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From Afghanistan 1979 to Afghanistan 2001 Dominican Scholar Graduate Master's Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects Student Scholarship 8-2013 From Afghanistan 1979 to Afghanistan 2001: How Three Current High School History Textbooks Frame the Origins of the “War on Terror” Historical Analysis and Interviews with William Blum, Noam Chomsky and James Loewen Michael Shawn Galli Dominican University of California https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2013.edu.20 Survey: Let us know how this paper benefits you. Recommended Citation Galli, Michael Shawn, "From Afghanistan 1979 to Afghanistan 2001: How Three Current High School History Textbooks Frame the Origins of the “War on Terror” Historical Analysis and Interviews with William Blum, Noam Chomsky and James Loewen" (2013). Graduate Master's Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects. 29. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2013.edu.20 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Dominican Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Master's Theses, Capstones, and Culminating Projects by an authorized administrator of Dominican Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Afghanistan to Afghanistan 1 Title Page From Afghanistan 1979 to Afghanistan 2001: How Three Current High School History Textbooks Frame the Origins of the “War on Terror” Historical Analysis and Interviews with William Blum, Noam Chomsky and James Loewen Michael Galli Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Masters of Science of Education School of Education and Counseling Psychology Dominican University of California San Rafael, CA August 2013 Afghanistan to Afghanistan 2 Signature Page This thesis, written under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor and approved by the Chair of the Master’s program, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. The content and research are the work of the candidate alone. Michael Galli August 30, 2013 Candidate Madalienne F. Peters, Ed.D. August 30, 2013 Thesis Advisor Elizabeth Truesdell, Ph.D. August 30, 2013 Program Chair Afghanistan to Afghanistan 3 Copyright 2013-by Michael Galli All rights reserved. Afghanistan to Afghanistan 4 Acknowledgements My sincere appreciation goes out to Professor Madalienne Peters for her unwavering encouragement and guidance. Her hours of instruction and advice have been invaluable. I would also like to thank Dr. Lisa Ray Kelly who I found upon emerging from the Gates of the City of Ten Thousand Buddhas, and who thoughtfully guided my first steps. A special thanks also goes out to William Blum, James Loewen, and Noam Chomsky for taking the time to speak with me about this work, and to Suzanne Roybal, Academic Librarian at Dominican University, for her careful and thoughtful review of my citations and references. To my wife Satomi and my son Taiyo, thank you for your love and support. Afghanistan to Afghanistan 5 Table of Contents TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................................1 SIGNATURE PAGE ...............................................................................................................................2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................................5 ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................9 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ....................................................................................................................... 12 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................... 13 THEORETICAL RATIONALE ............................................................................................................................. 13 ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 15 BACKGROUND AND NEED ............................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ........................................................................................... 18 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 18 MASTERS OF HISTORY: HIGH SCHOOL AMERICAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS AND THE VIETNAM WAR, 1975-2005 BY SEAN T. GUNN .................................................................................................................................................... 18 TEACHING ABOUT WAR IN A TIME OF WAR BY PAUL ATWOOD ........................................................................... 20 WRITING 9/11 MEMORY: AMERICAN JOURNALISTS AND SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS AS COMPLICIT PARTNERS IN 9/11 POLITICAL APPROPRIATION BY PATRICIA LEAVY ................................................................................................ 21 WHAT HAPPENED ON 9/11? NINE YEARS OF POLLING COLLEGE UNDERGRADUATES: "IT WAS ALWAYS JUST A FACT THAT IT HAPPENED" BY LINDA ALKANA ................................................................................................................... 21 9/11 IN THE CURRICULUM: A RETROSPECTIVE BY DIANA HESS AND JEREMY STODDARD ......................................... 22 UNBURYING PATRIOTISM: CRITICAL LESSONS IN CIVICS AND LEADERSHIP TEN YEARS LATER BY AZADEH OSANLOO ...... 22 Afghanistan to Afghanistan 6 THE REPORTING OF THE SEPTEMBER 11TH TERRORIST ATTACKS IN AMERICAN SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTBOOKS: A MUSLIM PERSPECTIVE BY MOHAMMED SALEEM AND MICHAEL THOMAS .......................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3 METHOD ........................................................................................................................ 25 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 25 LITERATURE REVIEW, TEXT ANALYSIS, HISTORICAL ANALYSIS, INTERVIEWS ............................................................ 25 DATA COLLECTION....................................................................................................................................... 25 ETHICAL STANDARDS ................................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................... 27 INTERVIEW WITH WILLIAM BLUM .................................................................................................................. 27 INTERVIEW WITH JAMES LOEWEN .................................................................................................................. 33 INTERVIEW WITH NOAM CHOMSKY ................................................................................................................ 42 TEXT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 57 Number of Words McGraw, Prentice, and Holt Dedicate to Examining the Origins for the “War on Terror” ................................................................................................................................................ 57 DECLARING WAR ON AN ABSTRACT NOUN ...................................................................................................... 58 THE FIRST “WAR ON TERROR” ...................................................................................................................... 61 DEFINING THE PROBLEM .............................................................................................................................. 66 SETTING THE STAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 67 THE INSULT ................................................................................................................................................ 74 BABIES THEN BOMBS ................................................................................................................................... 87 THE FATWA ................................................................................................................................................ 90 FATWA CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 92 THE U.S. STARTS A WAR .............................................................................................................................. 94 Afghanistan to Afghanistan 7 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 102 MAJOR FINDINGS .....................................................................................................................................
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