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2013 Volume 4 2013 Volume 4 The Journal on Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Experimental Physics, including Related Themes from Mathematics PROGRESS IN PHYSICS “All scientists shall have the right to present their scientific research results, in whole or in part, at relevant scientific conferences, and to publish the same in printed scientific journals, electronic archives, and any other media.” — Declaration of Academic Freedom, Article 8 ISSN 1555-5534 The Journal on Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Experimental Physics, including Related Themes from Mathematics PROGRESS IN PHYSICS A quarterly issue scientific journal, registered with the Library of Congress (DC, USA). This journal is peer reviewed and included in the ab- stracting and indexing coverage of: Mathematical Reviews and MathSciNet (AMS, USA), DOAJ of Lund University (Sweden), Zentralblatt MATH (Germany), Scientific Commons of the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland), Open-J-Gate (India), Referativnyi Zhurnal VINITI (Russia), etc. Electronic version of this journal: OCTOBER 2013 VOLUME 4 http://www.ptep-online.com Editorial Board CONTENTS Dmitri Rabounski, Editor-in-Chief [email protected] Tosto S. Space-Time Uncertainty and Cosmology: a Proposed Quantum Model of Florentin Smarandache, Assoc. Editor theUniverse........................................ ..........................3 [email protected] Rothall D.P. and Cahill R.T. Dynamical 3-Space: Black Holes in an Expanding Uni- Larissa Borissova, Assoc. Editor verse.............................................. .........................25 [email protected] Millette P.A. Dilatation–Distortion Decomposition of the Ricci Tensor . ...............32 Editorial Team Suleiman R. The Dark Side Revealed: A Complete Relativity Theory Predicts the Con- Gunn Quznetsov [email protected] tentoftheUniverse.................................. ........................34 Andreas Ries Thayer G. D. ANewModel ofBlackHoleFormation...................... ..........41 [email protected] Rothall D.P. and Cahill R.T. Dynamical 3-Space: Gravitational Wave Detection and Ebenezer Chifu the Shnoll Effect................................................ .............44 [email protected] Felix Scholkmann Lehnert B. Potentialities of Revised Quantum Electrodynamics . .................48 [email protected] Suleiman R. A Complete Relativity Theory Predicts with Precision the Neutrino Veloci- Pierre Millette ties Reported by OPERA,MINOS, and ICARUS ................ ...............53 [email protected] Cahill R.T. Nanotechnology Quantum Detectors for Gravitational Waves: Adelaide to Postal Address London Correlations Observed......................... .......................57 Department of Mathematics and Science, Ries A. Atomic Weights Confirm Bipolar Model of Oscillations in a Chain System......63 University of New Mexico, 705 Gurley Ave., Gallup, NM 87301, USA Hafele J. C. Laboratory Instrument for Detecting the Earth’s Time-Retarded Transverse VectorPotential .................................... .........................68 Copyright c Progress in Physics, 2013 Hafeez H.Y., Orouy J.B-C., and Ojo O.A. Non-Linear Effects in Flow in Porous Duct . 74 All rights reserved. The authors of the ar- Daywitt W.C. Understanding the Dirac Equation and the Electron-Vacuum System . 78 ticles do hereby grant Progress in Physics non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free li- Springerˇ J. Geometric Distribution of Path and Fine Structure . ................83 cense to publish and distribute the articles in Scholkmann F. A Prediction of an Additional Planet of the Extrasolar Planetary Sys- accordance with the Budapest Open Initia- tem Kepler-62 Based on the Planetary Distances’ Long-Range Order..............85 tive: this means that electronic copying, dis- tribution and printing of both full-size ver- Robitaille P.-M. Forty Lines of Evidence for Condensed Matter — The Sun on Trial: sion of the journal and the individual papers Liquid Metallic Hydrogen as a Solar Building Block . ....................90 published therein for non-commercial, aca- demic or individual use can be made by any Smarandache F. n-Valued Refined Neutrosophic Logic and Its Applications to Physics 143 user without permission or charge. The au- Springerˇ J. Path Distribution Energy and Possible Consequences . ..............147 thors of the articles published in Progress in Physics retain their rights to use this journal as a whole or any part of it in any other pub- LETTERS: lications and in any way they see fit. Any part of Progress in Physics howsoever used Deklaracija akademske svobode — Declaration of Academic Freedom, The Slovene in other publications must include an appro- Translation ........................................ .........................L1 priate citation of this journal. Suhendro I. On Meta-Epistemic Determination of Quality and Reality in Scientific Creation........................................... .........................L5 This journal is powered by LATEX A variety of books can be downloaded free Jensen R. Simple Explanation for why Parallel-Propagating Photons do not Gravita- from the Digital Library of Science: tionallyAttract.................................... .........................L11 http://www.gallup.unm.edu/∼smarandache ISSN: 1555-5534 (print) ISSN: 1555-5615 (online) Standard Address Number: 297-5092 Printed in the United States of America Information for Authors and Subscribers Progress in Physics has been created for publications on advanced studies in theoretical and experimental physics, including related themes from mathe- matics and astronomy. All submitted papers should be professional, in good English, containing a brief review of a problem and obtained results. All submissions should be designed in LATEX format using Progress in Physics template. This template can be downloaded from Progress in Physics home page http://www.ptep-online.com. Abstract and the necessary informa- tion about author(s) should be included into the papers. To submit a paper, mail the file(s) to the Editor-in-Chief. All submitted papers should be as brief as possible. We accept brief pa- pers, no larger than 8 typeset journal pages. Short articles are preferable. Large papers can be considered in exceptional cases to the section Special Reports intended for such publications in the journal. Letters related to the publications in the journal or to the events among the science community can be applied to the section Letters to Progress in Physics. All that has been accepted for the online issue of Progress in Physics is printed in the paper version of the journal. To order printed issues, contact the Editors. This journal is non-commercial, academic edition. It is printed from pri- vate donations. (Look for the current author fee in the online version of the journal.) October, 2013 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 4 Space-Time Uncertainty and Cosmology: a Proposed Quantum Model of the Universe Sebastiano Tosto Italy, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] The paper introduces a cosmological model of the quantum universe. The aim of the model is (i) to identify the possible mechanism that governs the matter/antimatter ratio existing in the universe and concurrently to propose (ii) a reasonable growth mechanism of the universe and (iii) a possible explanation of the dark energy. The concept of time- space uncertainty, on which is based the present quantum approach, has been proven able to bridge quantum mechanics and relativity. 1 Introduction [1] pointed out several processes in the stars that concurrently account for the formation of heavy elements in the universe. Physical cosmology is the science of the most fundamental questions about past, present and future of the universe. Born On the one hand, the understanding of the nuclear pro- in the modern form with the early Einstein general relativ- cesses explains the existence of stars and other objects (qua- ity (1916), it involves today all branches of the theoretical sars, white dwarf and so on); on the other hand, however, physics. The conceptual basis of cosmology relies not only is the general relativity that explains the existence and fea- on the theories of gravity field, but also on the fundamental tures of the black holes. The crucial point of the modern interactions between elementary particles. Likely the first at- physics and cosmology is the difficulty of merging relativistic tempt of extending the achievements of general relativity to and quantum theories. Several papers have been published on propose a model of universe based on a physical theory was quantum gravity, e.g. [2,3]. Today the string theory is deemed made by Einstein himself with the introduction of the cos- to be a step towards the unification of both theories [4,5]; un- mological constant Λ. At that time the quantum theory was avoidably the string theory has been also implemented by cos- at its very early beginning, while the gravitational interaction mologists to investigate problems of mere quantum nature, seemed the most general physical law governing the dynam- like for instance the vacuum energy and the dark energy [6], ics of celestial bodies; so the relativity, with or without Λ, and the cosmological constant as well [7,8,9]. However, the soon appeared as the most valuable resource to proceed be- mathematical difficulties of these theories are daunting, and yond the Newton physics. their previsions hardly testable. The first milestone of the modern cosmology is due to Yet to shed light on fundamental issues of cosmology are Friedmann
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