CEU eTD Collection In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Gender and Nationalism: The Role of Sport in Gender andNationalism:TheRoleofSport Reinvention of Serbian National Identity Serbian National of Reinvention Supervisor: Professor Elissa Helms Department of Gender Studies Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary Aurelija Djan Aurelija Submitted to Submitted 2011 By CEU eTD Collection nation and therfore they have aminor role in claiming national belonging. Serbian the of seen asrepresentatives not are female athletes hand, other the On characteristics. masculine national male indentity embedded through Serbian reinforce Moreover, athletes femininities. their through portrayed are athletes female while manliness and physicality their though Male areportrayed athletes insport. differently aredepicted malefemale athletes that and version look at narrativesand athletes female and male of representations media aroundanalyze I in sport. expressed feminities them. My methodologyand masculinities examined I identity. national Serbian reinforce consists athletes male and female of a discourse analysis of the online I explore the intersection between sport, nationalism and gender and the ways in which in ways the and gender and nationalism sport, between intersection the explore I Abstract Blic and Blic Sport . I used both . Iusedboth qualitative and analysis. quantitative My findings suggest i CEU eTD Collection ilorpy------63 Bibliography------59 Conclusion------43 in Sport------Nationalism V ChapterGendered 29 andFemininities------Masculinities IV Chapter 15 ------Nationalism Chapter III 10 andSport------Chapter Gender,Nationalism II Introduction------1 I Chapter iii ------List ofFigures . h oeo eaeahee nrpeetn h ain------54 ------the nation representing athletes in 5.5 Theroleoffemale 52 masculinized “spectacle”------5.4. A 49 ------Heroes 5.3. Sporting 48 nationaltraits------5.2 Masculinized 44 ------forwar 5.1. Sportasametaphor 39 ------femininity 4.3. Infantilized 36 ------gentlemanliness 4.2. Cavic’s 29 ------beforeathleticism 4.1 Femininity 26 Action------in 3.4. Nationalism 24 andSerbianess------3.3. State,Citizenship 20 ------3.2. State-NationBound 15 sport?------“Moderate in Patriotism” 3.1. Serbian ------8 1.4 TheKosovomyth ------6 declaration ofKosovoindependence the90’sand warsin 1.3 ThecontextofYugoslav ------5 1.2 Methodology 1.1 Data------2 Table ofContent ii CEU eTD Collection Figure 2 Figure Figure 1 Figure Listof Figures iii CEU eTD Collection Figure 4 Figure 3 Figure iv CEU eTD Collection Figure 6 Figure 5 Figure v CEU eTD Collection vi CEU eTD Collection represented in sports. Are female athletes represented on the same terms as male athletes andhow male on sametermsas athletes the represented Arefemalein athletes sports. represented nation. and masculinity between relationship the hand other the on and onehandthe explore Iwill masculine relationship the between andconstructions genderroles, national Serbian furtheridentity. On construct see whousethistry athletes how to representation sports. Furthermore, I will look at the presentation of bodies in sports through media images and in are presented that masculinecharacteristics built of on specific images the Serbarebeing the masculinities and nation to be different in the post-Miloseviclink between the would era.I expect of post-Milosevic the those erawith of Milosevic’s the era. I am going to explore whether been through athletes, as represented morespecificallywell masculinities comparingas dominant Therefore, I would like to explore and compare militarized masculinity to masculinity as it has one. masculinity wasmilitarized inperiod that dominant the Cockburn (2002)arguethat masculinities. through identity national of idea the construct who and nation the sense I am interested also to look at male athletes who are, in my opinion, often seen as figures of that In masculinity. of role on the focus I will asmasculine, constructed and are war sports both sporting importance eventsusually of crises. inperiods are of great or unrestwars, political Since the intersection between gender, nationalism, and sports and see how these concepts are related. explore to precisely, in Iwant Milosevic inSerbia.More era sports post the expressed through By exploring masculinity I am also interested in comparing how sportswomen are sportswomen how comparing in interested also am I masculinity exploring By Moreover, keeping inmind involvement Serbia’s in 1990’sthe wars, Zarkov and insport, forby war metaphors warand canusing besubstitute a sports I hypothesize that In my thesis, I will focus on how masculinities, femininities and nationalism have been have nationalism and femininities masculinities, how on focus will I mythesis, In Introduction I Chapter 1 CEU eTD Collection opinion present the best discourses that I am showing. Firstly, I chose to analyze to chose I Firstly, showing. am I that discourses best the present opinion in my are analyze which to ones and the chose athletes these concerned that read all articles the newspaper Ana investigation Ivanovic. Idothis through an onlinethe of version Serbianthe of daily players tennis female and Djokovic Novak player tennis male the of and Higl Nadja swimmer female and Cavic Milora swimmer male the of representations media analyze will I swimming. of sports and aretheindividual These tennis competitions. in international mostbeen successful Data 1.1 nationalism. and identity national and Serbian the to their in relation malesports female athletes between and differences the about out find to curious am I chapter this In together. nationalism and sport gender,looking Iam at Four, in Chapter Finally, goal. serves same femininity the ask whether through seemy areportrayed female is that how aim to andmaleathletes to andaccording gender roles intraditional sport reinforcing of role the I examine Three InChapter athletes. these through Milorad Cavic, and and Djokovic exploremale Novak athletes andtwo I focusnationalism on Two In Chapter chapters. the ways in which sport is used nationalism? of forms tolocal shape they do how and claimin sport femininities and Serbian national masculinities between What differences are the discourse? in are they dominant Serbian depicted identity In order to answer these questions above I am going to focus on sports wherehas focus Serbia onsports answer questions to going aboveIam In orderto these My analysis consists of media analysis of a daily newspaper the press. Ialsolook at how masculinities are used in order to undermine athleticism and Blic and it sports anditsports subsection Blic Sport 2 in the year of inyear precisely of 2008 and2009.More the Blic andis it organized into 3 Blic because it because CEU eTD Collection especially focused especially on myall pages. For articles although Ipay thatappearedin2008andpurposes, attention to 2009,I of version printed represented Serbia at the European Championship in Eindhoven where he won a gold medal. Asmedal. he I a gold won where inEindhoven Championship attheEuropean Serbia represented focusedThirdly, in onthemost successful athletes I yearthe of 2008 and 2009.Milorad Cavic visibleand between sportconnection of Kosovo question the in reinforcing Serbiannationalism. Kosovo’s independence would have impactan on aswellsport and inmy analysis is there a that Iassumed manliness. and Serbian dignity the national on nation assault and Serbian This event was a trigger forsignificant in because February 2008 Kosovo unilaterally independence from declared Serbia. reinventing discoursesthis period was perceived tobeamajor Serbian challenge to sovereignty. This period was very in the media about the victimization of the femininity. and masculinity exploring the athletes’However,it turned out that this rubricis notpaying as much attention sportto as such in termsperformances, of but it is intertwined with politics and it is a fruitful source for Blic way and areregardedasrightwing press, conservative andpronationalist Idecided oriented, on Ringier. 1 newspaper this choosing beingof hasareputation objective. audience survey in 2008carried by marketing Strategic the agency. is the most popular newspaper in Serbia with the widest circulation according to a media Blic Online. 2008. ,,Blic najcitanije novine” < since it seems that its position is “centered” when it comes to daily politics. In Secondly, I have chosen to analyze have yearSecondly,because thetwo chosento timeperiod I of 2008 and2009 Incontrasttosomelike tabloids Blic , there is an online section, is online an , there Blic Blic Sport , sport topics are placed at the end of the newspaper, occupying several occupying thenewspaper, endof the placedat are topics , sport since their rubric should filter news only in the field of sport. of field in the only news filter should rubric their since http://www.blic.rs/Vesti/Drustvo/46248/Blic-najcitanije-novine Pres Blic Sport or 3 Kurir , which in my in opinion report sensational , which is devoted only to sport. In the In sport. to only devoted is which , Blic is owned by the Swiss company 1 One more reason for > CEU eTD Collection 18/sportske/higl-i-cavic-sportisti-godine-u-srbiji/1459141 2 Taking that as a starting point Idecided analyze to only Ivanovic. Moreover, Icould notfocus on for Ivanovic. year successful most wasthe 2008 Ana Ivanovic, time on than from that successful inbetter Although Jelenaaleading in2008. be Jankovic took 2009more position to and proved by investigating in choiceher Ipick rankings 2008, and Ivanovicwereslightly ranks because my made I well. as level international the at player tennis good very a who Jankovic Jelena Grand Slam title at French listforfor since shewon 9weeks,and Ivanovic year yearWTA successful most wasthe this Open. It was difficult forATP3 at list.On otherthe hand, throughout yearthe Ana of 2008 Ivanovic wasranked on first me to choose between Ana Ivanovic. In2008 Novak Djokovic wonAustralian IvanovicOpen Tournamentwhich himnumberranked and yearthe of 2009. athletes best asthe same committee by the awarded Cavic wasalso of Milorad Serbia. Committee by Olympic the for year2009 the Championship in Rome the in2009and wasawarded title “SerbianSportswoman Year” of the World won the Higl Nadja as Cavic. was as successful who female swimmer a Nadja Higl, himexplore with in Icompare toCavic’sdepiction the press hundredth In order a second.. of Beijingthe Summer Olympic Games in Augustin 2008and helost finisha close for one at swimmer, best world’s the Phelps, Michael with competing was Cavic Milorad Eindhoven, in at the role of athletes in national claiming belonging andproducingnationalism. After the event shirtwith “Kosovo is words the Serbia.” eventshaped This my look analysis andme inspired to aT- awardsceremony hewore the he becauseat wassubsequently suspended later, will describe Sportske. Net Sportske. Similarly, I investigate representations of tennis players Novak Djokovic and Ana and Djokovic players Novak of tennis representations investigate I Similarly, . 2009.” Higl i Cavic sportisti godine u Srbiji “ 24.04.2011.< > 4 2 http://www.naslovi.net/2009-12- CEU eTD Collection articles “as a form of social practice” (Tonkiss, 1998: 249). In addition, it is important to note isit to Inaddition, 249). important form 1998: articles (Tonkiss, “asa social of practice” simplythey not thedo reality”inreflect 2002:185).More precisely, (cited Zarkov, take I true; or transparent innocent, not are “representations that out points Taylor as rather but 2002) events,journalists in createdpublic (Zarkov, andpublictherefore relation to discourses audience discourses that those articles produce. That is not to say that Kosovo’s independence. Kosovo’s World and European Championships, the Beijing Olympic Games as well as the political event of Tournaments, Slam Grand as such competitions international in performance athletes’ important most the I am which concern Iincluded articles discourses thatthe representdescribing. main as topics relatedtogender and nationalism and decidedtoanalyze theones best that were written about Milorad Cavic, Novak Djokovic, Ana Ivanovic and Nadja Higl identifiedI the periodthe of Serbian national2008 and identity.After reading 2009reproduce all which articles andbetween gender, sport, nationalism in tosee howthecontentorder of articlesthe in published how narratives around them in the press shape nationalist discourses. Iinvestigate the intersection Djokovic’s case. My aim is toanalyze media representations of male and female athletes and see qualitative the on base research my one,of most I Although I analysis. realizedquantitative and qualitative both used that the most useful is going to be if I apply quantitative analysis in 1.2 Methodology mind given time limitations as well, I have to narrow down my textual analysis. both female athletes since they Blic covers a large number or articles about them. Having in I try to explore the latent meaning of narratives written in written narratives meaning of latent explore the to try I My methodology consists of a discourse analysis of online version online of analysis a discourse of consists methodology My 5 Blic directly reflects the facts and facts the reflects directly Blic and see what are the are what see and Blic and Blic Sport Blic . I ’s CEU eTD Collection Yugoslavia, just to avoid confusion avoid to just Yugoslavia, 3 nationalism during (1999) 90’s.AsMertus the claims thatMilosevic uses “to solidify eventthis Serbian of foundation the is considered which aspeech andgave from Yugoslavia all over usedthesixMilosevic Kosovomillion hunderedth battleanniversary the togatherof of Serbs goal was to increase hisover power the communistand nationalism partyKosovo had autonomy similar toandwas Vojvodina. When Slobodanbecamea Milosevictool took political control forone doingof the it. most In popularthe year offigures 1989disappeared butarguably itsform changed inputting thequestion focus Kosovo (Vetta,2009). of among Serbs, his and atrocitieshappened during theseargues that wars.Vetta Serbianthat nationalismmain hasnot nationalism and wars for territory led to adecade of mass crimes, atrocities, looting of properties warinthe Kosovo lasted from February June 1998 till 1999 (Zakosek, 2008). The rise of August 1991till August 1995,the warin Bosnia lasted from March 1992till November 1995and nationalism that led to war in Croatia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. The war in Croatia lasted from independence Kosovo of declaration and the 90’s in wars ofYugoslav context 1.3 The athletes. sports concerning in written articles the of and reading translation my subjective I provide hereown that During the last 15 years Serbia has changed its name 3 times. Infurther text, I will use name Serbia instead of First of all, Kosovo was part of Yugoslavia, later Serbia. increasing level up many analysesaboutthe brought of has history Yugoslavia of The . 6 3 As a constitutive part of of Serbia, As part aconstitutive Blic CEU eTD Collection unilateral independence from Serbia, although the legality From disputed. of from the independence was declaration Serbia, although the unilateral refute Kosovo declared unilateral independence. On 17 independence. declared unilateral Kosovo refute minotity living in Kosovo still gives Serbian authority the right to claimis Serbian there Kosovothat fact territory the and myth and Kosovo the Besides Kosovo. in living Serbs of minority yearthe However, leaveis today still to of 1999, whenmany there Kosovo. Serbs decided threat to Serbian sovereignty and impossibility to take control over Kosovo. as seen was discourse in Serbian event This 1999). in Kosovo, role (NATO’s (UNMIK) Kosovo in Mission Administration Interim Nations United the of establishment the to led and adopted signed agreement. daysYugoslaviabombing, After NATO and an 73 of Resolution 1244 was its war. happen. Yugoslavia steppedup didnot Instead war.This endWest andtherefore the Albanian Kosovars. The expectation on the part of NATO was that Serbia would capitulate to the and in the Western discourse it was seen as a way to stop 24 the on bombing The started 1999). (Jansen, bomb otherwise,Serbia NATOwill the ethnic cleansing and the killing of community stop warned Milosevic to conductof the hisas well politics inKosovo killings;as Kosovo duringdecade theof last 20 the into war,massacres, Albanian and placeturned population kidnappings,torture rapesthat took in were imposed violated human rights in Eventually, Kosovo. human rights violations against the Kosovo’s abolish to autonomy managed politicians state Serbian 2000). (Bracewell, Kosovo in and interventions military take absolute control over the territory leaderSerbian since the Second WorldWar (Jansen,interests defended tohave 1999). Serbia's of Kosovo. The measureshismovement”(1999:296). This populistestablished event Milosevic among Serbs,as first the that The population Kosovo wascomprisedof predominately Albanians,of especially after justified victimhood nationalism In and discourses Serbian and 1990s,the the rape of th century. As war was heating up, the international the up, heating was war As century. 7 th of February ofFebruary Kosovo declared2008, th of March CEU eTD Collection Ottoman ledarmy by Sultan Murad. (Mihaljcic, in ascited Florian: 2002).Although Christian the leader and Knez Lazaras with placearmies polje whereChristian battle inKosovo took Kosovo Day), whichis considered now “a marker key on Serbianthe national calendar” (ibid:95). The place Vitus’s The myth KosovoJune Fieldwhichtook theBattle on of 28 1389 (St concerns the origin of the Kosovo myth. Kosovo and Serbian nationalism I am describein to going thebattleKosovo of 1389 whichwas between explainthe connection to the identity.order In national importance for Serbian great areof which and monasteries churches orthodox of number Serbian alarge are there because discourse sacred inSerbian as is soil regarded Kosovo be“aheartof The Serbia.” to considered is since Serbs issue for it hasbeenimportant Kosovo Tobemore precise, the identity. national Serbian reinvent to in order used is often it and politics daily in Serbian visible very still is http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=06&dd=01&nav_category=640&nav_id=515853 4 beso partAlbania united one with with Serbia. that andtheKosovo other the division of Serbia, suggested Dacic, Ivica Ministerthe of Police of that found 2011 and out dominantdiscourseis today still Kosovothe question. Ihave justread updatednews from June 1, myth Kosovo The 1.4 competitions usingmalesport athletes. through was it do to ways the of one later, show will As I illegitimacy. its claim to tools different country and used independent recognizing asan Kosovo not insistedpoint Serbia on on, that B92.2011. “Podeliti Kosovo sa Albanijom” 1.06.2011. Florian Bieber (2002) argues that the Kosovo myth is at the core of nationalism. of Serbian myth core isthe at Kosovo thatthe argues Florian Bieber(2002) After the wars in 90’s and the fall of the Milosevic regime, the main issue in main issue the Serbian in regime, Milosevic warsof fall the the After the and 90’s 8 4 The Kosovo question CEU eTD Collection this myth is claimed by inathletes order to reinforce Serbian national identity. and kills 2009). (Radio Evropa, Slobodna where it can die. The hero, the Serbian nation, always does the same, fights with enemies, suffers, place only is the Kosovo and there born was nation Serbian in all all and Kosovo in is nation the of heart the that believed is it discourse nationalist in Serbian that says He Kosovo. in born been has which religion, language, culture, its with hero, is the nation Serbian the that says he myth of the core the summarizing nation. By mythis Serbian the Kosovo’s of main the character that The myth consists of heroic killing and heroic death of the battle’s protagonists.Slobodna2009) Evropa, He also argues serve causeof the war (Radioto andproved myth politics serve national which political Itis a mythlawconstruct.” ideological amyth more Kosovo the but asa“rule, or as think about claiming national belonging. Furthermore,she isof opinionthe themajoritythat Serbs donot of and state Serbian the establishing for crucial was nation, asacradle Serbian of Kosovo the about (Lauer, victor” inquoted Bieber, 2002:96). spiritual ultimate the as emerged side “Serbian/Christian becausethe was celebrated defeat the on, point From that 2002:96). (Bieber, Serbianpeople“ forheavenly the perpetual realm a of creation the “ensured but army Christian the of defeat the to led one heavenly the establish toestablishhe Lazar was aheavenly anearthy wants asked whether decision to or kingdom. His army was defeated, the crucial point of the myth was the day of the day of defeat when Knez In my research I am going to explore the ways of using this myth in sport and see how Colovic (ibid, 2009)arguesthatKosovo’s myth is amythSerbian nationalabout identity. myth the Colovic with argues that Ivan given together interview in Svetlanathe Slapsak 9 CEU eTD Collection this subject. In their article “Masculinities: Rethinking the Concept” (2005), they show (2005),they Concept” In clearly the Rethinking “Masculinities: theirthis article subject. the concept of hegemonic masculinity in order to show more sophisticated features of exploring redefined Masserschmidt and Connell has attracted, concept the that criticism of widespread light consists of practices “Masculinities”masculinities. Inherbook masculinity Connell hegemonic(1995) arguesthat which ensure the subordination investigate will to masculinity serve asastartinghegemonic byConnell developed point of women influential in of and most shaped field. Inmy scholarshipthe this of concept the thesis, and the domination ofresearcher men. In from start help pioneering butthe cannot one masculinities, toexplore order In masculinities. of that field,positions of centrality” (ibid:314). R. W. Connell. men’s and thus maleideology superiority of “directly the sport, threatens inmodern athletes Herinstitution bodieswhere male overfemalebodiesare privileged and presence that the female of frameworks In (2005:314). Messner men,hisand outthatsport of sport, is understanding gender points an andsite for ideological contest conceptsover the meaning of “masculinity”, as well as “femininity” is akey “Sport asserts: Messner sport, Theorizing (ibid). socialization of factors important most have be of one the to sport consider been social life.They also in words other andpractices, behavior social widelyinstitution on social Frey relations. (1991)claimand Eitzen sport is that useful in tostudy order in context. Serbian the at thisintersection to look toseewhyitis important andsport nationalism In recent years there has been an expansion of the research on the nature and forms of and nature the on the research of expansion an has been years there In recent To start with, it is vital to acknowledge the influence which sport has as a social of whathas overview been onconcepts gender, of Here, Iprovide ashort done Gender, Nationalism and Sport II Chapter 10 CEU eTD Collection argues that “a nation is a collection of people who believe that they have been shaped bya have been believe they that who of people isacollection “a nation that argues is thereimage Yet, belonging astrong the same of to community. national Enloe Similarly, other. each seen or other each met not have they although belonging of feeling the create who (1999: 177).Anderson defines thenation(1983) as “imagined with its community” members 2005:833). andproduces aparticular reinforces masculinity inConnell andMasserschmidt, kind of (cited Furthermore, Messner and Sabo state thatmasculinitieswars in in havebeen 1990’s which the expressed duringFormerYugoslavia. the sport is not just a reflection of masculinity itthe with and compare arena better sports in the masculinities understand me help to but that itwill masculinities hegemonic of concept The forms. myriad take masculinities that assumption “hegemonic masculinities” (ibid:848)work. femininity and masculinities that shouldbe deeperin tounderstand how studied order as “emphasized femininity.” (ibid: arguethatfemininities 848).They as are asimportant “hegemonic it femininity” of andredefine earlier takes the concept Connell’sMasserschmidt and Additionally, inaccording aparticularsetting” thesocial 836). genderrelations (ibid: to differ can in and therefore action social are accomplished that practice of configurations not afixedis individuals. embedded in entity body of personality of Masculinities are traits the “Masculinity that argue Connell (2005) andMasserschmidt Moreover, arenas” (Connell, 2002). at representation of bodies in relation to masculinities, thus developing the concept of “bodies as looks Connell these, images. and Inaddition also to war through imagesinsports ofathletes the through developed been has representation media in masculinities hegemonic of concept the that Maguire argues that sport is used to ”produce the nation with which people canidentify.” ”produce people which nation with isthe sport usedto Maguire argues that Using Connell’s and Masserschmidt’s article as a foundational text, I will frame the 11 CEU eTD Collection of masculinity is present there. He arrives at the concept of “soft masculinities” arguing that itis that arguing masculinities” “soft of He arrives concept atthe there. is masculinity present of kind what understand to trying army, Dutch the of analysis his in further he goes and militarized, masculinities are all notion the that challenges Dudnik masculinity. amilitarized refers to masculinizedby of nationalism,to. Dudnik concept mainly (2002)explainsthatusing Enloe the referring is she masculinity of kind what explore not does she However, masculinized. considered Similarly, (1998:249). another” argues nationalismthat (1990) Enloe is Cythia always one with well articulate masculinity and “nationalism that argues she where masculinity and I referand nationalism.Nagel’srelationship betweenmasculinity to of understanding nationalism construct the idea of national masculinityidentity itthrough inis sport crucialexamine to the it inshouldin morebe therefore traits explored details. war andsport, both periods of war, politicalconsideration, Iassume that sports can be a substitute for war and thatunrest sporting events are used in or crises.into 2005:837). Taking in Masserschmidt, “bodiesConnell and that as weapons” (quoted Moreover, masculinity usetheir athletes professional that states he also masculinities, on by Messner done research is one of the most in influential very the Similarly, national identity selfesteem. upholdand their their reproduce significant history. throughout by that in competitions, sports Hestates and taking part nations construct sports areusedfor and argues that have political beenbasedon confrontation purposes nation, and sport genderis particularly well by developed Mervi articleTervo’s (2004)where he The intersection between 306). 2000: Suster, and nation” inSack (cited ideaof reference tothe in only be and abond “emerges can fans understood there between athletes which where belonging is visibleparticularly Bainer insports. understandscompetitions sports as relationship common sharepast anddestined This to future” acommon (1990:45). sense ofnational Havingin mindathletes that are seen as figuresprominent of nationthe they and that 12 CEU eTD Collection has changed its shape. Thisresearch will help understandalso me the to ways in whichsports nationalism whether explore to regime Milosevic the during nationalism within discontinuities far explore the reaching Iwillto try context, Serbian issues inthe these analyzing forms? By Zarkovor and Cockburn (2002) discuss? masculinitiesOr dothese takenew and different (2000) Bracwell that masculinities arenasthe recall and sports move to just masculinities these take. Do masculinities these that shapes the differing investigate as as well period Milosevic I intend to see how masculinities my In in research Serbian context. the together analyzed and beenaddressed adequately have not gender and in nationalism, the sports, of issue The post past. the in done been Milosevic has than perspective different era differ from a from masculinitiesmasculinities explore will My thesis context. Milosevic post inthe nation and state, in the pre family,between make relationship which andundemocratic, democratic sorts masculinities: of different two discusses she Moreover, nationalism. to in relation masculinities of kinds different might have restore manliness. been one of to solutions the analyzes (2006)also Greenberg militarism where masculinity tomilitarized inrelation masculinity” “threatened understands She 2000:567). Yugoslavia comingmasculinity” “threatened (Bracewell, upwith concept the Former in the masculinities and nationalism nation, between relationship the questions Bracewell instance, For masculinities. militarized on focused mainly are which Yugoslavia, Former identity. national of creation in the masculinities of kinds different is still very important militarized, from the is different masculinity, which softof concept Dudnik’s character. national in the building of construction the help that ofmasculinities different between distinguish to importance of great national identity. It shows that it is crucial to explore There is also a limited range of scholarly articles that deal with masculinities in deal the masculinities that with is There of articles scholarly alsoalimited range 13 CEU eTD Collection Serbia. within nationalism and masculinities of symbols transporting in vessel a as utilized been have 14 CEU eTD Collection to organize discourse and political action” (ibid: 7). and (ibid: political to organizeaction” discourse inform structure andexperience, perception,“can to to thought come “category that of practice” (ibid: 271).In addition,find Ialso alsousefulBrubaker’s understanding of nationalism asa “nationalismmust always seek define nation by somethingto the is to reference not” elsethat that saying Other, the against defined asconstruction nationalism see Wollman and Spencer regard, andbadthis In nationalism. good between differentiation criticize the they Moreover, 256). (ibid: logic” exclusionary isform it essentially , whatever takes, a political project as nationalism the of heart the “at that arguing nationalisms, of kinds different distinguishing are definitions andforms. Iwill Spencer to andWollman’s refer nationalism.(1998) notion of They it differs from nationalism. It is also difficult totake a stand on nationalism due to its various sport? in Patriotism” “Moderate 3.1. Serbian nationalism. in forging figures important are they therefore their sports. I relation argue to Serbian that reinforceathletes Serbiannational belonging and in and are presentnewspaper articles that beliefs andpatriotic nationalism between relationship moreisDjokovic.intent address deeply questions My in to explore to patriotism of the order what has SerbianessbyCavic aspersonified see and inrepresenting arole extentsport to Iwantto Inother words athletes. identity through these national Serbian by pressconstruct the made comments the how see and context a broader in respectively, player a tennis and swimmer It is usually very difficult totake a stand on what kind of patriotism is acceptable and how putmedia-generated Iwant In to stories chapter Cavic this Djokovic, afamous andof Nationalism III Chapter 15 CEU eTD Collection he deserved it. At the Beijing Olympics, Cavic touched the wall 1/100 medal although of gold the out cheated Cavic was Milorad athlete Serbian the century,” the that way can patriotism stay andmoderate “morally innocuous” (ibid: 74). in only that because modesty” “theof maintain spirit and fans should athletes both he claims that attempts to show that favoring our own country in sport competitionsDixon but is notjingoism, and harmful. nationalism However, with in hand hand goes easily patriotism where examples aremany (ibid: Furthermore, there that intrinsic hestates 83).” family members, good an feel ourcountry we that likeis, towards ourspecial forfriends just concern of our welfare the or concerns of wellbeingof the friends,anythingour relatives or else.Dixon “Thewrites: goodwill foreigners. Dixon argues toward negative attitudes itinvolves be unless harmful cannot asserting that patriotism sports that patriotism in sportintroduces success achievedonthepatriotism” playing He field. conceptof the in a “moderate can be understood a share to and country their with identify fans and athletes both in that thenecessitates patriotism same way as special analyze. will I that press in the visible are which sentiments nationalistic with mingles always sport showis that patriotismMy attempt in dominant expressedinpressduring2008. discourse to in and of insport nature exploreSerbian patriotism the patriotism“insport “moderate of concept will andnationalism. I (2000) between Dixon’s understanddraw on patriotism difference the Phelps, which maintained Phelps’ 7 Phelps’ maintained which Phelps, Blic analyzes the competition between Phelps and Cavic, by explaining it trough a lens of lens a trough it explaining by Cavic, and Phelps between competition the analyzes Blic Writingin on19 In harmful thereisnothingDixon’s in opinion He praising national that athletes. states to inorder patriotism of pay tothe concept attention isitto necessary Moreover, th August2008, th gold medal during the thesearticle Olympics.Throughout gold medal Blic ’s “Thefraudof inthetitle observed correspondent 16 th of Michael after second of a CEU eTD Collection because he expressed the character of a champion. Although the Serbian athletic team lodged of a team theSerbianathletic a champion. character because heexpressedthe Although again as theonly deservesone who due themedal,but not fact to the of his winningbutrather Cavic a explanation depicts that mistakehuge Another wasmadeby technology. time-measure that he won against Phelps. These narratives maintain that the competition’s result was unfair and reasons hewhy is perceived inthis tojournalists,isway, according due to the objective victory is noticeable that Cavicisis message it fraud yet article “The thesame.In of century” the the conveyed the position that is represented as I identifieddefeat, approachesjournalists usually two that Cavic’s in take relation to winning the actual winner of Beijingboth tothe Olympics“Milorad andCavic’s swim!,”(Blic, related 29Septembar, 2008) the Olympic games. One and19 August, 2008), (Blic Sport, “The of century” By carefullythe fraud analyzing the articles of the negligible.Cavic media andPhelpsisnot about coverage appeared through “patriotism”the that exploration. further merits yourquestion This country. represents who of athlete side the take the is it patriotic always to of Dixon’swhether (2000)question century”the remindsmeof whatkind of rhetoric his emergesaround secondwinning best position. The article “The fraud of see to want I rather but not, or competition the he won if concerned not am I Games. Olympics end henotes: the At proportions.” olympic of conspiracy “a was race the that said journalist The conspiracy. Taking Dixon’s argument about “moderate patriotism” into consideration, it seems itseems that consideration, into patriotism” “moderate about argument Dixon’s Taking This article shows that the media works to represent Cavic as a true winnerMaybe of becausebest. heknows whowasfirstthe the in 19 by Beijing (BlicAugust, Sport, 2008). Beijingbe defeated to a shame not is it that admitting manner, sportsmanlike in a defeat Heaccepted andathlete. swimmer heis greatest showed that the Cavic Milorad aside, putting this level. on However, international the athlete greatest to the disappointment thebiggestdefeat Olympicat the competition wouldsignify It is not good for sports, swimming, or anyone else if Phelps had not won the medal. The 17 CEU eTD Collection that in the early 90’s in Yugoslavia the involvement of the West in Serbian politics was taken as a Similarly, justify further Serbianmilitary Byford (1994:128). Billing (2005)state actions and “innocent in Serbs”worked periodthe during beginning the of warinthe 90’sin the to order warsduringthe 1990’s. the Forexample, Gagnon explains howtheconspiracy against theory discourses throughout in Serbian has used been theory theconspiracy since political applications society explains andthrough hePopper theory stating: theconspiracy a theory of society on the one hand principleHe points of 349). outthat as conspiracy tolerance” (1998:the be theory understood can or it can be used as propagandaconspiracy. Donskiswith understands conspiracypolitical “as a phenomenon radically opposed applications.to the as well be . best to the athletes other “moderate patriotism’ anymore because moderate patriotism should recognize the option for describes Cavic as the onlyappears in discourse that the that press ByaccountCavicthe into that is secondbest. taking the one who deserves a medal,only one who deserves the medal,Dixon the author of the text does notacknowledge the real possibility would not considerpatriotism” this to be a that Dixon speaks Is “moderate this Cavic himself bestswimmer, becomes a Phelps, the world’s greatest. the of? In my challenging by is that opinion here be communicated might is that message The it achievements. his iswith not. By portrayingis satisfied he that announced Cavic “conspiracy” of sort some was it Milorad that claiming complaint Cavic as the In Serbian example the conspiracy seems to be more related to the propaganda and propaganda tothe bemore related to seems conspiracy the example In Serbian nodoubt, asomewhat primitive kind in of superstition (quoted Donskis, 1998:349). individualssome This groups. is viewpowerful or very is, itwidespread, although Ihave dislike, such as war, unemployment, poverty, Itshortages-are is the resultsthe of direct designview by that whatever happens in society-including things which people as a rule of concept the to refers of century” the fraud “The article inthe narrative the Moreover, 18 CEU eTD Collection others that will surpass ours. Keeping our nation’s athletic triumphs in this perspective will go a go will inthis perspective triumphs nation’s Keeping athletic our ours. will surpass that others will surpass areasthat inother has qualities unique incountry every in sport general, might be violate themodesty Dixonit words can patriotism.we of explains:“Howeverother dominant In andas Dixon explains be third best thesecond or to for Djokovic acknowledge possibility the not patriotism” Dixon speaksis of applicable not Moreprecisely, here. itseems press thatthe does August2008), aboutCavic, (Blic 19, which Sport, thethat “moderate my strengthen argument century” “Thethe fraudof in the article areexpressed attitudes same the best. Again,him the makes best the by is surrounded he that rather but moment the at player best the not is Djokovic that for history feat “The”indicates Theis longer article who position and no one unbeatable. tournamentandhow he is coming closer and closer toRoger Federer whoheld the ATPnumber “The in featfor history,” written 19 November2008,explains howDjokovic wona Grand Slam example,in 2008he was both World Number2 and 3inATP rankings. inby manyhe playersinSerbia. For tennis isespecially andtherefore world people the praised representations of athletes I will analyze Novak Djokovic. Djokovic is regarded as one of the best Yugoslavia during 90’s. the Former innationalism part of the asasignificant “organized innocence” refers (2007) to warinthe90’s.victimsthe regard,Jalusic deny therefore for Inthis and any responsibilities portrayMoreover, “demonizingto (1998:349). conspiracy attempt Other” the as theories Serbs and the construction of the Other and as Donskis point out the conspiracy is usually directed to Serbs asconspiring against isit understood account into is taken conspiracy whenever short, In people. Serbian the by subordination of sign In order to show more clearly the connection between nationalism, sports and sports nationalism, between moreshow connection clearly the to In order . The conspiracy against Serbs justifies nationalism justifies Serbs against conspiracy The 19 By examining the article CEU eTD Collection Serbia is a place where the dreams to be respected as a nation came true thanks to the athletes. tothe thanks cametrue be asanation respected dreamsto the where isaplace Serbia in article, this seems that Serbs.It the promote they is that is disseminated ideathat the country, tennis Serbia!” (Blic, November 19, 2008)notes that tennis players are the ones who promote the play “You good the article Although Serbs. the promote has arole to as astate Serbia that I argue abroad, theskills all and gained fact they that practiced the dueto athletes, Serbian beingof well provide for the to as unable representing By Serbia international reputation. save thecountry’s suggests thatSerbia in a is as crises (economicandcountry andpolitical) can only athletes the Thisarticle be tennis their onthe court. of referringto proud our victories not would players?” “Who aquestion: raises journalist for The nation. thewhole effect with a therapeutic of Serbia” includingAna Ivanovic, NovakDjokovic, Jankovic. Jelena tobe“diamonds are considered They players tennis known arewell tale” the “fairy of main characters andthe Serbia” called country a time,line wasatennis is upon “Once with opening there article the very The short Serbia!”. Bound 3.2. State-Nation nation, andathletes. state, between the relationship Serbian nation world.all the to over In order showin this, next subsection I analyze the the represent moreimportantly they for compete, country which they the of representatives the are Cavic and Djokovic that fact the of in spite that argue I lines next In nationalism. with hand inshow is my second my and handin patriotism”examples usually to that“moderate step goes 2000:85). guaranteeing will ina moderate (Dixon, patriotism longsport that moderate” waytowards remain In 18 My intent here was demonstrateto how “a moderate patriotism” in sport is notapplicable th of the newspaper of November 2008, 20 Blic ran the headline “ You play good tennis CEU eTD Collection Exaggerations,” which asks why Serbia is full of talented athletes. Itbegins: isfull athletes. why talented which asks of Serbia Exaggerations,” another. identity on onehand,the Djokovic be Novak is seen to strengthening Serbianidentity on the identity. Incomparison to the role of Canadian athletes who contributed to the crises of Canadian and embody athletes country in the a war redemption of the torn need of a unifying Serbian Serbianess, eventsposedathreat to those regard, andthis recenthistory 1990’s.the warsof In tested positivelythe fact for that steroids.athletesargue thatinstead of strengthening national identity, Canadian it Canadian athletes weaken due to disappointed Drawing the a nation precisely, More andPonic 58). Jackson 2001: parallel,and Ponic, in national Canada”(Jackson collective either the mobilize and capture to by served constantly Serbian marrying have which meanings and symbols time/honored an nationAmerican womanis constructed herebecauseis hasbeen crises “the crisis as important of used a means drawing upon or being in identity and this is notion fundamental “Canadian to memory”social (ibid:relation 49).The concept of US the from differentiation its through tois constructed nation Canadian The present. always idea develop is the crises since (2001) about the of Americanization Canadian threat of self the athletes in Serbia they praised, have a healing effect aswell. example,For Jackson and Ponic are Notonly Serbianess. embody Serbian athletes argue that I and therefore Serbian state the from be distinguished has to Serbianess consideration, facesit into that difficulties and reputation Serbia’s Taking tojoin EU. the Serbia for makes impossible and therefore are arrested criminals war unless the EU represents Comission which and European between Serbia negotiations entry areproblemsthere with war criminals andEuropean Union which claims thatitwill stop the internationallyinAccording since is Erjavec (2009)Serbia adifficultposition Volcic and to One more article that tackles the issue of the nation- state relation is “Our Success, Our is relation “OurSuccess, state of nation- issue the the thattackles One more article 21 CEU eTD Collection bombing put Serbia in conflict with the rest of the world.discourse the of Serbian dominantin In the rest bombing conflict with putSerbia NATO the introduction, in the explained I As detail. more in be explained should article same implication of “NATOthe bombing” (Blic,February 6, 2008)and “genetic codechange”in the The attention. more much worth is issue third The consciousness. Serbian in prominently toexplain sports figure through athletes why nationalso collectiveself-representation Serbian the with issue deals Thesecond Serbia. the of citizens only asthe Serbs switches to immediately Serbia iswith“citizens”of Serbs.Although only acountry articlethe it word the starts consequence of our spite, or is it agenetic code change?” a it “Is concludes: author The NATObombing.” the of “aathletes mightbe consequence great Serbiathat such above. has fact the that answer stated Hesaid question the Djokovic isaskedto Novak OurExaggerations,” “Our Success, in article the precisely,bombings. More NATO the economic situation?” (Blic, February 6, 2008) and asks“how isit theauthor have possibleto such success among Serbs insuch a difficult is reformulated the question in article same the Furthermore, reputation. national cleanse the to are not asthey have beenhistorically and, articlethe represented as suggests,Djokovic attempted their in Hisfigure was prove qualities. hea waythat worldto the constructed Serbs needsto that It is alsonoticeable that in the press Novak Djokovic was the one who represents the nation and Three issues are noteworthy here. First is the notion of the We image, which implies of is Wethat whichimplies the notion First here.the image, issues arenoteworthy Three itisThereafter, furthernote significant to in developments thestory and its connection to represented in a greatway (Blic, February 6, 2008). happy be among wearenot great usbecause issomeone there that too.Itis important very for ours should we athletes, their for happy are Americans and Russians like nations the isThere isnocitizen notelated successof who bythe Serbia all of If Djokovic. Novak 22 CEU eTD Collection code” but rather that genetics made Djokovic a great tennis player. Since Serbian genescreated Serbian Since player. tennis agreat Djokovic genetics made that rather but code” “change[d] genetic athletethe and createda great therefore bombing NATOthe conclude that beit In to wrong would Djokovic’s case, act. fascistic be can regarded as this therefore praise and competitor other thanthe better as abilities and strength athlete’s the praising are they athlete Nazi ideology. In his exampleathlete. According Tannsjo to (2000) theassociation with notion the of hasgenes its originin he wants to convince him as an created meaning thathisSerbian the Djokovic genes carry surrounding narratives readers that whenever someone have “anideology ancestry of religion”andshared shared Thusit (ibid: 34). seems as if the praisesthey that believes nation the that means which an endogamous” and self-perpetuating “biologically defineethniccult. ”(quotedinEriksen, groups as themselves 1993:34)Nashthinksthat Nash ethnicity can be defined ofbiologythrough notion the and more precisely and”bed blood Manning According to genes andancestry. their common due to nation entire tothe attributed be can sport in excellence their this, saying By nation. the only but state the represent not do previously, athletes change. AsIstated code genetic on journalist’s comment account the into take whenI becomes muchclearer story the toSerbia. But isrelated hardly success athletes’ the lived for instance werein Cavichasnever athletes anditthe trainedabroad, seems that Serbia, it create managedworld, excellent is Buthow world to renownedathletes. All this possible? of by the “despised” restof andwas the inthepast message Serbiaconveys although that suffered a might“beFebruary bombing”NATO (Blic,such greatathletes of aconsequence 6, 2008), in common. Itseems to me that Djokovic’s comment when he said that the reason why Serbia has war. of the initiator asthe wasdepicted state Serbian of the beNATObombingis an to considered on theattack national identity Serbian reputation since the Atfirst sight, the NATO bombing and the excellence of the athletes do nothave any thing 23 CEU eTD Collection in the article “Abuse of Medals” from 18 from Medals” “Abuseof in article the example, For Serbian helpathletes. a lot not does dosupport to and state Serbian notion the that is a There state. Serbian the to related in press the evident emotions mixed are there that noted be itshould Firstly, here. be addressed thatshould issues several are There nation. and Serbian the belonging to the Serbian nation. Serbian the to belonging in Cavic’s claiming character roleandnational state of the aboutthe stories press shapes see isto how the Serbian). significant in also It andhasdouble citizenshipand Serbia (American it importantisvery toexplore howCavicclaimshis Serbianidentity healthough hasneverlived Serbianess and Citizenship 3.3. State, nation. is Serbian successof whole success the the Djokovic therefore and ancestry” same the “shares nation whole the that means it athlete, an as Djokovic promisedfor flat the last that and championship heinbecause was training Rome inhis author raises thefollowing question:“Dohavebe we reminded to thatCavic isstill waiting fora subjective identity” (Billig 1995:24).Similarly,in articlethe “When fanfare playing” stops the follow of wants him boundaries the “boundariesstates between backsothat Serbian state livedhas neverin before, it andsincehefor iscompeting Serbianstate, Serbia the seems the that Cavic fact that by the resulted was Cavicaction This flat”. donate a is “to Serbia do should that In the article “Cavic a flat” will (Blic,get 2008), ajournalist September, 2, explains the leastthat whichhave the insteadof trained state taken responsibility.should andskilled abroad Serbian the be them to enabled they because sons of their success the for praise deserve parents Djokovic’s In citizenship theWhen relationshipbetween it incomes to state, identity andnational sport Blic , there are many contradictory articles that deal with Cavic’s connection to Serbia to connection Cavic’s deal with that articles many contradictory are , there th of August, 2008, itis August,2008, Cavicthat written of and 24 CEU eTD Collection this way. this was usedin figuresathletes of wherethe examples some lines more precisely Iwill nextshow Cavic, asa Serbian isusedinathlete toincrease thesenseorder ofnational inbelonging and the nation Milorad together allmembers its strengthen nationhood. and of the sense therefore needs bringSerbiawork to are at as a state heresuggestthat that assumptions Serbian nation, the represented him as Having inmindtruly Serbian.himself thatCavicdefines asmember of However, although Milorad Caviclivesin US,dominantthe Serbian always discourse of Serbs. isastate Serbia because Serbia misses Cavic that opinion is the of probably journalist be identity.his The national to made inrelation to he Serbiaseems misses that “normal” itis that him for assumption in The Serbia.” doors opened behavior popularity and modest conquer him.At end the is journalistthe states: “It normal hemissesthat whilehis Serbia to Serbiastarts and now heconquered Serbia, virtue by in and greatness this that America upbringingin is US the pointed out.More precisely, authorstates the Cavicthat acquired his Milorad, swim!” written on 29 “ sowell. language is article Serbian The not speakthe he more,does What avoided. is entirely hardening national identity. childhood and language, he is presented as a symbol of the Serbian nation and as an instrument of background, his educational to relationships, personal respect Serbian with American that more “homeland”Cavic. Although be regardedas Serbiaatrue to presents Cavic can as that press inthe adiscourse creates identity Serbian claims and isaSerb Cavic that notion the Iarguethat 3, 2009). do enoughso” (Blic, have August, conditionsnot to good homelandhe did In Blic it is hardly mentioned that Cavic actually lives abroad and it seems that this topic this that seems it and abroad lives actually Cavic that mentioned hardly is it th of September 2008, represents the single example where Cavic’s 25 CEU eTD Collection continues with Novak Djokovic’s statement who reported via webcast: article is the Serbia” “Kosovo chanting were people amillion half more than that and describes rally mass the of causes the explains journalist the where introduction, short the After Djokovic. embassies but only comment on what politicians said and among them was the tennis player on on attacks report not does pledge” “Kosovo’s article the However, period. Milosevic’s during the massin protest Belgrade was reminiscent militant of nationalism the during out broke that violence that out points (2008) Obradovic Jelena others. several and embassy US the attacked first tobeviolent itbecause was peaceful then butindependence protestors turned at It istonote mass that Kosovo’s declared important the in rally against organized Belgrade Kosovo’saccept independence”world from February, that donot(Blic, “people 2008). Serbia 22 from independence Serbia on12 placeits Kosovo declared independence inBelgrade.against which on protestthe took Kosovo’s and (Anderson,nationalism. 1983) therefore reinforce and Djokovic their emphasize national belonging focusing through “imaginedon community” argue thatby Cavic independence. I independence both taking partindenyingactive Kosovo’s an in denyingKosovo’s declared engagement onCavic’sreport political andDjokovic’s that in Action 3.4.Nationalism family and myself are with our hearts with Kosovo. The whole situation is really hard for hard really is situation whole The Kosovo. with hearts our with are myself and family deeply regretis I ours. defendwhat to we areready that and areunited, tiny,not we we are that world that physicallythanks I toam everybodynotThis with you, iswho one butcame I ofwant todaythe everybody toworst support moments tothis know protestthat inmy andthe send Serbian a message historyto the and that’s why I want to say in written pledge,” “Kosovo’s In thearticle articles use will I sentiments, nationalistic provides sport that show to in order Finally, th of of February was thisand organized protest in toshow the order 26 Blic onFebruary 22, 2008ajournalist reports CEU eTD Collection reinforced inreinforced Moreprecisely,Cronnin event. to this relation sport andMayal (1999:2) claim that implies ishas being defendwe areready andidentity ours” Serbian national to that what that “[protestors] sendwhich message that said a we arenot world the to that tiny,we areunited, that appeared andthe quote that numbersprotesters tothe of reference Dokovic’s identity. national as bringing by Kosovo’s consciousness to the question and it Serbian reasserting the doing itsconsciousness of member In (1992:32)”. regard,the this canorganized protest be understood nation when Serbian andhopesof desires he verbalizes the butbecause athlete because heisonly agreat it comes inDjokovic’s status discourseSerbian dominant as a person whois popular among not Serbs to This describes Djokovic Novak narrative anickname as“Nole,” refers to endearment. of Kosovo.journalist Furthermore, articlethe throughoutthe “Kosovo’s February pledge”(Blic, 22, 2008) Ross“heart.” their more is what and identity, their lose will Serbs Pooleindependence, Kosovo’s accepting by that means which identity, argues Serbian on implications direct have might independence Kosovo’s that of is Kosovo Kosovo (2002:66). body, Serbian asitsthe equator: planet” equator the with the nationimagineinspired Matija heavenly nations, Serbiaas other poet Beckovicto the an autonomous of society the from nation Serbian the wrests which exists force, centripetal as identity national of idea the of development “The adds: Colovic Ivan throughidentity. national Serbian the to contributed such theas is and sacred territory Kosovo is that believed It nation. Serbian the of thecradle represents and the notion that it is sublime. The focus of the whole myth is placed in Kosovo territory which Tobe myth discourse. origin beliefsaboutthe nation, clear, this comprises of of Serbian the the Kosovo whichspeech heis myth the about inSerbian dominant embedded reinforced strongly Novak Djokovic showed support topeopleNovak Djokovicandshowed support protest the whocame his by to giving Serbia and that’s the way it always should be. (Blic, 22 February, 2008) me to stand because we all know that history of Serbia was written in Kosovo. Kosovo is 27 CEU eTD Collection nationalism as expressed in sport. sports and gender in order to explore the implications of femininities and masculinities on order to see how sport and that by influencesengaging in political they projects a play large role inclaiming national belonging. In gender roles I am going to analyze the Serbianess. relationship between Djokovic he hisnational claims belonging andtherefore seems sense the to reinforce of Kosovo in Serbian dominant discourse is seen to be a cradle of the Serbian nation.Serbs because to Byhe refers itandthat “We”seems who are, explain doing hedoesnot However, this us.” of alot are there that theindicators of is one “This says: also He territory. Kosovo and 2008) Heuses which “heart” theword emotional the reinforces between Serbianessconnection April 3, (Blic,most.” need theit the who people support Ican whenever to back here will come and by same I the isvery ashe deep inmyheart, saying: “This rhetoric intheprotest place did be endangered.into heAgain, a part of northern MitrovicaKosovska recalled giving speech the Kosovo tosupportDjokovic Serbs whoin wentto are often considered discoursepublic Serbian by populated Kosovska whilethesouth Serbs Mitrovicaof is byAlbanians.populated Novak isMitrovica comprised partsdividedbridge: isnorth Thenorth of two by and south. part the Kosovska Mitrovica by 10 000Serbs” (Blic,April, 3 The 2008). city Kosovo calledof Kosovska Djokovic tomorrow visits thenorth of Kosovo” (Blic, 2 April, 2008) and “Nole was welcomed in imagined. is not used for harming other’s nation orother’s ideology but rather to claim thenation which is In this chapter I argued that Djokovic and Cavic are seen as representatives of of nation the seenasrepresentatives Djokovic Cavicare that and Iargued In thischapter “Novak article in the described also was engagement political Djokovic’s Similarly, 28 CEU eTD Collection media, but according (1991:516).In “a not only addition, secondary status” are women in differently represented the to Mc Kay there is somethingtraditionally subordinate to used women celebratingmen achievementof and putting in women about sport asis sport out that in Frey point and Eityen Speer,2001:105). al,“gentlemen” quoted (Duncanet an institution which media as“ coverage and as they are portrayed and areusuallymale girls” athletes portrayed allows less receive athletes Female quality. and inquantity both attention media of amounts different receive athletes gender, accordingto that al. assert et example,media. Duncan For sports athleticism before 4.1 Femininity further. athletes male and female on representations media explore to in order masculinities hegemonic of concept than showing capabilitiesrather skills. their useConnell’s(1995) I will achievements, and femininity as female athletes sexualizedinfantile hand,depicting press and through the constructs in arerepresented inathletes On a way position ensures other the theirdominant that sports. portraits take differentthose andthat female athletes than portrayed aredifferently male athletes that argue media. I forms. More precisely, newspaper, my intent is to show that onplayers Ana andIvanovic NovakDjokovic. Bylooking attheir representation in the daily the one hand, tennis male male and female two and Cavic Milorad and Higl Nadja swimmers male and female Many scholars have pointed out that male and female athletes are treated differently in differently treated are athletes female and male that out pointed have scholars Many In this section I turn to masculinities and femininities in sports arenas. I analyze four analyze I arenas. insports femininities and masculinities to I turn section In this Blic , I will explore the differences between the depiction of males and females in the Masculinities and Femininities IV Chapter 29 CEU eTD Collection 5 the to herself represents and website her on portrayed was Ivanovic Ana how see to important female athlete.” “the hottest and looking player,” “the tennis best received awards such as “the most beautiful body in the sport,” “the sexiest female tennis player,” instance, For she looks. her to wererelated received Ana Ivanovic that lot of awards a precisely, her More to playing. tennis many related not among are them number of largethat of awards, a notice I received, has she awards the about subsection in the biography, her reading After court. herwill the latesther news notice blog competitions, andabout gallery from aphoto tennis the shethat isnot an mightathlete (who hold a ball),tennis amodel. rather you If you scroll down is presentation web Ivanovic’s from get I that impression first The partying. for is ready she if as with fulljewelry, make-up, and nailpolish. photo, she In another isstanding holdingball a disco andas asuperstar.For outfitHollywood example, shows one herphoto lying positioned down background. On left,the Ana Ivanovic popsupin differentposes and dressed upin stylish skirts as a set design a floral with iscolorful website The magazine. afashion of be apromotion to I thought images that of theamount with Iwasconfused because URL wrong the like Ientered am going todescribe what Ihave found on Ivanovic’s web site high on the ATP list and managed to win a Grand Slam title at the French Open. To start with, I Higl. Ana andNadja of Ivanovic representation analyze the I am going to subsection men achieve to control over women (as quoted in inStevenson, 2002).Wit mind,in this 6 Ana Ivanovic. 15, April 2011< 15, April Ana Ivanovic. Ana Ivanovic. 15, April 2011< 15, April AnaIvanovic. As I stated inAs I stated is introduction,the AnaIvanovic apopular tennis player very who ranked http://www.anaivanovic.com/ http://www.anaivanovic.com/ 30 > > 5 . Having visited herit site,looked 6 However, not only is it is only not However, CEU eTD Collection men’s dominance. In Billings’ example, he mentions that in the American survey list on the best the on list survey American in the that mentions he example, Billings’ In dominance. men’s female athletesareinvisible in domainthe and of sport therefore sport remained the field of like that argue Some Billings (2000) andher playing. her authors achievement referencesthe to example, For attention others. on andpersonality than Ivanovic’s outnumbered appearance topics position. in asubordinate women put indeed athletes male and female of presentations different fieldthe tennis and of swimming andtocompareit with masculinities in toarguethatthe order subordination of women” (ibid:hegemonicto masculinity by and that, doingguarantee the so,dominant position men of and the 94). My attempt is to show how ahierarchical definedestablishlegitimate relationship aswomanly and that and complementary femininities are represented of characteristics the consists femininity “Hegemonic sheasserts: precisely More femininities. in kindof toother besubordinate can somefemininities that she argues ”where femininities “hegemonicintoconsideration of is (2007)concept Shippers use that I will achieved. Taking it how elaborate not does Connell However, 1996). (Connell, men’s ascendancy accommodate to andall aresubordinated oriented femininities that suggests “emphasized femininities” of concept femininitiesmen Whenitpositioncomes his ofwomen”to of subordination (1995:77). and the thedominant guarantees which legitimacy of patriarchy, of problem the answerto accepted thecurrently embodies which genderpractice, of “theconfiguration presents more precisely Connell hegemonic masculinity man’s inensures domination all spheres of social practices and Connell’s concept of hegemonic (1996) masculinities and emphasizedfemininities. According to identify some of the main topic that emerge around her name. world, but it is also significant to see how she was depicted in a daily newspaper, In the articles written in 2008 about Ana Ivanovic, some themes are given given greater are themes Ana some Ivanovic, in 2008about written In thearticles A useful concept which will help to develop a further analysis of this representation is 31 Blic , and , CEU eTD Collection same narrative which sexualizes Ivanovic’s game. The article, “Sexy Ana” (Blic Sport, 13 July, 13 Sport, (Blic Ana” “Sexy article, The game. Ivanovic’s sexualizes which narrative same the reveals article more One hearts.” men’s breaks she beauty and sensuality with and court the on heropponents force Anadefeats “With sentence: introductory with an tennis player” sexiest “Ana, the thearticle through is represented sexuality Ivanovic’ to media references Furthermore, 2008) itis written that not only is she thebest tennis player, but she is the most attractive as well. should bechallengedby “closed Ivanovic’s and cheerful character.” play of kind that and do, should women what not is hard playing be that to seems conveyed is messagethat play.in sense,the rough is her “sometimes” In that put character with opposition as anif not byit. Herfemininity isathlete. she achievesherpoints as emphasized Herfeminine court, the on women a as seen is Ivanovic Ana that suggest narratives These beauty. Ivanovic’s comes to tennis fashion it when all attention the attracted brunette the outfit, tennis “Adidas” ascarlet or blue green half in 2008.” This is oneplays, of buta offlarge the court number she is closed of she when line bitstance a hard Shehas of alittle but court. on the femininity attractive extreme articlesalways cheerful. which It does not dealsmatter if She Gaross Tournament. aninvaluablepossesses attraction: isthin, andhas she 183 cmhigh shewith is in her half player reached the highestMail” Moreprecisely Ivanovic which posits ison it top. the “The female written: Serbian tennis position on the list WTA The on Canadianmagazine“Globeranking and article to examines Ivanovic’s referring rank list as the most popular after she won Roland that men do. way in buta different shows my as study media attention, more receive wherewomen as tennis, of 20 athletes the In the article “Ana Ivanovic is winning Australian hearts” (Blic Sport, 21 December, 21 Sport, (Blic hearts” Australian winning is Ivanovic “Ana article the In In 27 th of December 2008, of th century, there were only eight women. However, there are some sports, such some sports, are there However, women. only eight were there century, Blic Sport released the headline “Ana, drop deadgorgeous.” headline“Ana,drop the released 32 CEU eTD Collection references to skills, achievements and playing. athleticismwhile irrelevant commentary refers toathletes only interms of theirappearance or gender with no 7 to “sportswomen’s feminine hernextnotes Ivanovic’s lifeto athleticism. referencesStevensonthat (2002:212) isput private credentials”manner Fernando Inthesame famouswith asIargueabove, player Verdasco. tennis the such as boyfriendsa relationship in is she that mention is a there article the of corner in the Nonetheless, or goal. her husbands are importantshe fell herdown. Ivanovic talks about work willingness hardtrainingin and toachieve to order for the journalist on numberAna ambition getback Ivanovic’s list reports to oneontheWTA to after areathletes “femaleout, but (2004:68). athletes female first” athleticism and her female characteristics in the same way. As Buysse and Embser Hembert point toIvanovic’s both refer lotarticles of a words, other In tasks. these two between difference irrelevant way task quantitative task whereAnaIvanovicappearedineither countarticles relevant and or in (quoted makeMoreover, more andClayton, inmyattemptto Harris 2002:404). study this assumption that ‘real’ sports are for men and women are thereprovide to excitement and arousal” Hargreaves ‘s opinion femalethe athletesserve “sporting pornography” and“ strengthen the narratives: these shows above mentioned time. In this article vein,the same the at is emphasized beauty and femininity her into consideration, aretaken achievements whenever list.her Iargue first WTA discussesthe Nevertheless, placement on 2008), her According toHarris and Clayton (2002:406), taskrelevant commentary takes into consideration player’s In the article “I am going to be the best in the world” (Blic, 14 December, 2008) the December, world”in 14 (Blic, best the be the to going am “I article In the In sexualization. to issubject Ana Ivanovic that above from examples the is clear It malethe population Wimbledonat is concerned (Blic 13July, Sport, 2008). However, title. Slem sheGrand her is also with rank theworld first the on accordingposition her is That one. to thenumber is otherAna rankings as well. Especially as far as 7 ( ibid, 406), I found very hard to doibid,make hardvery I foundthisthe due ( impossibility to 406), to a 33 CEU eTD Collection are different in theirnature, what is important here is that they depict Ana as an emotional person. show Ana in an emotional mood, almost unable to control her emotions. Although these emotions emotions”. These narratives of kinds gohandin hand followed with pictures by which articles hide her emotions. not does vulnerable her woman who asasensitive, athleticism is portrayed andshe priority to Moreover“Ana: I start crying even when I read a book”( Blic Sport,17 July, 2008) her emotionality is given article Anain the instance, For emphasized. being is Ivanovicemotionality her articles, several In sensibility. Ivanovic’s adds: to is related issue This be analyzed. to important is which issues more one highlight “On the court I learn how to control my reports: journalist the tames Verdasco” “AnaIvanovic article rolesappropriate where womenshouldbe loyal andfool men are allowed to In around. the gender of theassumption also strengthens depiction andthis presented as a womanizer, is On behavior. gender hand,Verdasco other a way Ivanovic’sappropriate the underscores that in her character describes and fidelity her shows Verdasco with her relationship this, to contrary stereotype.In for this be atrigger can attractiveness sincethe “promiscuous” labeledbe as gender she roles, needs have to a boyfriend. This alsomeans byhaving that apartner,she willnot most attractive tennis player, in order to maintain her “feminine morality” and fitinto appropriate has femininity is a big parthereaswell. AnaIvanovic beautiful Since most and the depicted Ivanovi’s in reassuring role Verdasco’s me that seems to It roles. reinforce gender to audience In addition, when it comes to Ivanovic’s appropriate gender behavior, the articles in articles the gender behavior, Ivanovic’s appropriate to it comes In addition, when December, 2008). the most attractivereputation.be he Although donJuan, wasconsideredwas to aseducerwith who some of in women,his world,cansay the Casanova successful goodbye the to player tennis Spanish player tennis beautiful most the with relationship in hebeen has Verdasco seems Fernando Since to be falling in love with Ana Ivanovic ( Blic,19 34 Blic CEU eTD Collection in action. In only 2 imagesin is a hand, Djokovic Onthe action. isdressedin other daily only outfit. In 2 Ivanovic in from appeared thatimages Djokovic shows I conductedon 35 the that that quantitative analysis win.seems he to serious The suggestive isdetermined and It that of determination. thus the air and holding a racket. It can be noticed that his muscles are emphasized as well. Hislook is represented as ifhehas just gained Hisa body point. isfeatured in mannerphysical fistis with in one of examples that feature Djokovic in action. In this photo (Figure 3) Djokovic is on the court Moreover, hisimages showhim in mostly active positions on Figure court. the number3is just andaggression. such power skill, as control, maletraditional traits through isportrayed primarily all the articles that refer to Novakinall Djokovicrefer that in2008 to articles the Byreading from deal portrayals. him Ivanovic’s agreat differ andimagessurrounding narratives Ana Ivanovic. to comparison argument, itfeminine in professions the maledominated enough suchIn strengthen sport. order my as to is importantstay to doso inorder isitto desirable that it seems but emotions, express their to athletes to see how situation. carry to her These meaningsnot desperate photos only Novakthat isfor thefemale it allowed Djokovicshe will notcompete in The gamesOlympic in Beijing. In this she picture is obviously due crying is portrayed11 in 2008,FigureAugust, where decision career”(Blic 2)that Ivanovic announced the Sport, on and off the court in seems sheis that aboutcrying tostart of out her happiness. The above,Figure 1isfollowedit her bythe quoted Ana portrayed article trophy with where Blic Sport In my analysis of Novak Djokovic that I am going to briefly turn to it is visible that the Another figure that I found important to analyze is from the article ”The most difficult in 2008, 30 images, or 85 percent, depict Djokovic on the court with 85percent, depictimages, in Djokovic or court 2008,30 the a tennis on racket 35 Blic Sport ,Inoticed that Novak Djokovic CEU eTD Collection and as such he reinforces masculine stereotypes insports. stereotypes masculine and heas such reinforces Kennedy, 1999)In vein,my this analysis willshowthatMilorad Cavicisfeatured as a gentlemen in (cited men young or men as males to referring and girls or ladies as females to referring often Duncan, Messner and Jensen’sfindings thatmedia male treats andfemale athletes differently by into fit swimming in representations These a child. as depicted is Higl Ivanovic, to comparison in while manner masculine in typical presented is Cavic more, is What Higl’s. to priority Connell’s concept ofhegemonic masculinity Cavic’s performances and achievements are given inismasculine manner. to as thataccording depicted hisrepresentation Iargue well, Iarguethat life focus private Although on Cavic is there his Milorad Cavic,achievements. morefocused on press. depictions of Higl and Cavic in medal worldthe at Championship in 2009 inRome. Inmyfurther analyses Iwill compare a gold won Higl in introduction, the AsIstated anathlete. her as represent narratives media how swimming differs from tennis when it comes to women’s portrayals. Nadja Higl is an examplewomen asBuysseor call it andEmbser Hembert“genderneutral” Itseems (2004:69). that of women’s aremost sport visible is intennis.” for sport tobean considered Tennis appropriate gentlemanliness 4.2. Cavic’s clearly show Djokovicthat is overwhelmingly portrayed in a physical manner. figures These of images22). out (11 court the on as active time of the only 40 percent featured First of all, it is visible that Higl is featured less than Cavic in Cavic than less featured is Higl that visible is it all, of First Deborahfemininity argues “discourses Stevenson that sexuality on and underpin that Blic in order to show the differences that have occurred in the occurred have that differences the show to in order 36 Blic . The media coverage is . Themedia coverage CEU eTD Collection 8 swimming has shaped Cavic’smanliness indeed. account that Cavicinto I take If masculinity. of representative are characteristics these that andasserts toughness says that sportMessner has taught(1989) alsohim understandsLever andsport Schafer arguethat constructhow boys tobemen.in (quoted Messner 1989:74). to compete, sports asthan like “human being.”Some authors manSerbian thewasreplaced with word a word translation a way forit seemsmen to learnto me biography it swimmingthat was written some has constructed him “aas man”.On hand, other the in that skills as competition,competitiveness. First of all, it should be acknowledgedand sport of that role in in the English translationsmanliness constructing of on Cavic’s light shed issues these of All masculinities. to schools and advised pupils on how to be persistent and self-esteemed in order to succeed. He issucceed. toHe inbeand order persistent to how self-esteemed on schools andadvisedpupils model everyone,visited “Cavic especially kids. amonghe In article the to Djilas and pupils” traits such as a compassionate, resilience, committing, and being a gentleman. the figureof as manare being through Cavic a greatby represented his emphasizing personal newspaper In the masculinities. of construction tothe comes Milorad Cavic. Biography. 10. April, 2011 < However, in However, relating as identified be can that issues several are there himself, about writing Cavic’s In Havingvisited Cavic’s website Iencountered following statementby Cavic: In several articles Cavic is described as a person with a great heart who should be a role competitiveness. opened up aworld me of mecreativity to andhasintroduced tothe notion of has swim, water the to how learned I since Ever possible. think every I can way Swimminghas been a large partof mylife and hasinfluenced me as a manin Blic there are some other issues that should be identified further when it when further identified be should that issues other some are there 8 http://www.miloradcavic.com/eng/#biografija 37 Blic it is visible that masculinities that visible is it > CEU eTD Collection the same article Cavic has revealed his behaviorin a relationship: “I am not someone wholikes to himup with he and because liveshave like love.a robot does not timein Onhand, for other the headlinethe “Branka: Cavic lives likewhere a is itrobot”, explained thathis has girlfriend broke represented as a true role model. In an article from from 26 rolemodel. asatrue In an article represented adjectivesCavic Moreover, thatareascribed he 13 August,2009). to isindeed tell that Sport, in you succeed”(Blic believe yourself can butI wantif you tell you that only speaker, to the article “It is importantinvolved March,in Higlwasalso campaign Day. 2008).Nadja International Youth promoting In pay attentionbe “a to considered bigfollowof champion and a heartshould try histo 28 children path”(Blic, to youth” She is quoted as saying: “I am not a good underscore this assumption Cavic forof whom issport a priority, to order In hisemotions. on depending is not who person rational as Cavic shapes also This relationships. hislove than important is more sports to commitment whose someone as is seen CavicThese suggestthat narratives 2008). (Blic,this, 5June, heneedspeaceand concentration” reason for breakingprepare for upare inBeijingandmotivation it, games Olympic and to dueto be excited tohear this. The young swimmer, one of the most wanted Serbian athletes said that the “Cavic is endinghisrelationship andmanygirls againavailable after Nadezda Curcic, with will is itwritten: upwith a girlfriend” broke “Cavic many article the girls. In to of desire object Cavic Higl’s words, she is “not Cavicthat more is likerepresented a role young model to people while Nadja isHigl not.In a good speaker” andCavicargue I andHigl, be like about Cavic.By reading want to numberwho larger of children according to that shein wanted day a swimmingbecause of Cavic” pool It is that is written by alarger day there and is already not as good as Moreover, articles which deal with Cavic’s emotional and love life present him as an 38 th of 2008 in August, of Blic covered in 4 Blic th of July, 2009 “ Children CEU eTD Collection 4.3. Infantilized femininity 4.3. Infantilized depicted as a gentleman and areal man “drinking vodkaand whiskey.” professionalism itwhen comes to swimming and is another his masculine behavior where heis and commitment strong isCavic’s masculinity of form one that suggest narratives (2005:863).These differentcontexts forms according to usually different that practices” take “masculinities thatsocial Connell and of out areconfigurations Masserschmidt’s (2005) point different in way supports Cavic’stwo and thereby masculinity as well.Thesefeature articles instead dating On girls. hand, other the his personality great in isand gentlemanliness focus put hard train to chooses Cavic that show to way in a emphasized is professionalism his that seen his commitment either to his love relationships, or his professional life. From these narratives it reveals is often which life, professional and private inhis both seen be can character masculinized vodka he buys and guest has he when but etc, snacks buys He decent. and nice Always whiskey.” person. wonderful Thesejournalistinterviewed hisneighbors and thisis howa shop accountantspeaks of Cavic: “He isa articles The 2009). Cavic”(Blic, “Neighbor is inthearticle Septembar, depiction asagentleman shown representgender “what and roles menorders shouldandwomen do what should.” Furthermore,his Cavic’sstereotypical to refers situation” in every gentleman be a to “loves he that says Cavic when masculinityis Thenarrative husband. future more, and inaseriousathlete ascommitted what represented in is He different in sports. or relationship in a either person is it committed is a what Cavic that is that here implied seems it article, this reading By contexts. situation.” every in gentleman a be to love I girl. His play relationship WhenIamin intherelationship. a games a serious Iamabsolutely to devoted 39 CEU eTD Collection to her father and his reaction to Higl’s victory. Besides this, the image of Higl that follows the that image of Higl the this, Besides Higl’s victory. to his her reaction and father to especially Higl’s parents, to references areagain there 2009) September, back”(Blic, 10 Nadja’s In article athletes. the “Adolphin on other differently andsee ifshehasthan been portrayed status” prepubescent (Daddirio, ascitedin Kennedy, 2002:63). position. in Having canthis mind indeed sports “reducefemale to adolescence athletes and in infantilized her which puts asadaughter portrayed primarily isalso She dishes. favorite herher when fed with sheassumingly meals childhood Higl’s it and her mother prepares recalls analysis. family, asif their isvery relationship strong, one question is forparticularly important further her to success Higl’s all of relate is to attempt journalist’s the that is itobvious While success. family’s Higl’s aboutthe victory competition anddaughter’s questions reaction to answers hermotherof talksabout article,August, partthe 2 ,2009).Inthefirst Higl’s Blic Sport, representations. her Higlaredevalued duetoinfantilizedargue that whose asan achievements isfeatured athlete samethe I both age. are they isalthough as sexualized is is Ivanovic WhatHigl not way. more, In order to strengthen my argument, it will be useful to explore the images of Nadja Higl In these narrativesher. August,(Blic 2,2009). Sport, Higl is welcome to tomorrow represented somethese will make of I strawberries. and from cake raspberries fruit make I likeswhen She especially most. cakethe andmilk ‘Reforma’ cake chocolate as if she has likesthe Nadja Nadjais adores. that madefrom chocolate Everything very much. sweets likes she that of spite a In lasagna. strongcook I when most the likes she dishes, savory to attachmentThe best swimmermamma’s world for inthe isprobably When kitchen? itcraving comes to family. Her raspberries”( with cake fruity mom’s kid, “For headline the encountered I For example, In comparison to Cavic, Higl’s skills and achievements are not emphasized in a serious 40 CEU eTD Collection winning in Worldthe Championship in Rome. She says: “I was shaking in thebeginning, but the best result. me2009). By it comment, smile brought asif notreading this seems to heramedal,her shy and Decembar, 26 Sport, (Blic born” been has champion more one country in aBalkan that proved isitcompetition and “Shy written: endsmile at the technique,in of breaststroke race the 200m same article Inthe and as“quiet unobtrusive”. is depicted primarily and she talent persistence”, “hard work the journalisther about some thereare references Although inBelgrade. competition Univerzijada at career describesHigl’s success with openingthe line: quietly unobtrusively,and herstarted Higl international the momentIn articlethe “Rome makesmy dream come true” (Blic 26Decembar, Sport, 2009)itdiscuses when itisathleticismis narratives Higl into to the account which devaluedtaken due as depicta child. Higl realized that she had 2002). (Stevenson, arenotthreatened masculinities won the ensure hegemonic that tool can beagood to Higl’sfigure thisof infantilization words, other by men containto and women’s inaspirations resistance” (as quoted 2002:213).In Stevenson, male ‘hegemonic precipitating‘hysteria’ and attempts masculinity’ thus posesathreatto bodies female powerful physically “the of presence arguethat Miller McKay,and Rowe, devalued. toys. with plays who child is a Higl that meaning a carries photo This a toy. got she that happy is she if as nicely smiling is She arms. her in toy dolphin a stuffed holding is Higl 4, Figure In my analysis. for significant than more is article whole In the article“I wait wake to up” (Blic Sport, 11 July 2009) Higl describes the moment of whenever her de-emphasized linesand that is Higl’s In thenext physicality Iarguethat is athleticism her and seriously taken not are achievements her photo, this to According 41 CEU eTD Collection representation. infantilized in Higl’s role big a played kinship male her that more but brother her or father her to wasascribed success Higl’s say isthat to not that However, aswell. brother is her trainer emphasizepersonal thather to is important it Hence, (2006:269). fathers andsons” between links as merely seen were women and structures, social formal created kinsmen male among relationships “creates system patrilineal that explains She system. patrilineal the to a return was Milosevic regime in the there after period Serbia duringarguing point transitional (2006) the that Milicevic’s with narratives these connect I success. her achieved have not would she swim, herhowto andtaught enough If henothadfather. beenpersistent ofher success actually the (Blic 4August,2009). Sport, As Higl’sit father represented here, looks like Higl’ssuccess is she did not want it. I was persistent.as a child was afraid of water. Because I was a lifeguard I had to teach her how toswim, although Nadja Afterfollowing: the bysaying childhood Higl’s somehe describes Furthermore, race. the time won Higl if she started taking up his back theresult tattoo on head to father promised of Higl’s father’s herfrom perspective. swimming classes” special light on Higl’s achievement as a swimmer. The whole article discusses Higl’s success but fatheron 4 resultthe “Nadja’s backthe his2009)August, shed tattooed of head”(Blic Sport, relationship to her father has been of great importance. in order to represent constructed casewere inNadja’s narratives media that argue might One heremotions. emphasize her as a child. In thishelpcould not whether butwonder the journalist’s questions wereleading and asa way to sense it is noteworthyhide After reading linesI these it hard tears.” stageon wasvery to the winningceremony, the to cite the articles“When Iclimbed adds: she Furthermore gone.” was fright stage all the into water, the Igot once when her The daughter-parent connection was seen in the articles that I quoted above, but the article the but above, quoted I that articles in the seen was connection daughter-parent The 42 CEU eTD Collection devalue female’s athleticism. female’s devalue to way in the work both they suggest analysis my one, infantilized Ivanovic’s subordinate can may Hence, femininity eachsexualized one in subordinate Ivanovic’s awayto arguethat other. character as andaShippersprofessional Accordingfemininities gentleman. to (2007), can work masculine his casedelineate inCavic’s whereas representations athlete a him as professional 2006). Inmy in masculinity Ishowedthat represented case analysis Djokovic’s Novak depicts andMasserschmidt, (Connel contexts different to forms according different andtake categories and Nadja Higl. It is important to note once more that masculinity and femininity are not unified Cavic Djokovic, Milorad Novak AnaIvanovic, about partin narratives mediagenerated take that masculinities in sport play a large role in creating national belonging. I argue that female athletes female that argue I belonging. national in creating role large a play in sport masculinities Moreover, identity. national Serbian reinforces and constructs sport masculinities, highlighting by that argue I nationalism. and femininities, masculinities, sport, between intersection athleticismwomen’s in that men than issports in takendifferently presented are women that showed I analysis less into account. In assure privileged the position menof position and unprivileged this precisely,of inwomen. More my chapter I will gosport is that and it highly masculinities assuch enacts gendered andfemininities in to order even further and try areathletes usedin toclaimto Idemonstratedorder inmy national identity. Moreover, examples see the To sum up, as I showed above there are different kinds of masculinities and femininites In the previous two chapters my aim was to show how sports serve nationalism and how and nationalism serve sports how show to was my aim chapters two previous the In Gendered Nationalism inSport V Chapter 43 CEU eTD Collection independence or more precisely the possibility to change the declared unilateral independence of unilateral declared changethe to possibility more the precisely or independence that the journalist my main Whilereadingwas playing this of impression andarticle, “aculture culture” defeat.” wants to connect “a explores It discussion. further for the significant issues several to itrefers because analysis sports defeat with a “political defeat” related war for metaphor asa 5.1. Sport to Kosovo’s crucial for defining Serbain national identity trough masculinized characteristics. Cavic are Djokovic maleand Serbian athletes that In thesamevein,Iargue and proficiency. sport enables national identity to embody some characteristics such as bravery, stoicism, courage, look athow masculinized nationalism through works sports. According Robidoux to (2002), Taking consideration, all I this into above of andmasculineactivities.(1998:243)”. processes, masculine institutions, “masculine of consists nationalism Nagel, to according Similarly, the ones whoEnloe argues that men and women have different rolesare in relation tothe nation andmen are often seen as from masculinized memory,masculinized humiliation, and masculinized hopes” (1990: 45) real sprung typically has “nationalism that out points actorsEnloe nationalism, and masculinities between while womenAthias andYuval-Davis: 1990; Analyzing 1989;Enloe: 1993). McClintock: connection the usually Walby, 1992; (Nagel:1998; always is nationalism gendered words that in other perspective, take minormany roles scholars. (ibid, 1990). It in masculinities. used havebeen athletes’ emphasize a way femininities to has been it claimingand thatas belongingtheir when are notto national visiblecomes asmaleathletes argued that nationalism cannot be studied without a gender The article“ June17,2008)is my Beyond an forimportance Excuse” (Blic, of great lot hasbeen among a nationalismexplored andmasculinities The between relationship 44 CEU eTD Collection sports event were seen metaphorically as battlefields with a goal to return Kosovo. For example, For Kosovo. return with to a goal as battlefields eventwere seenmetaphorically sports I argue that sport in of Serbia, as apart Kosovo retain to impossibility and Kosovo of declaration this unilateral the due to period was particularlyseeing balls the in asmessages sport used from Taking war. into consideration political the unrest important forby men. for iswarfare echoes only his What is more, reporting which created indeed abattlefield political purposes regards injuries battle Similarly, scars. as evokesjournalist’s a report is assumptionthe sport that and therefore ofmalehe Inthis aggressivenature the canbe sport. masculinities light trough easily expressed Djokovic. Ican thisrelate Wellard’s article to (2002)argumentabout as sports a battlefield where much he becomes uses when clearer Novak Thestory language. mentions a metaphorical As I already mentionedfound I this articleto readand difficult understand since thejournalist : length some myth and they are strongly in nationalism.embedded atSerbian (seeColovic,Iwill 2002). quote of Kosovo the part be averyimportant to areconsidered These songs (2002:60). virtue” national national heroes. Ivan as represented whoare characters refer to that songs of epic isreminiscent language, which Colovic argues thatKosovo. heroes in epic Thissongs arearticle an “embodiment begins of Serbian in a specific epic manner, with lots of metaphors and difficult June 17,2008). many more. Culture of defeatis one of the most painful issues in our consciousness (Blic, be to going are There done. not but over, temporarily are battles These correspondents. isencounter makea gamewhich youTheircan balls greater. like are rivaling war end.This the to shouldbattle proceed suggests thatthe greatest of the The encounter 45 CEU eTD Collection represented as a gendered institution where “gender is naturalized”(cited in Anderson,2008: naturalized”(cited is where“gender as agenderedinstitution represented masculinized and notion shape of the manliness. This narrative is that sport suggests indeed masculinizedand performance: athletic Djokovic’s Cavic’s emphasizes strongly article the more, is What defeats. Cavic’s and Djokovic’s justifies it Similar article“One 2008). hundredth 19 August, tothe articleof (Blic, a second above, reality” not in to receivedpride Serbianess. with order threaten which could haveanimpactSerbian national on identity,it defeats seems sport that should be largenationalist numbers Havinginmind parties. of that Serbiaencountered defeats, political wing right among asadefeat Serbiaisseen agreater create to impossibility hand,the other foramong theoneliberal majority except political the political party.positions defeat Onthe of is asa Kosovo widely recognized Serbia. theloss of Serbia, aGreater create In to impossibility Kosovo territory,narrative might suggest but an is“defeat that June17,2008) inExcuse” (Blic, most the issue painful ourconsciousness,” this thethis journalist“ Beyond article in the written was itAs rhetoricintroduction. in the alludes Iexplained which defeats political not only to sportscan defeat, importantly more defeatsand sports identity after national andpresumably reassert as astrengthen way to and the loss of the see sport moreitto useful be will injustice.” Instead, “correct into war create order was usedto be relatedsuggestmisleading sport that wouldbe for It to mobilization identity war. tothe contribute and to the warsGomberg be (2002)considersto avehicle sports forpatrioticnational feelings which reassert of 90’s and the Sport is understood as an arena for expressing characteristics which arehighly which as for expressingis characteristics an arena Sport understood (Blic,2008) 19August, and tears yelling, rivalry,itis exertinga game. energy, not excitement, Itis noteven purpose the of sports. vehement, joy, without game the that prove performances Their an is war of metaphors in embedded rhetoric masculinized with now but article Another 46 CEU eTD Collection concerns Kosovo, their defeat can be categorized in Enloe’s words as “ masculinized as words inEnloe’s be their can categorized defeat Kosovo, concerns Kosovoback. Serbs in I argue thatalthough get which have beendefeated project political their similarlybemy alsounderstood I draw to that point about political the defeatandimpossibility to can weakness ”The collective weakness. “collective injusticecorrect and the to havethey aright that just because they are men and possess characteristics which are usually ascribedfailures only are collective to men weaknesses which they wanted to rectify” (Blic, 19 August, 2008). It seems articleof journalist “Onehundredth a second and reality” “[Djokovic’s that says: Cavic’s] useacknowledgingsports that language warfare”the “echoes (1995:123). which Billing and for war”(282). war between preparation alsoseesthe connection sports sport canbemilitary in or that seenas“awas “supportfor (279)sport training” a Yugoslavia sublimelike goals, soldiers in wars. This rhetoric reminded me of Colovic’s (2002)argumentthat 2008). The journalist amessage to convey wants athletes those that are sacrificingfor themselves wisdom Miloradtaught and Novak howtobleed inthe solitude offeats.” (Blic,their 19August, and “patience says: war when journalist the to is a comparison again there Furthermore, style.” in praised2008) who forsportsman” “a accepting (Blic,19 August, hasbeen gentlemanly defeat 279). In addition,masculinity is expressed through Cavic’s representation as “agentlemen and mechanism masculinization”feminineof in to preventfrom order boysbecoming (2010: gays” McCormack can arguethat sport be strengthen used to behaviorgender as appropriate “a or andMark Anderson Adams,Adi Eric instance, For violent. become can thatenergy may argue channel isa goodway energy, biology 1996:4).Itseemssports that one to otherwise (Gatens, “exerting energy” with “biological whichreductionism” explains genderedin behavior terms of According260). journalist tothe sport is aexert vessel to male energy. notion Icanrelatethe of One more issue should be addressed here is the notion of “collective weakness.” In the weakness.” “collective hereis of notion the beaddressed issue should One more 47 CEU eTD Collection the nationthe manlinessIt seemsandher (1998:252). argument that can be used here as well due to both they arecreating since nationalist or masculinized as either cowardice” duty, as “bravery, above. quoted characteristics masculinized posses “a ”who real Serb, their Iargue Djokoviccharacteristics skills 2002). (WongandTrumper, that and is as represented through nation their represent athletes that means which well as nation Serbian to but Djokovic to Melbourne” which includes passages:these and identity national from I examine in their article Serbian the role “Lecture constructing traits national 5.2 Masculinized pride. narratives, humiliation is resulting in construction of masculinities in order to save a national by inhumiliation” words, manliness emphasizing these (1990:45) .In notion the other of However, as Nagel points out, sometimes it is difficult to differentiate characteristics such characteristics differentiate to is itdifficult sometimes out, points as Nagel However, ascribed only arenot provocation” defiance, “pride, suchas characteristics article, In this (Blic, January 30, 2008) the rest of the world us brings from disdain usually only such as defiance, provocation, characteristics pride, , Novak managed Although fitin hismore areal In spiteof he task. manages to win,one Serb as to use them youhappiness realizedDjokovic thatNovak The Australianwhen won Opentournament. in a charming way I believemostyou of that have believeyou thisweekend.cried Icried that outof to score a point. To strengthen my about nationalismargument and masculinities sports expressed trough 48 CEU eTD Collection 5.3. Sporting Heroes 5.3. Sporting on nationhood their on a daily basis 1995). (Billing, which are aless visible form of practices and they are of importance forgreat reminding people “collective (Blic,19August,2008). All language weakness” of these are markersembeddedin is identity national invoked by consciousness” (Blic, “our expressions the June 17,2008)and to reference obvious more even and same The identity. national to refer might it and “our” word rest of worldthe “ January30,2008).Here, (Blic, “us” word the isin used a similar the way as because journalist the claims:”[pride defianceprovocation] bring from ususually hatered only the examples good of one also is Melbourne” from “Letter article The identity. national invokes journalist“our,” means thatbysayingfor people, This nation. the andmarker country, the “our”canbea 2008). The word (Blic, heart” won August, our 19 who areones and the Djokovic reality,” the use of some words signifies nationalist discourse. For example it was written: “Cavic here”our, (ibid: 94).Similarly,by examining languagein articlethe “One hundredth of a second 1995:93)In (Billing, “banalnationalisminBilling’s suchwords the isembedded words we,as reminders of barely homeland,conscious, “our” nationalthe identity makingunforgettable.” inhabitdoing, “Small rather words, than grand them. memorable phrases, offer but constant, in so which and for nation granted, whichtakes with words, prosaicroutine nationalism operates markers oneof “Banal of“banalattention. 2008), significant nationalism” the deserves “Hundredth reality”August,second 2008),“Lecture (Blic, 19 from Melbourne”(Blic, January 30, characteristics. these through identity national Serbian creating suggest impossibility “pride, define defiance, provocation” nationalistic asmasculinized to butthey or In all of three articles that I analyzed “ Beyond an Excuse” (Blic, June 17, 2008), 49 CEU eTD Collection 9 frauds, isto sign Cavic’sstatementnotonly a born be of a chivalrous winner, butshould her words: “In a period of absolute crises moralityof and values, where even sport is notimmune Paris. UNESCO, to of Serbia ambassador the as named shewas article month in thisuniversitiesafter Belgrade.One andCulture intwo teaches Media subject the impactnewspapers,in has Zorica Tomic’s Serbian dominant She opinion discourse. a significant masculinizedisin acertain way.As in aprominent Serbia professor in acolumnist and several Zorica Tomic, “Chivalry” (Blic, 9 September, 2009) then itbecomes clear that Cavic’s greatness by written article another consideration into I take as well.person If as agreat athlete but great suspended].” In narrative,this Cavic’sstoicism isemphasized and heis not only represented as a journalist describes the will use eventthree articles which covered this topic. I illustrations as and anddiscourses dominant Serbian in nationalism and masculinity asserts of intersection that demonstrate Iam public produces andhow this discourse. to going event the reinforces “Cavic stoicallyand from All expel further caused competitions. Cavic of alotin of these reactions Serbian the receivedviolatedit rules (Blic,to be 22March,2008)that meeting,“a clearpolitical action” considered the decision panel is Adisciplinary Serbia”. “Kosovo read that wearing aT-shirt ceremony the appeared at [to he becauseswimming competitions hewassuspendedfrom further However, championship. be meter agold2008. Miloradmedal for Cavic, collected European butterflythe 50 at competition masculinity in inEindhoven happened Serbia the European during March,Championship < Megatrend Univerzitet. http://www.megatrend.edu.rs/vest_strana.php?v=980&language=1 In the article “Cavic’s suspension is a shame of Europe” (Blic, 22 March, 2008) a One of the most significant events that shed light on the nationalist discourse and 15 May, 2011 50 > 9 In quote addition, Iwill CEU eTD Collection “Cavic’s suspension is a shame of Europe” is claims:(Blic, 22March, 2008) “As aSerb a shameof “Cavic’s suspension I Europe” article inthe athletes of the One Serbs. of asarepresentative seen was Cavic is Serbia” “Kosovo andin nationthe sports by Allain, they therefore Indeed represent (cited wearing T-shirt 2011). actors. He notes that instance for than aremore popular celebrities Tunner ofthatsports argues a hero. gaineda status the reason for that is inthat Serbain they dominantare related discourse. status Cavic’s symbolize can which greatness Cavic’s portrayed comments Allof these athlete.” to the Bynation wearing through a T-shirt his orheropinion. Itis national normal helovesthat his country. Cavic is a greatperson and anamazing with “Kosovo is Serbia”express arighthas to “Everyone madein was that: by samearticle the commenthandball player a written on it, he person whorepresents the country in best possiblethe (Blic, way” 22 March,2008).Onemore isTadic said happened and isabig becauseCavic “a that what even greatathlete injustice greater in play a bigrole increating as Cavic’s Havingin model.a role mind narratives these appeared that highly by hertherefore in in elite andappreciated opinion writingpolitical Serbia expressed can positioned as ambassador of Serbia toUNESCO, one may conclude that Tomic’s opinion is seems as if she tries to show Cavic’s personality through his strong character. Cavic’s resilience isbeing infocus since he accepted defeatthe by Phelps in amanly way. It Cavic’s amazing by personality emphasizing a typical chivalry. male Again,trait: notion the of compete.” (Blic, formotivation him continue to 2009).Writing 8August, to in right is the well so swam his rival that fact the that he said and praise with and spontaneously result the asa she public “Cavicaccepted model writes: our understood Furthermore life.” to Blic around Cavic’s figure,itlooks like Cavic gainedstatus. a hero For example, in the article “Cavic suspension is a shame of Europe” president Boris president isashameof Europe” suspension in “Cavic example, article the For By taking into consideration her status in academic circles and the fact that she was factthat the inand circles academic consideration her status into By taking 51 Blic , she describes , CEU eTD Collection identity isit as since nation. a cradleidentity perceived of Serbian the national of Serbian loss asthe ofKosovo loss the understands in Serbia discourse nationalist dominant the that seems it myth, Kosovo the Recalling identity. national Serbian on impact hasin a a waythat has beenfetishized. direct Kosovo question in the works of that way the example, spectacle lists. the For McClintock that all components includes the it because spectacle 71).In 1993: a similar (McClintock, action ceremony at the way,can be asa Cavic’s considered team sports, in spectacle- fetish of collective organization as the ….aswell through architectures and militarycuisines displays,national flowers, flags,national maps,anthems uniforms, fetish ritual of objects: organization mass , visible the through shape takes “Nationalism that rallies, asserts She identity. collective of notion the the history myriadand created Afrikaans a of symbol central was as aspectacle which (SecondTrek) Trek forms of explainsin (1993:66).Forexample,spectacle” words McClintock’s Tweede McClintock the popular culture through imagerythe Cavic of hisand behavior. whole The eventmightbe regardedas “a and so on “spectacle” 5.4. Amasculinized aswell. Serbianess to ascribed be might Cavic by represented characteristics the that seems it this, saying By nation. whole the of representative good a became he nation, Serbian the with understanding and solidarity person not him but,by andas agreat hero only of athlete amazing status a the showing gained T-shirtbuthe showed solidarity hiswith nation.” understandmove Cavic’s andIam absolutely him.thankful to not Hedid offend anyone with his The event in Eindhoven was particularly significant because it carried symbolic meaning symbolic carried it because significant particularly was in Eindhoven event The depiction His hero. a Cavic made is Serbia” “Kosovo that proclaiming T-shirt a Wearing 52 CEU eTD Collection during that time below. areshown The first one (Figurein 5)appeared were highlyrecognized that pictures two The media. Serbian of the outlet every and almost each nationalism. symbolize which markers important two acknowledge should I identity national Serbian shouldbe addressedhere.In order toargue that aim the Cavic’s action of was tostrengthen issuesmore Cavic ,two embodied through masculine’s characteristics embedded spectacle with Billing’s argument can be applied to the event that happened in Eindhoven. Although there were there Although Eindhoven. in happened that event the to be applied can argument Billing’s and andimportant in nationhood symbolize homeland.(Billing, mind, 1995:41)Havingthat more flags become is endangered, sovereignty when country’s the he that explains However, etc. between “mindless flags” isadistinction there that notes aswell. Billing bedecreased will nations the between tension which are usually unwavedJarvieto 2003) by competitions, (citedfrom inHunter, removingnational emblems thesports and can be seen on the streets, According nation” 39). of (Billing, 1995: the society sacred character the about and symbolized buildings whileannouncement, thenational anthem was playing, he wrapped himself in Serbianthe flag. isflag“Kosovo climbed with openand with the Serbia.”During T-shirt the wide the thestage how Cavic behaved actually during the ceremony.Before announcing Cavic a as winner, he in constructing andreinforcing Serbiannational identity. (Figure The second phote 6) shows front of fingeredthree a Serbianflag.Iarguethat important salute markersareparticularly these it ifexpression was happy, seems moreover, and as inhe was Heis excited. a placed, showing (Blic,for is Europe” 22March,2008).Cavic suspension ashame analyzed “Cavic’s article Cavic’s actions were widely covered by many international media such as CNN and CNN as such media international many by covered widely were actions Cavic’s a as be considered can Eindhoven in ceremony the that consideration into Taking Firth argues that flags today “perform a symbolic function, have a focus for sentiments for afocus function, have “perform a symbolic flags today that Firth argues 53 Blic under the already CEU eTD Collection in claiming national belonging. didmany Nor Ifind articles theirplacesuggesting in the role concerns their that very I found articles little fact due tothe that washarder andHigl, Nadja nation the representing in athletes female of role The 5.5 subsection. order to see it belonging,national seems reinforces Cavic’s national that heroic status identity. Serbian In how female andfingered salute three claiming Serbian “Kosovo is markerssuch asT-shirtnational Serbia”, athletes servemostly when Serbian nationalist wanttoassert their of support Serbian identity. the By using nationalist is used fingeredsalute athree Serbia. Moreover Greater and of aproject fornationalism symbol projectswas used by soldiers during the waroperations 90’s inthe is and therefore be considered itto a I am goingis hereis what as salute striking thatthis has been However, a national symbol. accepted widely to turn rituallymake defiled in to ”(quoted bythosewhowish aprotest. Billing, 1995:39).This salute to the next and citizens byloyal itis nation of revered and ”a character the in words sacred Firth’s represent marker is to asa Iargue salute fingered used that thethree suspensionEurope” isashame of In picture fingered followedby the is article attention as well the salute. athree “Cavic’s attracts issueis more, What the as that is Germany. Bavaria of recognized since Germany behadis message“Kosovo context with analogized Serbia”the ahighly andthus cannot political when Kosovo declared its independence highly it. Wearingand Serbia disputed aT-shirt this act hadhappened and political meaningcarried. precisely, that T-shirt More itwas a period init should which be acknowledged“Bavaria is the 22March context (Blic, 2008), Germany,“ this act and that madeby Cavic’s trainer isashameof Europe” suspension “Cavic in article the comments T-shirt “Kosovo is Serbia” is similar as if someone from Germany put a sign My attempt to explore the nature of the relationship between female athletes Ana Ivanovic 54 CEU eTD Collection Spanish tennis player instead of Spanishinstead player if into whohas a tennis someone Moreover, of Serbian origin.I take inher for beajustification headline, emphasizing herreference seems quote datingto a sub the between private and professional life and that of course Serbs have a priority.” By saying this and which is rankedboyfriend Spanish her for only cheer to going not is she 16th that suggests commentary onjournalist’s the ATP list. In otheryet article, the very paragraph below visible, this headline drawsalot of attention. The words she says: “There In small the Verdasco.” is before “Serbs letters aheadlinethere bold with sub written article has to the of part be highlighted the In a one. distinctionnumber be to ambition Ivanovic’s Ana describes journalist in the world” (Blic, 14 December, 2008) that Ihave already analyzed in the previous chapter, the Serbianess, was through her beauty loveor relationships. In the article“I am going tobe the best feminine representations would be suited as a way for them to represent the nation. for the represent be them asaway to suited would feminine representations their belonging national claiming to comes it when invisible almost are athletes female although Ivanovic’s beauty and sexuality takes priority over her abilities as an athlete. It may indicates that it hand,seems that media.On other by the the embeddedinherrepresentation strongly precisely,More Higl’s infantilized as in asIshowed depiction chapter, is previous the primarily Serbianess. to related not is figure her why reasons the of one also be can This nation. their to national belonging and my argument that female athletes are used differently than men in relation claiming in representation her on light shed can This Serb. a be originally to not seems she and identity. national andSerbian athletes female between relationship the be to referring to I found that few articles nationalistBefore drawing project. my about findings aconclusion Iam refervery to to going In the articles in articles the In like Nadja notlook it nameone, Higl’s aSerbian that all,be noted Firstshould of does Blic written about Ana Ivanovic, the only way she references to references she way only the Ana Ivanovic, about written 55 CEU eTD Collection to the Serbian nation.Although it misleadingdraw conclusionswould be to like from that a how beautiful they are, suggests that what is at work here is an attempt to ascribe these adjectives in is and phraseby the “Ourathletes” zero” of using acknowledging “charisma athlete a Belgian the that notion The nations. other of athlete’s to in comparison areused figures their that intoaccount over their ability as athletes, it should be noticed, as I argued in the previous chapter, adds: article Radmilo Armenulic, the Serbian tennis expert and trainer, explains how this is not true. He the Throughout players. tennis top not are they that and Jankovic and in Ivanovic charisma lack2008) reports Rodriguez’s Carlo famouson the comment tennisthe October, on of trainer choice Serbs. over justify needsher as ifshe to this guy, seemslove again her with a Spanish relationship account into Bytakingbeautiful.” and “the most best in the her men in words, are, assured that Serbia is she but world the over all traveled she that says she which in beautiful” most the are men “Our headline with highlighted a sub is iswhich a again part there it, herto reaction success and then married”11 June,I can get Although (Blic 2008). Sport, articlethe dealswith Ivanovic’s Ivanovic’s towardsSerbian menattitude is an “ article winI am planning to more trophies and emphasizes also that more article One nation. Serbian the to figure her relate to in order justified behas to belonging national her that argue may one girls, only Serbian Cavic dates that account Although itisAlthough is visible and“charisma” andJankovic’s Ivanovic’s that appearance taken Henin 1 (Blic Sport, October, 2008). for suremore are beautiful tennisladiesJustine than beauty andour because players they are the about talk to sense no is There girl. cute very is a Ana and side, her on usually perfect tennis butshehave didnot more. Jelena anything fans isvery are charismatic, played is zero.She athlete of a Belgian charisma charisma, the and about talks Rodriguez The article “Rodriguez is bothered with the beauty of Jelena and Ana” ( Blic Sport, 1 56 CEU eTD Collection identity. Adams acknowledgesnational toclaiming seen contributors arenot that femaleas significant suggests athletes project that men and women have different roles in contributing to the hereas applicable well: can beCavic’sIt seemsNagel’s to that point hersupport. anddirected againinvisible role was belonging claiming national andwasafor this indicates hisfurtherthat action.trigger However, when most have seems risk” they taken It (ibid, a asifCavic’s 1989:10). role girlfriend took in even men to relation nurturing and supportive have “women that being them of one with projects innationalist part several take Anthias’(1989) about inwhich ways women argument different persuasive and key role inCavic’spolitical action. This reminded me of Yuval-Davis and have a to seems Cavic’s girlfriend context this In action. political further Cavic’s enable to in is this order of his article agency (Blic,6June, Curcic’s 2008).In emphasized country” as “anambassador he should act that realized Cavic point, is ”andatthat Serbia, “Kosovo badge June, 2008).The article explains thatNadezdaCurcic visited Cavicin USandbroughtthe him a (Blic, 6 makes himahero” “Nadezda that explains journalist where the point to the itswitches update loveof relationshipCavic’s with CurcicNadezda Atsplit. andtheirsubsequentsome part I willsport upwith articlethe “Cavicbroke use with (Blic,a girl” 2008) which 6June, starts an charisma. and beauty their through identity national construct players tennis female that indicate can example this case single The fact that I listed very few cases where women in sport are visible in nationalist the visible are insport wherewomen few very cases I listed that The fact and women’s place proper (Nagel, 1998:243). femininity of notions masculinist reflects role whose actors, supporting design, by are women the and men, about and men for men, by primarily written are embedded The roles of women and men differ a great deal, the script in which those roles are tofurther In order examinein of women role the nationalclaiming belonging through 57 CEU eTD Collection female athletes and nationalist project my argument should stay shouldas an assumption. stay my argument project andnationalist athletes female between isconnection since there nodirect of as well. nation However, the are representatives they may one that argue state, Serbian the represent therefore and Serbia for play they fact that the account into taking by hand, other the On nation. the representing in role minor a playing as they in are represented Four, Chapter asIshowed representations, feminine their mostly through female in uptheto Allain,By referring athletes national 2011:13). propped psyche”(quoted victory medal tally, men’s Canada’sgold the “While addedto win women’s that assert the onto whoand shegoes medalswon gold differently female andmaleathletes portrayed coverage understanding national of identity inAllain,2011). In (cited her example she explains howmedia 58 CEU eTD Collection masculinity. Similarly, I argued that masculinities and athleticism go hand in hand and reassure and hand in hand go athleticism and masculinities that argued I Similarly, masculinity. Djokovic andCavic. Moreover, Ishowed in thatsport my reinforcesanalysis kinds different of Ilooked at in masculinitiespractices social (2006:863) setting” particular trough represented a fixed“masculinity is that not argument “a butrather Masserschmidt’s entity” of configuration and Connell on Building athletes. different to according forms different take masculinities belonging. national Serbian in claiming role their on light shed issue Kosovo tothe related engagement how athletes’ political Ishowed nation. Furthermore Serbian the of representatives importantly more they are but country, the of asrepresentatives constructed nationalismabout sport. Iargued expressedthrough that not only are Cavicand Djokovic myas a as patriotism in I furtherstarting Taking that point delineated sense. Dixon’s argument be characterized cannot athletes praising Serbian show that to patriotism” “moderate on argument project. nationalist andinanalyze explored expressed masculinities they theirinfluence sport differences how to and femininities at looked I Moreover, sport. in role big a plays identity national Serbian which relations as my well. In Ifocused malethesis on and andfemale ways athletes the explored in belonging. Notonly is significantfor claiming sport national belongingitinfluences but gender masculinity through sport and therfore reinforces national identity and a sense of national In Chapter Four IarguedIn Chapterthat sportismasculinities andthese anarenafor expressing By nationalismdefining andpatriotism differently in ChapterThree IusedDixon’s constructs and athletes male media glorifies that the out point (2002) Clayton and Harris Conclusion 59 CEU eTD Collection gentlemanliness on the other. Although in my research masculinities differ from masculinities in masculinities from differ masculinities research my in Although other. the on gentlemanliness form of and the athletes the takes embodied through are in 90’s.Maculinities in of the period war the competition,and restoring the manliness. My project suggests that masculinities take differentform than those in 90’s war the the on starting impact hadan which masculinity” “threaten of thenotion posits toughness,identified in militarized the90’sZarkov andthe onewhile Cockburn (2002) Bracewell (2000) defeats such as Kosovo’s declaration of independence. When it come to dominantmasculinities defeats and importantly identity and sports morepolitical national after reassert andstrengthen strengthmy war(seeColovic,the in warfare nowadays echoes to findings suggestthat 2002), sport order on the . projects political and in nationalist role invisible one hand claim identity national femaleSerbian athletesand minor that and take analmost parts have who ones the are athletes male with that argue I sense that In 62). (1993: agency” national to relation compassion“women who are constructednation. asWhen symbolic andit comes tobearers Serbian whole the of ascharacteristics female are represented characteristics masculine Djokovic’s athletes,of the nation I see similaritiesbutembodied through Cavic andDjokovic andthus strengthen Serbian national identity. Cavic’s theyand are withdenied McClintock’s any are which characteristics masculine embeds sport Moreover, context. in directforms Serbian the argument about achievements. and skills athlete’s female over and areprioritized athleticism women’s todevalue together work femininities case. These in Higl’s one infantilized an and case in Ivanovic’s one sexualized a femininity: of types different men’s position inWhendominant femininities, it sport. comes to myresearch discovered two In comparison to Serbian nationalism in 90’s,the when was sport used in mobilizing for masculinized takes sports nationalism through expressed as Five Iarguedthat In Chapter 60 CEU eTD Collection My project contributes to the existing literature of role of sport in the Serbian context and may and context Serbian in the sport of role of literature existing the to contributes project My or visualprinted mediafurther inorder to explore reflects how sport Serbiannational identity. cited in Hunter, 2003:412). It wouldbe alsouseful include mediato other representations such as imagined community of millions seems more real as a team of eleven named people” (Hobsbawn, for it somebe projects next useful wouldfocus sports such to on football,team since “theas Indeed, bemy different. findings would athletes, for examplesport teams data, taking different by may it. in argue that One basedon and drawconclusions sports Serbia popular successful and Iused factors. several swimming onlyindividual sports and they tennis since are the most Blic femininities in sport and see if they are prioritized in other contexts. wouldfurther examinebegender insociety as such. It to dominant interesting relations the reflects in sport representation if gender wonder may one and relations gender mirror can significant barometer for detecting the nationalist practices in the society as well. Moreover, sport national be identity can a inthereinvention of In otherwords,tracking roleof the sport of war. in aftermath the especially belonging national of reinvention for the asatool sport of importance nationalistto projectpay attention initisimportant (see 1998; Hoberman 1984) However, Maguire1999; andMayall, contexts Cronin Serbia to duringhowclaiming is sportthe 90’snational being fueled usedidentity the in war.the its representatives. as whichareseen athletes the butMySerbian projectrather 90’sthe theystill national identity reassure theSerbian the Serbianand nation construct through context itsheds is a worldlight since wideon thethe phenomenapredominant and differs in different is the most representative of dominant media discourses, my is limited dueto media research isdiscourses, of dominant representative the most At the end, it is important to refer to the limitations of my research. Although I argue that Iargue my Although of research. limitations the is torefer to it end, important the At as thatSerbiaMy analysisnot the onlynationa toolfor sport also suggests is uses that 61 CEU eTD Collection serve tocreate nationalism or is it only reaction to those existing social practices. questionnationalism about inits implication sport, on gendermedia andwhether representations gender,lead This research about nationalism toother andsport. analysis can further raise 62 CEU eTD Collection Banal Nationalism Politics of IdentityinSerbia Imagined Communities Nationalism NationhoodandNationalquestionReframed: intheNew Sociological Forum, Sociologija, . (London:SagePublications, 1995). Bibliography International Review International Review theSociology for Sport of 47(4),2005:307-322. . (London: Verso,1983). , 24, 2000:, 24, 415-421. 23(2),2008:257-280. . (New York: New York University Press, 2002). 63 Gender andSociety JournalofLanguageandSocial > > , 18 , (1), 2004:66-81. 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(London : > CEU eTD Collection “Realonost Stotinke,”August 19, 2008(Onehundredth “Realonost of a second reality) “ ”June Izgovora, Iznad 17,2008(Beyond an Excuse) “ Branka: “ because of Cavic) “Deca Ho Kosovska Mitrovica by 10 000 Serbs) “Noleta uKososvkoj Mitrovici 10 000 pozdravilo Srba,” April 3, 2008(Nole was inwelcomed north of Kosovo) ³ý “ Medalje,”Zloupotreba August,18 2008 (Abuse of Medals) “ Naš Uspeh, NašaPreterivanja,” February Success,6, 2008(Our OurExaggerations) “ jeDobar ti Srbijo!” Tenis November 18,2008(You play tennisgood Serbia!) “Plivaj Milorade!,” Septembar,292008 ( Milorad swim!) “Prevara Veka,”August, 192008(The Fraud of Century)the Blic Online List ofarticles Masculinities and InternationalPeacekeeping newspapers,”in C. Cockburn and D.Zarkov(eds), in military daily andselfimage Dutch masculinity, national D., “Srebrenica Zarkov trauma: ” and Caseof Croatia, andWar:The Serbia State-building “Democratization, N., Zakosek “ Novak “Kosovski ”February zavet, (Kosovo’s 22, 2008 pledge) “Kad FanfareUtihnu,” 3,2009 August (When fanfare playing) stops Yuval-Davis N., Anthias F. (eds), of Nation,” Representation Wong L.L., Trumper R., “Global Celebrity Athletes and Nationalism: Futbol, Hockey, and the Demokratization ý avi avi ü ü u Stan,” September 2, 2008 (Cavic will get aflat) Raskinuo sa Devojkom,” Raskinuo June 5,2008(Cavic up broke with a girlfriend) Ĉ ý ü okovi e uBazen zbog avi ü Živi Robot,”Julykao 4, 2009(Branka: Caviclives like a robot) ü SutrauPoseti Kosovu,” April 2008 (Novak Djokovic2, visits tomorrow the , 15(3), 2008:588-610. Journal ofSport and Social Issues ý avi ü a,”August 26, 2008a,”August 26, (Children wanted in a swimming pool Introduction (London: Lawrence andWishart, 2002), 183-203. . 67 ( London :Macmillan, 1989). The PostwarMoment: Militaries, , 26, 2002: 168-164). , 26, CEU eTD Collection ³ý “Rim San Snova” 26 Decembar, 2009(Rome makesmy dream come true) “Delfin na Na raspberries) “Za Mamino Zlato Vo “ Treba Dati Više Pažnje Mladima, August 13, 2009 (It is important pay attention to youth) win more trophies and then married) more andI canget win trophies then “Planiram jošda Osvojim Trofeja, a moguonda da se Udam,” June11,2008 (I am planning to on backthe his head) of “Na ³ý “Lekcija izMelburna, ”January 30, 2008(Lecture from Melbourne) “ 11, 2008 Odluka(The” Najteža mostdifficult uKarijeri“August in decision career) the book) “Bi Ana,” July 13, 2008(Sexy Ana) “ Ana Ivanovi “Ana, Lepotica Koja Obara S Nogu, ” December 27, 2008 (Ana, drop dead gorgeous) “Podvig TeniserazaIstoriju” November19,2008 feat(The forhistory) Blic Sport ” “Viteštvo, September 9,2009(Chivalry) “Ana: Zapla 19 2008 (Ana Verdasco) Ivanovictames Verdaska,”December, “Ana Ukrotila ý ekam da seProbudim, ”July wait11, 2009(I to wakeup) avi avi ü ÿ u Najbolja na Svetu,“ December, 14 2008 amnau Najbolja December,142008 (I Svetu,“ be best the to going in world)the in Otac IstetoviraoinRezultat Otac na Temenu, ”August, 42009 (Nadja’s father tattooed resultthe ü ü eva Kazna Bruka Evrope“March 22, 2008(Cavic’s suspension is a shame Europe) of i Ĉ ilas me þ em i dok ÿ ü Osvaja Australijska Osvaja Srca,”December, 212008 (Ana Ivanovic is winning“Seksi inim Le ÿ u Ĉ ý ÿ ü acima,“ acima,“ March 28,2008 (Cavic andDjilas among pupils) na Torta od Malina, ”August 2, 2009 (For mom’s kid, fruity cake with ima, “ September, 102009(A dolphin on Nadja’s back) itam Knjigu, ” July17, 2008 (Ana: I start crying even when I read a 68 CEU eTD Collection Jelena and Ana) and Jelena jelenelepota “Rodrigezu smeta iAne” 1, October 2008 (Rodriguez with isbothered beauty the of 69