Winter- "Gone With the Wind" The American Horticultural Society Visits Savannah March 18-21, 1979 Plan to be with us in Savannah, March 18-21 for our Annual Spring Symposium. If you enjoyed your visit to Charleston with us last spring, you will love Savannah. Plan to experience the historic heri­ tage and gardening legacy of one of the south's most charming cities. Visit private gardens at the Isle of Hope. Learn about "garden squares and scandals." Relive the Bartram Trail. See the rebirth of gardens. Dine along the Savannah river front. Explore a real plantation. Shake hands with 200 year old live oaks. Let Savannah's camellias, wisteria, azaleas, dogwood, jasmine and magnolias make you feel like Scarlet or Rhett Butler. If you would lik@ complete informa­ tion, drop a not@ to the Savannah Symposium Ce>mmitt@e, c/o Ameri­ can Horticultural Society, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121. We will send you the registration material. In the meantime, mark the dates \ March 18-21 on your calendar. This year plan to exp@rience spring­ twice.

~ .... ------\ American HCDrticulturist Volume 57 Number 6 December, 1978

Editor: Murray Kee ne Editorial Assistant: Jane Steffey Publications Committee: Henry M. Cathey, Gilbert S. Daniels, Donald P. Watson and Donald Wyman Art Director: Rebecca McClimansl Grafik Book Department: To m Stevenson Production Coordination : Jo hn Simmons Publisher: The American Horti cul­ tural Society, Mount Vernon, Vir­ gi nia 22121. 703 /768-5700 For United Horticulture . .. the particular obj ec ts and business of the American Horticultural Society are to promote and encourage na­ Cover Photo: Bromeliad tional interest in scientific research neophytum 'Ralph Da vis' by and education in horticulture in all William McPherson of its branches. AMERIC AN HORTICULTURIST is the official publica tion of The Amer­ Education ican Horticultural Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, Vir­ 8 Plant Against Plant-Craig Tiedemann ginia 22308, and is issued in Febru­ 24 Zero-Based Budgeting for Lighting Plants-Henry M. Cathey and ary, April , June, August, October and December. Membership in the Lowell E. Campbell Society automatically incfudes a subscription to American Horticul­ turist and $1 .50 is deS ignated for Travelog each issue of this publication . Mem­ bership dues start at $15.00 a year. 4 A Year-round Spring-Ann Reaben Prospero Editonal Matters: Refer to Murray 22 Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum-Lorraine and Guy Burgess Keene, American Horticulturist, Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 34 Williamsburg Gardening Legacy-Donald H . Parker and Advertising Matters: Refer to Pub­ Frederick L. Belden li sh er Se r vices, Inc., 621 Duke Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22314 38 Planting Fields-Martha Prince AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of Gardener's Notebook growing ornamental plants, fruits, 11 Are You a Garden Innovator?-James W. Wilson vegetables, and related subjects. Original p ap ers w hich increase 19 Holiday Holly -R. Wayne Mezitt knowledge of plant materials of eco­ nomic and aesthetic importance are 30 Mini-Citrus Fruits-Edward M. Vasilcik invited. For manuscript specifica­ ti ons please address the e ditor, Mount Vernon , Virginia 22121. My Favorite Plant Replacement Issues of AMERICAN 14 Zelkova-Hubert P. Conlon HORTICULTURIST are available at a cos t of $2.50 per copy, but not 16 The Aristocrat of Trees-Philip Coma beyond twelve months prior to date 26 Elissa's Bromeliads-Ruth Farmer Campau of current issue. The opinions expressed in the arti­ 42 Growing the Uncommon Violet-Tim Morehouse cles which appear in AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST are those of the authors a nd are not necessarily Departments those of the Society. They are pre­ sented as contributions to contem­ 3 Editorial porary thought. 32 Christmas Books Second class postage paid at Alex­ andria, Virginia and at additional 44 Gardener's Marketplace mailing offices . Copyright © 1978 by The American Horticultural Society . Color separations by CHROMAGRAPHICS IN C. 1 "!Beauty 9'l-om !BU[G~" Scheepers' Tuberous Rooted BEGONIAS American grown bulbs • Shade loving plants • Easy to grow • Flower all Summer long from May to frost. Colorful leaves are added attraction • Our Superior Quality Bulbs will p~o­ duce Heavy Strong Plants immediately

Go ld Medal- Awarded us by the G o rd en Club of America

Double Ruffled Begonias

(New Improved Camellia type) This is the most popular type of all due to the exquisite formation of the flowers. They are excellent for planti'ng in the border-in solid beds-or as specimen pot plants for patio decoration. Fine for window boxes too! Make excellent cut flowers. Available in thle following colors: Apricot Blush Red Yellow Ivory Pink White Mixed Colors

Multiflora Gigantea Begonias

(Many Flowers) Short sturdy growing plants that are covered with blooms all summer­ American Hybrid Begonias flowers are not as large as the other types - but the compact plants make them ideal for edgings for the flower border or in pots. Available in mixture The American strain of tuberous rooted Begonias is recognized by of pastel shades-all colors. experts as being far superior to strains from other coul'ltries. The strain we offer is the result of a fifty year program carried on by our grower in California. The objectives of this breeding program have been ; large flowers on Hanging Basket Begonias strong stems, numerous blossoms. long blooming season. resistance from disease, resistance to heat, very vivid colors, and new color Delightful for piazza and summer house decorations as well as the rockery combinations. and window boxes. Often hundreds of blossoms from each bulb: Available The reds , apricots, yellows, and pinks are particularly bright. Under in the following colors-all double flowers : the right conditions the size of the blooms can be as large as 8 to 10 Rose Pink Apricot White inches in diameter. Begonia plants in bloom are a truly magnifi­ Golden Yellow Dark Red Finest Mixture cent sight. The tubers become available in February. In order to advance the growing season they may be started indoors. Start them 8 weeks before the outdoor planting season , (after all danger of frost is past) . The growing plants will start to flower rapidly and a full flowering Picotee Begonias period all summer long will be the result. Blooms are like Double Ruffled type except that they have a pencil thin stripe around each peial of the bloom. Very beautiful and attractive. Avail­ able in the following combinations. MIXTURE OF ALL TYPES White with red edge White pink edge This special mixture made up for each individual order Apricot with scarlet edge Finest mixture will contain Double Ruffled; Rosebud and Picotee types.

Any of the above Begonias are priced at: All colors. $10.00 for 5; $20.00 for 10;

$6 for 3;$10.00for 5; $20.00' for 10; $50.00 for 25; $50.00 for 25 (Wire Basket with hanger and moss liner available at $3.50 each) DELIVERY: We can ship at once so that tubers may be started indoors, then planted later in the garden when frost is past. Or, we can ship at regular garden planting time. (Please indicate when we should ship your order.) Send for a copy of Scheepers' Spring Catalog; "Beauty from Bulbs" showing Gladioli, Dahlias, Lillies. Begonias, Montbretias, Lycoris, Tuberoses, Hemerocalis, Iris, Ferns, Vines, Wild Flowers and miscellaneous bulbs. Color illustrated.

New York State Residents Delivery charges will be please include applicable JOHN SCHEEPERS, INC. billed after shipment is made. sales tax with remittance Telephone ']tOWE7. !Butt ~p.EciaLiiti Telephone 212-422-1177 63A Wall Street, New York, N.Y. 10005 212-422-2299 "Serving America's Finest Gardens for over 70 years " Editorial

Gardening on the National Level

The official was adamant, "any plant or animal products in your possession must be declared if they are to be cleared through customs." His statement offended me. I felt like asking if he expected us to arrive naked and hungry. I suppressed the urge to admonish him and continued munching the smoked almonds the hostess had provided on our long flight from England. While waiting to clear customs, I began to wonder how many people realize the significance of plants in our daily existence-food, clothing, furnishings, even the oxygen that sustains us. All are gifts from the plant kingdom. As members of the American Horticulturist Society, we should be aware of our dependence upon the plant world. For some, this is the primary reason for our association with AHS. Membership complements our basic desire to become successful gardeners, but we have learned that gardening has more important considerations than organically growing a two-pound tomato, hybridizing a purple chrysanthemum or luxuriating on a carpet of emerald-green zoysia. As AHS members, we are learning to relate compatibly with plants. In this relationship, there are no arguments; only responses and healthy challenges. Gardening teaches tolerance and an appreciation for beauty. But, of greater significance are the lessons we learn about individual responsibility to our green benefactors. We as gardeners have many gaps to bridge if we are to communicate the real significance of plants in our daily lives. We must support research, create new information and promote teaching and demonstration programs. Displaying a " green survival" sticker on our auto bumpers is no longer enough. We must rise above the concern for plants merely as decorative objects and generate more concern for horticulture in general. The phenomenal interest in gardening today is not limited to house plants, but includes plants for the landscape and food as well. This popularity of gardening for sustenance and aesthetic enhancement is not a fad ... it is not the hustle ... it is not the hoola-hoop ... it is not going away. In the eyes of hundreds of local and regional plant societies, we are a source of leadership in horticultural matters of national concern. The future holds considerable expectation and promise for the Society. We must continue to provide leadership. We must continue to inspire trust. Dr. Gilbert S. Daniels President 3 Spring

Ann Reaben Prospera Fairchild Tropical Garden 10901 Old Cutler Road Miami, FL 33156

The morning rush-hour traffic streams past the front gate of Fair­ child Tropical Garden around the curve in the road. A low coral rock wall comes into view and above it can be seen the wooden rafters of a vine pergola which are supported by columns of small flat cut limestone. Lilac blue blossoms of queen's wreath, Petrea volubilis, cascade from the' pergola over the wall. Out of the traffic and away from the stress of the city, an unhurried visitor can pause by the wall to see the many colors and shapes of blooms all over the pergola, and then beyond it, the trees covered with flowers: The fire bush, Oreocallis wickhamii, with fire red bunches of blooms against dark green foliage; the vibrant pink brush-like flowers of the shaving­ brush tree, Pseudobombax ellipticum, that grow on branches bare of leaves; or the flame-of-the-forest, Butea monosperma, the petals of which look like flickering flame. Inside the gates of Fairchild Tropical Garden, the gentle springtime breezes corne from Biscayne Bay just q few hundred yards away an,d mstle the palm leaves so that there is an island sound. The visitpr has, in fact, walked into an i~land of tropical spring where the exotic blooms and lush forms of the plants as ~ on f sh the

Above right-Bromeliad Above left-Amaryllis Below-Water lilies in the pool by the 4 front gate most worldly-wise visitor. Even the landscaping, carefully planned for the special needs of tropical and sub­ tropical plants by William Lyman Phillips, gives one the feeling of hav­ ing entered a world completely separate from the bustling city and neatly squared-off suburban homes. Although springtime gives us the greatest show of blossoms in Fair­ child Tropical Garden, the nature of the climate in extreme south Florida and the nature of the tropical plants themselves is to provide flowers year round. And tropical plants pro­ vide color not only in their flowers but also on their leaves, their stems, their fruit and even on cones as in the cycad. Here at Fairchild Tropical Garden, for example, as the visitor walks around the winding paths, he will pass the dozens of hibiscus shrubs that blossom beside one of the eight lakes or the brilliant bougainvillea of many colors that line the paths of the flowering tree section. In the Rain Forest area, he may see high in the towering trees sprays of orchid blos­ soms or down among the leaf litter colorful bromeliad leaves and flow­ ers. In the Sunken Garden, silvered dried leaves of Cecropia, a West In­ dian tree, float in a pool below the waterfall. Green, gold and red cones rise majestically from the crowns of cycad leaves. Red, purple, ginger­ bread and even pink colored fruits hang in decorative bunches from the palms. In the Rare Plant House where tl)e filtered light softens all colors, the iridescent orange globe of a blosso~

Left-An thurium 5 of the Pearcea hypocyrtiflora, a ges­ here is due to the fact that there are neriad, nestles among the green over 5,000 species of plants growing moss. The livid red trunk and pe­ in Fairchild Tropical Garden's collec­ tioles of the sealing wax palm, Cyr­ tions of tropical and subtropical tostachys lakka, startle from behind plants, one of the largest in the con­ gentle green leaves. The lavender tinental United States. Its palm col­ spathes of Anthurium sp. from lection numbers about 500 species Panama, the size of a cat's ear, nod and it, as well as its cycad collection, pertly above the leaves. The delicate is one of the world's largest and orchid blossoms in colors that range finest. Its plants have been collected from yellow to purple complement from all over the world's tropics and the thrust of staghorn fern leaves subtropics. Dr. David Fairchild, the patterned with cinnamon colored famous plant explorer for whom the spores. Garden is named, personally col­ Color, normally associated with lected many himself. spring or summer in more temperate Much of the Fairchild Tropical climates, is an everyday companion Garden's initial collection of in Fairchild Tropical Garden. The plants-palms, cycads and flower­ visitor has only to adjust to looking ing trees and shrubs-were given by for it in places other than flowers, Col. Robert H. Montgomery, the though exotic blossoms are abun­ genius behind this botanical garden. dant here also. The variety found Col. Montgomery dreamed of estab-

Above left-Oncidium 'chickadee' Below left-Flame of the forest (Butea monosperma) Below right-Monkey's comb (Combretun aubletti)

6 lishing a tropical botanical garden, and with the help and inspiration of his mentor, Dr. Fairchild, he selected the site in Miami by the warming waters of Biscayne Bay. Fairchild Tropical Garden was officially ded­ icated in 1938 and within a few dozen months, the land was trans­ formed from a mango grove, scrub palmetto and pineland, and man­ grove marsh into a botanical garden complete with eight lakes and vistas. A skillful manipulation of mass and void by landscape architect, William Lyman Phillips, gives the visitor the impression of infinite variety within a unified whole. This masterful lay­ out adds immensely to one's enjoy­ ment of Fairchild Tropical Garden. However, much here is not seen by the casual visitor looking for col­ orful flowers or unusual plant forms. At the research center, there is a serious scientific program in tropical botany supported by funds from the National Science Foundation, Na­ tional Geographic Society and Har­ vard University through the Cabot Foundation and Atkins Garden Fund. Research seminars are con­ ducted by visiting scientists and the staff. The Herbarium contains over 40,000 dried specimens. In addition, a popular and extensive horticul­ tural study program is offered to local gardening enthusiasts who may study subjects ranging from or­ chids to staghorn ferns to landscape design in these classes. During the dedication ceremony in 1938, Dr. Liberty Hyde Bailey de­ fined the spirit of the Fairchild Trop­ ical Garden that has remained valid to this day: "(This tropical garden) should be a retreat for reflection, an observation area where people may behold the evident processes of na­ ture and be consoled by them, where knowledge may be gained first hand, where one may be taken be­ Above---Encephalartos fero x yond oneself, where one may expe­ Below-Rosernound rience the everlasting rejuvenes­ cence." Rejuvenescence is the essence of spring and it may be found at any time of the year at Fairchild Tropical Garden. 0 7 Craig Tiedemann 465 North Elm Street Platteville, WI 53818

My grandfather loved to plant blac~ walnut trees and vegetable gardens, but he knew from disappointing ex­ perience that the two don't mix very well in a small backyard. The bigger his walnut saplings grew, the small­ er grew the yields from the potato, tomato and rhubarb plants in the garden nearby. Grandpa was hardly the first to notice the antagonism between wal­ nuts and certain other plants. Pliny reported in the first century, A.D. that walnut (presumably Persian walnut, Juglans regia) inhibited growth of other plants. And many others have noticed the phenome­ non since, especially where black walnut (Juglans nigra) is involved. Studies have shown that the deleterious effect a walnut tree has 8 on tomatoes, potatoes and certain , . other plants is not due chiefly to years until a nearby butternut was for light, minerals and water can re­ competition on the tree's part for wa­ removed, whereupon the maple and duce corn growth by 90 percent in ter, minerals and light. Instead, a rhubarb commenced vigorous giant foxtail infested areas. chemical called juglone produced growth. The butternut tree wasn't A substance produced by chrysan­ inside the walnut tree crosses to close enough to the two plants to themum (Chrysanthemum mori­ nearby plants when their roots con­ shade them or provide severe root folium) foliage inhibits or stops let­ tact walnut roots. Juglone causes competition, so I suspect that al­ tuce seed germination, and has the stunting, wilting and perhaps the lelopathy was involved. same effect on chrysanthemum deaths of susceptible plants. Walnut is the best known cause of seed! Walnuts and certain other plants allelopathy, but several other kinds Greenhouse supervisors com­ have used "weed killers" such as of plants commonly grown in yards monly discard soil in which another juglone to suppress competing plant and gardens produce toxic com­ flower, stock (Malcomia maritima), life for a much longer time than the pounds harmful to certain other has grown because this soil doesn't 30 or so years we humans have used plants. A list of many of these plants work well as a growing medium for synthetic herbicides such as 2,4-D to and what is known of them was new crops. control vegetation to suit our pur­ compiled by Elroy L. Rice of the Uni­ In a variation on the same theme, poses. And what's known about al­ versity of Oklahoma in a book titled young apple trees are difficult to es­ lelopathy, or the phenomenon of AUelopathy (Academic Press, 1974). tablish and if established, often grow chemical compounds produced by For example, decaying sycamore poorly on land which has recently one plant causing harmful effects on (Platanus occidentalis) leaves release supported mature apple trees. This another, could help you understand substances harmful to several replant problem often plagues apple and avoid some perplexing garden grasses, including foxtail and prairie orchardists, and a similar difficulty failures. switchgrass. Since bare areas often bothers peach growers. Allelopathy The list of plants seriously harmed occur where sycamore leaves com­ targeted against individuals of the when their roots contact those of monly accumulate, these sycamore same, rather than other, species is black walnut includes alfalfa, to­ toxins may harm other kinds of probably responsible. mato, potato, shrubby cinquefoil or plants as well. It's possible, too, that Other plants about which there is potentilla, blackberry, rhododen­ green sycamore leaves release toxins some evidence for the occurrence of drons and azaleas, mountain laurel, that are washed to other plants by allelopathy include common blueberry and red pine. In addition, rain, but more information is needed sunflower (Helianthus annuus), sweet pepper, common lilac, persian to be sure of these speculations. wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), lilac, autumn crocus, peony, apple, Another common tree suspected black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) , saucer magnolia, Amur maple, of allelopathy is hackberry (Celtis oc­ crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Jap­ sugar maple and rhubarb have been cidentalis and C. laevigata). Again, anese red pine (Pinus densiflora), observed to become stunted from fresh or decaying hackberry leaves Eucalyptus globulus and E. camal­ such root contact. release toxins which inhibit certain dulensis . Of course not all plants are sensi­ prairie grasses, and perhaps other Much is still to be learned about tive to juglone, or there would be a plants. allelopathy, both in terms of which "brown zone" containing no vegeta­ Relatively open, sunny groves of plant species employ it against tion around each black walnut tree. exotic looking tree-of-heaven (Ailan­ which others, and exactly what Plants which are for practical pur­ thus altissima) plants often resist in­ chemicals are responsible for the poses immune to juglone include vasion by other more shade tolerant toxic interactions between plants Kentucky bluegrass, white clover, trees for many years. Extracts of and how they work. It's not incon­ beet, snap bean, lima bean, onion, tree-of-heaven wood and bark are ceivable that useful new herbicides parsnip, sweet corn, black toxic to many other tree species, and or improved cultural practices such raspberry, grape, wild roses, for­ when tree-of-heaven twigs are ap­ as companion planting to control sythia, burning bush, Virginia proach-grafted to those of other tree weeds may result from inquiries into creeper, narcissus, red cedar, oaks, species, many of the other trees are this area. But for now, it may pay hickories and poison ivy (darn!). injured or killed. This is strong evi­ you to consider allelopathy as a pos­ Black walnut toxicity is well dence for allelopathy. sible cause when a plant isn't doing documented but less is written of the But trees aren't the only poisoners well despite good growing condi­ very similar allelopathy produced by of fellow plants. Giant foxtail (Setaria tions and the absence of insects, butternut (Juglans cinerea). Butternut faberii) , a common weed grass, diseases, mechanical and environ­ also contains juglone, and I've ob­ exudes toxic substances that can re­ mental injury or herbicide damage, served a situation where both an duce the growth of neighboring corn especially when one of the plants Amur maple and a rhubarb plant plants by 3S percent. The combina­ mentioned here is growing nearby. remained small and stunted for tion of allelopathy and competition o 9

Are16u a Garden Innovafor?

ble varieties and provides garden Jam es W. Wilson writers with thorough descriptions All-America Selections that cover not only the advantages of 4546 El Camino Real each new AAS winner but also its Suite A Los Altos, CA 94022 limitations. Visualize the end product of All­ America Selections as a great stream Home garden innovators have of varieties flowing along from year learned to evade the tender trap of to year. Many of the award winning sentiment. Sentimental loyalty to varieties introduced since the found­ old favorite varieties can do disser­ ing of AAS have been inundated by vice to gardens and gardeners. Old newer and stronger winners and varieties can deceive. They can con­ have disappeared from the stream. tinue to look good to the slow-to­ Other ancient award winners are change gardener because he or she still afloat because nothing better has has no base for comparison. come along in their classes. Still Innovators usually try several new others are carried along by consumer flower and vegetable varieties each demand even though newer and season and are rarely disappointed. better varieties are available. They have discovered a fact already All-America Selections has been known to seed breeders and public active in new flower and vegetable display gardens ... that garden va­ evaluation since 1933. From 45 years rieties are being improved at an in­ Above-Pepper 'Holiday cheer' of trials, 261 award winning flowers credible rate, thanks to recent break­ Left-Nico tiana 'Nicki red' have emerged-an average of about throughs in the science of genetics six per year. Slightly fewer vegeta­ and the art of hybridization. emblazoned " All-America Award." bles received awards-207, for an av­ Progressive gardeners know how It is the imprimatur of a highly effi­ erage of about five per year. New to screen seed catalogs and packet cient, hyper-critical volunteer net­ marigolds, petunias and zinnias ran seed displays for new varieties. (Be­ work of trial grounds across the USA away with the lion's share of the fore you get the wrong impression, and Canada. If a new variety has flower awards, with 44, 49 and 25 no home gardener is a rigid icono­ earned an All-America Selections awards respectively. In vegetables, clast. Each leaves room for a few tra­ award, it is literally the best in its beans took 28, corn 19 and squash 18 ditional varieties.) But how-with class. awards. Less than half of these about 100 truly new and different New varieties are always atten­ award winners are still in general flower and vegetable varieties being tion-getters, particularly AAS award distribution, with three still surviv­ introduced each year--can a home winners, and especially among the ing from the first year's trial in 1933: gardener know which should do experienced gardeners who follow Nasturtium 'Golden Gleam', Can­ well in his or her garden? garden columns. All-America Selec­ taloupe 'Honey Rock' and Tomato Innovators have learned to look tions focuses attention on the best of 'Pritchard' . for the shield-shaped symbol each year's new flower and vegeta- The persistent popularity of 11 award winners from years past em­ chance for an award. the new winner on "holdover" phasizes the resistance of some gar­ The new pea comes through with status while seeds are being in­ deners to change. The seed com­ fl ying colors. Its fleshy pods are creased. No one is permitted to pub­ panies would love to clean house round, not flat, and they can be licize holdover varieties because it and eliminate many old varieties eaten at advanced stages of matur­ occasionally develops that seed which are only marginally profit­ ity. By comparison, 'Melting Sugar' production difficulties prevent a des­ able. But outcries of protest from the pods need to be eaten before they are ignated award winner from being in­ traditionalists among gardeners and half grown. Total yield of edible mat- troduced within the permissible retail dealers have continued to per­ three-year time frame. petuate the "oldies." (Would A year later the All-America Selec­ that the traditionalists tions directors meet. Now, seed in­ could visit seed company ventories on the new pea have trials and see the occa­ grown to 60,000 lbs.-still sional plantings of old insufficient for a year's varieties. They have sale to the North Am "anachronism" erican market. "Come and written all over . see us when you have a ~~~'=~~N them. By com - ~~~.t;:"""~~ quarter of a million parison, earlier, pounds in the modern varieties are bag/' they tell the more compact and Idaho seedsman. productive, brimming February, 1978, with vigor and and at last seed stamina.) supplies are suf­ Many gardeners ficient to support in­ who purchase troduction. The directors the new All-America formally schedule the new Selections don't fully edible podded pea for 1979 understand the assurance introduction and the wheels they purchase with each ---- begin rolling. seed packet. Follow us while First to cover the award are seed we track a hypothetical award win­ trade magazines; they announce the ner through the evaluation process. 1979 All-America Selections in their Illustration by ChUCK Hoeppner Here is how a new gold medal March/ApriC 1978 issues. Then the \;Vinning edible podded pea was de­ ter is good; more than twice that of nursery/florist trade magazines veloped. A seed company breeder in peas that have to be shelled. The break the news to bedding plant Idaho discovered a promising new judges are impressed; they award growers in their May/June, 1978 is­ edible podded pea in his fields in the new pea sufficient points for a sues. Take note, not a word is leaked 1972. He saved and increased seeds Gold MedaC a rare honor. to home gardeners. They are still and selected desirable types during Meanwhile, back on the farm, the wrapped up in exploring the 1978 the next two years, " rogueing" Idaho seed breeder decides to gam­ award winners. heavily to remove off-types. In fall ble that his new pea will win. He Concurrently, advance samples of 1974, he entered the new pea in plants all the available seed in spring the new pea have been mailed to 1975 to produce "stock seed" and about 200 display, demonstration All-America Selections trials and by harvests about 5,000 lbs. in Sep­ and preview gardens where visitors spring 1975 see dings were growing tember. can see the trials during the 1978 at 27 trial groups from Quebec to By November I, 1975, all judges' growing season. Key garden and Manitoba and from Georgia to scores have been sent directly to an food editors, TV garden per­ southern California. auditor who totals them and calcu­ sonalities, Cooperative Extension The scenario calls for the All­ lates average scores. These are Specialists and garden yearbook edi­ America Selections Judges to com­ handed to the All-America Selec­ tors also received samples and de­ pare the new edible podded pea tions directors for their midwinter tailed descriptions. with 'Mammoth Melting Sa gar', the meeting. October I , 1978 is " D-Day" (0 for most comparable established vari­ Five thousand pounds of pea deadline). After that date, garden ety. If the entry excels the compari­ seeds is only a drop in the bucket for editors are free to announce the 1979 son variety in yield, flavor and other a garden pea. The directors " desig­ award winners. They will have been 12 eating qualities, it stands a good nate" (confirm) the award but put supplied with line drawings, black and white photos and, if they can Marigolds and zinnias are gaining no sentimental attachment to obso­ use them for reproduction, large­ in bedding plant preference . Impa­ lete varieties. You are right if you format transparencies. Coverage tiens, " wax" begonias and coleus are have jumped ahead to conclude that begins at once in mild winter areas rapidly growing in favor for lightly All-America Selections will be sam­ and continues through May where shaded locations. But, if you could pling seeds to demonstration plots spring comes late. visit the "back 40 acres" of seedsmen in community gardens and expand­ Simultaneously, the new pea ap­ worldwide, where they are working ing free educational services de­ pears in Recommended Lists of Varieties years in advance on breeding proj­ signed to reduce the failure ratio in published by the Extension Service ects, you'd see more research on new gardeners. of the vanous states, in broadcast geraniums than on any other garden One minor caveat concerning and print media, and in slide pro­ flower. Geraniums from seeds may, award winning varieties. No single grams for classrooms and lecture within the next decade, become the variety of flower or vegetable will series. By the end of spring, 1979, dominant garden flower in the USA perform equally well in all gardens anyone who likes peas or cares about and Canada. across the USA and Canada. If a new varieties will have heard about It migh t seem tha t garden flowers garden differs greatly from the "cen­ the new Gold Medal winner. would have lost ground to vegeta­ tral USA norm," a new variety, re­ That's the story line. There will bles during the tremendous expan­ gardless of its bred-in superiority, actually be a new edible podded pea sion in home food growing begin­ may not be adapted. When you read available after October 1,1978, along ning in 1971. Not so. While a garden the fie scription, look for clues such with eleven other deserving flowers plot is required to grow a significant as " days to maturity," " withstands and vegetables, the largest crop of amount of vegetables, containers of hot weather," " resists diseases," winners for a single year in the his­ flowers are sufficien t to provide liv­ etc. tory of AAS. And the edible podded ing color for apartments, condomin­ For example, an 85-day water­ pea did win a Gold Medal. Here are iums and mobile homes. Con­ melon would mature reliably on the 1979 Award winning Vegetables sequently, " landless" households Long Island or even South Dakota and Flowers: figure prominently in the demand but not in Maine or in high altitude Gold Medal Winner: for plants and seeds of garden flow­ gardens. A new hybrid carnation Snap Pea-'Sugar Snap' ers. might be relatively heat resistant and Silver Medal Winner Flowers have " backed" into veg­ bloom except during the dog days in Kohlrabi-'Grand Duke' Hybrid etable gardens. Some food garden­ mid-America but would require fall Bronze Medal Winners ers at first stuck strictly to vegetables planting in hot summer areas. A Cucumber-'Saladin' Hybrid but soon found that food gardens new hybrid tomato might resist ver­ Pepper, Sweet YeIIow-' Dutch cannot be main tained in picture per­ ticillium, fusarium and nematodes Treat' fect condition. Soon they begin to but could lack tolerance to blights Squash-'Early Butternut' Hybrid look gap-toothed and weather­ that are severe in your area. Squash-'Sweet Mama' Hybrid beaten. Little spots of color from I}fter you have read the new All­ Marigold-'Queen Sophia' garden flowers can relieve the tired America Selections announcements, Nicotiana-'Nicki-Red' Hybrid look of food gardens without de­ wh~ re do you buy seeds and plants? Pansy-'Orange Prince' Hybrid tracting Significantly from produc­ Most mail order seed companies Pepper, Ornamental-'Holiday tion. After all, when one has been offer all new winners. Packet display Cheer' sweating away hoeing and pulling at houses pack all but the most expen­ Zinnia-'Gold Sun' Hybrid purslane, Poa annua and pigweed, it sive hybrids. Versatile bedding plant Zinnia-'Peter Pan' Hybrid is not very inspiring to straighten up growers, those not locked into just a Garden flowers contribute more and look a kohlrabi in the eye. few bread and butter varieties for entries to All-America Selections All-America Selections is gearing mass marketers, have seedlings than vegetables. For a while, aspir­ for the boom in community garden­ ready for sale soon after public an­ ing new petunias dominated among ing that is already underway. The nouncements appear. AAS entries and understandably so average community plot covers only " Readers of American Horticul­ because petunias are easy to trans­ about 300 sq. ft .--considerably less turist can receive names and ad­ plant in full flower, tough as a boot than the 770 sq. ft. farmed by h,ome dresses of All-America Selections and as versatile as a Swiss Army gardeners. For these small plots, trial grounds and display gardens by knife. Now, however, seed breed­ community gardeI\ers want com­ writing to 4546 EI Camino Real, Suite ers are recognizing fundamental pact, productive vegetables and A, Los Altos, CA 94022." Plan to changes in flower gardening self-contained flowers that don' t visit next summer and see the latest tastes. Gardeners want flowers that sprawl all over sm~ all vegetables. and best flowers and vegetables for are compact, shade or bright sun to­ And, Praise be! mary community home gardens. You are cordially in- lerant, durable and showy. gardeners are shiny-hew; they have vited! 0 13 have learned to associate with American Elms. The smooth outer bark of mature zelkovas flakes off with the passing years, exposing patches of the orange or yellow inner wood. During spring and summer the dark green zelkova foliage is gener­ ally blemish-free. The leaves, similar to those of elm, are smaller and pro­ a vide a slightly finer texture to the landscape. The fall foliage colors of zelkova may vary from a dark yellow to the more common russet, and the Hubert P. Conlon leaves are retained longer than those Extension Horticulture Specialist of elm. Iowa State University Council Bluffs, IA 51501 Zelkovas are hardy in zone 5 (-10° to - 20°F) although the trees seem less comfortable in extreme northern Ze lkovas are large ornamental portions of this zone. Zelkovas can trees which are distinctly elm-like in reach heights of over 100 feet in growth and form. The Japanese Zel­ Rhode Island, but 60 to 70 feet is kova or Keaki (Zelkova serrata) , in common in most other areas. Such particular, has been acclaimed as large trees are useful in plantings one of our finest shade trees and is along boulevards, wide avenues, considered a leading candidate to and in landscapes where space is no replace our disease-prone American problem. Elm. Three other species, Elm Zel­ Trees should be spaced 40 to 50 kova (Z . carpinifolia), Chinese Zel­ feet apart at planting. Zelkovas seem kova (Z. sinica), and Vershaffelti Above & Right-Zelkova serrata to be less susceptible to wind and ice Zelkova (Z . vershaffelti), have limited breakage than are our native elms. ornamental value and are rarely kovas on his estate in Bristol, Rhode Standard bracing and guying proce­ found in the United States. Island. Plants and seeds were also dures need not be employed except Zelkovas are members of the elm sent by Dr. Hall to Parson's Nursery in those areas where fall planting is family (Ulmaceae). They are found to Company in Flushing, Long Island anticipated, where wind currents be resistant to the dreaded Dutch (now Kissena Park). are unusually strong, or when newly Elm disease and to the leaf-feeding A tall dense stand of zelkovas lines planted trees are top-heavy. insects and bark beetles which a portion of the drive leading into the Zelkovas prefer a well-drained plague our native American Elm former Hall estate, now a residential soil which may be either slightly acid (Ulmus americana) . Zelkovas are pro­ development called North Farm on or alkaline (pH 5.5 to 7.5) . An extra lific seed producers and are easily the Bay. At North Farm are the orig­ large planting hole should be dug propagated by seed or by grafting. inal two Japanese Yews, Taxus cus­ and later refilled with good quality However, since its introduction into pidata and Taxus cuspidata nana, loam to which has been added or­ the United States over a century ago, brought to this country by Dr. Hall in ganic matter such as peat or com­ the Japanese Zelkova has never at­ 1861. Maintained in this park-like post. tained the popularity shared by setting are magnificant mature A complete fertilizer such as lO­ some of our less desirable trees such specimens of Ginkgo, Chamaecyparis, la-la, specially formulated for slow as the poplars, willows and silver Phellodendron (Cork Tree), Sweet release, should be broadcast maple. Gum, Japanese Red Maple, Wis­ around each tree after planting and The Japanese Zelkova, in­ teria, et al. applied at the rate of 2 to 4 pounds frequently called Zelkova Elm or Now one hundred years later, the for each inch of trunk diameter Japanese Elm, was introduced into zelkovas of Bristol exemplify many measured at breast height. Soil mois­ the United States from Japan in the fine elm-like qualities and several ture should be maintained ade­ early 1870's. The plant explorer, distinctive characteristics of their quately through the first two years to George Rogers Hall, whose name own. Trees are 75 to 100 feet tall and insure rapid tree root development. honors many of our garden plants, illustrate the vase or upright form At the University of Rhode Island 14 planted several of these first zel- and graceful arching branches we zelkovas have performed well under a low maintenance program and have exhibited none of the problems of estal' lishment that have been re­ ported elsewhere. Zelkovas in one 12 year old planting now average 25 feet in height and measure 8 to 10 inches in trunk diameter. Trees of approximately the same age on the campus of Michigan State Uni­ versity are less than 15 feet tall. Also the U.R.I. campus plantings have not experienced outbreaks of a canker disease that have been re­ ported elsewhere. There is a definite lack of uni­ formity in both size and form within zelkova plantings. This variability can, no doubt, be attributed to a natural diversity observed com­ monly among seedling populations. Differences can be observed among trees in leaf size, fall colora tion, and in total vigor. The selection of the planting site and the climatic condi­ tions in an area may markedly en­ hance differences previously not ob­ served among seedling trees. The only zelkova cultivar avail­ able to date is Z. s. 'Village Green', introduced by Princeton Nurseries several years ago. This selection grows to a mature height of 50 to 60 feet and is considered a faster grower than most available seedling stock. 'Village Green' develops a smooth, straight trunk, a charac­ teris tic un fortuna tel y lacking in some nursery stock. Now in its second century, the Japanese Zelko va shall gain the ac­ ceptance in the United States it de­ serves. For years the tree has been identified solely as a replacement for the elm, and many of zelkova's other fine features have been overlooked, Zelkovas can provide a fresh look to public and private grounds. To this end some nurserymen have sug­ gested that taxonomists derive a more appealing name than "zel­ kova" . It has been this "elm fever" which has caused us to look at some of our native trees more closely. For exam­ ple, during the 1930's and '40's the Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia continued on page 33 eAr ...... · of During the spring and summer, the rarely require pruning. Beeches Philip Coma delicate mantle of foliage forms a have a fibrous root system with 2904 Spruce Street dense and cooling shade. In Au­ heavy surface feeders and cannot Harrisburg, PA 17109 tumn, the warm, yellow tints of withstand compaction of soil or even foliage, the nuts enclosed in triangu­ moderate fill around the roots. Long before the ancient Greeks lar prickly burs, and the long persis­ Seed can be sown in the spring, worshipped their gods, and the tence of the dead leaves on the but because there is a considerable Egyptians built their pyramids, the branches, all have peculiar charms. variation among the leaf forms and Hercules and Adonis of trees had Beech nuts provided nutritious colors, it is recommended that been growing in European forests. food for the Stone Age man. They beeches be vegetatively propagated The very personifica tion of vigor and are still eaten by the peasants of Cen­ by grafting. strength can only describe the aris­ tral Europe. The tree also produces a The European beech has few dis­ tocrat of the trees: Fagus sylvatica, the sweet oil used by some in cooking. ease or pest problems. The fungus European beech. Interesting fables Primitive books of Northern Nectaria occasionally attacks it in and traditions have grown up Europe were made from beech. In early youth, but the canker formed around the European beech and fact, "book" is derived from the usually does not kill the tree. The many authors have expressed great Anglo-Saxon word "bece," the beech is susceptible to sun scald and praise for this truly noble tree. name of this tree. Beech leaves were should be given protection when The European beech is indigenous used to fill mattresses. The god, Eve­ young. Wooly aphids may be a prob­ to England and Central and South­ lyn, vowed he never slept so sweetly lem though they are generally not ern Europe to the Crimea. Fossil re­ as on a bed of beech leaves. serious. Horticulturist, Mr. David mains of the beech have been found The timber is marvelously endur­ Paterson of Longwood Gardens, in the pre-glacial deposits in Eng­ ing. Winchester Cathedral was built feels that the most common problem land. on piles of beechwood driven into a is that the smooth and tender gray Beeches are massive, slow grow­ peaty marsh. When recently exam­ surface of the beech's bark has al­ ing and eventually reach heights of ined seven hundred years later, the ways invited the wandering lover to 100 feet or more with a spread of 60 piles were found still to be in good carve the name of his adored on the to 70 feet. Old beeches have strange, shape. tree. If you find an old beech in the distorted shapes and are so gnarled The European beech is not dif­ woods, hacked by some love-struck and wrinkled that they suggest pre­ ficult to grow. It is hardy to Zone 4. boy with the outline of a heart and historic monsters. Though the Fagus sylvatica prefers full sun but is his girl's initials in it, forgive him. He brownish flowers are inconspicuous extraordinarily tolerant of shade and is only following a custom older than and come late in the spring, the is a fine tree for underplanting, Shakespeare, who wrote: beech has traits which make it pecu­ however, its own dense shade " 0 Rosalind' These trees shall be liarly attractive at all seasons. In makes it very difficult for other my books, winter, the smooth, silvery-gray plants to grow beneath it. It is adapt­ And in their bark my thoughts bark and the delicate tracery of its able to almost any soil but attains its I'll character; many branches suggest a light white greatest perfection on calcareous That every eye which in this mist hovering in and about the trees. land or on a deep loam with a pH of forests looks According to ancient authorities, the 6.5 and 7.0. Young trees should be Shall see thy virtue witness'd numerous and crowded branches mulched when first planted. everyw here." that cross and grow into each other Beeches should be pruned in the In the landscape the beech is not 16 first gave man the idea of grafting. summer or early fall. Older plants suited for street tree planting be- I

Illustration by Robyn Ross

cause it is large and requires much species. F. sylvatica.' Atropunicea' . ventures close to its base. room to grow. Beech es can be effec­ Its leaves have a purple color. F. syl­ Th e beech is probably more pro­ tively used in isolation as a specimen va tica 'Cuprea,' the Copper Beech, is lific in varying forms than any other tree in parks and la wn plan tings usually a form of the Purple Beech broad-leaf tree. As an ornamental, it where unpruned bran ches sweep with leaves of a lighter color. F. syl­ is truly an ari stocrat with few peers. the ground. va tica 'Laciniata,' the Cutleaf Beech, Without the beech, our parks and The European beech also may be has narrow leaves oft en deeply cut gardens would lose much of their pruned to produce arbors or hedges. to almost regularly lobed . F. sylva tica charm. The glossy green or purple The most famous hedge is in Scot­ 'Pe ndula,' the popular Weeping leaves, the excellent gray bark in land. It is 580 yards lon g, 95 feet tall Beech, m akes a fine appearance winter, the massive branching, the and is dense from the ground up. It wh en its branch es are allowed to dense habit, and the interesting var­ was planted in 1745. sweep the ground. In w inter, its iations of foliage, make this species Many interesting selections have branch es look like a monster ready and its varieties a most graceful or- been developed fr om the Old World to reach out and grab anyon e who namental. 0 17

throughout the holiday season and usually into spring. R. Wayne Mezitt, President While American Holly is generally considered more sus­ Weston Nurseries, In c. ceptible to leaf miner and fungus infections, these prob­ East Main Street lems are easily avoided with a reasonable spraying pro­ Hopkinton, MA 01748 gram. In general, most users of holly would probably be equally sa tisfied with either English or American Holly For thousands of years the superstitions and beliefs for holiday uses. associated with genus Ilex have created a special interes t ______Using Holly ______for the plant that is used so much during the holiday season. Some people contend that the name holly actu­ Cut Holly ally is a corruption of " holy" and thus aptly suited to use Dry Branches: Indoor use of cut holly is usually disap­ at Christmas. Past cultures revered it in folklore as a pointing because it deteriorates if kept for longer than a symbol of good luck, foresight, protection against evil few days. Its appeal rapidly diminishes as the leaves lose spirits and contended it possessed magical powers . gloss and ch ange color, soon becoming brittle and finally Today it is valued largely for its beauty and versatility and d esicca tin g. The berries shrivel, become darker and is without doubt one of the most interesting plants avail­ some times turn bl ack and then shatter from the stems able for use during the holidays. upon being touched . Dry cut branches outside the house In the United States, most familiar Christmas holly is last somewha t longer, .but rarely retain an attractive the English Holly, Ilex aquifolium, native to the British appea rance for more than a couple of weeks. Antidesic­ Isles and introduced to Oregon in the mid 1850s. The cants alone are of limited value in arresting this process. climate in western Oregon was well suited to English Hormone treatments used in shipping holly from the Holly and acres of holly orchards were planted. By the Pacific Northwest are more successful but only if proper late 1800s shipping of cut branches out of Oregon had tempera ture and mois ture conditions are satisfied as become an important industry. The success of these ven­ well. tures continues today; hundreds of acres supply the en­ Holly in Water: Substantially longer life and attractive tire United States with many varieties during November appearance can be expected by putting cut branches in and December. water. English holly will last several weeks in water, The cut holly industry in other parts of the country has depending upon how freshly it is cut. American Holly, been slower in developing. In the mid-Atlantic and especially if freshl y cut in temperatures above freezing, southern United States, some conditions are favorable excels in keeping qualities. Cut branches of many cul­ for orchards while others are not. English Holly does not tivars put in water within an hour after cutting have seem to be a feasible large scale crop in the eas t beca use of retained nearly their original appearance for longer than the less predictable climate, especially spring frosts and a month in normal inside-the-home conditions. Some frequent humidity, moisture and temperature fluctua­ loss of luster should be expected from the foliage, but tions. Other varieties appear to hold more promise al­ further d eterioration is drastically delayed. though nothing on the scale of the Pacific Northwest has Wreaths-A New Approach: The holly wreath is per­ yet been attempted. haps the epitome of holiday decorations. Its drawback Probably the most important Christmas holly for the until recently has been its short keeping qualities and eastern United States is the American Holly, Ilex opaca consequent unattractive appearance after only a week or and its hundreds of cultivars. American Holly is native to two even in most favorable conditions. The problem has the United States from as far north as Massachusetts, recently been solved by using a moisturizing element in southward and westward into Texas and to mid-Florida. the construction of the wreath and thereby extending the Experts tell us that the potential growing range of Ilex attractive life to as much as three months under outside opaca cultivars extends throughout the entire area east of the home conditions. the Mississippi as far north as central Michigan, middle Sphagnum moss is moistened and packed into a pre­ New York States and the northern Massachusetts bor­ pared wreath frame, and the entire assembly is wrapped der. with a continuous strip of polyethylene to seal in the American Holly exhibits many attributes which make it moisture. The assembled frame is soaked in water until a feasible alternative to English Holly. It differs from its ready to use. Branches of holly are cut at an angle to British cousin in ways that are significant to some people proper length and inserted into the moist frame forming and inconsequential to others. Its growth tends to be less what is essentially a circular "vase" in which each branch vigorous, thereby making the berries more noticeable. is kept moist. The foliage is sprayed with a colorless The berries are often more numerous and have a remark­ antidesiccant, and the wreath is hung outside. During able prospensity to retain red color without blackening December the whole assembly soon freezes and does not 19 dehydrate or deteriorate. The wreath will remain attrac­ ground because soil temperatures are moderated by am­ tive until the weather warms or the moisture is used up. bient ground heat, proximity to buildings, snow cover, During extended warm spells it is advisable to soak the mulch and other factors . Only in those northern areas entire w reath in water for a few minutes to rene' l the where it is difficult to grow holly reliably is there likeli­ moisture in the sphagnum. hood of root damage in a landscape planting. Astute This method works with both English and American planting of holly for maximum effect during the holidays Holly but excels with the latter. American Holly remains and throughout the winter is yet another way to take especially attractive, retaining bright red berries and dark advantage of its landscape attributes while, at the same foliage throughout the winter. time, providing a source of cut branches. Although the moist holly wreath is not suited to indoor conditions, with daily soaking it sometimes retains its ____Growing Holly in Massachusetts ____ beauty for a week or longer. The key to long life seems to Our nursery is located in east-central Massachusetts be the "locking-in" of the moisture by freezing. When on a hillside where winter temperatures reach -10°F. frozen, the wreath is remarkably resistant to deteriora­ every winter and occasionally - 20°F. We are at the tion even with sub-zero temperatures and drying winds. northern fringe of the feasible area for growing American Living Holly Holly and too far north for consistent reliability with English Holly. We grow holly to sell as plants primarily Plants in Containers: Live berried plants of holly in con­ but have considerable experience with using cut tainers are attractive to use around the home during the branches of many varieties. holidays . It is not recommended to bring plants into the home for more than a few days because low humidity Field Growing and warm temperatures tend to dry out the plants ex­ Some of the " secrets" of our location and culture may cessively. Out-of-doors, Ilex opaca roots are damaged by be of interest to you and help in your success. Our soil is being exposed to temperatures below 20°F. Plants in pots acid and clayey but with good drainage and medium to must be stored under proper temperature and moisture high organic content. Our air drainage is good on the conditions until spring arrives. hillsides and helps avoid early and late frosts which can Plants in the Landscape: Holly plants in the landscape damage fruit set and quality. We also avoid the high are not subject to the same root damage as those above summer temperatures better than do lowland areas. Humidity Display Table

Introducing a new, unique and practical way to dis­ play plants. Made of an extra-heavy durable plastic with an elegant satin black finish, the humidity dis­ play table provides a near-perfect environment for displaying bonsai, flowering and foliage plants, and cacti. It is particularly excellent for rock plantings. As the plant is watered, the excess water is retained in the tray providing humidity for the plant's environ­ ment. Simply add small pebbles, crushed rock or sand to the tray to keep the plant container above the water level. Neither direct sun nor water will ad­ versely affect the table, as the quality material will not crack, chip, warp or peel. Now you can display sun-loving plants, special or finicky plants, cut or dried arrangements with confidence and pride . .. and control the growing environment at the same time. Write us for details and prices. ole OrchardHill Rectangular Rectangular Square Route One, Kingsley, MI 49649 12" x 16" 12" x 16" 12" x 12" Products designed for you with your plants in mind. 20 Snow cover is not reliable; we often have several weeks of tastes. On the negative side, 'Goldie's' foliage turns open ground in mid-winter. bronze colored in our exposed fields nearly every winter Most of our plants are raised from cuttings and segre­ and is somewhat unattractive from late January until the gated by variety and sex. We mulch with two- three new growth comes. We are currently testing other inches bark or wood chips to control moisture, weeds yellow-fruited forms but believe 'Goldie' has enough and to help moderate soil tempera tures especially in open meri t to co ntinue growing it. winters. Our plants are transplanted every two to three In addition to these cultivars, we grow several varieties years until they are about four feet high. Suitable males which we believe hold promise for holiday use and cul­ are usually planted within 100 feet of the females. All ture in New England. These are all broadleaf evergreen plants are sheared when necessary and are fed with a holli es w ith red berries, although there are many other balanced organic fertilizer as required by plant and soil varieties of Ilex (such as Ilex glabra, crena ta, verticillata) conditions. New growth is sprayed with a fungicide suitable for holiday use as well. every year and an insecticide when necessary. The major­ 'Nellie R. Stevens', a hybrid of Ilex crenata and Ilex ity of our plants are grown in full sun in the open fields. aquifoliu111 , is an attractive orange-red berried fast­ growing sh rub with large crin kled glossy dark foliage ______C,ontainer Culture ______and soft spines. Its berries color early and its keeping To supplement fi eld grown plants, we grow some va ­ qualities are good . It is not reliably winter-hardy in our ri eties in containers because they are easier to handle, area but adapts well to container culture. It is pollinated less winter-hardy or otherwise better suited . We have by male Ilex aquifoliul11 in our area and reportably by had excellent success with this type of culture despite the Il ex cornuta in more southern areas. This h ybrid is well more exacting requirements of winter root protection and suited to southern New England, Cape Cod and south­ more frequent watering and feeding requirements. If ward. plants are transferred from pots frequently, we avoid the fl ex pemyi veitchi performs well in our area, flowers tendency of the roots to "girdle" or grow around the heavily and is apparently an excellent pollinator. It is a edges of the pot and eventually choke the plant. We have pyramidal growing male with medium size sharp leaves found that virtually all hollies can be successfully grown and prominent fl ower buds in winter. Even without ber­ in containers and moved when larger to the field without ries it is valuable on its own merits as an outstanding root problems. With proper attention to cultivar re­ co mpact foliage plant. quirements it is entirely feasible to produce a reliable Ilex peduncu losa, the Longstalk H olly, is hardy in our annual crop of cut greens from varieties not hardy in area and has som e interesting characteristics. The long outdoor conditions. narrow foliage is spineless, the berries are spaced along the stem and are persistent. It is a fast-growing, multi­ ______Our Favorite Varieties______stem plant which, surprisingly, has proven especially We raise several cultivars of Ilex aquifolium, our fa vorite suited for colder areas. The male pedunculosa tends to being 'J. G . Esson'. This is a vigorous plant often growing suffer leaf burn more than the female but recovers suffi­ two-three feet in a season. It has dark bronze -green ciently to fl ower reliably. glossy leaves with sharp spines and large red fruit. Even The new Meserve hybrids, the so called "blue" hollies, though it is not reliably winter-hardy, its vigorous appear to hold much promise. They are hybrids of Ilex growth quickly covers the branches that have died-back aquifolium and Ilex rugosa. 'Blue Girl', 'Blue Angel', 'Blue and it appears to produce a consistently good crop of Boy', 'Blue Prince', and 'Blue Princess' are the ones we berries on the new shoots. 'J. G . Esson' is well suited to have tried and all seem to perform well. 'Blue Girl' tends Cape Cod and southward, and performs superbly in to produce berries earlier in the season and appears to be containers. less persistent than the others. All are winter hardy here We grow about a dozen cultivars of Ilex opaca proven and have outstanding foliage on compact wide growing suited for our area. Our favorites are 'Merry Christmas', plants that have substantial landscape potential. All the 'Old Heavy Berry' and 'St. Mary'. We believe Ilex opaca to males will pollinate any of the females. They have a very be the best type of holly for consistent berry production long blooming season and females often have berries at and good foliage, and we constantly test new cultivars for varying stages of maturity throughout the year. superior characteristics. Even in our most severe winters Many new varieties are currently being hybridized, when the plants suffer winter injury, our best cultivars tested and introduced throughout the country by many recover sufficiently to bloom properly and produce a individuals and institutions. We expect the next few reliable crop of berries and attractive foliage for Christ­ years to produce hollies that are superior in many ways to mas cutting. what we have now with respect to leaf shape and texture, An interesting yellow-berried form is Il ex opaca size, color and quantities of berries, keeping qualities, 'Goldie'. This cultivar has thick, dull green leaves and an winter-hardiness, disease resistance and ease of culture. abundant display of yellow fruit. It performs very well for Why not try some yourself and see how rewarding it can us and gives an interesting contrast that appeals to some be to grow your own holiday holly? 0 21 &JRillZ4OJ Sonora Desert Museum

allow visitors to see the under­ Lorraine and Guy Burgess ground hiding places of kit fox, 202 Old Broadmoor Road ringtail cats and rattlesnake, and the Colorado Springs, CO 80906 root systems of certain desert plants. An Earth Sciences Center allows If you are looking for a world of you to enter the underground world startling, natural beauty and mys­ of limestone caves to experience the tery, visit the Arizona-Sonora De­ powerful forces that have shaped sert Museum, west of Tucson. For this desert. This underground gardeners in particular, it offers an meandering will take you through exciting pres~ntation of more than four and a half billion years of 306 kinds of native desert plants, geologic time. and a demonstration garden sug­ The museum enables visitors, gesting practical, easy -care land­ especially gardeners, to gain knowl­ scape designs of surprising beauty. edge in a few hours of what would This open museum stands on a otherwise require years of wilder­ vast, mountain park acreage adja­ ness searching. Summer visitors are cent to the Saguaro National advised to visit the gardens in the Monument, one of the great saguaro early morning or late afternoon and forests of the world. Desert plants Above-Arizona d esert to wear hats as protection against the Right-Cactus patterns (Organ pipe) are displayed and labeled for your sun. Admission charges are $3.60 for review and study. A cactus garden part of the country and by museum adults, $1.50 for teens (13-17), and of considerable scope shows all the people from countries all over the $.50 for children 6-12. Group rates plants that survive and prosper in world. are available on request and certain this harsh desert environment. Wisely this concentration of desert educational groups at the college Travel through the gard'ens is plants serves too as a natural habitat level are admitted free by pre­ along near-level paths and there are for desert animals big and small. arrangement. shade ramadas an<;i drinking foun­ Exhibits range from centipedes to Photographers are invited to bring tains along the way to bolster the scorpions, from boa constrictors to their camera equipment. Many of unaccustomed desert traveler. snakes and lizards. Desert tortoise, the desert plants that border the na­ Arizona-Sonora is an innovative prairie dogs, javelina, and Mexican ture paths provide singular 'close­ museum, located on a hillside, over­ wolves are represented. Underwater up' possibilities, For those wishing looking a long sweeping segment of viewing corridors provide a new to spend the day on the site, there a grea t desert 'sea', and reaching vantage point for observing the are snack bars and a restaurant on west across the Papago Indian Res­ antics of river otter and beaver. Bird the grounds. Picnicking grounds are ervation and 60 miles south beyond enclosures allow for an intimate in­ available in the nearby mountain the Mexican border. In museum par­ troduction to the golden eagle and park. lance, itis considered a real gem. It is the western horned owl. Hawks; So bring your notebook, your sough t ou t by more than a half mil- vultures, quail and doves provide camera and your lunch and spend a 22 lion visitors each year from every studies in contrast. Tunnel exhibits glorious day in the Arizona sun. 0

Zero-Based Bu,~~ ...... for Lighting l.JJants

white (WWF) fluorescent. Table 1 10 times more than a comparable Henry M. Cathey and describes what the different types of INC lamp. Lowell E. Campbell lamps do to plants. We can control Selection by color rendering of Florist & Nursery Crops Laboratory stem elongation, branching, flower­ plants, people and furnishings: In­ and Agricultural Equipmen t ing, foliage color and senescence. door gardeners also expect their Laboratory Note that some lamps promote plants, viewers and furnishings to U.S. Department of Agriculture lengthening; others do not. look attractive while they are grow­ Beltsville, MD 20705 Selection by lamp efficiency: ing the plants. Table 3 will guide you Cool white (CWF) and warm white in selecting lamps by identifying Indoor gardening with plants has (WWF) fluorescent lamps are widely which colors are enhanced (color in­ gone full circle. We started by grow­ used by indoor gardeners-they tensified) or grayed (color distorted). ing plants in windows. We had to have an efficiency of 70 and 71 lu­ The grow-lamps tend to enhance select plants which would survive. mens per watt of input power (table while the most efficient ones (HPS, We. were literally taking away the 2). Of the energy required to gener­ LPS) tend to gray colors. INC and available sunlight and trying to ate the light, only 20 percent is pro­ INC-HG lamps create an environ­ adapt the growth of the plants to duced as visible light; the remaining ment which appears similar to sun­ cope with the often meager natural energy (non-visible radiation, con­ light. lighting. The foliage plant industry vection and conduction, ballast loss) Conversion from one lamp to introduced the word "acclimiza­ must be gotten rid of in some way to another: Most plants can be main­ tion" to explain why some plants avoid over-heating the plants. The tained when we grow them with en­ would survive and others would grow-lamps are all less effici ent in ergy equal to that provided by 300 rapidly decline and eventually die in generating visible light and produce foot-candles of light from cool white these locations. more waste energy than CWF and fluorescent lamps. If for various rea­ This does not need to be the situa­ WWF. The discharge lamps require sons (efficiency, distance between tion for indoor gardeners. The avid large fixtures and heavy ballasts to lamp and plants, color rendering), indoor light gardeners have already operate. you wish to use some other kind of learned that many plants can be High pressure sodium (HPS) lam p for growing the plants, you grown when they assume that the lamps are being used in many malls need a rule of thumb to interconvert contribution from natural light to the and shopping centers for lighting from one light source to another. growth of plants is generally insig­ large areas. Low pressure sodium Table 4 suggests the approximate nificant. They operate a "Zero-Base" (LPS) lamps are not yet available distance the plants should be placed budget for their plants. They have through most retail outlets. Incan­ from the lamp to provide equal en­ learned that the use of human vision descent (INC) lamps produce a spot ergy for growing the plants. A light lamps can insure the growth of a of intense light (7 percent) and heat meter such as GE Model 214 is the wide range of foliage, flower and (93 percent). The inefficiency and best way to insure that plants are fruiting plants. the short life make this light source receiving the recommended foot­ Do your zero-base budgeting for an energy-intensive system. The candles of light. For information on plants by following these steps: self-ballasting incandescent-mer­ where to buy one, look through your Selection by response of plants: cury lamps have the convenience of garden supply catalogs. It has three All human vision lamps can be used a medium base socket. They permit ranges: 10-50 fe, 50-250 fe, 200-1000 as a sole source to grow plants. The you to use the socket you now use fc with a X10 multiplying cover. standard light source for many years for INC lamps. Their efficiency is not Position the top of the meter parallel 24 has been cool white (CWF) or warm greater than INC and they cost 5 to continued 011 page 29 Lamp Plant Responses Fluorescent-Cool White (CWC) • Green foliage which expands to parallel the surface of the lamp and Warm White (WW) • Stems elongate slowly • Multiple side shoots develop • Floweling occurs over a long period of time

Fluorescent Gro Lux (GL) • Deep green foliage expands, often larger than on plants grown under CW or WW and Plant Light • Stems elongate vel''! slowly, extra thick stems develop • Multiple side shoots develop • Flowering occurs late, flower stalks do not elongate

Fluorescent-Gro-Lux-WS • Light green foliage which tends to ascend towards the lamp (GL-WS), Vita-Lite (VITA) • Stems elongate rapidly, distances between the leaves Agro-lite (AGRO), and • Suppresses development of multiple side shoots Wide Spectrum lamps • Flowering occurs soon, flower stalks elongated, plants mature and age rapidly

High Intensity Discharge­ • Similar to CW and WW fluorescent lamps compared on equal energy Deluxe Mercury (HG) or • Green foliage which expands Metal Halide (MH) • Stems elongate slowly • Multiple side shoots develop • Flowering occurs over a long period of time

High Intensity Discharge­ • Similar to Gro-Lux and other color improved fluorescent compared on equal energy High Pressure Sodium (HPS) • Deep green foliage expands, often larger than on plants grown under Hand MH • Stems elongate very slowly, extra thick stems develop • Multiple side shoots develop • Flowering occurs late, flower stalks do not elongate

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) • Extra deep green foliage, bigger and thicker than on plants grown under other light sources • Stem elongation is slowed, very thjck stems develop • Multiple side shoots develop even on secondary shoots • Flowering occurs, flower stalks do not elongate Exceptions: Saintpaulias, lettuce and Impatiens must have supplemental sunlight or incandescent to insure development of chlorophyll and reduction of stem elongation.

Incandescent (INC) and • Paling of foliage, thinner and longer than on plants grown under other light sources Incan de seen t -Mercury • Stem elongation is excessive, eventually becomes spindly and easily breaks (ING-HG) • Side shoot development is suppressed, plants expand only in height • Flowering occurs rapidly, the plants mature and senesce Exceptions: Rosette and thick leaved plants such as Sansevieria may maintain ». themselves for many months. The new leaves which eventually develop wHl elongate ' and will not have the typical characteristics of the species.

Total Visible Non-Visible Radiation Average \lseful Time lumens Radiation conduction & convection life of la~p · 12 hr/day Lamp I\lo!!i. per watt Percent Ballast loss Percent h,orus (1000s) (months') .. ... (!I :FIuore .~cen.t , (F) * I'R· {

from outdoor plantings tended by her father-in-law in Ruth Farmer Campau Florida. 114 Willow Road The former librarian (she has a master's degree in li­ Greenfield, IN 46140 brary science and was employed by the Graduate Library of Indiana University) has thoroughly researched bromeliads. She edits a newsletter for the Indianapolis Why does a librarian-homemaker living in central In­ Bromeliad Society and is also serving as its president. diana choose to grow house plants as exotic to her sur­ She enjoys discussing bromeliads, referring to each roundings as bromeliads? curious plant by its scientific name, since most Welt as Elissa Hafsten of Indianapolis puts it: bromeliads do not have "common" names. "Bromeliads have class and style. They're different from "They' re terrific house plants. Although interest in the usual green house plants, and one can take pride in them is somewhat recent in Indiana, they have been growing them successfully." popular in some parts of the country for 20 years or She first saw the plants in their native habitat in 1973, more/' she points out. while driving along the Tamiami Trail enroute to Naples, Because some species grow on trees, bromeliads are Florida. often mistaken for parasites. Actually, they are epiphytes "The colors of the Tillandsia fasciculata were startling (air plants) and derive their nourishment through their with their violet flowers and red bracts/' she recalls. leaves, from air and rain water. Roots serve only to hold From that moment, her enthusiasm for bromeliads grew the plant onto its host tree, although bromeliads' root steadily. systems do quickly adapt to growing in soil. She purchased a few specimens at a Fort Myers nur­ Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) is an epiphytic sery, and wrapped them individually in newspapers. bromeliad. Soon, they had a new home under artificial lights in Wi th more than 2,000 varieties currently identified, it is Indianapolis. not surprising tha t individual members of the family vary Today, in a greenhouse built onto the south side of her in size and flowering habits. For example, in addition to home, she has some 200 species in her collection. Among the epiphytes, some bromeliads are terrestrials (growing her favorites are those in the Pitcairnioideae subfamily. in soil). The familiar pineapple (Ananas comas us) is one of " They're so-called 'primitive' bromeliads, and look more these. like cactus than some of the tropical bromeliads/' she Others are saxicolous (rock dwellers) such as Or­ explains. One plant, Pitcairnia tabuliformis, grows into a thophytum . green compact rosette, resembling a table and is rather In size, they vary from the huge Puya raimondii tower­ unusual in Indiana. Other plants special to her are ing at 35 feet, to a tiny Tillandsia bryoides, only a few Neoregelias and Vrieseas. inches in height at maturity. Oddly enough, these are She has hybridized two species of Neoregelia. Seed­ both natives of the same area in Bolivia . lings are now about two years old and only inches high. Flowering is another individualistic trait. Though most Though commercial nurseries usually bring seedlings to bromeliads bloom only once in their lifetime, some bloom within two years, these may be somewhat species (Dyckias for one) bloom every year in the spring. slower-perhaps due to the cooler temperature of her Some bromeliads bloom within 18 months from seed, greenhouse. others are thought to be 150 years old before they pro­ As Phoenix Plants, Ltd., she supplies bromeliads to a duce their first bloom. 26 growing market from her own greenhouse as well as Most commercially grown varieties available on the

market will bloom within 12 to 24 months. Prices will vary in different areas of the country, of Although the " once-and-only" bloom concept may course, but generally you can expect to find a good plant seem discouraging, the bromeliad redeems itself by for a reasonable price. Some collectors' plants will be producing offsets, or "pups" from which new plants are priced at $20 or more. She suggests starting with a grown. Most grow from the base of the plant, although Neoregelia. "They're very showy, very generous with some (such as Vriesea splen dens and Guzmania sanguinea) offsets and they can stand some neglect. They do very produce one or two pups from the center of the plant. well here in Central Indiana." Of course not all bromeliads, even of the same variety., Aechmea fasciata 'Silver Vase' is another variety good have identical requirements, but in general, success in for beginners. growing them indoors in central Indiana depends on Make your purchase only through established, reliable three things: adequate light, high humidity and lots of growers. Reputable growers sell only plants grown from circulating air. seed or offsets of older plants-not collected from the "Don't put them in a dark corner. A bromeliad on a wild. Illegal pira ting of wild bromeliads is a serious prob­ table in a corner with no light and no air may look nice, lem, disturbing Mrs. Hafsten and other growers. but it won't be happy," Mrs. Hafsten cautions. "Many natural populations of Guzmania monostachia, If a brigh tly ligh ted spot (not necessarily full sun) is not which is native only to a limited area in the Florida available, bromeliads can be grown under 14 to 16 hours Everglades, have been completely destroyed in order to of artificial ligh t per day. provide material for the novelty market," she laments. Because they are natives of the tropics, humidity of at Unscrupulous pickers skim the Everglades in swamp least 30 percent (and preferably even 50 percent) will help buggies, snipping the plants from their high perches them stay healthy. Misting the foliage is also desirable with long pruning saws. and use of pebble trays and mechanical humidifers can In so doing, they not only kill the bromeliads thus also help. preventing their propagation, but they also disrupt the Good air circulation is of great importance. A circulat­ natural life of the swamp. ing fan is an excellent idea. Bromeliads provide shade and moisture for other wild As for water requirements, bromeliads should never plants, as well as water and nesting material for birds. In get absolutely dry. Mrs. Hafsten keeps the cups of her addition, certain amphibians and insects actually make plants filled with water during the growing season. She their homes in the plants. uses. water of room temperature (never cold), pouring it "It can't go on forever. The situation will soon be right into the cup until it runs out the pot. However, the similar to the depredation of cactus in our desert areas," plant should not sit in water. "Soggy feet will cause rot in Mrs. Hafsten warns. many bromeliads." For this reason, she uses a potting Illegally collected plants can often be identified by mix that is very fast draining and slightly acid. brown, broken leaves. Their root systems are not as de­ Use of fertilizer on bromeliads is a matter of varied veloped as those of plants grown in nurseries, and they opinion among growers. Mrs. Hafsten uses a quarter are in general " just raunchy looking plants" she says. teaspoon of 15-30-15 fertilizer per gallon of water to feed Motivated by her interest in bromeliads, Mrs. Hafsten seedlings. But she stresses that the source of light must joined a botanical tour of Arizona, New Mexico and be adequate particularly when fertilizing, because Texas in May, 1977. otherwise the foliage tends to overgrow. While at Big Bend National Park in Texas, she found Besides being attractive potted plants, bromeliads lend " huge masses of Hectia scariosa all along the northwest themselves to various decorative forms. For example, slope of Boquillas canyon. Clumps of 12 or more plants epiphytic bromeliads are spectacular in a "tree" ar­ measuring between two and three and a half feet in rangemen t, which displays them as they live in their diameter were growing in an oval shape," she recalls. home in the wild. Later the group found another colony, growing at an Mrs . Hafsten suggests starting with an unrooted eleva tion of about 3,000 feet in the Santa Elena Canyon. offset. Attach this "pup" very tightly to a wood branch "I marveled at this plant's adaptation to its environment. with plastic coated wire, so when the roots form they will Both colonies were on rocky slopes facing southwest, in not be disturbed. To avoid rot, she does not wrap the areas that receive minimum rain and maximum sun year plant with sphagnum moss, but allows the roots to grow round, with severe temperature extremes." directly onto the wood as they do naturally. The experience has en-hanced her pleasure in the chal­ Terrariums are another interesting way to display lenge of raising the plants in her home. As she says, bromeliads. The Crypthanthus (Earth Stars) varieties do "Here in central Indiana we just don't have the balmy very well in this environment, and she suggests adding weather of Florida or California, so we can't plant themin some humus or soil to the fast draining potting mix for our yards. We have to use special techniques to grow the growing medium. them indoors. By so doing, I like to think we're making If you are a first-time buyer of these unusual house an important contribution to the body of knowledge 28 plants, she offers these tips: about bromeliads." 0 Zero Based Budgeting soapy water to remove the accumu­ Note: mention of a trademark lated dust and litter. Clea n plants name of a proprietary product does co 11 til1 ued from page 24 and surfaces to insure tha t your not constitute a guarantee or war­ to the surface being measured for zero-base budget for li gh ting will ranty of the product by the USDA li ght, then shift switch position from h ave the greates t impact in creating and does not imply its approval to high to medium to low to determine an environment for vigorously th e exclusion of other products that the intensity of light in foot-candles. lants. D also be sui ta ble. Take several readings and average the results. Photographic light meters are sel­ For The Interior Designer dom satisfactory for measuring plant Color Rendering of Plants, People and Furnishings lighting. Converting and correcting Lamp The General Appearance on the measurement to foot-candles is Complexion (the actua'l Fluorescent a Neutral Wall of Surface appearance of sUn) complex due to spectral varia tions of fluorescent lamps. They can be used Cool White CW White Pale Pink Warm White WW Yellowish Sallow to determine rela tive levels of ligh t. Gro Lux-Plant Light GRO-PL Pink White Reddish There are substitute systems, based Gro Lux-WS GRO-WS Light Pink-White Pink on dials, probes and ligh t sensiti ve Agro-lite AGRO White Pink papers. These gadgets, unfortu­ Vita-lite VITA White Pink nately, give onl y relative readings Discharge and cannot be used to co nvert from Mercury (all types) HG Purplish White Ruddy one artificialligh t source to another. Metal Halide MH Greenish White Greyed High Pressure Sodium HPS Yellowish Yellowish Our personal choices: There are Low Pressure Sodium LPS Yellow Greyed two basic lighting situations, one for Incandescent INC Yellowish White Ruddy growing and one for sh owing Incandescent-Mercury INC-HG Yellowish White Rucldy plants. For growing, we suggest you Atmosphere Flower Color Greyed use one CW or WW and one grow­ (The general feeling of room) Colors Improved or Strengthened (undesirable) fluorescent lamp or on e CW and CW Neutral to cool one WW in an alternating pattern. Blue, Yellow, Orange Red WW Yellow to warm Yellow, Orange Blue, Green, Red We find that most plants grow well GRO-PL Purple to pink Blue, Red Green, Yellow and are attractive in appearance. The GRO-WS Warm Blue, Yellow, Red Green lamps can be placed 6 to 18 inches AGRO Neutral to warm Blue, Yellow, Red Green away from the plants when built into VITA Neutral to cool Blue, Yellow, Red Green HG Cool shelves, under counters, or in ceil­ Blue, Green, Yellow Red MH Cool green Blue, Green, Yellow Red ings. For showing in malls or en­ HPS Wann Green, Yellow, Orange Blue, Red trance. "' to your home where the LPS Warm Yellow All Excepf Yellow lights must be built into the ceiling, INC Warm Yellow, Orange, Red Blue and the plants placed on the floor, INC-HG Warm Yellow, Orange, Red BIue HPS lamps are the most efficient. They illuminate the floor to give the required light intensity and can be Equal Energy conveniently and safely built into Lamp Equal Racdiant the ceiling. You will need to work Energy (visible) with a residential lighting firm to Fluol'E!scent (footcandles) have HPS lamps installed. Make sure that the lamps, as installed, are shielded to avoid glare. The final steps: Be sure to re­ member to install a time-clock to au­ tomatically turn the lamps on and off 12 hours daily. To increase the avail­ able light by at least 25 percent, cover "'7 all surfaces (walls, ceiling, floor) B with mirrors (glass, plexiglass, mir­ 11 .8 rorized mylar) . Finally, wash all sur­ 3.5 7 faces , plants and surroundings, at NIA bi-weekly intervals with warm 29 ·-Citrus Fruits

guidelines might include attractive rus varieties truly fulfill all of the Edward M. Vasilcik foliage; abundant and fragrant flow­ above requirements while providing Phipps Conservatory, ers; ornamental and edible fruit; a touch of the tropics in the sun room Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 manageable size and adaptability to or den. Consider what prerequisites you less than perfect indoor environ­ These numerous members of the would insist upon if choosing a per­ mental conditions. " Impossible" family Rutaceae are diminutive fect houseplant. Your rigorous some would say, and yet dwarf ci t- evergreen shrubs grown for their

30 edible fruits, heavily scented flowers of failure with these plants. Moder­ plants should be quarantined to and glossy leathery foliage. When all a tely high humidity levels and thwart possible infestation. their attributes are considered, it is proper air circulation promote op­ When choosing specific varieties easy to see why this plant group has timum growth . for the home, lemons are the most been popularly grown for years, Rapid temperature change should popular as they bloom continuously both indoors and out. be avoided . Warm day temperatures and bear early . Citrus limonia 'Pon­ Fruit production on dwarf citrus of 72°-75°F promote fl owering, espe­ derosa', the Ponderosa or American can occur all year. Most often flow­ cially if preceded by a combination of Wonder Lemon, produces two­ ers and fruit in all developmental cool te mperatures (55-60°F night pound fruits indoors which are ex­ stages are present simultaneously. temperature) and slightly drier soil cellent for pies and lemon drinks. The heaviest fruiting is initiated with in winter. This variety adapts to less light than the numerous blooms produced in Citrus aurantiifolia , the Key Lime, other citruses. the warmer months of summer and is the leas t cold h ardy. The Kumquat Citrus limon 'Meyeri' is an almost autumn. on the other hand is quite rugged­ thornless lemon and is a natural Specimens purchased at local ca pable of withstanding tempera­ dwarf. Because of its prolific flower­ shops or nurseries are usually com­ tures of even 12-15°F for short ing all year and the excellent flavor of plete with flowers or fruit. Plants of periods. its medium-sized fruits it is highly smaller size purchased from mail The plants adapt to shade, but do recommended . order establishments may take one best in bright indoor li ght with at Citrus mitis or Calamondin to two years to reach frui t bearing least four hours of sun each day. Oranges are the most often available age. The plants adjust to home con­ When using flourescent li ght setups, dwarf citrus plants. They are natives ditions if they are kept moist and in 12 to 16 hours of ligh t each day is of the Philippine Islands and the direct or bright, indirect natural best. small, somewhat tart fruits are deco­ light. Some leaf drop is to be ex­ Pollination outdoors is easily pro­ ra ti ve as well as sui ta ble for limi ted pected in the adaptation period. vided by native insects. This is also culinary purposes. Even if all the leaves should drop, easily accomplished indoors. Since A somewhat larger fruited indoor the plant will develop new foliage if the citrus flo wers s tamens and pistil orange is Citrus taitensis, the the roots are not permitted to be­ are quite pronounced, transfer of Otaheite Orange. Its dense foliage come waterlogged. Newly formed pollen from the s tamens to the provides an excellent background foliage has a decided ad van tage over moist, pistillate surface is easily ac­ for the plum-sized oval oranges. the original leaves because it is more complished with a small brush or Fortunella margarita or Kumquat adaptable to a less than perfect envi­ cotton swab . comes in several small, bushy var­ ronment. Minimal pruning maintenance is ieties that produce interestingly fla­ Newly obtained plants usually do necessary for most dwarf citrus, al­ vored fruits . They are among the not need repotting and respond best though proper branch removal most manageable of the dwarf citrus if the roots are kept confined. How­ coupled with root pruning every two trees and their dense branch struc­ ever, sluggish growth in the spring years can produce handsome bonsai ture makes them excellent for use in may indica te a need for a fresh soil specimens. bonsai culture. mixture and larger quarters. If this is Standard fruit market citrus do Citrus nobilis 'Deliciosa' plants are the case, a good general soil mixture not yield seeds suitable for growing often grafted dwarfs whose varieties would be made up of two parts acid dwarf citrus. The results from com­ produce tangerines, temple or­ peat moss, one part garden loam and mercial fruit will often be large anges, Satsuma oranges and Man­ one part coarse sand or perlite with plants whose flowering and fruiting darin oranges. the pH adjusted to 6.5. Perfect are drastically delayed. The special If you are not acquainted with the drainage is critical. No fertilizer dwarf varieties are readily available dwarf citrus or have had problems should be used for several months as genetic dwarfs propagated from with them in the past, purchase a after transplanting. Later, regular tip cuttings of half ripened wood in variety or two. You'll find that with fertilization can be maintained on a late summer. Commercial citrus var­ some basic care and attention, the bi-weekly basis from early spring ieties often produce good results if miniature citrus tree on the window through fall. A high nitrate, acid grafted on dwarfing rootstocks. Both sill may indeed be your perfect in­ plant food is considered best and forms as container plants are easily door plant. 0 additions of chela ted minerals, main tained a t sizes less than three / especially iron, will prevent leaf yel­ feet tall . ' Some of the many sources of Mini­ lowing. The most prevalent insects as­ Citrus Trees: Armstrong Nurseries, Inc. A watering schedule which al­ sociated with dwarf citrus are scale P.O . Box 473 , Ontario, California 91761. They have an ex tensive list of 24 dwarfs. lows the soil surface to become dry insects and mealy bugs. Less com­ Merry Gardens, Camden, Maine 04843 to the touch between waterings will mon visitors are red spiders, thrips and Spring Hill Nurseries, 110 West Elm avoid overwatering-a major cause and white flies . Newly purchased Street, Tipp City, Ohio 45366. 31 Christmas by Tom Stevel1son Humidity and an abundance of light in cause they had the ability to adapt to the the Tropical and Subtropical zones have climate of the Atlantic Coast. evolved plants with grand and spectacu­ During the next 50 years, the devel­ lar foliage in unusual patterns, with opment of new rhododendron varieties flowers a rainbow of colors, often with was done mostly in England, Belgium, haunting fragrance, especially at night, Holland and most of these new hybrids according to Dr. Alfred B. Graf. were not able to adapt to the regions "It is exciting," he says, "that most of where the ironclads would grow. these plants can be grown quite well Rhododendrons are climate-specific under conditions very different from and lack the general adaptability of other their native homes. Most species can garden flowers such as the rose and adapt to other surroundings, in fact, it marigold. Successfully adaptable new would be a challenge to try them." varieties had to come from those bred " I have found that plants used in gar­ and raised in the same region where they dens are apt to be very similar in all were to grow. warm-climate regions and many may be Thus it fell to American breeders to adapted to widely varying conditions­ produce hybrids that could perform well outdoors or on the patio where climate in their region. For parent stock, they permits, and indoors where they may used the hardy species and hybrids in­ not survive the cold of winter." troduced by plant explorers, brought In fact, many of the tropical foliage principally from the East Coast of the plants are now grown in homes in cold­ Asian continent. climate regions. Other tropicals are Only seedlings with the right genes grown as annuals in summer gardens. survived the three to seven years be­ Grafis a widely traveled plant explorer tween their germina tion and first flower­ of the world's tropics and subtropics. ing. Natural selection eliminated the Horticulturist, botanist and profes­ unfit and the hybridizer selected the sional photographer, he is headquar­ most beautiful. The fruits of this process tered at the Exotic Nurseries of the produced a major garden miracle in east­ Roehrs Company where he has presided ern America during the past sixty years. over one of the world's most complete The bybridizers who made the major plant collections. contribution to this miracle were: He is the author of a new book, Charles Dexter, patrician New England "Tropica," published by Scribner's, 1120 industrialist; Joe Gable, devout fanner; pages, 7000 photos showing th e best of the Guy Nearing, brilliant, nonconforming tropical plants, all in full color, priced at intellectual; Tony Shammarello, inner $115. It would make a wonderful city kid who made good; and, Ben Morri­ Christmas present. son, scientist-aesthete. It is, in fact, an encyclopedia, with in­ " It would be hard to assemble a more structions on how to care for plants in the incongruous lot, with so little in com­ home, office or greenhouse, how to take mon," according to David G . Leach, care of blooming plants received at holi­ often referred to as a hybridizer's hy­ days, plant descriptions with photo bridizer, past president of the American index and climate guide, propagation Horticultural SOCiety, author of many ar­ methods, pest control and diseases, or­ ticles on Rhododendrons and azaleas, chids, bromeliads, cacti, succulents, and and the book "Rhodendrons of the World." on the cover the picture of a beautiful "The five hybridizers have given a Tahiti girl with a crown of tropical flow­ new lilt and grace to eastern gardens ers on her head. through the phenomenal rhododendron With this book around, how could and azalea hybrids they have pro­ anyone deeply interested in plants and duced," says Leach. gardening ever feel lonesome? A new book, intended to provide a permanent record of the hybridizers which produced this miracle and com­ A century ago rhododendrons and memorating their lives and their plants, azaleas (both are classified as rhododen­ "Hybrids and Hybridizers-Rhododendrons drons) were rarely grown in American and Azaleas for Eastern North America," gardens. There were only a few native edited by Philip A. Livingston and Franklin species and a small group of ironclad H. West, has just been published by Har­ hybrids developed in England from rowood Books, 3943 N. Providence Rd., which to choose. The ironclads were in­ Newton Square, P A 19073. 256 pages well 32 troduced in 1876 and were so-cf\lled be- illustrated, including more than 100 in full e c%r, priced at $25. rials of death in his hill1ds, can apply The book would make a wonderful extinction when and where he will . Zelkova Chlistmas present for a rhododendron He is being warned that his life and the continued from page 15 and azalea loving friend, and can be or­ lives of animals, insects and plants are dered direct from the publisher to be in terdependent. This is not to say that triacanthos) received much attention sure of getting it in time. when he uproots a dandelion in the gar­ as a possible elm substitute. The " Their hybrids, with appraisals of den he weighs the scales of survival both qualities and hardiness, and how against himself. outgrowth of that research effort they were produced, their thoughts on On the other side, a new study is re­ was the introduction cif several im­ promising prospects for improvements, vealing tha t some weeds may actually be proved cultivars of honeylocust in and much more are here for the hobbyist worth encouraging for the help they give the early fifties. Recent interest has to read and relish," Leach says. This to garden plants, both by benefiting their centered around our native hack­ book has no parallel in its interest for growth and by quelling or killing the both the novice and the knowledgeable. pests that attack them, and even by kill­ berries (Celtis spp.) . Zelko va should "The information published gives the ing more pernicious weeds. likewise benefit from continued va­ reader what he needs to know when Weed seeds are dispersed by birds, rietal improvements. dipping into the treasure trove of over squirrels, all sorts of other animals and A visit to North Farm in Bristol, one thousand new azaleas and rhodo­ by the wind. A bird fl ying to its winter­ R.l., should convince most tree lov­ dendrons, all perfectly at home in east­ ing areas in central and South America, a ern gardens. It also equips anyone who distance of 5,000 to 7,000 miles, can take ers of the singular beauty of the zel­ chooses to apply the hybridizers' weed seeds along. The bobolink from kova. With the selection of improved know-how in developing beautiful new North American meadowlands flies cultivars, zelkova will become more hybrids for future gardener~ to enjoy." 5,000 miles to Bolivia, Paraguay or Brazil, popular and more available in the the Arctic tern from the north of Green­ trade. While many wholesale nurs­ land to the edge of the Antarctic pack­ Weeds are an aspect of history. The ice, 11 ,000 miles. eries have the tree listed in their story of the introduction of plants into Alfred Newton, professor of zoology catalogues, zelkova is not as easily Bri tain and America tells of the invasions at Cambridge, sent Charles Darwin the found on the retail level. If you can of civilized man. To England with leg of a partridge with a hard ball of earth not find a source for the tree, drop us the Romans came among other plants weighing 61/2 ounces adhering to it. a note at AHS headquarters and we the Corn Cockle, Field Spurrey and Darwin kept the earth for three years, Rough-headed Poppy; with the monks but when he broke it up, watered it and will attempt to help you. 0 came culinary and medicinal herbs-and placed it under a bell-glass, no fewer Borage escaped to make waysides gay than 82 plants grew from it. with its blue rocket flowers . It would be too sweeping a statement To America with the Pilgrim Fathers to say that all weeds can be put to a good came the Dandelion, Shepherd's Purse, use, says Allen. It depends, of course, on Stinging Nettle, Couch Grass, Chick­ what you call a weed. What is one man's weed, Groundsel and ubiquitous Plan­ weed can become another's good garden tain. plant. Weeds can be benevolent or toxic says In California, the man who probably Mea Allen, an English gardener (her was the greatest of all h ybridizers, garden contains many plants that are as Luther Burbank, looked at three daisies: old as three centuries, having belonged the Ox-eye daisy growing on the hills of to Robert and Thomas Tradescant, Massachusetts, which was small, tenaci­ kinsmen of the famous English botanists ous and hardy; an English Michaelmas John Tradescant and his son John). daisy which was larger and coarser in Allen is the author ofa venj good new book, stem; and the Japanese daiSY, not large Vegetable Factory® "WEEDS-The Unbidden Guests in our but of exquisite and a lmost dazzling Gardens, " published by The Viking Press, whiteness. SOLAR PANEL Nf?{,u York, NY, 191 printed pages, well He decided to marry the three and cre­ illustrated, $14.95. ate a queen daisy that would have a GREENHOUSE Some weeds, including poison ivy are slender stem, but firm, at least two feet dangerous to man. Some like dodder, tall and free from branches, with a flower are parasitic, living on other plants. larger than any daisy ever seen before, USES 60% Others excrete harmful substances and petals of the purest white. which depress the growth of neighbor­ From 300,000 seeds Burbank grew LESS HEAT. This practical thermal wall greenhouse ing plants, and some become transit 100,000 pOSSible candidates, and se­ solves the energy cost problem. Patented hotels for pests which overwinter in lected again. The seeding and select­ rigid double·wall construction , tested in Vermont . Cost about V3 as much to heat them. ing process was repeated for eight years, as ordinary greenhouses . More than pays If weeds are capable of rousing the and he worked not only for a queen for itself in heat savings alone .. Exclu si ve, fa ctory direct only. All models and sizes , gardener's wrath and making him or her among daisies but a plant that would 5 year warranty. Free Color Brochure. despair of ever winning the battle, let me grow just as well in Alask,a as in Florida, Call or Write for Information assure him and her there are ways of Norway and Italy, for aJll sorts of soils eradicating them or at least controlling and climates; one, too, that would re­ ~,--_-",,-.... P.O. Box 2235 them, she says. main fresh in water for as long as six Dept. AH-12 Some ways are safe. Some are danger­ weeks. Grand Central Station New York, N.Y. 10017 ous, and across the world alarm bells At last, after growing millions of (212) 867-0113 have sounded. Man, with all the mate- can tinued on page 36 33 msrg Gardening Legacy

Donald H. Parker Frederick L. Belden*

Peter Collinson of London wrote to his good friend John Custis of Wil­ liamsburg, in a letter dated De­ cember IS, 1735, " ... Mr. Catesby tells me there is a very pretty plant that He calls a sorrell tree that Grows between Williamsburg and York. Some seed will be Acceptable . .. " Peter Collinson, plant collector; Mark Catesby, enthusiastic naturalist; and John Custis, avid gardener, are a few of the many plantsmen who made Williamsburg an eighteenth-century plant center. Plant introduction and horticul­ tural exchange did not end in the eighteenth century, however. Wil­ liamsburg today is one of the most active communities in the southeast for the introduction and evaluation The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Center's sunken rose garden has over 400 of new ornamentals. Colonial Wil­ plants of 30 different hybrid roses. liamsburg adheres to the policy of using only plant material native to orientation facilities of The Colonial Also highlighted in another group­ the area or known to have been in­ Williamsburg Foundation offer a ing is a Magnolia hybrid "Pinkie" troduced during the Colonial period unique opportunity for incorporat­ with its unusual color of spring in its Historic Area gardens. How­ ing collected and introduced plant -bloom set in a bed of a variety of ever, the several additional hundred specimens to enhance the existing spreading junipers with a yellow­ acres encompassing the modern vis­ plantings. flowered variety of the Lonicera sem­ itor accommodations, recreation and At the Williamsburg Inn, a Zelkova pervirens (coral honeysuckle) adding serrata (Japanese Zelkova) is used as continuous summer color. *D onald H. Parker, FAS LA and Fred­ a suitable replacement for the high­ Recently planted at the Wil­ erick L. Belden, ASLA are respectively liamsburg Lodge is an Araucaria Director of Landscape Architecture and spreading canopy of the American Assistant Landscape Architect for The Elm; Betu la lutea and B. nigra (Yellow araucana (Monkey Puzzle tree), an Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. and River Birch) complement each exotic from Chile occasionally suc­ Both will offer chalkboard solutions for other, and guests are surprised to cessful on the east coast south of garden design problems at workshops find a white-berried form of Nandina Philadelphia. Also unusual is an during the 33rd Williamsburg Garden domestica (Nandina) mixed with the Aleurites fordii (Tung-oil tree) from 34 Symposium to be held April 1-4, 1979. more common red-berrie d form. China, and a Tamarix gallica (French Tamarisk), a European native which crapemyrtle), less common cousin to exposure. has "escaped" in the southwest part the popular L. indica. Merchants Square, the unique of this country. Camellias, very At the Providence Hall wings of shopping complex adjacent to the popular throughout the south, are the Williamsburg Inn are seen some College of William and Mary on represented by several species. In of th e more unusu al plants. As Duke of Gloucester Street, has re­ addition to the popular C. japonica elsewhere, these have come from a cently undergone extensive work to and C. sasanqua, the C. oleifera (Oil­ wide range of sources, including improve the plantings and pedest­ nut camellia) and the C. sin ensis (Tea purchase, gift, USDA, seed from ar­ rian orientation. Several hedge plant) are represented . Nearby the boreta, etc., and coll ec tions from the forms h ave been used , including the related genera Clayera and wild . Aesc ulus sylvatica (Painted low-growing Il ex cornu ta var. Ternstroemia may be seen. Buckeye), an unusu al native tree 'Carissa' (Carissa holly), Osman thus The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk with yellow flowers and large brown hetero phyllus var. rotundifolius (Cur­ Art Center features the handsome seed, was collected in southside Vir- lyleaf osmanthus), and three bar­ berry types-Berberis koreana (Ko­ rean barberry), Berberis x mentorensis 'Mentor barberry', and Berberis x gladvynenis 'William Penn.' Shading the area are several var­ ie ties of trees, including the native Liquidambar styraciflua (Sweetgum). In addition to the local form of sweetgum, a specimen from the moun tains of Cen tral Mexico pro­ vides an interesting comparison. Likewise, the native Platanus occiden­ talis (Sycamore) grows near one col­ lecte d in M exico . The Mexican sweetgum was given to Colonial Williamsburg by the late Dr. J. T. Baldwin of the College of William and Mary, who had obtained seed from n ear San Luis Potosi. In 1948 Dr. Baldwin obtained seed of the newly-discovered Metasequo ia glyptos trobodies (Dawn Redwood). Today these plants grace the campus of the College of William and Mary, The Williamsburg Lodge East Wing Courtyard features earl y spring tulips, pansies, and the Dawn Redwoods grown and a fringetree in bud. from this original seed lot are con­ sidered to be the largest in cultiva­ evergreen Cryptomeria japonica (Cryp­ gmla. The spreading herb Lamias­ tion. Near the Dawn Redwoods may tomeria) in standard and dwarf form trum galeobdolon (Golden Deadnet­ be seen a pair of very large Sequo ia (var. globosa nana). Cryptomeria is a tle), a European native, offers an sempervirens (Coast Redwoods), nineteenth century introduction interesting choice for a ground perhaps the largest in eastern North from Japan and an important timber cover, while Pinus contorta (Shore America. tree there. Some 400 plants of 30 var­ Pine) from Oregon offers interesting The close relationship between ieties of hybrid roses can be seen in accents. Especially noteworthy is the the College and Colonial Wil­ the sunken rose garden. These Torreya taxifolia (Florida Torreya) . liamsburg in horticultural endeavors plantings have been supervised by This is a very rare conifer from illustrates the fact that plant ex­ Mr. Benjamin Williams, noted rose northwest Florida. A Trachycarpus change and collecting transcends hybridizer from Silver Spring, Mary­ fortunei (Windmill PaIF)' native to political and social boundaries and, land. Also located in this garden are China, is one of the Hardiest palms indeed, today we consider the entire Chionanthu s retusus (Asiatic fringe­ but five other species of Palm are Williamsburg area as an arboretum trees), a close relative of the native also represented. A collection of of both period and contemporary fringetree Chionanthus virginicus and cacti and succulents covers a once plants to be enjoyed by our many Lag ers tro em ia subcostata (Formosa barren and dry bank with a southern annual visitors. 0 35 modern study of Thomas Jefferson as a landscape architect, says Walter Muir Christmas Books Whitehill, honorary trustee, sometime president, of the Thomas Jefferson can tinued from page 33 Memorial Foundation. "It has given me pleasure to have an early opportunity to daisies, he achieved his queen, a flower read and to introduce this welcome addi­ Your pJaee In of remarkable beauty with brilliant white tion to Jeffersonian literature, which is petals of great size, the center pure yel­ appropriately published by the press the sun. low, the stems long and graceful. He based at the university he founded." ... for year 'round gardening. named it for Mount Shasta, which he • Over 90 Lean-To and Free­ had always revered, the snow-capped Standing models. Precision peak of the high Sierras which is one of prefabricated to assemble easily. the conspicuous landmarks of Califor­ A garden should work as an extension quickly. Totally quality nia. of the house both practically and visu­ engineered • Full accessories In her book, Allen provides a unique ally. While the form w hicli\ a garden line including automatic takes evolves primarily from its function, climate controls. identification guide covering 200 plants, all illustrated with clear line drawings, the style must above all be in sympathy and gives her suggestions for control of with its location, according to John weeds. Brooks, Director of Studies, Inchbald School of Garden Design. Brookes is a renowned garden designer in England, has written six books on the subject of The capital of Washington is a monu­ garden design, and has won four Gold ment to Thomas Jefferson's magnificent awards for garden design from the Royal vision. He was indirectly responsible for Horticultural Society. its location on the Potomac River and its Brookes is the author of a new book, "Th e basic site planning there. He also estab­ Small Garden, " published by Macmillan lished its architectural and landscape Publishing Co. , New York, N. Y. 256 pages, character. Although many skills were over 600 full color illustrations, priced at employed in its development, his guid­ $19.95. ing influence and persistent manage­ The book tells how to assess your soil ment united them all, according to Fred­ and site, different ways to draw up a erick Doveton Nichols and Ralph E. Gris­ plan best suited to your personal tastes, wold, authors of a new book, "Thomas provides new and imaginative ways to Jefferson-Landscape Architect, " published use walls, fences, paths, and terraces, by the University of Virginia , Charlottes­ how to lay paving, construct a pergola, : ••••••••••••••VISIT THE • ville, 178 pages, well illustrated, $9.75. change the level and build steps, and Nichols is Cary D. Langhorne Profes­ suggests the most effective and efficient sor of Architecture at the University of way to use whatever space you have. • Brandywine • Virginia, and Griswold is a Fellow of the A variety of plants is included­ • • American Society of Landscape Ar­ climbers, ground cover plants, space­ • Valley • chitects . saving and decorative vegetables, and • 00 IT YOURSELF MINI-TOURS.• During 26 years of his life, from the age silver and gray foliage plants. of 40 to 66, jefferson's energies were Three-dimensional plans are included • ::' ~O~~·~ .. ~~·~O~S·· .~: • often devoted in one way or another to showing layout and planting; a wide promoting-and perfecti!'lg a new capital range of design approaches contains : : for a new type of government created for ideas for your own gardj2n, and how to LOri~ood a new nation. No exact precedent for have an easy-care garden that will pro­ such a city existed elsewhere in the vide pleasure all year round. : Gardens : world. The emphasis is on simplicity and en­ • • • Collaboration with the greatest bota­ joyment. There are suggestions for out­ nists of his time, an instinctive human­ door furniture, barbeques, lighting, : Hagley : itarianism, and a natural ingenuity in storage, and children's play areas. landscape architecture made Jefferson a : Museum : pioneer in landscape architecture in this country. : Winterthur : With a close study of the many notes For hundreds of years, the maple has and letters which Jefferson left, the au­ penetrated into the hearts and gardens • CALL TOLL FREE : thors present a clear and detailed in­ of the Japanese people from all walks of : 1-800-441-9970 • terpretation of jefferson's extraordinary life. A maple is a must in every Japanese ... ···~o"'\.o···... accomplishments in this field . garden, large or small-planted in the • :r~\ ...... 's,.. s The last chapter describes Jefferson's ground or as bonsai. They are cherished • :··s~EP,"'~~6~~,:.~~·~······ ~ • in the gardens because of their brilliant . Of ..•.. ~~. • plans for the University of Virginia as the • '...... ~ K:::J -d.{,()11- crowning achievement of America's ear­ crimson new spring growth, bright liest, and perhaps most famous, land­ green leaves in summer, red or gold • BrandywineInn • scape architect. foliage in autumn, or the shapely ap­ : SHE~.T~~JJE~S'1,!:s9~O~LDWIDE : The joint investigation of these two pearance of the branches in winter. 36 • u~1~~I~~~70~O~~~:~A:':E • scholars (authors) has produced the first The native Japanese maple has the •• •••••••••••1-800-441-9970 •• tendency to produce great variati ons of shapes, sizes, colors and leaf textures, within the species. By selection and cross there is a place for th em in any garden. pollination over 250 cultiva rs have bee n developed. Plants to fit every need in landscaping can be found, from the ex­ tremely dwarf forms with minute leaves From December thro ugh March, to the bold upright types with large whether the ground is bare or covered leaves. with snow, you can enjoy yo ur garden There are variations of color in foliage just by looking out th e window. For me, in spring growth which are not found in this fourth season is full of peace and other types of trees. Fall coloration beauty, says Helen Van Pelt Wilson, one Increase your growing among these cultivars becomes a second of America's best-known writers in the space with a period of color explosion. There are va ri­ horticultural fie ld, author o f twenty ations of leaf shape from tiny, crinkled, boo ks on indoor and outdoor gardening. Janco Greenhouse strap-like, and lace-like to the bold, broad leaves of Osakazuki. For me winter is never dull, she says, When you've run out of space for your indoor plants, . ,when you want to "open Early nursery ca talogs have give n de­ certainly never colorless. Hemlocks and hollies are a dee p, living green; junipers up" a living or family room, bedroom or scriptions of some of the major cultivars. kitchen to sunShine & flowers .. .when There has not been, however, a com­ are touched with bronze, blue-gray, even purple; birch es gleam in any you want "growing pleasure" all year prehensive work on the Ja panese ma pIes round, then you're ready for an all alumi­ which provides the English-speaking si tuation-so too, do the white clusters num, minimum-maintenance Janco. world a reference tool by which these of the snowberries, the brilliant red fruits Quality, price, design-these are the 3 maples may be understood, according to of Washington thorn and the American major reasons customers give for choos­ J. D. Vertrees. cranberry bush. La te in January or in ing a Janco, Over 100 lean-to & curved Vertrees is the au thor of a fine new book, early February the aconites offer their eave models to fit any site, every budget. "Japan ese Maples," published by Timber golden cups, Write for FREE 48-pg. full color cata­ Press, Forest Grove, OR, 178 printed pages, Wilson has done a new book, "C%r for log today--compare our quality, price wi th over 200 photographs of Ja panese Your Winter Yard & Garden -With Flo we rs , & deslgnl maples in fu ll color taken by the a Llthor Berries, Birds and Trees," published by Charles Scribn er's SO/1S, 175 printed pages, Janco Greenhouses through all the seasons. The book is priced at Dept. AH-12 $39.50. Vertrees has served on the staff venJ well illustrated, $14,95. The purpose of this book is twofold , 9390 Davis Avenue of Oregon State University Extension Laurel, Md. 20810 she says; to open yo ur eyes to the very Service and has studied and collected (301) 498-5700 Japanese maples for many years, cul­ special beauties of the winter scene and tivating many varieties in his nursery in to interest yo u in developing a four­ Roseburg, OR. season garden. The wisely planted place This book was prepared to provide a should give you just as beautiful, though comprehensive source of information on different, pictures in winter as in the and description of this general group of other three seasons, plants. Typical color leaf identification For ke y spots important all through prints of the majority of the cultivars are winter, there is a long and tempting list presented to aid in determination of the of shrubs and small trees to be consid­ If Featuring new . 'Burpee cultivars. ered. these are deciduous, they will be all the handsomer with a firm back­ exciting vegetable Seeds The second purpose of the book is to and flower clarify and simplify the nomenclature of ground of pine or hemlock to silhouette varieties for the these plants. their forms and emphasize the bright­ home gardener. ness of their winter buds and fruits. The third purpose has been to provide e new 184-page You can, for example, set out a few Burpee Catalog guidance to gardeners, landscapers, TI groups of evergreens of varying shades is a comprehensive nurserymen, etc. with an authoritative planting and of green, along with one handsome de­ growing guide with guide to propagation, cultivation and ciduous tree and red or white berrted over 1800 vegetables, horticultural characteristics of this ex­ shrubs in front of it, situating these fl owers , fruits , shrubs traordinarily useful group of plants. plantings perhaps along the far bound­ and trees. Plus helpful hints from This book is designed to meet the aries of your place. Burpee's horticulture experts on how to have a more productive garden. needs of four types of readers, the author Or you can add certain shrubs to Send for your free COPt today. says: the amateur gardener, the avid otherwise ineffective plantings and so If you ordered from Burpee last year, plant enthusiast, the commercial nur­ develop associations far more interesting you will autOmatically receive your free than the haphazard specimens that have Burpee catalog in 1979. serymen, and the serious dendrologist. @ Burpee Seed Co . 1979 so far counted for little . Vertrees defines as Japanese maples In addition to trees and shrubs, select r------,I BURPEE SEED CO. I the cultivars of Acer palma tum and Acer some of the flowering plants that bloom 1199 Burpee Bldg., Warminster, Pa. 18974 I I Japonicum. He also includes in his book delightfully in cold weather and situate or Clinton, IA 52732; or Ri verside CA 92502 I I (Please mail to nearest address) descriptions of other Acer species from them close to the house. I Yes. Please send me the 1979 Burpee I Japan and their varieties. These plants Lists of plants for the winter garden I Seed Catalog FREE. I are hardy, growing at a variety of al­ are included, with the north-south range I Name I titudes and in a variety of soil conditions. in which they will thrive with suitable I (Please pro nO I Because many of them provide a flash of soil and moisture, dates of blooms, plus I M~~ I brilliance in the spring and again in the planting plans by Eloise Ray, landscape I Ci,y I fall, and because of their broad spectrum architect. I I 37 L ______S,a'e Zip _ .J 38

'''')'11-1 'l1li1 · ~v :~

" phabe ti ca lly for easy finding and course, with " A", and my favorite Mar tha Prince studying. It is so subtly adapted II A " is Amelanc hier la evis (Ser­ 9 Winding Wa y around the old trees, so curving and viceberry). I turn to the right to find Locus t Va lley , NY 11 560 beckoning in its pa thways, th a t the largest tree, and must check on there is no feeling of "study gar­ the Aronia arbutifolia 'Brilliantissima' d en" a t all. The little brick-walled (Red Chokeberry) across the path. A winter day can be a time to entrance, guard ed by twin puffs At "B" I am stopped by the Berberis dream ahead, to plan a trip, per­ of dwarf White Pine (P inus stro ­ gilgiana (Wildfire Barberry), espe­ haps. bus 'Nana') and by large plants of ci ally when the drooping oval ber­ On some crisp and sunny spring the rhododen dron 'Cunningham's ri es have turned red. If I reach " C," afternoon (or a slumbering summer White', h as a n a ttractive s mall the Cory lops is si nensis (Chinese one) would you like to sit, with a sea ting-sh elte r, w ith m aps a nd Winter Hazel) may attract, when the book in your lap, and gaze peace­ guides. I often sit there idly admiring strange pale yellow racemes of nod­ full y down the sloping la wn of wh at ding blossoms are open. Benches are seems to be an English country es­ tucked discreetly along the paths, tate? Or amble across an endless under fl owering cherry or crabapple green carpet, pausing in awe before trees. Some are " mine", and I sit a venerable Copper Beech (Fagus waiting for the mocking bi rd to begin sylvatica 'Atropunicea') or a gigantic an aria from his treetop perch. I may Weeping Silver Linden (Tilia pe ­ h ave an actual destination-such as tiolaris)? Perhaps, instead, you stop " I" for Ilex (although the superb to admire the lacy foliage and Holly Collection is much too large to twisted form of an elegant Japanese be confined to the Synoptic Gar­ maple (Ace r palma tum 'Ornatum,' d en), or the day may be one of those called Spiderleaf). If you look up at overl y-busy ones wh en a breath of the skyline, you find the variety of quiet beauty is really needed. deciduous foliage edging the lawn Thank goodness I live nearby! My punctuated by spruces, pines and own garden-woods are not large hemlocks. Set forward for display enough for real walking, and if a are tall Atlas Cedars (Cedrus atlantica, good, brisk tramp is what I want, and the blue form, C. atla ntica Plan ting Fields has a bou t 200 acres of 'Glauca') and a Cedar of Lebanon (c. w oodland, filled with Mountain libani). If itis mid-spring, a specimen Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) . One path Yulan magnolia, dressed in stately there is home to a Great Horned white, lures you across the clipped Left-Entra nce to azalea walk Owl, for whom I have named the grass for a closer look (Magnolia hep­ Above-Dwarf conifer ga rden trail-in my own mind. If I must re­ tapeta) . Other accents against the the welcoming color of the bedding search something beyond the scope leafy border are clouds of white fl owers (pansies, perhaps, or be­ of my own bookshelves, Planting dogwood bloom (first Comus florida , gonias) so carefully tended in this Fields now has a good and growing th,en C. kousa) . Distant blooms of tin y " foyer" to the Garden itself. In­ Horticultural Library. In winter, if I pink (might that be a cherry? Or a deed, I have been welcomed al­ am feeling all of six years old, no crabapple?) beckon you to explore ready, for the entrance to Planting better place could be found to put bl@){ond the lawn its~lf, and you dip Fields, lined with European beeches fresh tracks in pristine snow. into the most inviting of the paths. (Fagus sylvatica) , is beautiful. In I would like to write a poem to 'Phis is Planting Field~ Arboretum, in spring thousands upon thousands Planting Fields, but I will try to be a • 'I Oypter Bay, New York. It is many of yellow and white bulbs drift along bit less lyrical, and more orderly. things to many people, for it h fil s an the roadway, or can be glimpsed This 400-plus acre garden was left to almost infinite variety of landscapes, between the trees . You may park New York State by the late W. R. of things horticultural and beautiful your car near a lavender or pink Coe, in 1955. His mostly Tudor­ to see. To m@ , it is the single loveliest Rhododendron mucronulatum, or, in Elizabethan home (reflecting his place on Long Island. Planting Fields summer, you might find a collection English birth) stands as the stately has moods for all necessities of of hybrid daylilies (Hemero callis) focal point for the gardens. Nowa­ spirit- bright, colorful places to greeting you with bright blossoms. I days this handsome limestone man­ cheer one, peaceful woods and feel a " lift" of anticipation even be­ sion, full of carved surprises from meadows for quiet thinking. fore I close the door of my car. What Europe, antique chandeliers, and There is a unique Synoptic Gar­ will I find today? Where shall I go? even stained glass, is known as Coe den-shrubs and trees arranged al- The Synoptic Garden starts, of Hall. It is used for horticul tural meet- 39 ings and for concerts. Chamber single brightest, most spectacular plays. Poinsettias hold forth at music (perhaps a Renaissance band, aspect of the garden. Early April Christmas ... the white of Easter playing the viola de gamba and the finds buds opening-R. keiskei, a soft Lilies follows when appropriate .. . sackbut, or a string quartet) is heard yellow treasure from Japan, starts a my favorite, the chrysanthemums, on many Sunday afternoons in the festive procession of color. The real precede the red, pink and white panelled library. What could be explosion of color is during the latter poinsettias again. The outer portion more perfect than a walk in the gar­ half of Ma y, an<;l in to June. In species of the conserva tory is devoted to den beforehand? Planting Fields is alone there are some 3200 plants of " food plants" from the tropics, such h eadquarters for the New York a pproximately 160 species and as coffee, lemons, bananas, in­ Chapter of the American Rhodo­ species cultivars. New are three terspersed with bright hibiscus and dendron Society, and many other large rhododendron species group­ fragrant gardenias. Yellow blossoms plan t societies. ings; one is of the Fortunei series, of climbing AI/amanda hang over­ Mr. Coe had Olmsted Brothers one Ponticum, and the third is head. In the wings are a splendid design the main garden outline, in­ primarily Triflorum series. In hyb­ orchid collection (especially com­ corporating a few former bi ts (a pool, rids, Gordon Jones, the Director, plete is the Brazilian collection), and a tea house) from an earlier home made the wild guess that there are at a meticulously designed and ar­ which had been lost to fire. This was least 10,000 plants (of some 700 cul­ ranged Cactus House. Much of the added to over the years, and is still tivars) . These dry numbers may "working wing" is open to the pub­ growing ... the Synoptic Garden, seem astonishing enough-but not lic, and it is a joy to see the neatly the Dwarf Conifer Garden, the as astonishing as the sight of these behaved rows of such beloved in­ Wildflower Garden, et cetera, are plants in bloom! Breathtaking is far door plants as Streptocarpus 'Con­ rather new. All blend beautifully too small a word. stant Nymph' . with the Olmsted heritage. I wrote once in American Horticul­ There is just too much to talk Mr. Coe was a rhododendron en­ turist (in 1976, I believe) about the about! One favorite ramble of mine is thusiast and collector. Now, with Camellia Greenhouse. The Main along what is really the main drive, yearly additions, the rhododen­ Greenhouse has at its center a con­ now for walkers only. Curving drons and azaleas are probably the servatory with brilliant seasonal dis- gracefully, it climbs from the wrought iron " Carshalton Gate" (a fantasy in filigree, made in England The in 1712), past banks of pink Rhodo­ dend ron carolinianum set against a endless summer. dense and dark forest. In autumn, Planting Fields boasts a wealth of Garden Domes brigh t foliage; many shrubs were planted for fall color alone. It is, in­ make it happen. deed, a " Garden for All Seasons". It may seem strange to say that this enormously costly, lavish gar­ d en from the heydey of Long Is­ land's " Gold Coast" is on a human scale,-but it is. Huge, yes-and it gives one the breathing space all humans need now and then-but it is intimate, too. Planting Fields is a friendly place. Many Long Islanders Add months of summer· polyvinyl enclosure. And, feel the way I do about it; a " Friends time to your garden in just happy thought, you'll be fT ee one hour. the time it takes to of nibbling rabbits and pesty of Planting Fields" was formed some put up a Fabrico Garden bugs and insects. years back when the Arboretum was Dome. Long after the Keep sowing a good three growing season has passed, months longer each year. All in financial straits. The group con­ your vegetables and fl owers because summer never ends tinues to raise money for the will continue to fl ourish in the under a Fabrico Garden warmth and sunshine Dome. Write or phone for "extras" the State does not provide. gathered under the clear information and a free All of us feel a really personal at­ brochure. tachment to these very special gar­ dens. Fabrico Won' t you plan to come and share It's not a miracle. It's a Garden Dome. "our arboretum" with us, some sea­ 1300 W Exchange Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60609 312/254-4211 40 son soon? D Explore the newest ideas in horticulture in acity Where gardening is still athing of the past. Nowhere is the tradition of 18th century gardening more beautifully stated than in Colonial Williamsburg. The enchantment of a Tidewater spring, Virginia's famed hospitality, and the opportunity to enhance one's knowledge of gardening and land­ scape design all combine to make the annual Williamsburg Garden Sym­ posium an unforgettable experience. Presented in association with the American Horticultural Society, next year's symposium will salute 1979 as the Year of the Rose. And that's just one of the many features planned for this April 1st through 4th gathering. This is your opportunity to hear such speakers as Russell and Deni Seibert as they report on horticulture behind China's Bamboo Curtain, and Allen P Paterson, Curator of the Chel­ sea Physic Garden in Great Britain. You'll also enjoy a special Historic Area house and garden tour, the Early Risers' Bird Walk, "how to" work­ shops, panels, teas, a candlelight concert and the delicious grand finale of the annual Gardeners' Banquet. Since reservations must be accept­ ed as they are received, make plans today to attend this 20th century gar­ dening experience in the 18th Century. For a detailed program and registration information, write Mrs. Peggy W Sabol, Registrar, Williamsburg Garden Sympo­ siztm, Po. Box C, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185. Or cat! (804) 229-1000. 33rdAnnuai Garden Symposirun, April 1-4. Tim Morehouse 856 Ludlow Ave. Cincinnati, OH 45220

When severe winters affect major portions of the United States-ice storms, blizzards, sub-zero temper­ atures, snow measured by feet, not inches-I think of the poet Shelley's line: " 0 wind/If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?" And when that white blanket disappears, I poke around the leaf and straw mulch covering my flower beds and borders in search of one of spring's earliest harbingers: the violet. Most gardeners can remember the wild varieties, picked in meadows and woods: the sweet white (Viola blanda) , the Blue Marsh Violet (Viola cucullata) , or the Birdsfoot Violet (Viola pedata) . Today, the spring gar­ den can be supplied with numerous fragrant and cucullata varieties-not just the common blue. The two dis­ tinct types available from mail order nurseries (e .g. Lamb Nurseries, 101 E. Sharp Ave., Spokane, Washing­ ton 99202) are, first, the V. cucullata, and though they are not fragrant, the flowers are large and distinct. They form ma ts of heart-shaped, deep-green, glossy leaves, some-

Ri ght-White czar 42 Insert-Yellow (ro undifalia) times six inches high. I recommend mould, some coarse sand (if the soil sephone was picking violets when 'Alice Witter'-a white with a deep contains much clay) and bone meal. Pluto abducted her. When Orpheus red eye; 'Freckles'-a large white A fish emulsion, mixed according to placed his lute on the ground as he flower dotted with blue; ' Red directions and put around the plants rested, violets spring up around it. Giant'-firm large burg undy-red a month or so before the blooming The Athenians admired these flow­ flowers on s trong s te m s; season will produce abundan t flow­ ers so much that they learned how to 'Septemloba'-deeply lobed foliage ers. An extra addition of leaf mould cultivate them year round and used and dark violet-blue flowers; 'Snow is an ad van tage, especially in heavy them as garlands and in perfume. Princess'-a r are snow white soils that are inclined to bake and An old Welsh book of recipes offers bloomer; and a brigh t yellow violet crack in the sun . Violets need a rest the following: (Urotul1dlfolia). The fragrant species period and most of them become To know whether a man who has been (V. odorata) produce lovely dark dormant in the hot summer months. severely beaten will recover or not-take green foliage and fl owers wi th tha t During this time, cover them with the violet, bruise and bind it about the delicious viol et scen t all gardeners mulch so they won' t dry out and cut forefinger; if he sleeps he will live, if not, relish. Some unusual varieties in­ down on the watering. he will die. ... * clude: V. labradorica-with purple My ex perience with violets is that Even today, ca ndied violets are a leaves forming low mounds of deli­ they propagate themselves primar­ specialty with some confectioners: cately scented purple flowers. This ily by seeding . These tiny off-spring To Candy Violets in Their Natural variety will sometimes bloom all can be moved at w ill and the beds Color: summer and is a native of Labrador increased each year. Some violets Pick th e violets with no stalk, wash and Greenland; V. sylvestris rose-a send out runners, like strawberry th em clean of all ea rth , drain th em, and small, but extremely h ardy, li ght plants. By cutting off the runners in th en wash th em in a solu tion of gum rose-pink violet tha twill sca tter itself the summer, s trong individual arabic and a little rose water. Take castor into unexpected places and flower crowns or clumps form. For more suga r and dust over them, then set to dry several times during the spring blossoms, cut off the runners. Vio­ on a sieve in a warm oven, away from months; 'White Czar'-a luxurious lets can be moved anytime and will heat. white bloomer and strong grower; bloo m th e same season they are And for an ancient beauty prepa­ V. sulphurea-a rare, soft apricot­ transplanted. Water and spray fre­ ration, translated from the Gaelic: yellow; and 'Swanl ey White'-a quently if the weather is dry after If thou anoin t thy face with the milk of double sweet-scented white with planting and keep the soil hoed so th e goat in which violets have been pointed, glossy leaves. they will become established. But a soaked, th ere is not a prince upon the In regard to their culture, I spoke word of caution: violets must accli­ earth who will not be pleas ed with thy with my mentor, Mrs. Marion mate themselves to your area; this beauty . ... O ' Rourke (O' Rourke Perennials, demands patience and care with oc­ The Syrians and Turks use violets 3426 Banning Road, Cincinnati, casional disappointment. in making sherbets. The scent is so Ohio 45239) who has grown them for At times pests are a problem . Red universally popular, that in France, over40 years. When asked what she spider, aphids, snails and slugs at­ where they have been grown since considered to be one of the most im­ tack violets. Snails and slugs can be Queen Radegond grew them at a portant aspects of successful violet practically elimina ted by cons tan t nunnery at Poitiers in the Sixth Cen­ cuI ture, her response was: "Always application of snail bait; red spider tury, hundreds of tons of the little plant violets in some sun, the more by soil conditions-keep your plants blossoms go into a single year's per­ the better. I t is a fallacy to think they cool and damp. An old-fashioned fume production. prefer only deep shade." I have had remedy for red spider is to syringe This tiny spring flower-so rich in much success in growing them in the leaves of the infected plants with variety, legend and beauty­ "open" wooded areas where they soft soap and water, two ounces to belongs in every garden, so next fall, receive sunlight at least half the day. the gallon. Aphids may appear dur­ plant a few violet species and as the Any garden soil tha t will grow vege­ ing long wet spells but usually dis­ long, bitter winter melts away, think tables will grow violets. In preparing appear when sunny weather re­ of Tennyson's lines from In the bed, border or rock garden, do turns . Memoriam CXV: not use chicken or horse manure, as Of historical interest, the violet Now fades the last long streak of snow, this leads to excessive leaf growth provides us with numerous legends Now burgeons every maze of quick and few flowers. If your soil is light, and recipes. They grow in literally About the flowering squares, and thick dig in some thoroughly decayed cow every part of the world, including By ashen roots th e violets blow. 0 manure . This, while feeding the the arctic and antarctica. Of the 800 roots, will tend to keep the ground or so species that exist, there are ' Taken from: Grace L. Zambra, Violets for cool and moist during the summer. probably as many stories. In Garden and Market. London: W.H. & L. Add decayed leaves, oak-leaf mythology, the Greek goddess Per- Collingridge Ltd. 1938. 43 Gardener's Marketplace

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Zionhill, Rd ., Quakertown , PA 18951 . quart each . Three-quart sampler, $9 .95 post­ Azaleas paid . CAN !:: CR !:: EK F-ARM , Box 2727-HO. Ferns Cookeville, TN 38501 , or request brochure . FRAGRANT YELLOW AZALEAS from Ameri­ LEARN ABOUT FERNS-Receive 28 page ca 's largest mail order selection of super hardy Nurserymen educational Bulletin and two page Lesson landscape size azaleas and rhododendrons. monthly for only $8 . yearly. International Fern DWARF EVERGRE~NS , HOLLY, RAR!:: Catalog $1. (deductible) CA!1LSON'S GAR­ Society, 4369-H Tujunga, North Hollywood, CA TREES-Informative booklet & list, 50ft DI ­ DENS, Bo x 305-AH9, South Salem , NY 10590. 91604. LATUSH NURSERY, US Higliway 130 (just Books South of Interstate 195) Robbinsville, NJ 08691 Fountains alild Waterfalls Phone (609) 585-5387. TROPICA-beautiful Colorama of Exotic Your complete source for fountains, waterfalls, plants and trees including fruit, by Dr. A. B. Plants-African Violets garden pools and garden ornaments. Free Graf; 7,000 color photos, 1,120 pages, price: catalog. Roman Fountains, Inc. Box 10190- AMERICA'S FIN EST-143 best violets, ges­ $115. EXOTICA III , Pictorial Cyclopedia of AHC Albuquerque, NM 87114 . neriads and miniature roses . !Beautiful color Exotic plants, 12,000 photos, $78 . EXOTIC catalog , Illustrated Growing Aids catalog, PLANT MANUAL, 4,200 photos, $37.50 . Gardening Equipment PLUS 8 page "Tips " on Violet Growing. 50ft. EXOTIC HOUSE PLANTS, 1,200 photos, FISCH !:: R GREENHOUS!:: S, Oak Ave., Dept. MIST PROPAGATION CONTROLS for cut­ $8 .95 . Shipping prepaid if check with order. (NJ AH, Linwood, NJ 08221. residents add 5%). Circulars gladly sent. tings and seed propagation. I"eatured in New Roehrs Company, Box 125, E. Rutherford, NJ York Times July 16, 1978 as the best for the Rare Bulbs & Plants 07073 . amateur and professional . AQUAMONI­ TO!1-gox 327-Z Huntington, NY 11743. "THE WID!::, WIDE WO F-l LD OF BULBS AND CarniVorous Plants PLANTS". 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And Lite-Gro's natural beauty is sure to enhance any room of the house, regardless of decor. The Earthway Lite-Gro Indoor Garden Center and Occasional Table are finished in a rich medium-dark woodtone and made of solid wood products. The Garden Center measures 30" wide x 14" deep x 53 " high and weighs a sturdy 85 pounds. Best of all, perhaps, the Earthway Lite-Gro Indoor Garden Center and Occasional Tab'le comes complete; leak proof shelf liners, completely wired fixtures, Naturescent grow lights, extension cord and an automatic timer with adjustable on/off setting are all included .. . nothing else to buy.

Indoor Garden Center (Postpaid w ithin continental United ONLY $1 98 • 00 States) Write today and start enjoying the pleasure and rewards of indoor gardening with Lite­ Gro the " complete" Indoor Garden Center and Occasional Table. Available for immediate shipment ... should arrive 1 to 2 weeks after receiving order. ••••••••••••••• • EARTHWAY PRODUCTS, INC. Dept. BAHL 12 • P. O. Box 547, Maple Street, Bristol, Indiana 46507

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