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Killing the State: the Cultural Afterlife of Edward Byrne

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Killing the State: the Cultural Afterlife of Edward Byrne Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Sociology & Criminal Justice Theses & Dissertations Sociology & Criminal Justice Summer 2016 Killing The State: The Cultural Afterlife of Edward Byrne Justin Turner Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/sociology_criminaljustice_etds Part of the Criminology Commons Recommended Citation Turner, Justin. "Killing The State: The Cultural Afterlife of Edward Byrne" (2016). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, Sociology & Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/cayh-w727 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/sociology_criminaljustice_etds/8 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology & Criminal Justice at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology & Criminal Justice Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KILLING THE STATE: THE CULTURAL AFTERLIFE OF EDWARD BYRNE by Justin Turner B.A. August 2009, Western Kentucky University M.S. August 2012, Eastern Kentucky University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2016 Approved by: Randy Myers (Director) Ruth Triplett (Member) Travis Linnemann (Member) ABSTRACT KILLING THE STATE: THE CULTURAL AFTERLIFE OF EDWARD BYRNE Justin Turner Old Dominion University, 2016 Director: Dr. Randy Myers The death of a police officer provides us a chance to understand our current histories. As something tragic, the bodies of officers killed in the line-of-duty gain national attention. On display at police funerals is the enormous power of the state, as thousands of officers escort the casket, while helicopters and SWAT, accompanies the body to its final resting place. Following the officer’s death is a nation’s grief. As bills are passed in their honor, and weeks are named for those lost, the nation responds to such acts with general anger and disbelief. The killing of a police officer, generally, comes as a surprise, shocking an apathetic population into a groundswell of rage and anger at those held responsible. Engaging the political power of death, this dissertation analyzes the deaths of police officers as defining, and spectacular, events for the state. Focusing on the death of a New York City Police Officer Edward Byrne, killed in 1988 at the height of the “crack epidemic”, the aim here is to show how a police officer’s death reveals the unequal politics of death in the contemporary US. An unequal nature that is, in fact, understood by the hierarchical status of life as defined by the state. Furthermore, I look towards a thanatopolitics, a politics of death, to understand the ways in which Byrne’s death operated as a productive power for the state while subjecting marginalized communities and peoples of color to police power’s tactics of pulverization. The first of two substantive chapters draws on the narrative of Byrne’s death, as one “occupying a chilling and solitary niche”, that made possible a thanatopolitics that supported new tactics of police power in New York City. It is within these new tactics and the continued remembrance of Byrne’s death that makes the justifications of the killing of marginalized people, like Sean Bell, possible. The second chapter connects the federal grants named after Byrne, the Edward Byrne Memorial Assistance Grants, to the use of SWAT raids and no-knocks as a means of rationalizing thanatopolitics as techniques of pulverization. Ultimately it is argued, that Byrne’s death and likewise other similar deaths, mobilize the state’s power and reaffirms its violence as necessary. iv Copyright, 2016, by Justin Turner, All Rights Reserved. v This dissertation is dedicated to Rex and Lucille Polly. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to start by acknowledging my committee, Dr. Randy Myers, Dr. Travis Linnemann, and Dr. Ruth Triplett whose unwavering support, feedback, and – perhaps most important of all – patience, has proven instrumental through this process. Dr. Myers, particularly, deserves a large amount of my gratitude for his patience, continued encouragement, and general acceptance of helping find a topic that suited me, even if sheepdogs were briefly involved. Furthermore, his mentorship and overall friendship were not only instrumental in the completion of this work, but has provided me with a clear picture of what an academic should look like. And for that, I am eternally grateful. No acknowledgment would be complete without noting the constant support and mental endurance of my partner Kaitlyn Robison, who has had to share the bulk of the stresses in this process. Without those long conversations with Sadee and Winston, or that “critical” feedback and general refusal to let me get by, this dissertation would be a shell of itself. Also, a special acknowledgment goes to my family, who has supported the countless range of emotions that have been a part of this process. Lastly, I would like to thank all those close friends and colleagues with the bad luck of having to listen to me drone on about death and dying. Yet, you all still shared videos, news clippings, journal articles, images, ideas, and inspirations. Thank you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................2 1.1 WHO WAS EDWARD BYRNE? .................................................................................6 2. THANATOPOLITICS AND THE REANIMATION OF THE STATE ...................................10 2.1 EXPOSURES TO THANATOPOLITICAL POWER OF THE SOVEREIGN/CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES ..................................................................10 2.2 REANIMATING THE STATE AND FABRICATING ORDER ..............................17 2.3 POLICE POWER AS DEATHLY POWER: DEATHLY POWER AS POLICE POWER ..............................................................................................................19 2.4 THANATOPOLITICS: POLICE POWER AS DEATHLY POWER .........................23 2.5 METHODS ..................................................................................................................34 3. DEATHLY POWER AS POLICE POWER ..............................................................................43 3.1 EDWARD BYRNE ....................................................................................................46 3.2 HAUNTED BY THE MEMORY OF A COP ............................................................57 3.3 THE THANATOPOWER OF EDWARD BYRNE: THE THANATOPOLITICS OF SEAN BELL .................................................................63 4. KNOCK KNOCK, “WHO’S THERE?” ME, PULVERIZATION ...........................................70 4.1 WHO’S THERE? ........................................................................................................70 4.2 THANATOPOLITICS OF NO-KNOCKS ..................................................................73 4.3 THE “HUMAN DIMENSION” OF BYRNE’S DEATH ...........................................80 4.4 EXIGENT CIRCUMSTANCES AND REFUSING TO KNOCK .............................86 4.5 DEALING DEATH TO MAKE LIVE .......................................................................94 5. KILLING US SOFTLY .............................................................................................................99 5.1 RECENT LITERATURE ON POLICE DEATHS AND POLICE VIOLENCE .....100 5.2 RECLAMATION OF THE POLITICS OF DEATH ...............................................105 5.3 REFUSE TO ORDER, AN URGENCY TO THINK ...............................................109 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................111 VITA ..........................................................................................................................................129 1 Not even the dead will be safe from the enemy, if he is victorious. And this enemy has not ceased to be victorious. --Walter Benjamin, On the Concept of History 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Following Ismaaiyl Brinsley’s ambush and murder of New York City Police Officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu in 2014, President Obama signed into law a National Blue Alerts system – a bill so widely endorsed that it passed both the Senate and the House with only a vocal vote. Similar to the nationwide Amber Alert system, the Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu National Blue Alert Act of 2015 requires not only instant nationwide alerts of police officer deaths, but also serves to warn of threats to officers’ lives and aids in tracking down those suspected of carrying out the threats. The appearance of death, here spectacular, creates the necessity to respond politically (Povinelli, 2008). President Obama, surrounded by the grieving family members of Liu and Ramos, emphasized the importance of such an initiative when he proclaimed, It’s important for us not only to honor their memory, it’s also important for us to make sure that we do everything we can to help ensure the safety of our police officers when they’re in the line of duty (Fabian, 2015 May 19). In signing this bill, President Obama supported the growing refrain, blue (police) lives matter and that an infrastructure would be in place for all Americans to play an active
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