through the regions; creation, so that by protection, Structural Funds; §. insufficient degree 2020 they reach 2% evaluation and §. increase of to achieve the rights of GDP; marketing of integration in on thr objects of §. a number of intellectual property education, research, intellectual property. patents registered rights; innovation and annually compared §. weak involvement entrepreneurship; to 1 million of private sector in §. increase of inhabitants, the the activity of CD-I; motivation and European average; §. insufficient prestige of §. high level motivation of young innovators; innovators, holders people to follow §. expanding of claims in careers in research; international international salons §. poor collaboration cooperation on CD-I, of inventions; between universities in the EU and §. share of exports of and private sector beyond; products of medium business; §. continuation of and high technology §. poor of Romania's EUREKA Eurostars (high tech products participation in programs , part of the are considered those Framework EUREKA network to with a content of Programme FP7; harmonize and innovation based on §. partial contracting synchronize national about 3.5 to 8.5% of by private programs to support their M & IT), beneficiaries of SMEs with research 50.14% total exports structural funds for activity; in Romania, CD-I SOP IEC §. supplementation of compared to 47.36% Priority Axis 2; Nucleus Program EU 27 [10]; §. weak venture IFIH-HH with a new §. share of exports of capital financing. project for ELI 40 41 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION services with (Extreme Light intensive Infrastructure - contribution of Nuclear Physics). knowledge, a total of 44.91% export services in Romania, compared to 49.43% EU 27; §. Romania's participation in actions of Joint Research Centre, EUREKA programme; §. Enrollment of Romania as a full member of the ENIAC Joint Undertaking - a public-private partnership in nanoelectronics in 2009; §. scientific research is present in almost all areas, particularly in priority 7, where, according to Strategy Action Plan, Romania will lead a project to set up a dedicated pan- European research activities in the Danube river, Danube Delta and Black Sea; §. full contraction of the structural funds allocated through SOP IEC Priority Axis 2, by the public beneficiaries; §. accession of Romania to the initiative of establishing the Association of Technology Parks Black Sea region. 40 41 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION training and accumulation of human capital, Conclusions the development of those branches. Also Romania should collaborate effectively with 1. Global processes taking place at the countries where there is a rapid development beginning of the III-rd millennium related of innovative economy, of a national to accelerating the development of the innovation system strongly included in tertiary sector, individual production, innovative global economy, based on intellectualization of human activity, production and export of intellectual creating an efficient information system, products, knowledge and information. etc. forming a new motivational mechanism. 4. The practice making of the CD-I strategies are the premises of post-industrial economy, in Romania will have positive impact which requires creative interpretations by and help to: enhance national economic economics. competitiveness on domestic and foreign The changing of the role of the individual, markets through the implementation in his intellect transformation into a decisive economic practice of scientific achievements factor of the progress of society, argues the and innovation, increasing the scientific and need to form a new development paradigm. innovative support of the and socio-economic Its essence lies in the transition to a new development of the country, acceleration level of socialization, the changing of economic growth rates and improvement development priorities and the transfer of its quality, creating new jobs, increase from the anthropocentric to technocratic exports of goods and services with high added approach, oriented towards the needs and value, especially those scientointensive human capabilities. (IT, nano-technology, pharmaco-genetics, 2. Human capital in innovative economy biotechnology); increasing the domestic represent all socio-economic relations on the and foreign investments in the economy, formation and accumulation of knowledge intensification of regional development; innovation multiplicative effect, that consist, improvement of the environment and after the production process, in the newly enhancing its protection; improving of created value that at the input exceeds management in SNI, implementation of its value at the ouptut. The innovative programs and projects of technology transfer component of human capital represent in all economic fields and faster integration all intellectual capacities of the worker to in the innovative structures worldwide. generate and to achieve new knowledge, containing both physical and intellectual capacities of the worker. eferences 3. The research of human capital role in R innovative economy, undertaken in this [1] Hămuraru, M. (2008) – „Moldova’s paper permit the assessment of the real specific involvement in the creation of the situation in Romania, reducing negative new economy“, Autoreferat of PhD thesis in effects of economic crisis that continues, economics, Chisinau; determining priorities in conceptual [2] Stoican, M., Camarda, A., Plesa, D. reasoning reforms aimed at achieving (2011) – „The Human Capital in the strategic goals of long-term development. Innovation Economics of the Developed These priorities are to create conditions for Countries, Recent Researches in Energy & 42 43 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Environment (EE 110“, Cambridge, UK, pg. [6] Innovation Union Scoreboard (2011) 117; – „The Innovation Union’s performance [3] Ene, C., Gheorghiu, A. (2011) – „A scoreboard for Research and Innovation“, Theoretical Approach for Dynamic February; Modelling of Sustainabele Development“, 6th [7] Pîşchina, T. (2007) – „Structural priorities IASME/WSEAS International Conference in the globalized economy“, PhD Thesis, on ENERGY& ENVIRONMENT (EE’11) ESA, Chisinau; Cambridge, UK, Published by WSEAS [8] Mândru, L. (2011) – „Quality-Risk Press; Integrated Management for Industrial [4] Eurostat (2009), OECD Factbook (2010) Commercial Companies“, Transilvania – „Economic, Environmental and Social University, Publishing House, Brasov, Statistics“, ISBN 92-64-08356-1 - © OECD Romania, ISBN 978-973-598-944-6, pag. 2010, Science and technology - Research 160; and Development - Expenditure on R & D; [9] Sorocean, O. (2010) – „Innovative [5] Belostecinic, Gr. (2011) – „Knowledge Foundations of national competitiveness“, economy as a source of sustainable International Scientific Conference economic growth“, Annals of the Academy Materials, ASEM. vol.1, Chisinau, of Economic Studies of Moldova Ninth [10] ANCS Report (2010)– „Governmental Edition; policies for R & D and Innovation in Romania“, Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports. 42 43 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION RESEARCHES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF AGRO-ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF ADJACENT LOCALITIES OF CĂLDĂRUŞANI LAKE IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE Prof. Ph.D. Cristian Ovidiu SIMION 1, Lecturer Ph.D. Roxana Marilena CIOBANU 1, Lecturer Ph.D. Dana Gabriela CONSTANTINESCU 1, Lecturer Ph.D. Cristina Elena NEDIANU 1, Prof. Ph.D. Adrian BASARABĂ 2 1 Bioterra University of Bucharest, No. 81, Gârlei Street, sector 1, 013722, Bucharest, Romania 2 University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharesti, No. 59, Mărăşti Boulevard, District 1, Bucharest, 011464, Phone: +40 (21) 318 25 64, Fax: +40 (21) 318 28 88, Web: www.usamv.ro Abstract: Research has been achieved in order to establish the current situation of the area around Lake Căldăruşani and to highlight opportunities for sustainable development of agriculture in the area. However, the work can be an instrument of political justification to promote common development agro-economic strategy of adjacent localities of Căldăruşani Lake (Nuci and Grădiştea Communes). Favorable elements to agro-economic activity in the Căldăruşani Lake area are represented by qualitative group of lands after limiting factors of agricultural production, with work requirements and pedo-ameliorative derived from it, and agro-climatic resources and its application in agriculture. Key words: agro-economic, land, quality of the soil, pedo-ameliorative works the southern side of the commune becoming Introduction developed along with the course of the river Ialomita. The study includes information on the current The commune Gradiştea has the name from and future state of agro-economical rural an old occupation specific for the area and development in the Căldăruşani Lake with the initial inhabitants whom dealt with greek special focus on the natural environment for products trade. Likewise, until 1934 the the supporting of the economic agricultural name of the commune was Greci. Localities and non agircultural activities in the studied presently pertaining: Gradistea and Sitaru. areas (Nuci and Grădiştea Communes)[3]. Land use is presented into five current The Nuci Commune was formed as classifications in Romania and into five main settlement on the estates of the landowners classes in the European Union, CORINE or monasteries by the acts of donation of the Land Cover, such as: artificial surfaces (9% Wallachian rulersa.The commune is made up of the study area), agriculture (60 %), forests of 5 villages: Nuci (commune residence), and semi-natural land (27%), wetlands (3%) Micsunesti Moara, Micsunestii Mari, Balta and water bodies (1%) [1][4]. Neagra and Merii Petchii. The ensemble of these villages is locatedin the N-E of llfov County, the settlements in 44 45 MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the soil data and field morphological observations, I elaborate a group of arable land and a range of restrictions. I made a series of assessments on production results. A rich illustrative material with graphics, as well as analytical data were obtained and developed from administrative territorial units. The quality grade (N) is obtained by the interpretation of the data related to characteristics of the soils and land (environment) existing in the pedologic studiesbased on the general relation:N = f (soil, climate, relief, hydrology). Eighteen soil, climate, relief, hydrlogy characteristics (or parameters) intervenein the BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION calculation of the quality grade;BULLETIN a subunit OF SCIENTIFIC coefficient INFORMATION or equal to 1 at most which represents the relative influence of the respective parameter over the productive potential of the respective plant is attributed. The result ofcoefficient), the 17 coefficients multiplied (salinization by 100, andrepresents Malkalinizationaterials andcombining methods in one coefficient), multipliedthe „natural” by 100, quality represents degree. the ã naturalÓ quality degree. Calculation method for quality of the soil Based on the soil data and field morphological Calculation method for quality of the soil is doneis using done the using formula: the formula: Y = ( x 1Y Ð =x 2(...x x1n)100; – x2... observations, I elaborate a group of arable which Y represent quality of the soil mark; xxn)100;1, x2, x nwhich represent Y represent coefficient quality values of the ofsoil landindicators and a [1]. range of restrictions. I made a mark; x1, x2, xn represent coefficient values series of assessments on production results. of indicators [1] A rich illustrative materialRESULTS with graphics, AND DISCUSSIONS as well as analytical data were obtained and developedThe functional from typology administrative of the communesterritorial studied,esults respectively and discussions Nuci and Grădiştea is units.predominantly agricultural, however there existingR small crafts production units: osier Thebraiding, quality carpentry grade assembly, (N) is mills,obtained bakeries, by in bothThe studied functional communes. typology of the communes theThe wayinterpretation of using the of agricultural the data land related and the mainstudied, productions respectively within the Nuci Nuci and commune Grădiştea are presented in table 1 and table 2[3]: to characteristics of the soils and land is predominantly agricultural, however Table 1 - Agricultural land use in Nuci commune Surface/ha. Productions Specifications NIS* 2011 Local NIS*2011 Local Council Council200 Total/to 2009 (Kg/ha) Total agricultural land,out of 4.564 4.6189 which: Arable 4.414 4.379 Pasture 131 217,5 Vineyards and nurseries 19 19,3 Orchards 2,56 Surface cultivated with wheat and 1.506 4.486 2.470 rye (onlywheat) Surface cultivatedwith corn 1.712 7.379 5.100 Surface cultivated with sunflower 513 452 1.050 Surface cultivatedwithvegetables 320 10.715 15.000 there existing small crafts production units: (environment) existing in the pedologic osier braiding, carpentry assembly, mills, studiesbased on the general relation:N = f 2 bakeries, in both studied communes. (soil, climate, relief, hydrology). The way of using the agricultural land and the Eighteen soil, climate, relief, hydrlogy main productions within the Nuci commune characteristics (or parameters) intervenein are presented in table 1 and table 2[3]: the calculation of the quality grade; a From the above data it results that the most subunit coefficient or equal to 1 at most important share in the administrative territory which represents the relative influence of of the commune (5.196 ha) is represented the respective parameter over the productive by the agricultural surface (4.564-4.618 ha) potential of the respective plant is attributed. respectively 87,8%. The main productions The result of the 17 coefficients (salinization within the Gradistea commune are presented and alkalinization combining in one in table 3 and table 4 [3]: 44 45 Table 2 - The structure of the incorporated area in Nuci commune Total territory of the communeBULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC5.196 ha (N.I.S.*) INFORMATION 5.197 ha (L.C.**) BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Incorporated area 358,93 ha. Unincorporated area Table 2 - The structure4.837 of ha. the incorporated area in Nuci commune TotalAgricultural territory land of the commune 5.1964.564 ha (N.I.S.*) ha. 5.1974.618 ha (L.C.**) ha. IncorporatedForests area 358,93 ha. 266 ha. UnincorporatedPonds and rivers area 4.837 ha. 78,6 ha. AgriculturalUnproductive land land 4.564 ha. 4.61820 ha. ha. ForestsRoads 82,3266 ha.ha. *N.I.S.Ponds and Ð National rivers Institute of Statistics 78,6 ha. **L.C. Ð Local Council Unproductive land 20 ha. FromRoads the above data it results that the most important share in the administrative82,3 ha. territory *N.I.S.of the communeÐ National (5.196Institute ha) of isStatistics represented by the agricultural surface (4.564-4.618 ha) **L.C.respectively Ð Local 87,8%. Council The main productions within the Gradistea commune are presented in table 3 and table 4 [3]: From the above data it results thatTabel the 3 most - Land important use structure share in in Gr theădi administrativeştea commune territory in 2011 of the commune (5.196 ha) isCategory represented by the agriculturalSurface (ha) surface (4.564-4.618 ha) respectively 87,8%. The main productionsArable within the Gradistea2682 commune are presented in table 3 and table 4 [3]: Pasture 120 TabelForests 3 - Land use structure295 in Grădiştea commune in 2011 VinyardsCategory Surface75 (ha) WaterArable surface area 2682140 TotalPasture surface 3312120 Forests 295 VinyardsTable 4 - Agricultural 75land use in Grădiştea commune Water surface area 140 Cultivated area in the Surfaces which could Quantity of product Crop yearTotal 2011 surface (ha) be cultivated3312 (ha) obtained per ha Wheat 820 850 3800 Table 4 - Agricultural land use in Grădiştea commune Corn 475 496 7000 Cultivated area in the Surfaces which could Quantity of product CropSunflower 360 340 1800 Rape year 2011150 (ha) be cultivated140 (ha) obtained1900 per ha BarleyWheat 82080 100850 25003800 SpeciesCorn of barley 4755 4967 20007000 Sunflower 360 340 1800 FromRape these statistics one may 150observe a net superiority140 in the agro-economic1900 activities FromcarriedBarley these out statistics at the level one mayof the observe Nuci80 acommune net A.in comparison Land100 classification to the Gradistea 2500by commune the limiting superiorityresultedSpecies offrom in barley the the agro-economic net superior 5agriculturalactivities potentialfactors 7of thethe agriculturalsurfaces held production2000 by the first carriedcommune, out at almost the level double. of the Nuci commune The limiting factors of the agricultural in From comparison these statistics to the Gradisteaone may observecommune a net superiorityproduction inare the the agro- resultseconomic of the activities elements resultedcarried fromout at the the net level superior of the agriculturalNuci commune ofthein comparison natural toenvironment, the Gradistea namely commune the potentialresulted offrom the the surfaces net superior held by agricultural the first potentiallandscape of thescales surfaces conditions held byand theparental first commune,commune, almost almost double. double. 3 materials, of climate, groundwater, as well as vegetation. 46 47 3 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Besides some properties of the soils less Considering the method of quality of the favouring of the culture plants development, researched perimeters land, these categories like the too acid or too alcalinereaction, extreme are as follows: Class I – 66 points, Class II textures, salinity, reduced reserves ofmold and – 55 points, Class III – 45 points, Class IV – nutrients, there are also other factors which 25 points, Class V – 15 points. restrict the use of soils (lands) like the hilly Requirements, pedo-ameliorative works and relief associated with the risk of corrosion, the the use of land water excess, the reduced edaphic volume, A series of morphological, phisical and the defficiency of micorelements, etc. for chemical features highlights the fertility agricultural cultures [5]. level of the researched perimeters land, Based on the environmental study and its agroproductive possibilities while the the soil cover I tried to elaborate a lands erosion,acidification, gleying and water classification according to the limiting drainage determine on its turn a decrease factors of the agricultural production from of the agricultural production [6]. The Nuci and Gradistea Communes. anthropic activity had a special contribution Thus, in the studied area the following in accentuating the negative effects due to categories of lands have been identified [1]: which by an improper agrotechnique of the Class I – very good lands for the field arable surfaces (mechanical works executed cultures without any restriction. It refers on soils with high humidity, fertilizations with to the plain relief (the proper interfluve predominantly acid chemical substances, the Ialomiţa - streamVlăsia) with soil cover lack of organic fertilizations), the productive made up of chernozemic argic soils and potential of the soils in the researched reddish preluvio-soils. territory became greatly reduced. Class II – good lands, with redued limits For the elimination of the negative effects because of the small content of humus, the of the limiting factors of the agricultural moderate acid reaction and compaction. production and by this the amelioration of This includes: the reddish preluvio-soils, the productive potential of the sector Câmpia preluvio-soils and luvo-soils. Vlăsiei in which lake Căldăruşani is located, Class III – average lands, with moderate a series of hydro-ameliorative and pedo- limits due to the temporary excess of ameliorative works are imposed as follows: humidity and erosion. This includes: the - Current fertility, the change of the depth of luvo-soils, gleio – soils, erodo-soils and ploughing and irrigation; aluvio-soils. - Radical fertilization, the changing Class IV – lands with very severe limitations, of thedepth of ploughing and calcium not suitable under non development castigation; conditions. They can be used as pastures - Scarifying for the elimination of the only after drainage works. Here we include excess of humidity and current and radical the stagno-soils, gleio-soils, rego-soils and fertilization; aluvio-soils. - Works for the control of soils erosionby Class V – lands with very severe limitations, ploughing on level curve and the avoidance not suitable under non development of hoeing crops; conditionseither for the field cultures or for - Lowering the lever of the ground water the orchards and vineyards. We include the and the embankment along the Vlăsiei and stagno-soils and rego-soils. Cociovaliştea Valleys. 46 47 - Scarifying for the elimination of the excess of humidity and current and radical fertilization; - Works for the control of soils erosionby ploughing on level curve and the avoidance of hoeing crops; - Lowering the lever of the ground water and the embankment along the Vlăsiei and Cociovaliştea Valleys. - Scarifying for the elimination of the excess of humidity and current and radical The works for the prevention of soils erosion can be summarized to the rectification of the fertilization; agrotechnical works (the directionBULLETIN of the OF ploughing, SCIENTIFIC the INFORMATION direction of seeding). BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION - Works for the control of soils erosionby ploughing on level curve and the avoidance of hoeing crops; TheB. Land works classification for the prevention by Corine of soils Land erosion Cover 2000ha, ofbeing the imposedresearched either perimeters their elimination lands or - Lowering the lever of the ground water and the embankment along the Vlăsiei and can(fig. be 1)[4] summarized to the rectification of the their inclusion in other classes accoridngly. Cociovaliştea Valleys. agrotechnicalThe works forworks the prevention (the direction of soils of erosionthe canThe be landssummarized mainly occupiedto the rectification by agriculturewith of the ploughing,agrotechnical the direction works (the of directionseeding). of the ploughing,important the direction areas ofof natural seeding). vegetation exist on extendedClass 1spaces Artificial surfaces in the ensemble of the area B. Land classification 3% by1% Corine9% Land studied, more significant being the areas on B. Land classification by Corine Land Cover 2000 Classof the 2 Agricultural researched surfaces perimeters lands Cover(fig. 1)[4]2000 of 27%the researched perimeters the right of Vlăsiei, north from Lipia, north Class 3 Forests and seminatural lands lands (fig. 1)[4] from Balta Neagră and in south from Vlăsia, Class 4 Wet lands 60% on the right of Cociovaliştei, south from Clasa 5 Acquatic organisms Class 1 Artificial surfaces 3% 1% 9% Class 2 Agricultural surfaces 27% Figure 1 - Land use class share according to Corine Land Cover 2000 classificationClass 3 Forests and seminatural lands Class 4 Wet lands The industrial and commercial units60% are found in more settlements from the basin of Clasa 5 Acquatic organisms the lake with high differentcein the total of the area studied, respectivelyin the Nuci commune the surfaces are smaller than 25 ha, thus being net superiorto those of commune Figure 1 - Land use class share according to Grădiştea, this commune being advantaged by the geographical position as well (fig. 2). Corine Land Cover 2000 classification The industrial and commercial units are found in more settlements from the basin of Urban discontinuous structure the lake with high differentcein the total of the area studied,structură urban respectivă discontinuăelyin the Nuci commune the surfaces are smaller than 25 ha, thus being netunit Industrialăţsuperiortoi industriale or saucommercial comercialethose unitsof commune Grădiştea, this commune being advantaged by the geographical position as well (fig. 2). unitTransportationăţi de transport units 1 Clasa 1 Class 1 spaUrbanţii verzi greenurbane spaces structurUrbană urban discontinuousă discontinu ăstructure spaSpacesţii cu facilit withăţi pentrusports sport and recreationşi recreere facilities 0% 50% 100% unitIndustrialăţi industriale or saucommercial comerciale units Figure 2 - Land use type share in Class 1 accordingunitTransportationăţi de transport to units 1 Clasa 1 Corine Land Cover 2000 classification Class 1 spaUrbanţii verzi greenurbane spaces The non irrigated arable land is present in all localities in the areaspaSpacesţ iistudied, cu facilit withăţi pentrusports either sport and recreationşaroundi recreere facilities or Theinside industrial them. The 0%and characteristics commercial50% of theunits relief100% are have imposedPaşcani the and existence so on (fig.3). of some large areas with such use, most below 25 ha, being imposed either their elimination or their inclusion found in more settlementsFigure 2from - Land the use basin type shareThe in Class areas 1 ofaccording arable nonto irrigated landwith in other classes accoridngly. of the lake with high differentceinCorine Landthe total Cover 2000surfaces classification exceeding 25 ha are located on The lands mainly occupied by agriculturewith important areas of natural vegetation exist on of the area studied, respectivelyin the Nuci quasi horizontal lands or with reduced extended spaces in the ensemble of the area studied, more significant being the areas on the communeThe non the irrigated surfaces arable are smaller land is thanpresent 25 ha,in all localitiesslopes inof the8o-10o area (onstudied, the bridgeeither aroundof terraces, or thusinside being them net. superiortoThe characteristics those of ofcommune the relief 5 havein imposed which thecase existence the geological of some largesub-layer areas is Grădiştea, with such this use, commune most below being 25 ha,advantaged being imposed represented either their byelimination terrace gravel or their and inclusion sand, in byin the other geographical classes accoridngly. position as well (fig. 2). the everglade, on some slopes with gentle TheThe non lands irrigated mainly arable occupied land isby present agriculturewith in all importantslopes) areasand ofwith natural fragmentation vegetation existdepth on of extended spaces in the ensemble of the area studied, more significant being the areas on the localities in the area studied, either around below 20 m, like for example in the east side or inside them. The characteristics of the 5 of the locality Grădiştea, south-east and east relief have imposed the existence of some side of commune Moara Vlăsiei. large areas with such use, most below 25 48 49 right of Vlăsiei, north from Lipia, north from Balta Neagră and in south from Vlăsia, on the right of Cociovaliştei, south from Paşcani and so on (fig.3). The areas of arable non irrigated landwith surfaces exceeding 25 ha are located on quasi horizontal lands or with reduced slopes of 8o-10o (on the bridge of terraces, in which case the geological sub-layer is represented by terrace gravel and sand, in the everglade, on some slopes with gentle slopes) and with fragmentation depth of below 20 m, like for example in the east side of the locality Grădiştea, south-east and east side of commune Moara Vlăsiei. right of Vlăsiei, north from Lipia, north from Balta Neagrăteren andNon arabil irrigated in neirigatsouth arable from land Vlăsia, on the right of Cociovaliştei, south from Paşcani and so on (fig.3). The areas of arable non irrigated landwith surfaces exceedingpomiFruit fructiferi trees25 and şhai planat bush areţ iiplantations delocated arbuşti pentrufor berrieson fructe quasi horizontal lands or with reduced slopes of 8o-10o (on the bridgede pădure of terraces, in which case the geological sub-layer is represented by terrace gravel and sand,păşPastures inuni the everglade, on some slopes with gentle slopes) and with fragmentation depth of below 20 m, like for example in the east side 1 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION of the2 locality Grădiştea, southBULLETIN-east and OF east SCIENTIFIC side of commune INFORMATION Moara Vlăsiei. modelulThe model complexului of the cultivatedcultivat complex Clasa 2 Class terenNon arabil irrigated neirigat arable land 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100% terenuriLands ocupate mainly ”occupied n principal by de agriculture agricultură with, cu arealeimportant importante areas de of vegetanaturalţie vegetation naturală pomiFruit fructiferi trees and şi planat bushţ iiplantations de arbuşti pentrufor berries fructe de pădure Figure 3 - Land use type share in Class 2 according to Corine Land Cover 2000 classificationpăşPasturesuni 1 2 On their turn, the agro-forrest lands occupy extendedmodelul Thespaces model complexului, ofthus the cultivatedcultivat being complex located for Clasa 2 exampleClass in the interfluve space at Nuci or on the right side of Vlăsiei at Căldăruşani. The relief energy has values between 30 and 50 m, with maximum values on interfluves where 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100%o o terenuriLands ocupate mainly ”occupied n principal by de agriculture agricultură with, cu even the slopes have values between 8 -9 . The slopesarealeimportant importante on areas which de of vegetanatural ţiethis vegetation natural landscapeă individualized are affected by landslides expecially in the Vlăsiei basin (fig.4). Regarding the way theFigure lands 3 in- Land classes use 4 typeand 5 share are used in Class there 2is according a presentation to in fig. 5. Corine Land Cover 2000 classification On their turn, the agro-forrest lands occupy extended spaces, thus being located for example in the interfluve space at Nuci or on the right side of Vlăsiei at Căldăruşani. The relief energy has values between 30 and 50 m, with maximum values on interfluves where o o even the slopes have1 values between 8 -9 . The slopes on which this landscape individualized are affected by landslides expecially in the Vlăsiei basin (fig.4). 3 păduri cu frunze căzătoare pajiNaturalşti naturale Forests with falling Regarding the way the lands in classes 4 and 5 are used there is a presentation in fig. 5. meadows leaves Clasa 3 Class 98% 99% 99% 100% 100% Figure 4 - Land use type share in Class 3 according to Corine Land Cover 2000 classification 1 3 păduri cu frunze căzătoare pajiNaturalşti naturale Forests with falling meadows leaves mlaInteriorsştini interioare cursuriWater de ap ă Clasa 3 Class wamps courses 98% 99% 99% 100% 100% Lake suprafesurfacesţe lacustre 1 6 Figure 4 - Land use type share in Class 3 according to Clasele 4 ş i 5 Class es4 and 5 Corine Land Cover 2000 classification 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 5 - Land use type share in Classes 4 and 5 according to Corine Land Cover 2000 classification On their turn, the agro-forrest lands occupy where even the slopes have values between 6 extended spaces, thus being locatedCONCLUSIONS for 8o-9o. The slopes on which this landscape example in the interfluve space at Nuci or individualized are affected by landslides È onFrom the rightthe investigation side of Vlăsiei carried at Căldăruşani. out and results expeciallyof researches in the at Vlăsiei the level basin of (fig.4). the two localitiesThe relief (Nuci energy and has Gr valuesădiştea between Communes) 30 and and in Regardingthe adjacent the area way (C theăld landsăruşani in classesLake), 4it and results50 m, thatwith one maximum of the main values natural on interfluves resources (the arable5 are used land ),there which is a totalizespresentation 13000 in fig.ha is 5. suitable for cultivation for all the plant species of the studied area. È In the modern economy, the distribution of horizontal industry and not only is made in 48 rural areas, usually located around industrial 49poles. The location of small and medium industrial enterprises in rural areas means diversifying the economy, employment, increasing economic power of municipalities bordering Căldăruşani Lake and their overall development. È Land capability of researched perimeters changes under the influence of natural factors, mainly because human intervention, the quality of lands must constantly updated to suit each stage of agriculture development and the economy as a whole. REFERENCES [1] Basarabă A., Andreiasi N. (2014) Ð ã Quality of the soils and agricultural landsÒ , Alpha MDN Publishing House,Romania; [2] Basarabă A. (2014) Ð ã PedologyÒ , Ceres Publishing House, Romania,; [3] Ciobanu Roxana Marilena (2011) Ð ã Research concerning limnological characteristics of Caldarusani Lake and the assessment of economic potential and tourism for sustainable development of agriculture and adjacent citiesÒ , PhD thesis, USAMV Bucharest, Romania; [4] Addendum (2000) Ð ã CORINE land cover technical guideÒ ; [5] Hera C, Schiopu D. (2001) Ð ã Scientific research and sustainable agricultureÒ , Romania; [6] I.N.C.P.A. (2003) Ð ã Romanian system of soil taxonomyÒ , Estfalia Publishing House, Romania. 7 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION Conclusions References » From the investigation carried out and [1] Basarabă A., Andreiasi N. (2014) – results of researches at the level of the two „Quality of the soils and agricultural lands“, localities (Nuci and Grădiştea Communes) Alpha MDN Publishing House,Romania; and in the adjacent area (Căldăruşani [2] Basarabă A. (2014) – „Pedology“, Ceres Lake), it results that one of the main natural Publishing House, Romania,; resources (the arable land), which totalizes [3] Ciobanu Roxana Marilena (2011) 13000 ha is suitable for cultivation for all the – „Research concerning limnological plant species of the studied area. characteristics of Caldarusani Lake and » In the modern economy, the distribution of the assessment of economic potential and horizontal industry and not only is made in tourism for sustainable development of rural areas, usually located around industrial agriculture and adjacent cities“, PhD thesis, poles. The location of small and medium USAMV Bucharest, Romania; industrial enterprises in rural areas means [4] Addendum (2000) – „CORINE land diversifying the economy, employment, cover technical guide“; increasing economic power of municipalities [5] Hera C, Schiopu D. (2001) – „Scientific bordering Căldăruşani Lake and their overall research and sustainable agriculture“, development. Romania; » Land capability of researched perimeters [6] I.N.C.P.A. (2003) – „Romanian system of changes under the influence of natural soil taxonomy“, Estfalia Publishing House, factors, mainly because human intervention, Romania. the quality of lands must constantly updated to suit each stage of agriculture development and the economy as a whole. 50 51 INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS CERMI Publishing House Recognized by National Council for Scientific Research in Higher Education (NURC), cod 181 [email protected] www.cermi.3x.ro 0040 723 136 640 REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova EGIPT Khadiga Mohamed Gaafar – Higher Institute for Specific Studies May Mohamed El Batran – Higher Institute for Specific Studies Technical Editors: Mohamed Mahmout El Batran – Higher Institute for Specific Studies GALAN Cătălin [email protected] ITALIA Balestri Gino – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Ceccanti B. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa Professional Translation: Doni S. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa LĂZUREANU Cătălin Fantoni Elena – Comune di San Giuliano Terme Pisa Fontanelli Marco – University of Pisa Fratini Roberto – Department of Florence University Gajo Paolo – Florence University O ce: Ginanni M. – University of Pisa Nicolae Șuţu Street, no. 11 – 15 Lorenzini G. – Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze Central building, second floor, room 9, sector 1, Bucharest, Romania Macci C. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa http://www.bioterra.ro/bulletin.php Mani Danilo – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Martini Andreea – Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Firenze Masciandaro Graziana - ISE-CNR Pisa Migliorini P. – Università degli Studi di Scienze Gastronomiche Peruzzi A. – Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerce Agro-Ambientali “Enrico Avanzi”, University of Pisa Peruzzi E. – Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi (ISE), Pisa Pistoia Alessandro – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Poli Piera – D.A.G.A. Sezione Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Pisa Raffaelli M. – University of Pisa Siboni Eugenio – Società Produttori Sementi SpA, International Marketing Manager, Argelato (BO) Publication Recognized by NURC category “C” code NURC : 882 Publication located in the international database: ReportLinker.com BRASIL ISSN 1454 – 816X Guilhermino, M.M. – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN EDITORIAL BOARD: President NICOLAE Ion Member of the Academy of Romanian Scientists President of Agricultural Section SCIENTIFIC BOARD: DUCA Maria Academician of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Rector of the University of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova MASCIANDARO Grazia Senior Researcher at National Research Council - Institute for Ecosystem Study Unit of Pisa GAJO Paolo Member of Italian Academy of Forestry Sciences Full Professor of Agriculture Economics at the Florence University of Agricultural Sciences (Italy) MARTINI Andrea Associate Professor of Animal Science, International relationship responsible at the Agriculture School of University of Florence (Italy) GAVRILESCU Camelia Anisoara Associate Member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Researcher in the Institute of Agricultural Economics of the Romanian Academy ATUDOSIEI Nicole Livia Associate Member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Vice-Rector of International Relations at the Bioterra University of Bucharest CROITORU Constantin Associate Member of the Romanian Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Member of the New York Academy of Science BIOTERRA „BIOTERRA” University Foundation ROMANIA – BUCHAREST 2011 BULLETIN OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION code NURC : 882 category “C” ISSN 1454 – 816X NR. 29 January-June 2015 Publication located in the international database: ReportLinker.com (twice a year publication)