Family Life in Hawaii During the Hawaiian Monarchy

MILYFAMILY LIFE IN HAWAII DURING THE HAWAIIAN MONARCHY joseph H spurrier illness among the natives accustomed to island conditions the consti- tutions of the hawaiiansHawaii ans despite a fiercefaithfierce faithfaichfalch did not adjust readily the hawaiian monarchy was formed when the hawaiiislandhawaii island chief to the rigors of the burning heat of the summer sun and the driving winds kamehameha united the islands by conquest this task was completed and zero temperatures of the skull valley winters the high rate of by 1810 it ended when queen Liliuliliuokalaniokalani was overthrown in 1893 mortality is indicated by the large number of markersinmarkersonmarkersmarkersinin the village in this span of eightythreeeighty three years family life in hawaii underwent cemetery severe changes as it was transformed fron the native ohana family great sadness broke out when I1 W kauleiKaulaikauleinamokunamoku mentioned earlier to the euro american christian pattern that the family was signi- as leader of the natives died in 1899 at the age of sixty two his ficant among the islanders is attested by the number and frecfaemfrequencyY of grave enclosed in an iron grill fence and covered by a white marble terms and phrases in the language which refer to it the hawaiian tombstone may still be seen at the losepajosepa cemetery word which is commonlyoanoonnonly translated as family is ohana in casual when church officials announced to the group in 1915 that a temple usage ohana can mean an institutionalized corporate body the 2 would be built in hawaii that cash would be paid for all personal and extended family or it may simply designate a kinsman or relative corporate holdings in the colony and that the church would provide most commonlycaacanoannonly it meant the general grouping of persons related by 3 transportation back to the islaisiaislandsadsnds for those unable to pay for their own blood marriage or adoption others might live 2nanin the household most of the colonists decided to return to their homeland most of the though they were not ohanalohana these were the chuaohua which signifies 4 returnees settled on the church plantation at laie oahubahu many faithful retainers sojourners or those likened to passhigerspassengers in a canoe among the derivation of the word is in the symbolism of the oha buds141d church members today are the descendants of the skull valley I1 5 hawaiian pioneers which occur on the conn of the taro plant ooicolocasiaOolocasia esculentesculentaa sprout top conncorm which root the church sold the ranch in 1917 to the deseret livestock company these buds at the of the is that rootlikelike phrase then oha which moved some of the original buildings away and razed others to obtain portion of the plant that is propagatedpropogated the is ana springing shoots as children springing from a materials with which to construct a ranch headquarters near the site of the or the of off parents 6 ohana togo farther old village the ranch now produces hay and serves as a center for livestock single pair of the contraction is and express the idea of the primary or nuclear family in modemmodern usageusager grazing the story of losepajosepa is a story of hope courage and hard work aucleanuclea 7 the phrase ohana ampono i the true family was required this sti- pulated a father mother and the children born to them

38 spurrier joseph H A descrjmdescription of family life at the beginning of this period spurrier joseph H amtoust oanecameoamecome fran the fitting together of fragments of observations be left work in notes but this work suffered sane in translation and franfronfrom accounts written for other purposes the sources which can be editing which was done by a missionary son his hawaiian antiquities consulted begin with the journals of captain james cookodokodow the dis shows both his cmown converted christian bias as well as that of his 8ci 17 18 covadveroovercoverercoverorooverorerorenoror wilemilemlle his account contains alalmostt no direct references editor and translator kamakau was also a converted christian to hawaiian families sane few statements can be used to draw infer historians ethnologistsetbnologists andpoligistsanthropoligistsanthropologists sociologists and 9 in10 ekoesenoes the ships logs of portlock and dixon bryon and the other scholars have gleaned and culled from these sources to put Jounjournalsyounrials of thetileeuleuele wilkes expedition amaxe useful in a similar fashion U together valuable studies of that early hawaiian society cneone fine 12 itthe writings of john ledyard a marimmarinemacine with captain cookodok the example is the polynesian family system inn xakauxauu hawaii by E S 13 publicationicationmication of archibald caqeu an injured whaler who spent a craighill handy and mary kacenakawena pukui charles E tuttle canconcoq3anycorpanycoqpanyCOqpany year in honolulu in 1808 and an account attributed to john B witmitmih lasins rutlandlUtfubland vermont 1972 dr handy is a prominent polynesian nanmwman all makemakeimaket fleeting comments about men and waumwomen as parts of ethnologist and mary pukui is the leading hanahawahawaiian scholar of this households generationrnepneration a lexicographer and incidentally a latterlatterdayday saint hiram bingham puritanical leader of the first company of this work is nahnxhmuch enriched by references to the family found in the protestant missionaries franfrom boston recorded his inxxmssicnsinpressionsimpressions in what languagelanguaige terms and phrases which give insight into the spirit and sawsamsane have called awkward and biased language in A resireslPesiresidencedence of twentyZ practice of family life at laie in the later years of the kingdom 15 one years izin the sandwich islands his book while intended tottotoo be lain compiled from notes taken from over thuthirtyty missionary journals an accurate observation is nannonvammore bingham than hawaii other mission- kept by elders who labored in hawaii fromerom 1850 to 1890 aries kept journals which are available both published andnd unpublish- winemune these elders had little intention of recording family ed txthese add pieces to the puzzle william ellisM I1 i a london miss- history enough can be gleaned to perceive a little about the lives ionary society minister left a somewhatbanesanesonenhatkhatwhat more synsyupatheticsympathetic picture of of bomesome families who lived thentherethem then unfortunately hawaiian latter society in hawaii due to his having spent several years in tahiti be- day saints were notriot yet sufficiently conditioned to a literate tra- 16 fore comingitocomincominggitoto honolulu dition to keep lourjourjournals1 hawhanymawmany of them performed illustriousi1blat Ian church thetha islanders themselves left little other thanthen the writings arviceervioewrviceerviceloeioe filled adtiplenuloulnuioultiplemultipletiple aismissionsmlsmibsiansslanssions and led lives of heroic faith but of such as david naomalomaiowaomao and saauelsanuel KM kamakau heloheiomalo vaswasweawae oneove of the this heritage isin lost due to theirthe fanumfailure to jrjrmiijcu&1aiamiiqiai as their lives arlyariyorlyablyawly converts to chrichrisianityChrisichristianityanity and eventually beaebeabe a liscenAlisoenaedliscenaeded preacher 39 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H A revival of interest in things hawaiian the resurgence of enthusiasm smaller piepieshapedshaped portions which ranged from two thousands to two about genealogies and a turning of scholarly interest to local and oral hundred thousand acres these were called ahuahupuaapuaa the territerziterritorytorybory history may urveraurverunoover documents and records heretofore unknown andrakeaniandvakeand dakemake contained in this division was bordered on each side by a natural possible a structuringrestructuringre of a heritage that can be held in high boundary such as a stream bed or ridge of high ground ran framfrom the 21 esteem summit of the mountains to the seashore A number of ohana in discussing the ohana in the formative years of the kingdom lived within each ahupuaa and usually all members of any one ohana consideration muslmustmost be given to four influences which were powerful lived within its boundaries all nuclear and extended families living detunentsdetenninents of hawhow the hawaiians lived first thentherethem was the structure within one ahupuaa enjoyed full use and access rights to all land 22 functioning of the ohana itself it was a dispersed community with otherwise not used 19 family daubersmembers living primarily within one general locale the vari- A third influence was the division of the society into classes ous groups of a single ohana were nutuallyvutuallynutumutuallyallyaily supportive these living aliiaillmiimillii or chiefs and makaainanamakaainana or owronersoonncners the chiefs hels rank near the seashore obtained their sustenance frum the sea while others which was inherited and with the degree of rank determined framfrom care- lived inland and cultivated or gathered food plants wienmienwhen a marlermattermembermarcer fully kept genealogies the highest ranking of chiefs might rule an of the inland group went to the beach a basket of taro or other food entire island or perhaps only a moku one of the large districts intoindo fronfrom the mountains would be carried to give to the family on the shore which the island was divided while those of lesser rank might serve the basket would not be returned empty fresh or dried fish or other as retainers or be given charge as land manager in an ahupuaa the seafood would be given in return this was not an equal exchange of second largest divisondavison of land the cimmon people worked the land goods or barter it was rather a reciprocal giving for which the and the sea for the support of all they were not however bound to word obligation may be too strong the ethic which motivated action the land in the way or the european serf of the mimiemiddlemiddie ages on 23 and shaped living patterns was cooperation wdandadd the giving rather than provocation they ahtmightght move franfronfrom place to place freely although rrylttitionocxnpetition and acquiring 20 rank was not held among the onraomraconvenersners the eldest son or daughter was A second influence was the nature of the land system eabekbeach given recognition and the rightdight to the title of haku lord of the island was divided into large districts nichwhich were called SHnptat usual ohana further the first son or daughter of the eldest succeeded ly fran four to seven per island eachbacabaah mokamokupoka wasas divided into to that title and position thus estestablishinglishing senior linesiines within the family from these senior lines canecame the leadership for the 40 chanadhanaohana the haku divided the fish of a ocnnunaloommmal catch directed any brierwrierscurriesscurriedScurspurmrierMrlerierrieszierzies joseph H work that required a total family effort presided at family councils havingmoving was a serious and derudermdemandingdemmkUngxungmung effort and was the representative of the grawgramgromgroup when the chiefs canecame each year marriages mong both classes might involve multiple mates and to collect the taxes the haku also occupied the aimainaalna family harehanehadehone there were occasional justifications for ritual infidelity A chiefly place which was recognized as the geographic center of the family family might be polygynous polyandrous or both at the same time therethime might be several ohanaschana in each kapuaaahupuaaeapuaa and each would have ftnongawngaang the 00avanersocuncners the institution of punalua literally a second 24 its aina or center spring was the more cannon pattern this practice involved the A fourth influence was the early hawaiian religion wilemilemllewhile the acceptancesocepta of a fully participating second wife or husband into the religion was quite highly developed and ccnplexocnplex the most obvious familynily if the MMnow partner anrewxvnre to be mlmala thezhech acrangenanfc& qww11 waswaaVOSw ini- aspect was the kapuM those limitations and restrictions imposed by tiated by the first husband with the permission of the wife and was that religion these required separation of men and women when eating mostwost often a brother or near kinsman of the first husband should 28 prescribed foods vichwichwlchw henmen could not be eaten by nomenwomen and commoners and the newnow partner be female the opposite held true permeatedpohnponnpatponnpatmahpah every phase of living the sanctity of the chiefs was the dwellingdwellingof of a family was several thatched houses each with a purpose houses were one roamedroomed protected by thetiletuletiye samsemkapus8m it was the system of kiikliyilsocial control and the different the small oneroamedoneroomed structures 25 basic guide to general behavior it was changes in themthese four which may be likened to the roaroansroamsrooms of a modemmodern house the number factors which brought about the transformation of familyfand ly life through depended upanupon the wealth or rank of the occupant regardlessFegregardless however tietheteeeee period of tinetimellmaclma under consideration of rank or status certain minimums prevailed there was always a A brief description 21of family life in the early year of the kingdom elaylamua or alsamsmens house this housed the family god or whatever material representation there was of this being here also the vrrdennervermen did indoor mate selection and marriage among the alii weremenemerw decided upon consider- odenorkwork held their councils tooktcxacx theirmir walswaismalsmeals and generally lived the ations of rank and gersealog1genealogieses and therefore marriages were arranged lir 26 second house was the halebalehaie noa free house where the entire family by parents well in advance of the event anong camrtonersccocoaccomonerscoomoners mates slept and could meet together if no other building were erected wewere selected with regard to more njanemundane critericriteriat appearance talent for the purpose the mcmenwcmen also did their work here A third building personalpersonalityi ty or where one lived chiefly families were on the monmommove a was the halthalihalghaig kahtmkahamkahumu or cook house hezbezherebenenezee food wwwasmas prepared separately lot since thetae responsibilities of a chief required travel within onesa her 27 for men and manenmananwanenwomanwomen ftiwtadditionalinnalannal hmmhouses might be put up for storage ounown district around the island or interislandinter island theibe famicamifimlueI1 i of tithe housing of canoes or other purposes scoesconso chiefly households the coboonexscmmmwa tended to remaindemain within the confines of anecneone &ahuahupuaapuaapumaa might have as many as ten houses the extras included a rather unique spurrier joseph H srailarallsmallsmail house used to shelter women during that one week a month when and the child was left to fend for hinrhinehimselfelfeif among those of his own 29 33 they were considered ritually unclean age group he was nuchmuch under the supervision of olderoldeg brothers As has been mentioned the makaainanamakaainana or cannon people did and sisters or cousins of the learnings most desired for children the work on the land the work was clearly delineated as to what was the skills for the accomplishment of daily tasks and the requirements appropriate for men and wamanwomanwomen men did the planting harvesting for observing the kapu were the most urgent other traits favored fishing done with nets or from canoes and the cooking amenwmenwanen assist- ereberewere the ability and willingness to be aluolu aluolulolu pleasant and to ed with weeding gathering certain kinds of uncultivated plants and loneionejohe give heed these meant to be amenable to the desires of others 34 searching the shore for seaweed and shellfish indoor work included and to avoid disagreementsts and confrontations whenever possible the making of tapa native paperlikepaper like cloth weaving mats and care of the truly drastic changes for the ohana began with the arrival small children inside work for the men was the making and repairing of captain cook in january of 1778 the strange and lusty men franfromeraneron of tools and implements mending of nets or making of canoes the the ships marewerewezemaeemeze attractive and attracted to the island women who wore 35 boys after they had made the transition srm the womens house to marriage as a light mantle despite the infoinformalitymality of the ohana matters sexual the association of the women with that of the men assisted the men in all of the tasks done wr blehie the in of fidelity the 30 girls did the womens work mmmen franframfrom the ships placed strains on the relationships within the 36 the work day began early since work with growing plants was to family in addition with the strangers came diseases for which the be done before daylight or after sunset according to the old reli- islanders had no innunityinninuimmunityunity these new diseases plus the cultural shock 31 gion forflorfloc fishermen it was good to be well out to sea by the time of being brought into contact with a civilization some sixsixthousandthousand thetileteleeele sun was up for wamenmomenwomen gathering food in the uplands or at the years ahead in time would cause the native hawaiian to become sterile beach was done more comfortably before the sun was high 32 during and would decimate the population in less than a century the heat of the day and when thereatherthemeatherthe weathermeather was unfavorable indoor work the wars of the cmxp3erorconqueror and the new interest in sandalwood as was attended to by all a cash crop caused men to be absent from their families for extended children filled a special place in the household especially periods of time thus forcing on the women roles previously held only when they werewarewecewacewane smallsmailam L thesthey were objects of elchsuchouch attention Asan they by menm inadditicninladditicn to allailaliau of this mawmww of the foreigners took island reached the age to begin wawalkingwaikingmaulingulingUting this attention diminished markedly omen for wives and expectedP n I1 P j them ralrolratnotnoc only to prepare their food but spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H 37 to eat with thanthenthem as well the family system and the socioreligioussocio religious week program and only one day set aside for prescribed activity all 40 fabric was so weakened that the chiefs finally in 1819 cast off the but demolished the hawaiian way of life kanukadukapu altogether the family situation among the hawaiians deteriorated rapidly in 1820 when protestant missionaries arrived franfronfrom new england children were splysinplyaply not being bomborn disease was wiping out the still another pressure was brought to bear on the ohanaghana family existing population by the hundreds many hawaiians were leaving life among the hawaiians was already in a lamentable state of disarray the islands to migrate to other lands the population had declined and the newly arrived preachers assumed that this was the natural fifty percent within fifty years A european visitor described the state of affairs one reported that there was nothing like family situation well in 1836 38 lifeilfewe or domesticdonestic felicity among the natives the efforts of the unless haste is made there will be nownomnone left at the sandwich islands to civilize except the civilizers new glandersBtenglanders to bring the faltering practices of the ohana into line themselvesisle41 with christian ways were generally thought of as beneficial though deaths outnumbered births by an alairaming ratio and conditions were not almost everything hawaiian became unacceptable unsuccessful or sin- getting any better ful the race was not likely to prosper or to regain any cultural by the late 18401840sIs the pressure of foreigners haihadbad brought an labilitystability in such circumstances end to the old land system that system while feudal in nature and thetha effects of christianity on the ohana were subtle but providing only temporary land tenure was well suited for the island importantlanttant first was the insistence notriot only on monogamy in marri- situation where land is limited under the new system of individual age but fidelity as well while this in itself is good and proper ownership land became a connoditycommodity to be bought and sold and for to a people accustomed to exactly the oppositeite the way was opened for speculation the use and access rights so necessary for life in the 39 adultryadultlyadultry a rownew sin later to becanebecomebecame the national sin A second old way was ended and eventually the native islanders were to be influence was the perpezperceptioneption of the foreigner that the male should be replaced as landownersla amerswmers by those who could afford to purchase or 42 thetiieeuleuele provider while the female was to remain in the home this womabwasmas otherwise acquire this ooanodityounriodity the ohanalohana was now alumtalumaalmost strange indeed in families where it had taken all hands to acconplishaccomplishacampluimah pletelypletclyplemely broken up sincea its operation had depended so ahauchouchnuchxh on free thetileeileeele kackkockworkwock of sustenance tootheranother change was that of thetiletiieeele calendar the access to lindlandnind newly narriedmarried couples might no longer settle in the lunar calendar of the hanihanlhakiiansHakibanaiianshanaihanalBaNailansianslanb had titinestimes nights and daysgassgays appointed sambsaneaanesame ahupiaaahupuaa as the restdestres of the familyfmmilyemmily the old cooperativeemki oe mutuallynutuallyaily to the tasks of man the christian calendar with iftitslet beveneevenwyftw ddaye a spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H supportive interaction among family members was also gone the new the church design was the nuclear or primary family and the new style was the the ohana to which kaleohano belonged was an maanimaanttqportant one as americanAneanannarican competitive and achievementorientedachievement oriented way of doing things his grandfather being a high ranking chief franfronframfrom the district of kaukalu it is obvious from the forgoing description that the new ways were in on the island of hawaii in his middle years he sailed away fromfromm direct contrast with the old thenuemue loss for the hawaiians is almost the islands with boki governor of oahubahu01ahu in search of sasandalwoodkawoodk1wood prehensibleinaninaminapprehensibleinamprehensibleinocnprehensible in the south seas 46 his wife and son were given lands on maui where in the later years of the hawaiian monarchy the reigns of an uncle hoapilihoaBoapili was governor this land was located on the north- king kamehameha IV kamehameha V and the early years of that of kala west flank of mauis majestic mountain haleakala here with the 43 kaua island life was as its most colorful it was during these kapu broken the son grew up with only the status and wealthwealth that years that the church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints established ingeingenuitymuity might bring this was the father of kaiedkaleokaleohanoKaledhanobano the Sarxsarusandwichwichwlch islands mission thehienie first elders arrived in december the kaleohano of our history was borborn at pulehupulphu in the kula 47 of 1850 and after two months of indecisive operation the work was district in 1831 his bringing up must have been a strange mixture 44 begun among the hawaiian people there were also notable early of the old and new since a protestant mission station was established 48 successes among white men who had settled in the islands and were nearby in 1832 his parents accepted the new religion nominally at 45 raising families mormons coaveconveconvertedstedxted more unitewhite men in threeemW years least and he was sent to the missionary school taught by meagerly 49 than the protestants had in thirty an interesting peculiarity prepared hawaiian teachers herehem he was taught reading writing however developed in the conversion pattern anongamongemong the mormons in singing and sanesome figuring although the old religion had been official- that nenmenpen were converted and baptized before their wives producing ly discarded twelve years before his birth kaleohano was still nichruchnuchmich partpartmembermember faniliesfaadliesfanifamiliesliesllesiles in anlyonly a few casecases was a latterlatterdayday saint under the influences of the old ways he learned about the family family style found prior to the founding of thetineeinetene agricultural mission auaumakuamakua he alsoaisoalao acquired rudimentary skillsinskillslinskillsinslinswin the ancient arts of 50 at laie in 1865 an actual family has been chosen here to Muillustratestratestrane healing and the arts of hula danceanddancelandcdanoeanddance and chant in his formal school- family life of this period rather than trying to abstract a set of ing kaleohano was a capable pupil and was chosen to attend the miss- i 51 characteristics the family history included here is that of the ionary semirfxyseminary at lahainalunaLahainaluna which had been established in 1831 naiekaieNalekaleohanonaleohanok&leohanoohano family this man was cneone of george Q cannons first con- by the age of twenty kaleohano had returned from school which verts a man of chiefly descent and the head of a large progenyinproprogenygerrygerny in umas a boarding institution with a fair grasp of western knowledge 44 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H and the ways of the white nanman in addition to theology sumsurveyingWing view of west maui one of theche rooms was for sleeping another nusicmasicmusic printing geageometrydetrymetry rhetoric grammar mentalmantalmantai aritharithmaticarithmeticmatic and 52 for eating while the remaining two served as work rooms at least natural philosophy science the young man had learned compet- until the house became a regular stopping place for utah missionaries tiitivenessveness rather than giving and individual success rather than the 58 moving across the island of maui cooking was done in a leantolean to gravgroup good these last precepts were not in the formal curriculum but 00ooon the west side of the house using both open fire and underground were everywhere present among missionaries tradlerstraders whalers and oven much work was done the visitors 53 of the underneath raised floor of the house where one was protected from the sun and weather on his return to kula he iretmet and married a young lady of toilet 54 needs were managed largely out of doors and well away from the banesoreazresanesome rank kaahanui and with his newly acquired skills was able to water was a nearby gulch which was supplied secure for himself legal title to the land anon which his family had house carriedfrodcarried ifronafron s5sa from the run which occurred higher up the mountain lived for two generations he settled with his wife at kealla runoffoff of rains was was he was pulehupulphu laundry done in this stream bed where large stones served as which four miles from the place where born at paehu 59 washboards and drying when the was wet he was living here when in april of 1851 elder george Q camioncannon camscame as surfaces weather into that district it was here that the ingyoung eldereiderel preached his clathingclothing was hung on lines underneath the house 56 first sermon in hawaiian and made his first baptism kaiekaleohanoKaleoham and kaleohano provided for his family in the running of a 57 his wife were wmswmv tiletllethese elder cannon became a renter of the few head of cattle fishing on occasion and from some cash income a from tayocayo kaleohano householda and this marked tehten beginning of a new kind of frotro the family acreage beef and fish were traded for tartaro for the liferifewe for the yvyoung hawaiian coupiecouple making of eblebipolpoi221 the staple of thechebhe hawaiian diet the remainder of the dwelling of this familywasfamily was a four roaaoazoa frisfrixframe building their food needs were notmetmeceegmeg by the efforts of kaahanui in the keep- raised some five to seven feet off the ground the roof was of ing of a large welltendedwell tended garden this good wife had also thatched eliipili grass but there were glass windows the floors were learned somewhat of needlework and was able to make clothes for her- covered with mats woven franfronfram the leaves of the pandanus or screw pine selfif and her husband such ready made clothing as they required lauhala steps led franfronfrom the rocky ground up to a awlmgtsmallamaliamailI1 lanai orCW me purchased from rcantilemercantile establishments lain ualwaluailWaiwailulawailukawailukuWailukulukaiuka neuineulmauimaulnemi or 9 parchparahporch ubichwhich faced V 4 h and took advantage of the mspectaculareclaectacularcutar on infrequent trips to the city of honolulu

45 17

spurrier joseph H spspurrierurrierler joseph H mediatelyimmediatelyIn afteaateafterr his baptism into the church kaleohano kaleohano served here for three years during auchwilchwhich timetune the was called to accompany elder cannon on a missionary journey to missionaries selected the basin of lalawaipalawai on the island of lanai 60 65 the koolau windward district of maui this was the first of his as a gathering place for the saints in hawaii in additionadclion to his many nismissionsmlsmib sions and he was of incalculable aid throughout his life work with his branch assignment he was called to recruit men and to the utah elders his chiefly status earned him a hearing where warenwanenwaxen to go as pioneers to the new settlement it is significant to ever he went and his education gave him ease in dealing with the note that cneone carpanyoonpanycampany of pioneers anon lanai was knanknwnaxam as the kula 66 he was also assigned to gather foodstuffs implements and precepts of the gospel his training in the language and poetry of livestock to provide for the colony until should beoonebedonebeocrm self the ancient chant gave him fluency and grace of expression in hishiehlahia it supporting own language his talent and training was furthermanifeemanifest manifest two in allaliail of this service to the mission kaleohanos wife years later when the first meeting house on the island was dedi- kaahanui was a strong supporter and second for her husband her cated at kula for thatchatthacchac occasion kaleohano organized and led a 61 patient help and wannwarm hospitality became legend among the american choir of singers in which his wife and father sang elders the family entertained the young missionary joseph F snithsmith on the twentysecondtwenty second of april 1853 the family was blessed during the sunnierburniersummergummer months of 1856 while the fifteen year old elder by the arrival of a baby girl who was named lucy the father was 167 learned the language he was ill much of the time but when he so proud that on the following sunday he led a procession to the 9 departed the honehouehome he was able in hawaiian and acclimated to the meeting house with his baby daughter in his arms in the words of 62 food and ways of the islands the friendship formed in these months elder ephraim green as proud as a king later in the day would endure for many years and across generations as president snithsmith when called upon toco preach the exhuberant kaleohano returned repeatedly to hawaii and as deersmaersmeersmembers of the family moved to held forth for two hours thirteen mo luhs later a second child 68 63 utah in the late 1880s18801s a was bornaboraborn a son who was given the name kamuela samuel in the in 1861 walter fmaymurraymorray gibson arrived in hawaii and in a few months early infancy of these children their father was away much of the appropriated the leadershipI1 of the church in the islands kaleohano time in service to the mission by april of 1854 he had completed 69 ai6i6 served for a weiewelew niehiemie under gibsons regime but ronnsoonsonn began to recognize even missiomissionaryaarynary assignments at that time he was assigned as i1 strangeness in the ways of the nmnew learterlenrterI1 and withdrew quietly remain- eadereadezleaderleaden of the honuaula branch of the church which was near hishie holhowho ing closecl to hisbisbin hehome in kula and he was able to live at howhoghooehome for a time

46 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph 11 when elders ezra tafttafu benson and lorenzo snow arrived in to satisfy the need for cash in the white mans economy 1864 to deal with the gibson affair kaleohano was still at his there was some income fronfrom leasing and sale of lands on maui in honehodehome where elder alma smith found him when he toured mauimaul to re- addition kaleohano worked intermittently as a sugar boiler at the order the branches of the church a month later elder joseph FP billmill to receive credits at the plantation store which was operated 5 smith had returned with the deputation from salt lake city and was by sister nebeker eventually even the kaleohano children worked left in charge of the church in hawaii although the mission had anon the plantation as well president nebeker was pleased when he 40 not been establishedreestablishedre aeAs conference was called at honolulu found that the children of laie wished to work when not in school in october of 1864 kaieKalekaleohanookano was in attendance and addressed the he arranged work for them atAC tasks appropriate to the ages and they 72 metingmeeting rejoicing in the restoration of the link with church also received credits at sister nebekersNeb ekers store 7 headquarters and with the authority of the prophet when the the work day began early as it had always among the hawaiiansHawaiians decision was made later that year to send an agricultural colony with all the family doing chores around the household children were to hawaii and laie anon oahu was chosen as the site the kaleohanokaleohanos sent to school which in these years was taught by missionaries or decided to move there their wives kamuelaKaouela lucy williemaVillleaalemaiema and kanihonui as well as within a year after their arrival at laie the family had the two youngest all attended the schools at laie kaahanui kept erected a frame house one of the few owned by hawaiian families the house made mats in the old way or did needle work in her own there the plot they chose for their home was well inland and the house she did not visit much among the homes in laie there was place came to be known as kaleohano gulch here they found themselves and is a strong aversion to women visiting from house to house and 73 tending to their physical needs very suchinmuchinmuch in the old way taro was few women were thought less of than thosechose who did it kaleohano planted tended and harvested in the wetlands along the river bed if not anon a eismissionmismlssionslon tended the livestock or worked at the eliiwillmill fishing was good at the shore three miles distant and as ever at the close of each day which was earlier in those days of no kaahanui kept a garden in addition the low mountains were abun- electric lights the family wetmetmecet for the pule ohana family prayer dant with fruits and plants for gathering some livestock was and devotions scriptures were read or recited a hymn was sung i also raised swine chickens a few head of cattle and some borshorsborseshorsesbogs and family prayer was said catecare was exercised to to use these for riding tilstimsclaestimes for just before seeking rest for instruction lecturing scolding or recriminations this was characteristic of being 74 oluoluolulolu pleasant andend non confronting snan ideal of earlier times

4 7 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H 81 the family residence at lalelaie as it had been on haulmauimaul was a kapiolani called atac laie on their first roundtheislandround the island tour i oremore or less constant home for missionaries it was the practice of lucy vavaswass selected by her majesty as being of suitable ranktoranatorank to serve 82 the mission presidents to assign new elders out to hawaiian families as ladyinwaitingladyledyiedy in waiting for this visit in subsequent visits and on 75 to aid in learning the language this family was favorite for that omeoaesome other occasions the king and queen used kaleohano as an u- purpose the missionaries became very much a part of the family nofficial contact within the church community if a visit were as many who have labored in the islands can testify almost always planned to laie or if some other assdsiationass6siation with the saints were the living example of these elders before the family plus the bles- contemplatecontemplateddt kaleohano was the person notified on each visit toco sings which accrue from providing for the lords servants doubly laielatelale the royalty spent the time at the kaleohano home blessed many island families the kaleohano home had enjoyed As they kaleohano family and others of the hawaiian saints nearly constant missionary occupation since 1851 had gathered to laie a number of seemingly incidental developments the first marriage among the kaleohano children occurred in brought about one of the little known but important events of hawaiian 1873 when lucy was wedded to the young mail carrier of laie the history in this new location they lived in proximity not only 76 son of one of kaleohanos converts from the island of hawaii to other latterlatterdayday saint families but chosen familiessofamilies socalledso called another event of some importance to the family was the mission because they had chosen to gather there there was a strong feeling 77 call which came to Kamuelakamuelaaa year earlier kanihonui was taking for communitycomacommunityunicy with residents responsible to end dependent upon other trumpet lessons and some years later would play in the lalelaie brass residents this sense of mutual support and cooperation came out 78 band much service to the church was being renarenderederededed by of the fact that all were church members and the general atmosphere the brethren of the family but the sisters played their parts as was ouchwuchmuch like that experienced in earlier days when the ohana was veilwellweliweil lucy was well known as a sunday school teacher and her functional in a sense the security and advantages of the ohana otherochermothermolhermocher was called as a counselor in the first relief society had been restored 79 organization to be formed in hawaii in 1873187 later kaahanui A second regularizing influence which characterized laie would be called to serve with sister partridge wife of the mission was the factthatfact thatchacchec the entire ahupuaa of laie had been purchased for 80so 83 president inalnainiainja missionwidemission wide organization of the relief society the church tyby elder francis A haondhanndhamoond in early 1865 those who what wustmustusuust have been one of the highlights in the life of the gathered there found again the full use and access rights they had family occurred in april of 1874 when king kalakaua and hishie queen njoyedunjoyedenjoyed under the old land system the hawaiianahawaftansHawaiiansana felt sucheuchmuch at home

48 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H A third element of life at laie which represented a kind of society of sisters and felt it to be important to the revitalization restoration of an old way was the structure of church leadership of the race these impressions were responsiblee for her establishment in the mission president george nebeker presided over the plan- of the queens relief society the hui hooulu a roola lahui assoriaassocia 88 tation and the missionary activity in this capacity he had much the tion for strengthening and giving life to the race in 1877 kaleo- same powers over the ahupuaa as had been held in the old times by the hano was instrumental in the acmeanme of her majesty for assisting in konchikiwhokonchikkonohikikonohikiiwhonhowhomho was a chief and land manager the organization of a number of chapters of this society in various 89 As a fourth consideration the principles of the gospel had places around the islands he was further called upon from time to 90 replaced the old system of kapu it was a religion a code of moral time to address the assembled women of the society kaahanui and behavior and a framework of social controls when the heubeukapu was her daughter lucy were both active in the queens organization at abandoned it wawass replaced unintentionally by new england protestantism laie where the kapu had ruled by fear and protestant christianity had been almost by way of turning back to the beginning kaleohano and repressive the principles of the gospel seemed benign hisbis family were called upon in the october conference of the mission in view of these restorative circumstances it is not surprising in 1886 to demonstrate innocent hawaiian amusements which included 91 to note a recovery among the hawaiiansHawaiians the deadly direction of the examples of the chant and dance fromerom that time on laie became population trend in the kingdom was reversed at laie president one of the centers of interest for the preservation of hawaiian nebeker was able to report in the early 1870s that births were ex dance and chant each conference included demonstrations and even- 84 ceedingbeeding deaths three to one on the plantation this was happening tually competitions in these arts many of theprominentthe prominent dance 92 at no other place in the kingdom king david kalakaua and queen instructors and performers look back to find their origins at laie kapiolani on their visit to laie in 1874 found the number of children the life and activity of the latterlatterdayday saint family has been 85 there astonishing both commented upon it repeatedly the sense of much strengthened since the turn of the century many innovations worth of cultural stability and of ability to cope was restored to have enriched family life the kukunakupuna old folks however remember the people in there circumstances ththe queen recorded that her people with fondness and nostalgia the days of their growing up among the 86 at laie hadahadjhadjregainedbadjregainedregained their former dignity and self respect saints at laielale and the large strong families of the final decades of another impression made upon queen kapiolani in her association the last century 87 with laie was the relief society she was nuchwuchmuch interested in this at the beginning of the period of the monarchy in hawaii family life was in a deplorable state due to the impact of the discovery the 49 24

spurrier joseph H H spurrier joseph FOOTNOTES changing economic systemsystems the loss of the kapu the revolution in the 1eaeE S craighill handy and mary kacenakawena pukui the polynesian family system vermont E system and the dissolution of the functions of the ohana the at kau hawaii rutland charles tuttleluddletutlacluc lietielle land company 1972 references throughout race was dying out when was established as a gathering place laie bibid2ibidbid p 3 for the latterdayday saints many of the old ways were restored or re- latter acharles3charlescharlescharies W kenn lecture series given at brigham young placed with beneficent substitutes cultural identity family sta- university hawaii campus may 1291 29 1980 tapes in writers possession tape sl1 and the will to persevere returned also and the race began 4 bility 4irvingairvingirving goldman ancient polynesian society chicago the press p a recovery which was not to become general among the people until the university of chicago 1970 235 5maryamary mid ninteenkinteen hundreds the kaleohano family has been selected to mary kavena pukui and samuel H elbert englishhawaiianenglish hawaiian il- dictionaryhonoluludictionary honolulu university of hawaii press 1964 p 54 lustratejustrate family1ifefamily lifeilfe during the monarchial period because it existed glennkenn lectures tape fflfal1 under all of the conditions described 71d7ibidbibid a 8captaincaptain japes cook and james king A voyage toto the pacific ocean undertaken by the command of his majesty for making Disdiscovertcoveri in the northern hemisphere toco determine theche position and extenczxtencextence of the west side of northnorchnordh america its distance from asia and the practicability ofor a northern passage to Eueuroperoe performed u adernderunder the direction of captains janesjames cookcouk clerke and gore in his majestys ships the resolution and discoversdiscovervdiscoveryDiscoverv in the years 1776 1777 17781773 177917801779 1780 3 vols london W A strahan for G nicol bookseller MDCCLXmdcclxxxivvxiv II11 9captaincaptain george dixon A voyage round the world but more particularly the northwest coast of america performed in 1785 1786 1787 and 1788 in the king george and queen charlotte and2nd ed london george gaitlinggautlingGaut ling 1789 iolorddolordlord byron voyage of the blonde to the sandwich islands inin the years 182418251824 1825 london john hurraymurray 1826 11 licharleslacharleslicharlescharies wilkes narrativekarvaKarranarvativecive of tetheche united states exploring expedition during theche years 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 5 vols philadelphia lea and blanchard1845Blanchard 1845 12jadesjanes kenneth mumford eded john ledyards journal of captain cooks last voyage oregon state monographs corvallis oregon oregon stateuniversityState University press 1963

50 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H 13 25 archibald campbell A voyage round the world from 1806 E S craighillCraighlll handy cultural revolution in hawaii to 1812 in which japan Kamickamchatkahatkahacka the aleutian islands and the preliminary paper prepared for the fourth general session of the sandwich islands were visitedvisicedVis iced including A narrative ofot the authors institute of pacific relations to be held at hanglowhangkowHangkow china shipwreck on the island of sannockbannockSannock his subsequent wreck in the october 21st to kovnov ath4th 1931 honolulu american council ships longboat with an account of the present state of the sandwich institute of pacific relations 1931 p 27 and a vocabulary language new york van winkle islands of their 26A and company 1817 appp 9611596 115 samuel manalakalanimanaiakalaniManaiakalani kamakau ka poe kahikokaciko the people of old translated mary kacenakawena pukui ed dorothy barrere 14 john dominis holthoieholehoid ed the hawaiian journal of john B bishop museum special publication 51 honolulu published by the whitman 181318151813 1815 an account of the sandwich islands honolulu museum 1964 p 25 topgallant publishing corpanycompany ltd & peabody museum of saleasalem saleasalem massachusetts 1979 27 ibid p 4 15 hiram bingham A residence of twentyonetwenty one years in the 2andyaandyhandy cultural revolution in hawaii p 8 and of sandwich islands or the civil religious political history 29 those islands cocotiprtsingnprisin a particular view ofor rhe missionary handy pukui polynesianpolyne sianslan family systemsysteatem appp 9149 14 and progress of operations connected with the introduction 30 christianity and civilization among the hawaiian people ard3rd ed joan boggs hawaiian adolescents and their families revised and corrected new york praeger publishers 1969 hana Makamaka 0 nanakuliNanakuli studies in A Hawhawaiianalianallan community pacific number 1 gaiiimoreimoreimonelimore and howar 16 anthropological records ronald CalcallcaligaigalcollimorecallimoreGaii alan william elliseilis journal of william ellis narrative of a editors honolulu bernice P bishop museum 1968 p 66 coarconr of hawaii or owhvheeouhyowhyheeOwhy hee with remarks on the history traditions manners customsCus toastoms and language of the inhabitants of the sandwich ikenn3kennkenn lectures tape 933 islands reprint of the 1829 and hawaii 1917 editions honolulu advertiser publishing companycoaConpany ltd 1963 32 ibid 33 17david halomalomeiomelomaio hawaiian antiquities mooleloMoo lelo hawaii transi cathie jordon ronald gallimorecalicallGaiiimore barbara slogget and edwar from the hawaiian by dr nathaniel 3 emerson 1898 honolulu kubangbubang the family and the school na Makamaka 0 nanakuliNanakuli studie bishop museum press 1951 in A hawaiian comaunitycommunityComacomm nicyunityunicy pacific anthropological records numbersunnunsumnernev I11 ronald gallimorecalicailGaii imore and alan howard ed honolulu bernice P bishop saauelsamuel1 henalamadaiaManaiamanaiakalanim&naiakalanikalani kamakau mooleloMoolelo hawaii hawaiian museum 1968 p 57 traditions unpublished typescript bound in two volumes translated by martha beckwith and mary lavenakavena pukui held by the bishop museum 34alan howard aint no big thing coping strategies in a Coccon press 10 hawaiianamericanhawaiian american communitymunity honolulu the university of 19kennlennkenn lectures tape fl01 hawaii an eastvesteast vest center book 1974 p 29 20 35 ibid bengt nielssendannielssenDan love in the south seas transi by F H lyon new york reynal company 1956 p 106 21jon great kahele land division of joa J chinen the hawaiis 36 1848 honolulu university of hawaii press 1958 p 1 sanuelsamurisamuel M kamakauKaokameamakau ruling chiefs of hawaii honolulu the Kemahkeoahemehakemahemehaemeha schools press 1961 p 101 22 M neil H levy native hawaiian land rights california 37 laulawlamlow review vol 638436384863943 1975 p 84949 romanzo adams interracial marriage in hawaii boston the macmillanHaceillanlilan company 1937 p 18 23goldman23GoldmanGolfgordmandaendaan op cit p 212 38marshall38 24 TtarshallMarshall sahlins and dorothy Barerbarerrcbarerrebararrebarerrerc ed willianwilliam richar ibid on hawaiian culture andkadhadbad political conditions of the islands in 1841 the hawaiian journal of history devoted to the history of hawaii an the pacific area vol VII 1973 p 32

51 spurrierspur rieruterulen joseph H spurrier joseph H 39 55 39williamwilliam farrer diary 182119061821 1906 containing journal 1849- lecterlelder55letterletter kalenhinoealenkalenhanokaleohanoKalen hinohano toco land commissionersconnissicoaConnissimissi bonersoners april 20 1851 1854 typescript library brigham young university entry for interior department file 1851 state archives hawaii july 23 1852 1 56 I george Q cannon waiakoa maui henry A1 letter at SI to 40kennkenn lectures tape iti-l W bigler at honolulu june 23 1851 letters to and from missionaries CHD 4theodoretheodortheodore adolpheadoiphe barrot unless haste is made A french skeptics account of the sandwich islands in 1836 transi rev 57ibid daniel dole kailua hawaii press pacifica 1978 p 1 58 journal A raamondraumondhammondhaunaHannarannaond 185218931852 1893 42levy of francis microfilm of tevynevy op cit p 849 holograph library BYUHCBYU HC entry for june 12 1852 43 59 gavan daws shoal of time A history of the hawaiian islands interview with josephine kanekoa hana maui april 21 honolulu the university press of hawaii 1968 p 155 1952 relative to the ways of the old timers in rural hawaii 44 journals of henry william bigler 184618991846 1899 microfilm of 60andrew60andrew jensen the hawaiian mission bound typescript holograph library brigham young universityhawaiiuniversity hawaii campus entry 6 volsvoisvole unpaged library BYU HC velveivoivol I1 august II11 1851 for february 11 1851 61 45 diaries of james keeler 1850551850 55 BYUMSSBYU MSS 436 entry for letter from george Q cannon at waiakoa haulmauimaul H I1 to august 10 1852 henry W bigler and william honolulu december 1 1851 farrer at 62fy letters to and from missionarmissionalMissioMissmissionareaionarlonarnaresnareanacescs in the sandwich islands 185118601851 1860 diary of ephraim green 185218561852 1856 photocopy of holograph bound typescript church historical department salt lake city utah BYUMSSBYU MSS 227 entryforentry for may 1 1853 46 kaaeankamakauKanakau ruling chiefs of hawaii p 294 63family63 family group sheets laie hawaii stake genealogical library laislalelaielales hawaii 47family47family group sheets stake genealogical library laie laie 64 hawaii joseph H spurrier sandwich islands saints unpublished 48 anuacriptmanuscript in writers possession appp 1771861777186 missionary album portraits and biographical sketches of the american protestant missionaries to the hawaiian islands enlarged 65jensen65jensen hawaiian mission typescript october 5 1854 from the 1901 HonoluluhonolulupublishedPublished by the hawaiian mission edition 66 childrens society 1937 p 16 hansHannhanmhammhannnondnondnd journal entry for october 7 1854 49 67 benjamin 0 wist A century of public education in hawaii jensen hawaiian mission typescript january 13 1855 october 15 1840october1840 october 15 1940 honolulu hawaii educational review 1940 p 26 68journal68 journal of joseph henry dean 181418931814 1893 microfilm library 50 BTUBYU HC entry for january 30 1884 from reddin A kula haulmauimaul 5S 1 to letter allred at I 69 deseret news deseret news vol 5 p 344 sunday april 10 1853 the shepherd saint of lanai priest ofmelchisidec melchisedec and chief president of the islaes of the sea rich primacy revelations wisl31wistwist op cit p 90 gathered from various sources and produced in historical shape for time the saturday press G thrum 52 first in honolulu thos s2ibtdibid publisher 18824882 p 20 53 70 ibid letter fronjosephfronfrowfrom joseph F smith at coloakoloa kauai H I1 to kayhaymay 20 1864 54 david taylor salt lake city letters to and from 54familyfamily group sheets laie hawaii stake genealogical library missionaries CHD laie hawaii

52 spurrier joseph HU spurrier joseph H 90 71 ibid jensen hawaiian 7 1864 mission typescript october qaq1 9ljensenjensen op october 7 1886 72ibid august 20 1872 tit 73 92nana makua mahalliamahalolamahaloiaMah alolaaloiaaiola older family members to whoawhom we are charles W kenn notes from class lectures in hawaiian grateful videotape of awards ceremonies honoring day 101 BYU HC latterlatterday saint studies 101basicbasic hawaiianaHawaii ana taught at winter semester composerscoocomposers and performers of hawaiian music held RYUHCBYURYU HC march 1980 at in possession of writer 19 1980 videotape at library BYUHCBYU HC 74 howard op cit p 189 75 diary of hyrum A woolley microfilm of holograph at library BYU HC entry for march 18 1877 76 diary of john stillmanStillBanman woodbury 185118771851 1877 typescript of document in 3 vol BYU entry for august 518775.18771877 1877.1877 77 journal of simpson montgomery holenmolenmoien 183218901832 1890 typescript of scriptnuscriptnumanuscript document 1670 CHD 78 78deandeandeen journal entry for october 17 1880 7079 79jensenJensen op cit july 6 1875 so ibidibiiblibtdd 8101 journal of FredericfrederickfredecickTc augustus herman frank hitchellmitchell 1835-1635- 1923 microfilm nsf 109 CHD 82 journals of henry phineas richards 183119121831 1912 microfilm nsematnae 409 CHD june 16 1881878 in which he refers to an earlier event letter from francis A hammond at laie koolau oahubahu HI to president daniel H wells salt lake city haynaymay 7 1865 letters to and from missionaries CHD letter fronfrom george nebeker laie HI to editors millenialmillennialMillenial star june 3 1872 millenialmillennialMil lenial star vol 34 p 458 1872 85kingking at laie hawaiian gazette april 22 1874 86 letter from jane E molen laielatelale RH I1 to womens exponent andendeddmw published in deseret news vol 27 p 407 87rH 7P richards journal september 27 1877 ibidibtd 89h P itrichardichardskichard journal march 31 1878

53 spurrier joseph H

bibliography OaDanielssen bengt love in the south seas transi by F H lyoalyon publihedpublished books and articles new york reynal company 1956 adadadansadamss romanzo interracial marriage in hawaii boston the macmillan daws gavan shoal of time A history of the hawaiian islands company 1937 honolulu the university press of hawaii 13681968 barrot theodore adolphe unless haste is1 made A Frencfrenchfrencskepticsskeptics dixon captain george A voyage round the world but more particu- account of the sandwich islands in 1836 transi rev daniel larly the northwest coast of america Perperformedforred 1785 1786 press 1978 in dole kailua hawaii Pacipacificapacl ticafica 1787 and 1788 in the king becrygecrygeorgee aandnd queen charlotte and2nd ed london george gaitlinggautlingGaut ling 1789 binghamBinghaaham hihiram A residence of twentyonetwenty one years in the sandwich islands or the civil religious and PolitipoliticalCL Lhistorystorvsatorv of ellisbills william journal of william ellis narrativeKarranarra tivecivedive of a tour of comprisingcompri sing a particular view of the missionary hawaii or ouhyheeOuhyhydeeowhyhyheehee with on digonslons those islands proprogress N remarks the history tr diionsditionsdi ions operations connected with the introduction and resscess of manners customs and language of the inhabitants of the christianity and civilization among the hawaiian people sandwich islands reprint of the 1829 and hawaii igiigl1911517 editions 3rd ed revised and corrected new york praeger publishers honolulu advertiser publishing company ltd 1963 1969 Golgoigoldmandoendoan irving ancient polynesian society chicago the university boggs joan hawaiian adolescents and their families na Makamaka of chicago press 15701970 0 nanakuliNanakuli studies in A hawaiian community pacific anthropological records number 1 ronald gallimore and randybendybandy E S craighill cultural revolution in hawaii preliminary alan hoeardhovardhoward editors honolulu bernice P bishop museum paper prepared for the fourth general session of the instituteinscitutein3titure 1968 of pacific relations to be heldheid at hanglowhangkowHang kow china october 221st1st to nov uthuch 193119 jl honolulu american council of the insti- byron lord voyage of the blonde to the sandwich islands in the tute of pacific relations 1931 years 182418251824 1825 london john murray 1826 bandy ES craighill and mary kacenakawena pukui the polynesian family A voyage from 1806 to 1812 campbellcampbeliCaacampbell archibald round the world system at kau hawaii rutland vermont charles E tuttletulcietuccietuttuc tieciecle in which japan kamchatka the aleutianislandsAleutian Islands and the company 1972 sandwich islands were visited including A narrative of the HLs shipwreck on dledietheuhe island of sannocksunnockSansjnnocknock rishishesres subsequent boltholtroin john dominisDo ed B untUni authors present roit ninisminis the hawaiian journal of john whitaanwhithanuniitmanitman wreck in thechetheshipsships lonelonzboatlongboatlongdoatLonzLong boatboacDoat with an account of the 181318151813 1815 an account of the sandwich islands aionoOlonohonolululululuiu state of the sandwich islands and a vocabulary of their topgallant publishing company ltd andfeabodyandpeabodyand Peabody museum of Lansulanguageage new york vanwinkle and company 1817 saleasalensalem massachusetts 1979 chinen jon J the great kahelemahele hawaiis land division of 1848 ovardowardbovard8boward alan aint no big thing coping strategies in a hawaiian honolulu university of hawaii press 1958 american cornunitycomnunityCornconncommunityunity honolulu university press of hawaii an eastwesteast west center book 1974 cook captain james and james king A voyage to the pacific ocean undertaken bvby the cobmandconmandcommand of his majesty for mikinmakin pisco jordon cathie ronald gallimore position barbara slogget and edward kubangbubang veries in the northern hemisphere todecodetoDatodaterminetodacermineterminedermine the ntheanthethe family and the school nanajmakamakaNaJManaamakamakam2kamaka 0 nanakulinanakulilNana kulikullkuilkulil studies and extent of the west side of north america its distance iniu A hawaiian community pacific jtsatspassage anthropological records from asia and the practicability of a northern to number JL1 ronald gallimore and alan howard ed honolulu europe performedPer forrfornfour ed under thechethedirectiondirection ofcaptainsofcaptains james bernaeibeibet niceice P bishop museum 1968 cook clerke and gore in his majestys ships the resolution and Discodiscoveryverv in the years 177617771776 1777 177817789 1779 1780 kaaakaukamakauKaak&mk&ueameemakauskau samuel hanaiakalanimanaiakalanit ka poe kacikokahiko the people of old 3 vols london WAW A strahanScrahannahan for G nicol bookseller trandltranalbranal mary kavenakamena pukui edited by dorothy barrere bishop ndcclivmdcclxxxiv vol II11 museum special publication 51051 Honoluluhonolulupublishedhou01ulupublishedPublished by the ftseuahuaeua 1964

54 spurrier joseph H spurrier joseph H newspapers and periodicals kamakau samuel M ruling chiefs of hawaii honolulu the kamehameha deseret news sajasaj6sajusaj c lake ity utah vol 27407 schools press 1961 hawaiian gazette honolulu hawaii april 22 1874 levy nellneilneli HM native hawaiian land rights california lavlaw review vol 63 1975 hillenialmillenialHilmiimillennialMillenial starastarvstarstacsuar salt lake city utah vol 34458 malo david hawaiian antiquities mooleloMoo lelo hawaii transi by dr nathaniel B emerson 1898 honolulu bisbishopp museum press unpublished manuscripts 1951 jensen andrew the hawaiian mission unpublished typescript missionary album portraits and biographical sketches of the american bound in 6 voltvoitvolumess unpaged library brigham young unive- protestant missionaries to the hawaiian islands enlarged from rsity hawaii campus laie hawaii the 1901 edition honolulu published by the hawaiian mission childrens society 1937 spurrier joseph H sandwich island saints manuscript in possession of writer laie hawaii humfordmumfordMuafordmford james kenneth ed john ledyards journal of captain cooks last voyage oresonoregon state monographs corvallis oregon letters to and from missionariesfromhissionaries in the sandwich islands 185118601851 1860 oregon state university press 1963 bound typescript church historical depertodepernoDepartodepartmentent salt lake cilcitcitacitj utah pukui mary kacenakawena and samuel H elbert englishhawaiianenglish hawaiian dictionary honolulu university of hawaii press 1964 diaries and journals Sahlisahlinscs marshall and dorothy barrere ed william richards on journals of henry william bigler 1846189919461899184618661946lagg 1899 microfilmMicro fliefileflim in library hawaiian culture and political conditions of the islands in BYU HC laie hawaii 1841 the hawaiian journal of history devoted to the history of hawaii and the pacific area vol VII 1973 journal of joseph henry dean 181418931814 1893 microfilm library BYU HC laiilalilaielale hawaii the shepherd saint of lanai priest of melchisidecmelchisedec and chief president of the isles of tchee sea rich primacy revelations gathered diarynarynazymazy of william farrer 182119061821 1906 containing journal 194918541949 1854 from various sources and produced in historical shape for typescript in library BYU provo utah the first time in the saturday press honolulu thos G thrumchrum publisher 1882 diary of ephraim green 185218561852 1856 photocopy of holograph BYUMSSBYUZISSBYU rissMSSZISS 227 BYU prowprovo utah vilkeswilkes charles narrative of the united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 18391829 1840 1841 1842 5 vols journal of francis A hammondHananond 185218931852 1893 microfilmMic rofila in library philadelphia lea and blanchard 1845 BYU HC laie hawaii vist benjamin 00. A century of public education in hawaii october diaries of janesjames keeler 1850551850 55 BYUMSSBYU MSS 436 BYU provo utah 15 18401940 october 15 1940 honolulu hawaii educational review 1940 journal of fredierickfredderickFredierick augustus herman frank mitchell 183119121831 1912 microfilmicrofila mcfmsf 109 church historical department salt lake city utah journal of siopsonshopsonslippsonSlippson montgomery molen 183219001832 1900 typescript mad 1670 church historical department saltsalcsalesaic lake city utah