Birds of the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History Campus, Anaikatty Hills, Southern India

Home , Ashy woodswallow, Common cuckoo, Common woodshrike, Forest wagtail, Indian grey hornbill, Indian pitta

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 Note Western Ghats (Fig. 1). Being located on the eastern Special Series slope (~ 600 elevation), the climate is semi-arid with temperature soaring up to 410C during summer and the annual rainfall hardly Birds of the Sálim Ali Centre for ISSN exceeds 700mm. The SACON Online 0974–7907 Ornithology and Natural History Campus, Print 0974–7893 campus was established during Anaikatty Hills, southern India early 1994 in 55 acres of degraded OPEN ACCESS land. Tree planting initiatives A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali 1, S.B. Shanthakumar 2, S. Ramesh Kumar 3, R. Chandran 4, S. Suresh Marimuthu 5 & (in 2000) and protection measures against livestock P.R. Arun 6 grazing enhanced the vegetation growth inside the campus which became a source of attraction for many 1,2,3,4,6 Environmental Impact Assessment Division 5 Ornithology Division, Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History bird species. The campus’ vegetation is predominantly (SACON), Anaikatty, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641108, India scrub forest type, with a small Eucalyptus plantation. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], The campus harbours 200 species of plants that 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected] includes 60 tree species (Balasubramanian et al. 2012). Common woody species of the campus include Premna tomentosa, Albizia amara and Chloroxylon swietenia and Birds are common dwellers of ecosystems and have tall shrubs include Lantana camara and Chromolaena been considered as environmental bio-indicators of odorata. Based on rainfall and temperature the inhabited areas (Blair 1999). There are approximately study area experiences four distinct seasons, namely, 9,990 bird species recorded in our planet and, the Indian southwest monsoon (June–August), northeast monsoon subcontinent is home to 1,313 bird species (Grimmett et (September–November), winter (December–February) al. 2011). Tamil Nadu is known for its rich diversity of and summer (March–May). avifauna with more than 450 species including several Regular fortnightly surveys between January 2012 endemic and conservation prioritised species (Islam & and May 2013 were done by walk on fixed routes in Rahmani 2004). Previously, Nirmala (2002) documented and around the campus including the banks of a non- the birds of the Anaikatty area of the Western Ghats. perennial stream located on the western side of the The present study attempts to prepare a checklist of campus. Surveys were usually made in the morning birds in and around the campus of the Sálim Ali Centre (07:00–10:00 hr) and evening (16:00–18:00 hr), and for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) situated in also sometimes in the night for owls and nightjars. the Anaikatty Hills (11005’30.9”N & 76047’36.2”E), 30km The identification of birds in the field was based on Ali northwest of Coimbatore City, on the border of Nilgiri (2002) and Grimmett et al. (2011), while Manakadan Biosphere Reserve (NBR), Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu & Pittie (2001) was referred to for binomial names and

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.3660.5288-98 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D4BAF57A-7EB2-42CB-959A-E081077B8BCD

Editor: C. Srinivasulu, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. Date of publication: 26 December 2013 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # o3660 | Received 11 June 2013 | Final received 04 December 2013 | Finally accepted 08 December 2013

Citation: Ali, A.M.S., S.B. Shanthakumar, S.R. Kumar, R. Chandran, S.S. Marimuthu & P.R. Arun (2013). Birds of the Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History Campus, Anaikatty Hills, southern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(17): 5288–5298; http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.3660.5288-98

Copyright: © Ali et al. 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: None.

Competing Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: Authors are thankful to Dr. P.A. Azeez, Director, SACON, for his immense support and allowing us to conduct this study. We grateful to Drs. Rajah Jayapal and P. Balasubramanian, Principal Scientists, SACON, for their valid comments and suggestions to improve the manuscript.

The publication of this article is supported by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the European Commission, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank.

5288 Birds of SACON Ali et al.

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 ϱϮϴϵ Birds of SACON Ali et al. also seen during the summer season in the study area. earlier study, reports 19 additional species (Appendix Among the total species observed, 45 (31%) species 1) that were not reported by Nirmala (2002). However, are uncommon, 38 (26%) common, 26 (18%) occasional, there were 61 species which are found in the earlier 24 (17%) rare and 12 (8%) abundant (Table 1). The most checklist that could not be observed during the present abundant species in the study area are Red-whiskered study, because the study was carried out in relatively Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus, Red-vented Bulbul P. cafer, smaller and selected areas only. We hope that this White-browed Bulbul P. luteolus, White-headed Babbler updated checklist of birds would serve as a guide to Turdoides affinis, Blue-winged Parakeet P. columboides, the bird-watching community especially to students Small Bee-eater Merops orientalis, Common Iora and research scholars and those who visit the SACON Aegithina tiphia, Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis campus. and Purple-rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica. The White-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, Sirkeer Malkoha Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii, Black Bulbul Hypsipetes REFERENCES leucocephalus, Orange-headed Thrush Zoothera citrina Ali, S. (2002). The Book of Indian Birds (13th Revised Edition). Oxford and Asian Fairy-Bluebird Irena puella were recorded University Press, New Delhi, 326pp. only once during the entire survey period. Twenty-two Balasubramanian, P., P. Nehru & M.K. Sebastian (2012). Forest Genetic Resources Conservation in SACON, Anaikatty, Coimbatore, pp. 314– species of birds were observed to be restricted to the 319. In: Palanisamy, K., N. Krishnakumar & R. Anandalakshmi (eds.). stream side vegetations including some evergreen forest Forest Genetic Resources Management in India. Institute of Forest bird species (Appendix 1). Genetics and Tree breeding, Coimbatore. Blair, R.B. (1999). Birds and butterflies; surrogate taxa for assessing Forty species were recorded breeding in and around biodiversity? Ecological Application 9: 164–170. the SACON campus (Appendix 1). Of these, 23 species Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp (2011). Birds of the India, were seen to be nesting while the remaining 17 species Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 528pp. were observed with their juveniles. Most of the species Islam, M.Z. & A.R. Rahmani (2004). Important Bird Areas in India: started their breeding activities at the end of the Priority Sites for Conservation. Indian Bird Conservation Network: northeast monsoon. Bombay Natural History Society and Birdlife International (UK), xviii+1133pp. Nirmala (2002) reported 187 species of birds from a Manakadan, R. & A. Pittie (2001). Standardized Common and Scientific larger area in the Anaikatty Hills of Western Ghats. The Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Buceros 6(1): 1–37. Nirmala, T. (2002). Ecology of birds communities in the Anaikatty Hills, present study which focussed on a subset area of the Coimbatore. PhD Thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore.

Table 1. Distribution of number of species with orders, families and status of avifauna in and around the SACON campus

No. of No. of Migratory status Abundance status Orders Families Species RE LM WM A C U O R Pelicaniformes 1 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - Ciconiiformes 2 4 2 2 - - - 3 - 1 Falconiformes 2 13 4 9 - - - 5 4 4 Galliformes 1 3 3 - - - 3 - - - Gruiformes 2 2 1 1 - - - 1 - 1 Charadriiformes 2 2 1 - 1 - - 2 - - Columbiformes 1 6 4 2 - 2 - 3 1 - Psittaciformes 1 4 2 2 - 1 - 2 - 1 Cuculiformes 1 8 3 4 1 - 2 3 2 1 Strigiformes 1 2 2 - - - 1 1 - - Caprimulgiformes 1 2 2 - - - - 2 - - Apodiformes 2 3 2 1 - - 2 1 - - Coraciiformes 5 10 5 5 - 1 1 6 1 1 Piciformes 2 9 4 5 - - 3 2 3 1 Passeriformes 24 76 38 26 12 8 26 14 14 14 Total 48 145 73 58 14 12 38 45 26 24

RE - Resident; LM - Local Migrant; WM - Winter Migrant; A - Abundant; C - Common; U - Uncommon; O - Occasional; R: Rare

5290 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 Birds of SACON Ali et al.

Appendix 1. Systematic list of birds with its status in and around the SACON campus, southern India during January 2012 to May 2013

Family / Common Family / Common Scientific Name MS AS BR Scientific Name MS AS BR Name Name Eurasian Collared- Streptopelia Phalacrocoracidae 29 RE U Dove decaocto Phalacrocorax 1 Little Cormorant^ LM O niger 30 Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica LM U Yellow-legged Green- Treron Ardeidae 31 LM O Pigeon phoenicoptera 2 Little Egret Egretta garzetta RE U Psittacidae 3 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis LM U Indian Hanging- 32 Loriculus vernalis LM R 4 Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii RE U Parrot 33 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri LM U Ciconiidae Plum-headed Psittacula White-necked 34 RE U 5 Ciconia episcopus LM R Parakeet cyanocephala Stork^* Psittacula 35 Blue-winged Parakeet RE A # Accipitridae columboides Oriental Honey- Pernis 6 LM U Cuculidae Buzzard* ptilorhynchus 36 Pied Crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus LM U 7 Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus LM U 37 Brainfever Bird Hierococcyx varius LM U 8 Black Kite Milvus migrans RE O 38 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus WM O 9 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus RE O Indian Plaintive Cacomantis Crested Serpent- 39 LM O 10 Spilornis cheela LM O Cuckoo* passerinus Eagle^ Eudynamys 40 Asian Koel RE C # 11 Shikra Accipiter badius RE U scolopacea Besra Small Green-billed Phaenicophaeus 12 Accipiter virgatus LM R 41 RE C # Sparrowhawk^* Malkoha viridirostris 13 White-eyed Buzzard* Butastur teesa LM O Phaenicophaeus 42 Sirkeer Malkoha LM R leschenaultii Ictinaetus 14 Black Eagle RE U malayensis 43 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis RE U # Hieraaetus 15 Bonelli’s Eagle* LM U Strigidae fasciatus 44 Brown Fish-Owl Ketupa zeylonensis RE U # 16 Rufous-bellied Eagle* Hieraaetus kienerii LM R Changeable Hawk- 45 Spotted Owlet Athene brama RE C $ 17 Spizaetus cirrhatus LM R Eagle^ Caprimulgidae Falconidae Caprimulgus 46 Jerdon’s Nightjar* RE U 18 Common Kestrel* Falco tinnunculus LM R atripennis Common Indian Caprimulgus 47 RE U Phasianidae Nightjar asiaticus Francolinus 19 Grey Francolin RE C # Apodidae pondicerianus Cypsiurus 48 Asian Palm-Swift RE C 20 Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii RE C # balasiensis 21 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus RE C # 49 House Swift Apus affinis RE C

Turnicidae Hemiprocnidae 22 Common Buttonquail Turnix suscitator LM R $ Hemiprocne 50 Crested Tree-Swift LM U coronata Rallidae Alcedinidae White-breasted Amaurornis 23 RE U Waterhen phoenicurus 51 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis RE U Charadriidae Stork-billed 52 Halcyon capensis LM R Kingfisher^* 24 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus RE U $ White-breasted Halcyon 53 RE U # Scolopacidae Kingfisher smyrnensis

25 Green Sandpiper^* Tringa ochropus WM U 54 Lesser Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis LM U

Columbidae Meropidae Blue-bearded Bee- Nyctyornis 26 Blue Rock Pigeon Columba livia RE U 55 LM U eater athertoni Streptopelia 27 Little Brown Dove RE A 56 Small Bee-eater Merops orientalis RE A # senegalensis Streptopelia Chestnut-headed Merops 28 Spotted Dove RE A $ 57 LM U chinensis Bee-eater leschenaulti

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 5291 Birds of SACON Ali et al.

Family / Common Family / Common Scientific Name MS AS BR Scientific Name MS AS BR Name Name Coraciidae Irenidae Coracias 58 Indian Roller RE U 86 Common Iora Aegithina tiphia RE A $ benghalensis Chloropsis 87 Jerdon’s Chloropsis RE A Upupidae cochinchinensis Gold-fronted Chloropsis 59 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops RE C $ 88 RE A Chloropsis aurifrons Bucerotidae Asian Fairy- 89 Irena puella LM R 60 Indian Grey Hornbill Ocyceros birostris LM O Bluebird^*

Capitonidae Laniidae Brown-headed Megalaima 90 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus WM R 61 LM O Barbet zeylanica 91 Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach LM R White-cheeked 62 Megalaima viridis LM O Barbet Turdinae Megalaima Malabar Whistling- Myiophonus 63 Coppersmith Barbet RE C $ 92 LM R haemacephala Thrush^ horsfieldii Orange-headed Picidae 93 Zoothera citrina LM R Thrush^* Brown-capped Pygmy Dendrocopos 64 LM R Woodpecker^ nanus 94 Eurasian Blackbird^* Turdus merula LM R Oriental Magpie- 65 Rufous Woodpecker Celeus brachyurus LM O 95 Copsychus saularis RE C # Robin Small Yellow-naped 66 Picus chlorolophus RE U Saxicoloides Woodpecker 96 Indian Robin RE C $ fulicata Little Scaly-bellied Picus 67 RE C Green Woodpecker xanthopygaeus 97 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata RE C # Common Golden- Dinopium 68 LM U Timaliinae backed Woodpecker javanense Pellorneum Lesser Golden- Dinopium 98 Spotted Babbler^ LM O 69 RE C $ ruficeps backed Woodpecker benghalense Indian Scimitar- Pomatorhinus 99 LM R Pittidae Babbler^ horsfieldii Rufous-bellied Dumetia 70 Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura WM O 100 RE C $ Babbler hyperythra Alaudidae Chrysomma 101 Yellow-eyed Babbler RE C $ 71 Jerdon' s Bush-Lark* Mirafra affinis RE U sinense Turdoides malcolmi 72 Eastern Skylark* Alauda gulgula RE U 102 Large Grey Babbler* RE C Turdoides striatus Hirundinidae 103 Jungle Babbler RE U White-headed Hirundo rustica 104 Turdoides affinis RE A $ 73 Common Swallow LM R Babbler 74 Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica LM U Sylviinae

Motacillidae 105 Franklin’s Prinia Prinia hodgsonii LM U Dendronanthus 75 Forest Wagtail^ WM O Prinia sylvatica indicus 106 Jungle Prinia LM U Motacilla 107 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis RE C $ 76 Large Pied Wagtail RE U maderaspatensis 108 Plain Prinia Prinia inornata LM U 77 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava WM R Acrocephalus 109 Blyth’s Reed-Warbler WM R 78 Grey Wagtail^ Motacilla cinerea WM O dumetorum Campephagidae 110 Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata RE C Black-headed Coracina Orthotomus 79 LM O 111 Common Tailorbird RE C $ Cuckoo-Shrike melanoptera sutorius Pericrocotus Greenish Leaf- Phylloscopus 80 Small Minivet RE C # 112 WM C cinnamomeus Warbler trochiloides Tephrodornis Hume's Lesser 81 Common Woodshrike RE C 113 Sylvia althaea WM O pondicerianus Whitethroat Pycnonotidae Muscicapinae Asian Brown Muscicapa 82 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus RE A $ 114 WM O Flycatcher dauurica 83 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer RE A $ 115 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina WM O Pycnonotus 84 White-browed Bulbul RE A $ Tickell’s Blue- luteolus 116 Cyornis tickelliae RE U Flycatcher^ Hypsipetes 85 Black Bulbul^ LM R leucocephalus

5292 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 Birds of SACON Ali et al.

Family / Common Family / Common Scientific Name MS AS BR Scientific Name MS AS BR Name Name Monarchinae Sturnidae Asian Paradise- Terpsiphone Sturnus 117 RE C 131 Brahminy Starling LM C Flycatcher paradisi pagodarum Black-naped 118 Hypothymis azurea LM R 132 Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus WM O Monarch-Flycatcher* 133 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis RE C $ Paridae 134 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus RE C # 119 Great Tit Parus major RE C Oriolidae Dicaeidae Eurasian Golden Dicaeum 135 Oriolus oriolus LM O 120 Tickell’s Flowerpecker RE C Oriole erythrorhynchos 136 Black-headed Oriole Oriolus xanthornus RE C # Nectariniidae Purple-rumped Nectarinia Dicruridae 121 RE A $ Sunbird zeylonica Dicrurus 137 Black Drongo RE C # 122 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica RE C macrocercus Dicrurus 138 Ashy Drongo LM U 123 Loten’s Sunbird Nectarinia lotenia RE C leucophaeus Fringillidae Dicrurus 139 White-bellied Drongo LM U caerulescens Carpodacus 124 Common Rosefinch WM R erythrinus 140 Bronzed Drongo^ Dicrurus aeneus LM O White-throated Lonchura Greater Racket-tailed Dicrurus 125 LM U 141 LM O Munia malabarica Drongo^ paradiseus White-rumped 126 Lonchura striata RE U Artamidae Munia* Lonchura 142 Ashy Woodswallow^ Artamus fuscus LM R 127 Spotted Munia^ LM O punctulata Corvidae 128 Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca LM U $ Dendrocitta 143 Indian Treepie RE C # Passerinae vagabunda 144 House Crow Corvus splendens RE C $ 129 House Sparrow Passer domesticus RE C $ Corvus 145 Jungle Crow RE C $ Ploceinae macrorhynchos 130 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus LM O

^ - Species recorded only along the stream; * - Additional sightings. These birds were sighted during the current study and were not reported by Nirmala (2002) MS - Migratory status; LM - Local migrant; RE - Resident; WM - Winter migrant; AS - Abundance status; O - Occasional; U - Uncommon; R - Rare; C - Common; A - abundant; BR - Breeding; # - Nest-site ; $ - Only juveniles © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 1. White-necked Stork Image 2. Bonelli’s Eagle Image 3. Grey Jungle-fowl Gal- Image 4. Indian Peafowl Ciconia episcopus Hieraaetus fasciatus lus sonneratii (female) Pavo cristatus © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 5. Blue-winged Parakeet Image 6. Spotted Owlet Image 7. Blue-beared Bee-eater Image 8. Chestnut-headed Bee- Psittacula columboides Athene brama Nyctyornis athertoni eater Merops leschenaulti

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 5293 Birds of SACON Ali et al. © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 9. Stork-billed Kingfisher Halcyon capensis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 10. Indian Grey Hornbill Image 11. Coppersmith Barbet Image 12. Little Scaly-bellied Ocyceros birostris Megalaima haemacephala Green Woodpecker Picus xanthopygaeus © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 13. Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava

© A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 14. White-browed Bulbul Image 15. Eurasian Blackbird Image 16. Pied Bushchat Pycnonotus luteolus Turdus merula Saxicola caprata

Image 17. Spotted Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps

© A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 19. Common Tailorbird Image 20. Tickell’s Blue-Flycatcher Image 18. Yellow-eyed Babbler Cyornis tickelliae Chrysomma sinense Orthotomus sutorius Image 21. Great Tit Parus major © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 22. Brahminy Starling Image 23. Ashy Drongo Image 24. White-bellied Drongo Image 25. Indian Treepie Sturnus pagodarum Dicrurus leucophaeus Dicrurus caerulescens Dendrocitta vagabunda

5294 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 Birds of SACON Ali et al. © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 26. Little Cormorant Image 29. Indian Pond-Heron Phalacrocorax niger Image 28. Cattle Egret © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Bubulcus ibis Ardeola grayii Image 27. Little Egret Egretta garzetta © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 30. Black-shouldered Kite Image 32. Brahminy Kite Elanus caeruleus Haliastur indus © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 31. Black Kite Image 33. Crested Serpent-Eagle Milvus migrans © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Spilornis cheela

Image 36. Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 34. Shikra © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Accipiter badius © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 35. White-eyed Buzzard Image 37. Common Kestrel Butastur teesa Falco tinnunculus © Suresh Marimuthu © Suresh Image 40. White-breasted Water- hen Amaurornis phoenicurus © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 39. Grey Jungle-fowl Image 38. Grey Francolin Gallus sonneratii (Male) Image 42. Green Sandpiper Francolinus pondicerianus Tringa ochropus © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 41. Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 5295 Birds of SACON Ali et al. © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 43. Blue Rock Pigeon Image 46. Eurasian Collared-Dove Columba livia

Image 50. Small Green-billed Mal- koha Phaenicophaeus viridirostris Image 49. Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 51. Brown Fish-Owl Image 54. Lesser-Pied Kingfisher Ketupa zeylonensis Ceryle rudis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 53. White-breasted_King- fisher Halcyon smyrnensis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 52. Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 55. Small Bee-eater Merops orientalis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 58. Indian Roller © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 57. Common Hoopoe Coracias benghalensis Upupa epops Image 56. Brown-headed Barbet Megalaima zeylanica

5296 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 Birds of SACON Ali et al. © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 61. Common Golden- backed Woodpecker Dinopium Image 62. Jerdon’ s Bush-Lark

Image 65. Grey Wagtail

© A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Motacilla cinerea Image 63. Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 66. Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Image 64. Large-pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

© A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali throat Sylvia althaea Image 68. White-headed Babbler Image 67. Red-vented Bulbul Turdoides affinis Pycnonotus cafer © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Image 73. Black Drongo Image 72. Common Myna Dicrurus macrocercus Acridotheres tristis Image 71. Rosy Starling Image 74. Asian Paradise Fly- Sturnus roseus catcher Terpsiphone paradisi

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298 5297 Birds of SACON Ali et al. © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali

Shrike Coracina melanoptera © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 78. Indian Pitta Image 76. Pied Crested Cuckoo Image 77. Asian Koel Pitta brachyura Clamator jacobinus Eudynamys scolopacea © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 81. House Sparrow © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 80. Oriental Magpie- Passer domesticus

Image 79. Gold-fronted Chlo- Robin Copsychus saularis © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali ropsis Chloropsis aurifrons © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 82. Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina

Image 85. Purple-rumped Sun- bird Nectarinia zeylonica © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Image 86. Purple Sunbird Image 84. Black-headed Oriole Nectarinia asiatica

Image 83. Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus

Image 88. Common Iora © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali © A. Mohamed Samsoor Ali Aegithina tiphia Image 87. White-throated Munia Image 90. Indian Robin Image 91. White-rumped Munia Lonchura malabarica Saxicoloides fulicata Lonchura striata

5298 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2013 | 5(17): 5288–5298