DOCSLIB.ORG

Tarnish Resisting Silver Alloys

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tarnish Resisting Silver Alloys DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF STANDARDS George X. Burgess, Director TECHNOLOGIC PAPERS OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS, No. 348 [Part of Vol. 21] TARNISH RESISTING SILVER ALLOYS BY LOUIS JORDAN, Chemist Bureau of Standards L. H. GRENELL, Junior Metallurgist Bureau of Mines H. K. HERSCHMAN, Assistant Metallurgist Bureau of Standards REPORT OF A JOINT INVESTIGATION CONDUCTED BY THE BUREAU OF MINES AND THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS AT THE DIRECTION OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE COMMISSION ON GOLD AND SILVER INQUIRY JULY 23, 1927 PRICE 15 CENTS $1.25 Per volume on Subscription Sold only by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1S27 T348 TARNISH RESISTING SILVER ALLOYS By Louis Jordan, L. H. Grenell, and H. K. Herschman ABSTRACT As one phase of the technical research on the uses of silver, undertaken at the direction of the United States Senate Commission on Gold and Silver In- quiry, the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of Standards have determined some of the physical and mechanical properties of a wide variety of silver alloys, and have made a study of their resistance to tarnish in accelerated laboratory tests. In this investigation were prepared and tested alloys of silver with aluminum, cadmium, copper, magnesium, zinc, silicon, tin, bismuth, antimony, tellurium, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, germanium, beryllium, gold, and sodium, chiefly in binary alloys and to a lesser extent in ternary and quaternary alloys. For most of the alloys prepared determinations were made of the freezing point, density, tensile strength, and elongation of rolled and annealed sheets, and of the hardness of both the cast and the rolled and annealed alloys. Their comparative resistance to tarnishing was studied by exposure to a mixture of hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide and by dipping in a sodium polysulphide solution. Alloys of silver with cadmium or zinc were the most tarnish resistant of the workable binary alloys, but were also of the lowest tensile strength. Antimony and tin, either singly or together, were rather effective in strengthen- ing zinc-silver alloys. These alloys also were readily workable and of marked tarnish resistance. Alloys of silver with 15 or 20 per cent of zinc or cadmium and 20 per cent of gold were very easily worked, possessed strength and hard- ness values more nearly comparable to copper-silver of sterling fineness than any of the other alloys prepared, and at the same time were very tarnish resistant. None of the alloys made and tested in this investigation can be described as " nontarnishing." All could be tarnished under sufficiently severe conditions. Many of them, however, were distinctly more resistant to laboratory sulphur- tarnish tests than ordinary sterling silver. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 461 II. Qualities desired in a tarnish-resisting silver 461 III. Previous work on tarnish-resisting silver alloys 463 1. Development of alloys 463 2. Methods of testing tarnish resistance . 464 459 460 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards [vol. 21 Page IV. Preparation of alloys 465 1. General 465 2. Melting procedure 465 3. Rolling of ingots and the preparation of test specimens 466 V. Testing of alloys 467 1. Mechanical and physical properties 467 2. Tarnish resistance 468 (a) Gas tarnish test 468 (&) Sodium polysulphide tarnish test 470 VI. Binary silver alloys 470 1. Preparation and physical properties 470 (a) Pure silver and standard sterling silver 472 (&) Aluminum silver 472 (c) Cadmium silver 473 (d) Magnesium silver 474 (e) Zinc silver 475 (f) Silicon silver 475 (g) Tin silver 476 (7i) Bismuth silver 476 (i) Antimony silver 476 (;') Tellurium silver 477 (k) Manganese silver 477 (I) Nickel silver 477 (m) Molybdenum silver and tantalum silver 477 (n) Titanium silver 477 (0) Chromium silver 478 (p) Germanium silver 478 (g) Beryllium silver 478 2. Tarnish resistance 478 3. Summary of properties of binary alloys 482 VII. Ternary silver alloys 483 1. Preparation 483 (a) Chromium alloys 484 (0) Nickel alloys 485 (c) Molybdenum alloys 485 (d) Tantalum alloys 485 (e) Ternary and quaternary alloys with a zinc-silver base 485 (f) Recently suggested tarnish-resistant silver com- positions 486 (g) Commercial tarnish resistant silvers 487 2. Mechanical properties 487 3. Tarnish resistance 487 4. Summary of properties of ternary alloys 489 VIII. Alloys containing gold 490 1. Preparation and physical properties 490 2. Tarnish resistance 492 IX. Electroplated silver alloys 493 X. Miscellaneous tarnish tests 493 XI. Summary and conclusions 494 eneW ' Tarnish Resisting Silver Alloys £T%?ctan ] 461 I. INTRODUCTION Early in 1923 there was created by a resolution of the United States Senate the Senate Commission of Gold and Silver Inquiry. Among the duties of this commission was the investigation of the causes of the continuing decrease in the production of gold and silver, the causes of the depressed condition of the gold and silver industry, and the production, sale, and uses of gold and silver. Silver pro- ducers at that time were apprehensive of the future of the silver market, particularly at such time as the purchase of silver by the United States Treasury under the Pittman Act should cease. Following the formation of the Senate commission, and at the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, the Bureau of Mines made a preliminary survey to determine in what way, if any, it appeared possible to increase the uses of silver. A report of this survey was made to the Senate commission. The commission then expressed the opinion that technical research on silver promised to be of great value and that such work by the Government was fully justified. Several lines of investigation were initiated, and the first report issued dealt with an investigation by the Bureau of Mines of the use of silver in detonators. 1 The preliminary survey by the Bureau of Mines had indicated that one of the promising possibilities of any attempts to increase the use of silver would be the development of a silver alloy which should be nontarnishing, or at least less tarnishing than the usual sterling silver (copper-silver). Some work had already been carried out at the Bureau of Stand- ards on methods of testing silver alloys for their resistance to tarnish- ing, and a few tests had been made in cooperation with sterling silver manufacturers on special tarnish -resistant alloys. The pro- posed investigation looking toward the possible development of new tarnish-resisting silver alloys was, therefore, undertaken as a coop- erative investigation by the Bureau of Mines and the Bureau of Standards. The present paper is the report on that joint research. II. QUALITIES DESIRED IN A TARNISH-RESISTING SILVER The opinion of the silver trade as to the possibilities of the com- mercial development of a tarnish-resisting silver is divided. Some manufacturers believe that the beauty of decorated silverware would be very largely lost if a silver alloy were used which was truly non- tarnishing and did not darken by tarnish in the recessed portions of 1 " C. A. Taylor and W. H. Rinkenbach, Silver azide : An initiator of detonation," Army Ordnance, 5, pp. 824-825 ; 1925. 462 Technologic Papers of the Bureau of Standards [vol. 21 the design and thus give contrast with the high lights of the pattern. The opinion of the majority, however, seems to be that a really non- tarnishing alloy of sterling quality would be a commercial possibility if it also possessed the same color as copper sterling and an equal degree of hardness and workability. They do not regard with favor an alloy which is only tarnish resisting ; that is, one which tarnishes less rapidly than sterling but does ultimately blacken, since it is feared that the purchasers of such a silver, even though it were called "tarnish resisting" as distinguished from " nontarnishing," would expect to secure a nontarnishing material and dissatisfaction would result when the alloy finally did tarnish. Many silversmiths see but little promise, except for special applications, in an alloy which is not of sterling fineness since, due to effective advertising, the public has a very high regard for the sterling mark.2 Another consideration very important to silver manufacturers is the behavior of any alloy on remelting. Copper sterling silver scrap melts down cleanly, with very little change in composition. Any new silver alloy more liable to oxidation of one of its con- stituents on remelting would increase the difficulty of control of the fineness of the alloy and increase the costs of production. Such considerations as the control of fineness of a silver alloy in large-scale preparation or in the remelting of scrap, the working qualities of the alloy in rolling, spinning, and decorating, and the distinguishing of slight differences in color of the untarnished alloys are all factors which can be determined most satisfactorily under plant conditions and by the manufacturers or fabricators of silver- ware. The present investigation is concerned chiefly with the labora- tory preparation of silver alloys, accelerated laboratory tests of their tarnish resistance, and the determination of their mechanical properties. Some information on the workability of the alloys prepared is, of course, furnished by the data from the mechanical tests. The laboratory tarnish tests of the present investigation were limited to tarnish by sulphur in one form or another. Such a limitation is justifiable in the case of silver alloys, since the tarnish which is objectionable to the users of silverware is that which blackens the metal, tarnish such as results from contact of silver with eggs or rubber, or the exposure of silver to sulphur-bearing gases from burning coal, oil, or gas. 2 The composition of silver alloys is generally expressed in the trade in terms of " fine- ness," and " sterling " silver is defined by law in the same terms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CHEMICAL POLISHING of NICKEL - SILVER ORNAMENTS MRS MALATHY PUSHPA VANAM, S JOHN and B a SHENOI Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi - 623 006
    Bulletm of ledr roc hem is try 1 (4) July-August 1985, pp. 381-383 CHEMICAL POLISHING OF NICKEL - SILVER ORNAMENTS MRS MALATHY PUSHPA VANAM, S JOHN AND B A SHENOI Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi - 623 006 ABSTRACT A bath composition has been selected for descaling and chemical polishmg of n~ckel-s~lver artcles and the effect of each constituent of the bath on its polishing abllity has been studied. Key words: Chemical polishing, Ni-Ag alloy INTRODUCTION The polished specimens were immediately washed and rinsed. A thin film of the white metal hydroxides still adhering he alloys usually called nickel - silver, white metal or to the surface was removed in order to get a clear brilliant German silver are copper --nickel- zinc alloys or nickel T surface and also to obtain adherent silver coating in the subse- brasses [I]. The three most common Cu - Ni - Zn alloys quent step. Wasing in water alone or brushing did not solve contain 72%, 65% and 55 % copper, 18% nickel and the this problem. Treatment in any mineral acid, however dilute it remainder zinc. They are used in spring applications, gift and be, reduced the lustre of the initial surface. Hence, treatmen' tableware-usually silver plated, in musical and dental in a dilute solution of a complexing agent like EDTA, citric instruments, slide fastenen and as a base metal for moderate acid, tartaric acid etc. capable of complexing nickel and prized jewellery with or without plated coatings [2]. copper salts were tried. The articles after thorough washing Because of the lack of ductility at rqom temperature, this were rinsed and transferred to the silver plating solution.
    [Show full text]
  • Gallium and Germanium Recovery from Domestic Sources
    RI 94·19 REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS/1992 r---------~~======~ PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE FRCJIiI LIBRARY "\ LIBRARY SPOKANE RESEARCH CENTER RECEIVED t\ UG 7 1992 USBOREAtJ.OF 1.j,'NES E. S15't.ON1"OOMERY AVE. ~E. INA 00207 Gallium and Germanium Recovery From Domestic Sources By D. D. Harbuck UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES Mission: As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has respon­ sibility for most of our nationally-owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This includes fostering wise use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, pre­ serving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and pro­ viding for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also promotes the goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by encouragi,ng stewardship and citizen responsibil­ ity for the public lands and promoting citizen par­ ticipation in their care. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reser­ vation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration. TIi Report of Investigations 9419 Gallium and Germanium Recovery From Domestic Sources By D. D. Harbuck I ! UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Manuel lujan, Jr., Secretary BUREAU OF MINES T S Ary, Director - Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Harbuck, D. D. (Donna D.) Ga1lium and germanium recovery from domestic sources / by D.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Metals and Metal Products Tariff Schedules of the United States
    251 SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS 252 Part 1 - Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Schedule 6 headnotes: Materials 1, This schedule does not cover — Part 2 Metals, Their Alloys, and Their Basic Shapes and Forms (II chemical elements (except thorium and uranium) and isotopes which are usefully radioactive (see A. Precious Metals part I3B of schedule 4); B. Iron or Steel (II) the alkali metals. I.e., cesium, lithium, potas­ C. Copper sium, rubidium, and sodium (see part 2A of sched­ D. Aluminum ule 4); or E. Nickel (lii) certain articles and parts thereof, of metal, F. Tin provided for in schedule 7 and elsewhere. G. Lead 2. For the purposes of the tariff schedules, unless the H. Zinc context requires otherwise — J. Beryllium, Columbium, Germanium, Hafnium, (a) the term "precious metal" embraces gold, silver, Indium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Rhenium, platinum and other metals of the platinum group (iridium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium), and precious- and Zirconium metaI a Iloys; K, Other Base Metals (b) the term "base metal" embraces aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gallium, germanium, Part 3 Metal Products hafnium, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, A. Metallic Containers molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, the rare-earth metals (Including B. Wire Cordage; Wire Screen, Netting and scandium and yttrium), selenium, silicon, strontium, tantalum, Fencing; Bale Ties tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, urani­ C. Metal Leaf and FoU; Metallics um, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium, and base-metal alloys; D, Nails, Screws, Bolts, and Other Fasteners; (c) the term "meta I" embraces precious metals, base Locks, Builders' Hardware; Furniture, metals, and their alloys; and Luggage, and Saddlery Hardware (d) in determining which of two or more equally specific provisions for articles "of iron or steel", "of copper", E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodic Table of Elements
    The Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 6 Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons HYDROGENH HELIUMHe 1 Chemical Symbol NON-METALS 4 3 4 C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be CARBON Chemical Name B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons* BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 7 9 12 Atomic Weight 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 SODIUMNa MAGNESIUMMg ALUMINUMAl SILICONSi PHOSPHORUSP SULFURS CHLORINECl ARGONAr 23 24 METALS 27 28 31 32 35 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 POTASSIUMK CALCIUMCa SCANDIUMSc TITANIUMTi VANADIUMV CHROMIUMCr MANGANESEMn FeIRON COBALTCo NICKELNi CuCOPPER ZnZINC GALLIUMGa GERMANIUMGe ARSENICAs SELENIUMSe BROMINEBr KRYPTONKr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 RUBIDIUMRb STRONTIUMSr YTTRIUMY ZIRCONIUMZr NIOBIUMNb MOLYBDENUMMo TECHNETIUMTc RUTHENIUMRu RHODIUMRh PALLADIUMPd AgSILVER CADMIUMCd INDIUMIn SnTIN ANTIMONYSb TELLURIUMTe IODINEI XeXENON 85 88 89 91 93 96 98 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 CESIUMCs BARIUMBa HAFNIUMHf TANTALUMTa TUNGSTENW RHENIUMRe OSMIUMOs IRIDIUMIr PLATINUMPt AuGOLD MERCURYHg THALLIUMTl PbLEAD BISMUTHBi POLONIUMPo ASTATINEAt RnRADON 133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 FRANCIUMFr RADIUMRa RUTHERFORDIUMRf DUBNIUMDb SEABORGIUMSg BOHRIUMBh HASSIUMHs MEITNERIUMMt DARMSTADTIUMDs ROENTGENIUMRg COPERNICIUMCn NIHONIUMNh
    [Show full text]
  • Llfltfits Paul Stanek, MST-6
    COAJF- 9 50cDo/-~^0 LA-UR- 9 5-1666 Title: AGE HARDENING IN RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED AND HOT ISOSTATICALLY PRESSED BERYLLIUM-ALUM1UM SILVER ALLOYS HVAUli Author(s): David H. Carter, MST-6 Andrew McGeorge, MST-6 Loren A. Jacobson, MST-6 llfltfits Paul Stanek, MST-6 IflllS,Ic 8-o° ,S8 si Proceedings of TMS Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, jJffilJSif—- Nevada, February 1995 as-IVUiS' i in Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract W-7405-ENG-36. By acceptance of this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. The Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy* FotmNo.B36R5 MCTOIQimnM f\c mie hAMMr&T 10 i mi in ST26291M1 DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. Age Hardening in Rapidly Solidified and Hot Isostatically Pressed Beryllium-Aluminum-Silver Alloys David H. Carter, Andrew C. McGeorge,* Loren A. Jacobson, and Paul W. Stanek Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM 87545 Abstract Three different alloys of beryllium, aluminum and silver were processed to powder by centrifugal atomization in a helium atmosphere. Alloy com• positions were, by weight, 50% Be, 47.5% Al, 2.5% Ag, 50% Be, 47% Al, 3% Ag, and 50% Be, 46% Al, 4% Ag.
    [Show full text]
  • Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68
    August 6, 2018 US Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, MD 20993 Re: Shortage of Germanium-68/Gallium-68 Generators for the Production of Gallium-68 Dear Dr. Marzella and Dr. Zadecky, The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) would like to provide the following information related to availability of GMP-grade germanium-68/gallium-68 generators in the United States. SNMMI, composed of 15,000 members, works to set standards for molecular imaging and nuclear medicine practice by creating guidelines, sharing information through journals, hosting meetings, and leading advocacy on key issues that affect molecular imaging and therapy research and practice. Germanium-68/Gallium-68 generators (68Ge/68Ga) Gallium-68 is currently milked from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. Several manufacturers produce these table top generators including Eckert & Ziegler (Germany), IRE ELiT (Belgium), Isotopen Technologien Munchen (ITG) (Germany), and iThemba (South Africa). The Eckert & Ziegler GalliaPharm® and the IRE ELiT Galli Eo® generators are both GMP grade and have type II drug master files on file with FDA. Use of Gallium-68 (68Ga) in the U.S. The radioisotope 68Ga is used in the production of NETSPOTTM, a kit for the preparation of gallium 68Ga dotatate injection, an FDA-approved radiopharmaceutical. NETSPOT was approved in June 2016 for localization of somatostatin receptor positive neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in adult and pediatric patients using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). NETSPOT is currently approved for use only with the GalliaPharm 68Ga generator from Eckert & Ziegler. NETSPOT has experienced rapid adoption in the US. Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) has been expanding the network of pharmacies that distribute NETSPOT since its approval.
    [Show full text]
  • A.D. Pelton, the Ag-Cs (Silver-Cesium) System
    Ge-Sb Ag-Cs 58Vas: V.N. Vasilevskaya and E.G. Miseluk. "Investigation of Germanium and Silicon," Sot,. Phys. Solid State, 10, 2247- Alloying Germanium with Some Elements." Ukr. Fiz. ZiT.. 3. 2249 (1969). (Crys Structure; Experimental) 183-187 [1958~ in Russian. tEqui Diagram: Experimental) *70Pre: B. Predel and D.W. Stein, "Thermodynamic Investiga- 58Wei: K. Weiser. "Theoretical Calculation of Distribution Coef- tion of the Systems Germanium-Zinc, Germanium-Indium, ficients of Impurities in Germanium and Silicon. Heats of and Germanium-Antimony,"Z. Metallkd., 61,909-914 (1970) Solid Solution." J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 7. 118-126 (1958L in German. (Thermo, Equi Diagram; Experimental; #) [Thermo: Theory~ 70Rao: M.V. Rao and W.A. Tiller, "Excess Free Energies in the 59Zhu: B.G. Zhurkin. V.S. Zemskov. D.A. Petrov. and A.D. Ge, Si, and Ga Binary Systems--the ~, Parameter Approach," Suchkova. Izc. Akad. Nauk SSSR Otd. Tekh. Nauk Met. To- J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 31,191-198 (1970). ~Thermo; Theory) plico t5). 86-90 [1959) in Russian: cited in [Elliott]. (Equi Dia- 72Mah Y. Malmejac, P. Desre, and E. Bonnier, "Contribution to gram: Experimental) the Studies of the Ternary Phase Diagram Ge-Si-Sb," M~m. 60Thu: C.D. Thurmond and M. Kowalchik. "Germanium and Sei. Rev. Mdtall., 69, 565-577 (1972) in French. (Equi Diagram; Silicon Liquidus Curves." Bell Sys. Tech. J.. 39. 169-204 Experimental; #) [1960). (Equi Diagram: Experimental) 77Bar: I. Barin, O. Knacke, and O. Kubaschewski, Thermo- 60Tru: F.A. Trumbore. "Solid Solubilities of Impurity Elements chemical Properties of Inorganic Substances (Supplement), in Germanium and Silicon." Bell Svs.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Periodic Table
    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nickel Silvers
    Copper Development Association The Nickel Silvers Design Data and Applications 1965 Please note this publication is provided as an archive copy. The information given may therefore not be current. The Nickel Silvers Design Data and Applications 1965 Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers and fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and efficient application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associations throughout the world. Website: www.copperinfo.co.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can give no warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising out of its use Contents Contents ...............................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Correlation Between Microstructure Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Ag-Cu-Ge Alloys
    Coatings 2015, 5, 78-94; doi:10.3390/coatings5010078 OPEN ACCESS coatings ISSN 2079-6412 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings Article Study on the Correlation between Microstructure Corrosion and Wear Resistance of Ag-Cu-Ge Alloys Antonio Cusma 1,*, Marco Sebastiani 2, Daniele De Felicis 2, Andrea Basso 3 and Edoardo Bemporad 2 1 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Research Council of Italy, Via dei Taurini 19, Rome 00185, Italy 2 Engineering Department, “Roma TRE” University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Rome 00146, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (D.D.F.); [email protected] (E.B.) 3 Legor Group SRL, Via San Benedetto14-34, Bressanvido, VI 36050, Italy; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-4993-2317. Academic Editor: Alessandro Lavacchi Received: 23 December 2014 / Accepted: 9 March 2015 / Published: 13 March 2015 Abstract: In this work, a morphological and structural characterization of a ternary Ag-Cu-Ge alloy of known composition was performed with the aim of evaluating how the passivation parameters (time and temperature) influence the morphological features of the material surface. A nanomechanical characterization was performed in order to correlate the morphology and microstructure of the alloy with its tarnish, wear, and scratch resistance. It was found that the addition of germanium to the alloy not only provides the material with tarnish and fire-stain resistance, but it also improves the scratch and wear resistance owing to the formation of a dense and stable thin oxide layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Chemical Properties of Germanium
    Physical And Chemical Properties Of Germanium Moneyed and amnesic Erasmus fertilise her fatuousness revitalise or burrow incommunicatively. Creditable Petr still climbs: regarding and lissome Lazarus bully-off quite punctiliously but slums her filoplume devotedly. Zane still defilade venomous while improvident Randell bloodiest that wonderers. Do you for this context of properties and physical explanation of Silicon is sincere to metals in its chemical behaviour. Arsenic is extremely toxic, RS, carbon is the tongue one considered a full nonmetal. In nature, which name a widely used azo dye. Basic physical and chemical properties of semiconductors are offset by the energy gap between valence conduction! Other metalloids on the periodic table are boron, Batis ZB, only Germanium and Antimony would be considered metals for the purposes of nomenclature. Storage temperature: no restrictions. At room temperature, the semiconducting elements are primarily nonmetallic in character. This application requires Javascript. It has also new found in stars and already the atmosphere of Jupiter. Wellings JS, it is used as an eyewash and insecticide. He has studied in Spain and Hungary and authored many research articles published in indexed journals and books. What are oral health benefits of pumpkins? The material on this site may not be reproduced, germanium, the radiation emitted from an active device makes it locatable. Classify each statement as an extensive property must an intensive property. In germanium and physical chemical properties of the border lines from the! The most electronegative elements are at the nod in the periodic table; these elements often react as oxidizing agents. Atomic Volume and Allotropy of the Elements.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,640,713 Harris 45 Date of Patent: Feb
    United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 4,640,713 Harris 45 Date of Patent: Feb. 3, 1987 (54) TARNESHREMOVER/METAL POLISH 3,458,300 7/1969 Duvall et al. ........................... 106/3 FORMULATION COMPRISING A METAL 3,502,503 3/1970 Bartlo et al. ............................ 134/2 IODIDE, ANACID, AND WATER 3,518,098 6/1970 Ford et al. .............................. O6/3 3,582,366 6/1971 Brieger et al. 75 Inventor: Robert B. Harris, Racine County, 3,687,855 8/1972 Halpern..... Wis. 3,879,216 4/1975 Austin ..................................... 134/4 3,914, 161 10/1975 Yonezawa et al. a 73 Assignee: S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc., Racine, 3,997,460 12A1976 Sirine ............. Wis. 4,097,590 6/1978 Weisz ..... 4,116,699 9/1978 Rooney...... ...10673 21 Appl. No.: 672,966 4,207,310 6/1980 Langford ... ... 252A106 22) Filed: Nov. 19, 1984 4,444,756 4/984 Schlissier ........................... 252/106 51 Int. Cl. .......................... C09G 1/04; C09G 1/06 Primary Examiner-Theodore Morris (52) U.S. C. ........................................... 106/3; 106/10 57 ABSTRACT 58) Field of Search ............................. 106/3; 252/106 A tarnish remover/metal polish formulation comprising 56 References Cited water, an acid, and metal iodide, such as potassium U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS iodide, is described. The components of the formulation chemically react with the tarnish or stain on a metal 840,167 1/1907 Springborn et al. .................... 106/6 1,280,939 0/1918 Allen ................ ... 06/3 surface, removing the tarnish or stain while leaving the 1,737,222 11/1929 Dewey, Jr. ... 106/9 metal unaffected.
    [Show full text]