2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity the Heritage Foundation
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Marshall & Kim 2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity 2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity 2015 The Social and Economic Trends that Shape America The Heritage Foundation INSTITUTE FOR Edited by FAMILY, COMMUNITY, Jennifer A. Marshall AND OPPORTUNITY Christine Kim 2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity The Social and Economic Trends that Shape America © 2015 by The Heritage Foundation 214 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20002 (202) 546-4400 | heritage.org All rights reserved. Cover Photo © istockphoto.com Printed in the United States of America. 2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity The Social and Economic Trends that Shape America Edited by Jennifer A. Marshall Christine Kim The Heritage Foundation’s 2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity is dedicated to Joseph C. and Elizabeth A. Anderlik in gratitude for their generosity and leadership. Table of Contents Contributors ....................................................................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................................ xiii Preface Jim DeMint ...................................................................................................................................................................................... xv Overview of the 2015 Index of Culture and Opportunity Jennifer A. Marshall and Christine Kim ................................................................................................................................1 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 Introduction: Assessing the Intergenerational Compact Yuval Levin ..........................................................................................................................................................................................9 Section I: Culture Culture Summary...................................................................................................................................................................... 15 The Culture of Freedom Carson Holloway ..................................................................................................................................................................... 17 The Erosion of the Marriage Ecosystem Mark Regnerus ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21 Chart: Marriage Rate ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 Chart: Divorce Rate ..................................................................................................................................................................23 With an Eye on the Children: The Effects of Divorce on Society Patrick F. Fagan .......................................................................................................................................................................23 Chart: Total Fertility Rate ..................................................................................................................................................... 25 Chart: Single-Parent Households .................................................................................................................................... 26 The Moynihan Report at 50: Why Single-Parent Households Matter Even More Today Martin D. Brown ..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Chart: Teen Drug Use ............................................................................................................................................................. 27 Chart: Abstinence Among High Schoolers ................................................................................................................ 28 Empowering Young People’s Decisions, for Their Future—and Ours Valerie Huber ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28 Chart: Abortion Rate & Total Abortions .....................................................................................................................30 How Science, State Laws, and Exposure Are Driving the Pro-Life Comeback Charmaine Yoest ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Chart: Religious Attendance ............................................................................................................................................... 32 Chart: Volunteering .................................................................................................................................................................. 32 Volunteering: A Fraying Bond in American Society Marvin Olasky .........................................................................................................................................................................33 Chart: Violent Crime Rate ....................................................................................................................................................34 vii Section II: Poverty & Dependence Poverty & Dependence Summary ................................................................................................................................. 41 Declining Labor Force Participation and the Expanding Social Safety Net Douglas J. Besharov and Douglas M. Call .................................................................................................................. 43 Chart: Labor Force Participation Rate .......................................................................................................................... 45 Chart: Unwed Birth Rate ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 The Legacy of the Marriage Class Divide Kay S. Hymowitz .................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Chart: Self-Sufficiency ............................................................................................................................................................48 A New Paradigm to Promote Self-Sufficiency Robert L. Woodson, Sr. ........................................................................................................................................................48 Chart: Total Welfare Spending..........................................................................................................................................50 The Unintended Consequences of Welfare Spending Paul L. Winfree ........................................................................................................................................................................50 Chart: Subsidized Housing Participation .................................................................................................................... 52 Chart: Food Stamp Participation ...................................................................................................................................... 52 Back to Work on Food Stamps Maura Corrigan ....................................................................................................................................................................... 53 Chart: TANF Participation ....................................................................................................................................................54 Chart: TANF Work Participation Rate ..........................................................................................................................54 Section III: General Opportunity General Opportunity Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Achieving Economic Mobility Through School Choice Anna J. Egalite and Patrick J. Wolf ................................................................................................................................63 Chart: Reading Proficiency .................................................................................................................................................. 66 Chart: Charter School Enrollment ................................................................................................................................... 66 Chart: Private School Choice Participation ................................................................................................................ 67 School Choice Puts Children Back at the Center of Education Reform Juan Williams ..........................................................................................................................................................................