Index

abhishekam 42, 87, 107–108, 117–118 akhand Ramayana 62, 66 ACK see Amar Chitra Katha Alamelumanga 114 adharma 24, 127, 193 alamkara 88 adornment 87–89 alaya 98 Advaita Vedanta 83 Allocco, Amy L. 31, 197, 214 advertisements Amar Chitra Katha (ACK) comic caste 16 books 58–59, 70–71 matrimonial 16 amavashya 128 oral and visual narratives Ambedkar, B. R. 16, 58 46, 55 Ammoru (1995) 60 vrats 161, 166–167 amrita 49 agency amulets 201 female agency 143, 148, 181, 183 ancestors murtis 81 astrology 213 ritual healing 195, 204, 211, 218 context-specificity 8 shakti 143 death rituals 186–188 tali 183 COPYRIGHTEDfamilies MATERIAL of deities 32, 36–40 vrats 148, 165, 167 oral and visual narratives 53–54

Everyday Hinduism, First Edition. Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger. © 2015 Joyce Burkhalter Flueckiger. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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ancestors (cont’d ) Shani dosham 215–216 pilgrimage 110, 112 vastu 216–218 possession 203 asura 22–23, 27–29, 48–49, 51, 125, 127 ritual healing 196 Atlanta, Georgia 10 Andal 81–82 astrology 211, 214–215 Andhra Pradesh (Andhra) 14, 47, bhaktis 78 80, 111, 155, 217–218 families of deities 35–36, 40–43 animal sacrifice (bali) 31, 53, 90, 140, 212 festivals 125–126 Annamacarya 74–75 pilgrimage 117 anna prasanna 171 polytheistic imagination 9 anti-god see asura puja shrines 40–43 antyesti 186 temples 89, 108 Appar 74 upanayana 173–176 arangetram see ranga pravesham vrats 148–150, 155 arati 90–91, 131–132, 158–159 Atmavilas, Yamini 181 arca avatara 79 auspiciousness archana 106, 155 astrology 211–212 architecture 101–104, 216–218 festivals 126–129 Ardhanarishvara 26, 41 possession 207 Arjuna 24–25 samskaras 169–170, 174, 179–183, Arni, Samhita 69 186–187 arranged marriage 178–179 vrats 148–151, 156–158, 160, 165 Arya Samaj 85 austerities 27, 53–54, 100–101 ascending the stage see ranga avataras 21–25, 28, 79–80, 109, 119–120 pravesham asceticism bahaks 47–48 death rituals 188, 190–191 Bala Krishna family of deities 23, 25–27, 32 families of deities 24 oral and visual narratives 54, 64–65 ritual healing 197 ashramas 6–7 worship 75, 87, 93 ashrams 53–54, 65 Balarama 22, 103 ashta lakshmis 30, 160–161 bali 31, 90, 212 astrology 211–218 bangles 88, 90, 100, 170, 172, concepts and definitions 194, 181–182, 187 211–212 BAPS see Swaminarayan healing across religious bar mitzvah/bat mitzvah 173 boundaries 199–200 Basavanna 83–84 naga dosham 213–215 Bengali 9, 28–29, 56, 69, 85 navagrahas 212–213, 215 Bhagavad Gita 24–25 samskaras 179 Bhagavata Purana 19, 48, 56

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Bhagvan 162 Buddha 23–24 bhagya 218 burial 186, 190 bhajans 76–77 bhakti 73–85 calendar see luni-solar calendar concepts and definitions 1, 73 camphor 90, 104, 115, 209 deity without form 83–85 caste 13–17 murtis 77–85 dharma 6–7 narratives of god in the discrimination 13, 16–17 murti 80–82 families of deities 19 poet-saints 74–76, 81–85 possession 204–205 singing to god and the samskaras 169–170, 172–174, goddess 76–77 178–181, 184–185 vrats 150–151 varna and jati 7, 13–16, 178 Bharata 63–64 worship 73 Bhikshatana Murty 100 char dham 110 Bhimakavi 82 Chhattisgarh 68, 77, 123, 128, Bhu Devi 53 132–133, 190, 205, 221 bhut-pret see ghosts Christianity bindis see forehead marking Hinduism and Hindu biomedical medicine 193–194 traditions 2–4 birth 170–171 murtis 78, 85 boon 20, 23, 28, 40, 54, 63, 82, 151, 189 ritual healing 194–195, 199–203 bottu see forehead marking samskaras 190–191 Brahma 20–21, 28, 34, 53–54, 65, 79, Cidambara Mahatmya 99–101 125, 170, 188 city-wide festivals 132–137 brahmacharya 6 comic books 58–59, 70–71 brahman 14, 44–45, 83, 224 coming-of-age rituals 172–177 Brahmins 40, 142, 149, 159, 171–173, context-specificity 176, 215 caste 7, 17 Brahmo Samaj 85 dharma 7–8 brahmotsavam 109 families of deities 44–45 bride samskaras 187–188 astrology 212 cremation 186–187, 190 families of deities 18 cyber puja 93–95 murtis 82, 88 oral and visual narratives 69 Dalit 16 ritual healing 200 dance samskaras 179–182, 186–187, 190 Krishna 50 vrats 149, 157, 162–164 oral and visual narratives 46 bride-price 180–181 possession 205–208

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dance (cont’d ) Dharmashastras 5 samskaras 177–178 dhotis 173–174 Shiva 99–101, 110 diagnostic rituals 196 temples 89, 99–101 diaspora 10 dargah 194–195 astrology 214–215 darshan contemporary context 223–224 festivals 130 families of deities 35–36 oral and visual narratives 60, 70 festivals 126, 129 pilgrimage 110, 113–119 oral and visual narratives 60, 70–71 temples 104–105 possession 204, 211 vrats 151 representations and worship 87, 93–94 interpretations of dasa avataras 21–25 Hinduism 223 Dasharatha 63–64, 66 samskaras 172–173, 175–176, Dashera 29, 66, 124–125, 148 177–179, 182, 187 Davis, Richard 79, 83, 107 temples 98, 103–104, 108 death rituals 186–191 vrats 146, 155 demon see asura worship 78 devadasis 89 discrimination 13, 16–17 Devarajan, Arthi 178 disguise see guises Devi Divali 123, 124, 127–129, 149 contemporary context 222 diyas (dipam) 127–128 families of deities 19, 20, 28–30, domestic puja shrines see puja shrines 39–42 Doniger, Wendy 61–62 oral and visual narratives 51–55 dosham 164, 213–215 shrines 110–111 dowries 180–181 Devi Mahatmya 19 Draupadi 38 devotion see bhakti drishti see evil eye dharma Durga as a way of life and religious contemporary context 225–226 tradition 3–5 families of deities 28–29, context and multiplicity 6–10 40–41, 43 families of deities 21, 22–25 oral and visual narratives 51 festivals 127 Durga Puja 9, 125, 135–136 learning dharma 4–5 durmuhurtam 211 oral and visual narratives 63–65 Dwaparayuga 23 pilgrimage 120 ritual healing 202 Eck, Diana 8–9 samskaras 186 eclipses 211–212 vrats 166 eco-friendly Ganeshas 138

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education 221–222 neighborhood and city-wide ethnography 1–2, 5, 9–11, 14–17, celebrations 132–137 204, 220 oral and visual narratives 46 everyday language 67 pilgrimage 119 evil eye (nazar, drishti) 4, 128, place-bound festivals 138–144 171–172, 196–202, 218 polytheistic imagination 9 possession 204–208 families of deities 18–45 processions 108–109, 126, context-specificity 44–45 130–137 Devi 19, 20, 28–30, 39–42 puja shrines 127–128, 130–132 gramadevatas 28, 30–34, 222 stri vesham 141–142 kinship 18–19 temples 108–109, 126 mythological and narrative Ugadi 125–126, 138, 148 families 19, 21–34 ugra mukhis 142–143 puja shrines 32, 36–45 vrats 148–149 puranas 19–20, 34, 35 film industry 59–60, 69, 221 Shiva 19–21, 25–27, 35, 37, 42 fireworks 128 temple families 34–36 flame offerings (arati) 90–91, Trimurti 20–21 131–132, 158–159 Vishnu 20–25, 34–35, 37, 42 food fate (bhagya) 218 dharma 4 female-centered Ramayana families of deities 40, 42 performances 68–69 festivals 126, 131–132, 140–141 Feng Shui 216 samskaras 187 Festival of Lights (Divali) 123, 124, temples 104, 105–107 127–129, 149 vrats 147, 149, 151, 153–161 festivals 123–144 worship 91–92 concepts and definitions 123–127 forehead markings (bindi, bottu) 90, Dashera 29, 66, 124–125, 148 91–93 Divali 123, 124, 127–129, 149 Durga Puja 9, 125, 135–136 Gajasura 27 eco-friendly Ganeshas 138 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 58 families of deities 28–29, 31–33, Ganesha 34, 37 families of deities 26–27, 37, 43 Ganesha Chaturthi 129–138 oral and visual narratives 9, Gangamma Jatara 138–144 26–27, 80–81 Gaura 125, 204–209 vrats 157 immersion 128–130, 132, 135–137 worship 80–81, 86 luni-solar calendar 124, 125–126 Ganesha Chaturthi 129–138 Navaratri 123, 124 Ganga Devi 51–55

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Gangamma Gryhasutras 169 contemporary context 222 gudi 98 families of deities 31–32, 34 guises 25, 109, 125, 139–141, 143 festivals 138–144 worship 88–89 HAF see Hindu American Ganga River 25, 49, 54–55, 112, 187 Foundation garbagriha 101–103, 105–106, 117 hair Gaura 125, 204–209 matted hair 210 Gayatri Mantra 172–176 possession 207 gemstones 212 samskaras 171–172 gender tonsure 114, 118, 171–172, 187 education and literacy 221–222 Hanuman festivals 141–142 families of deities 24, 38, 41–43 oral and visual narratives 67–69 oral and visual narratives 64 possession 204 pilgrimage 120–121 samskaras 176–177 possession 205 vrats 147–148, 164–167 temples 109–110 women’s status 176–177 vrats 148 ghi malish 108 Hanuman Chalisa 42, 77 ghosts (bhut) 196, 199, 203 harati 90–91, 131–132, 158–159 globalization 71, 221 Harijan 16 Godavari River 112, 160 hari katha 47 Gold, Ann 113–114 harvest festivals 124, 127 Gond 205–207, 221 healing see ritual healing gopurams 101–104, 116 heaven 8, 189 gotras 179 hell 8, 189 Govinda Raja Swamy 34, 115–117 Himalaya 25 grahas 212–213, 215 Hindu American Foundation gramadevatas 28, 30–34, 222 (HAF) 223 astrology 214 Hindu Temple of Atlanta (HTA) 36, contemporary context 222, 224–226 74, 78, 89, 108, 117, 126, 148–149, festivals 138 155, 214–215 murtis 88, 225–226 homam 173, 222 possession 204, 210 horoscopes see astrology ritual healing 194 hundi cash 116 shrines 105, 109 Hyderabad 133–137, 153, 194, 195, 199 temples 99, 101 grammar of devotion 93 identity 2–3, 14–16 graphic novels 69 idolatry 79 grave-shrines 194–195 immersion 128–130, 132, 135–137, 187

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inauspicious 4, 211 vrats 150–151, 164–165 infertility 188, 197–198, 213 worship 75–76 International Society for Krishna Kartik 128 Consciousness (ISCKON) 108 Kartikeya 27 internet 60, 222–223 Karva Chauth 151, 152, 166–167 ishtadevatas 36 Kashi Vishvanath Mandir (Varanasi) Islam 94, 112, 162–164, 173, 175 burial 190–191 kathas 66, 70, 150–152, 162–164 dargah 194 kavads 56–58 festivals 137 kavya 66 Hinduism and Hindu Kedarnath 108 traditions 2, 4–5 Ketu 213 Muharram processions 137 kirtans 76–77 murtis 78, 85 Knipe, David 211 oral and visual narratives 58–59 koil 98 pilgrimage 110 kolam (rangolis) 126–128, 173 ritual healing 194–195, 199–203 Krishna temples 98 Bala Krishna 24, 75, 87, 93, 197 vrats 146 families of deities 19, 23, 24–25, 38 names 49 Jagannath 108 oral and visual narratives 49–51, 56 Jai Jagdish Hare 91 pilgrimage 121 Jai Santoshi Maa (1975) 59–60 ritual healing 197 jataras 138–144 temples 103, 108 jati 7, 14–16, 178 worship 75, 87–88, 93 Judaism 78, 98, 118, 173 Kshatriya 6, 14, 172 jyotirlingas 112 kuladevata 36 kulam (caste) 178 Kabir 84–85, 190–191 Kumari Puja 176–177 Kailasha 97 kumkum see pasupu-kumkum; Kaliya 50–51 vermilion Kaliyuga 23–24, 55 Kurma 22 Kalki 24 Kamsa 23, 49 Lakshmana 24, 56–58, 63–67, 120, 205 kandayan 181 lakshman rekha 67 Karapanagiotis, Nicole 94 Lakshmi karma ashta lakshmis 30, 160–161 concepts and definitions 2, 8 families of deities 29–30, 39, 41–43 ritual healing 218 festivals 124, 127 samskaras 188–190 vrats 149, 157, 160–161

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Lalithasahasranama 42 ritual healing 196 Lanka 64–67, 110, 120, 205 samskaras 178–186 life-cycle rituals see samskaras vrats 161–167 linga wedding pendants 157, 159–161, families of deities 20, 25–26, 35, 180, 182–186 37–38, 40 wedding rituals 178–186, 212 jyotirlingas 112 maternal love 75–76 pilgrimage 112 matha 5 temples 103, 106, 108 mathematics 199–200 worship 82, 83–84, 107–108 Matsya 22 Lingayyats see Virashaivas menstruation 174–177 literacy 221–222 middle class 7, 14–16, 32, 86, 130, lithographs 36, 41–43, 46, 51–55 161, 175, 221–222, 226 lower class 69 Mines, Diane 13, 16 luni-solar calendar 124–126 Mira Bai 58, 82 Lutgendorf, Philip 60, 70 Mohini 100 moksha 2, 110, 113, 190 McGee, Mary 169 mourning 186–187 McLain, Karline 59 Mudaliar 15, 37, 130, 217 Mahabharata muggus 209–210 families of deities 24 Muharram processions 137 festivals 125 mula murti 77, 98 oral and visual narratives 47–48, Mumbai (Bombay) 135, 137 59, 188 mundan 171 pilgrimage 120 murtis 77–89 Mahishasura 28–29, 51, 125 concepts and definitions 77–79 Makar Sankranti 124 contemporary context 223–226 mandalis 68–69, 77 deity without form 83–85 mandir 98 diaspora 223–226 Mangala Gauri Nomu 161–164 embodiment of deities 78–79 mangalsutra 180, 182, 185 enlivening a murti 86 mantras 104, 172–176, 215 families of deities 36, 43 Mariamma 31, 198 festivals 132 marriage modes of worshipping 85–89 arranged 178–179 mula murti 77, 98 astrology 212 narratives of God in 80–82 auspicious married women pilgrimage 115–116, 118 149–150, 157, 181, 183 possession 206 contemporary context 225 representation of deities 78 families of deities 31–32 temples 103, 105–109

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utsava murti 77, 106–109, 118 oil lamp see diyas worship through online puja 93–95 adornment 87–89 open-air shrines 109–111 Murugan 27 oral and visual narratives 46–72 music Amar Chitra Katha comic context-specificity 7–8 books 58–59, 70–71 oral and visual narratives 47–48 bhakti 76–77, 81–85 possession 204–208 everyday language 67 temples 105–106 female-centered Ramayana worship 77 performances 68–69 Muslim tradition see Islam film industry 59–60, 69 kavad storytelling boxes 56–58 naga dosham 164, 213–215 kavya and katha 66, 70 naivedyam 105 murtis 81–82 Nandi 25, 37 narrative performers 47–48, Narada 27, 188 61–62, 67–69 Narakasura (Naraka) 127 oral performance genres 47–49 Narasimha 23, 24, 120 proverbs 67 Narayanan, Vasudha 4 Ramayana tradition 56, 59, 62–71, Narayana Rao, V. 2, 47, 61, 67 222 narrative performers 47–48, 61–62, Ramlilas 66 67–69 recitation of names 48–49 Narsinghnath 112–113, 119–121 ritual healing 202 Nataraja 25, 74, 99, 101 scroll paintings 46, 56 navagrahas 212–213, 215 source and location of texts 60–62 Navaratri 28, 123, 124 television serialization of the nazar see evil eye Ramayana 69–71 neighborhood festivals 132–137 visual narratives and New Year festivals 125–126 theologies 49–56 nirguna 74, 83 vrat kathas 150–151, 152, 162–167 nomulu (nomu) 148–149 written narratives 61–62 ornamentation 88 Odisha (Orissa; Oriya) 119, 128 offerings Padmavati 90, 114–115 astrology 214 Pai, Anant 58 festivals 131–133, 137 panchangam 211 pilgrimage 115–118 pandals 130, 132–136 temples 104, 105–107 Pandava brothers 120, 125 vrats 149–150, 151, 156–161 pandits/panditas 48, 51, 62 worship 90–92 papa 121

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Paramasamhita 79 poet-saints 74–76, 81–85, 190 pars 56, 58 pollution 80–82, 138, 171, 186–187 Parusharama 23 polytheistic imagination 8–9, 10 Parvati pongal 140 families of deities 25–26 Pongol 124 possession 204–208 possession 203–210 vrats 152, 156–157, 161–164 as presence 208–211 pasupu-kumkum concepts and definitions 194, adornment 88 203–204 families of deities 31, 34, 40, 42–43 festivals 204–208 offerings 89 Potu Raju 31 pilgrimage 115–117 Powers of Tamil Women, The temples 105–106 (Reynolds) 182–183 vrats 149–150, 157 pranapratishta 86, 94 worship 87–90 prasad see also turmeric; vermilion families of deities 42 Pennington, Brian 55 festivals 133, 137 performance see oral and visual puja shrines 91–92 narratives temples 92, 104, 106–107 pilgrimage 110–121 vrats 151, 156, 159–161 concepts and definitions 97–98 Prasad, Leela 5 darshan 110, 113–119 pregnancy 170–171 families of deities 18–19 processions 108–109, 126, 130–137 festival processions 109 proverbs 67 festivals 119 puberty rituals 172–177 identifying and sacralizing public shrines 30–31, 130, 132–136 space 110–113 puja shrines journey to the site 113–114 concepts and definitions 98 murtis 115–116, 118 families of deities 36–45 Narsinghnath 112–113, 119–121 festivals 127–128, 130–132 offerings 115–118 forehead markings 92–93 ritual healing 196 offerings 90–92 sins and crimes 121 online/cyber puja 93–95 temples 109, 112–121 oral and visual narratives 51, 55 Tirumala-Tirupati 112–113, 114–119 temples versus 98–99 pine forest 100 vrats 147–150, 151–161 place-bound festivals 138–144 worship 86–95 planets 194, 211–213, 215 purana pandits/panditas 48, 51, 62 Pochamma 224–226 puranas Poetics of Conduct (Prasad) 5 contemporary context 222, 226

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families of deities 19–20, 34, 35 ritual healing oral and visual narratives 47–48, accessing multiple healing 56, 62, 220 sites 194–199 pilgrimage 110 astrology 194, 199–200, 211–218 possession 204 concepts and definitions 193 sthala puranas 19, 35, 99–101, 110 diagnosis and temples 99–101, 107–108 prescription 196–201 worship 85 healing across religious boundaries 194–195, 199–203 Radha 24, 35, 102 karma 218 ragas 7–8, 106 possession 194, 203–210 Rahu 211, 213 roadside shrines 24, 25–26, 109–111 Rajasthan 56, 80 Roy, Ram Mohan 85 rakshasa 63 Rama sacred places see pilgrimage; shrines; families of deities 23, 24, 38, 41 temples oral and visual narratives 56–58, sacrifice 61–71 animal sacrifice 31, 53, 90, 140, 212 pilgrimage 120 caste 13 Ramanujan, A. K. 7, 55, 63 murtis 81 Ramayana pilgrimage 112 akhand Ramayana 62, 66 Ramayana 63–66 oral and visual narratives 56, 59, temples 100 62–71, 222 Sagar, Ramanand 70 pilgrimage 121 saguna 74, 83 worship 77 sahasranama 42, 49 Ramcaritmanas (Tulsidas) 61–62, 66, Sai Baba, Shirdi 36, 43, 94 68–70, 77 samaj 14, 85 Ram, Kalpana 204 sami tree 125 Ramlilas 66 Samlai Devi 110–111 ranga pravesham 177–178 samsara 2, 8 rangolis 126–128, 173 samskaras 169–192 Ravana 23, 63–65, 67–68, 125, 127, 148 ascending the stage 177–178 recitation of names 48–49 coming-of-age rituals 172–177 reform movements 85 concepts and definitions 169–170 Reynolds, Holly 183 death rituals 186–191 rice paddy 124 first-year samskaras 171–172 rites of passage see samskaras marriage 178–186 ritual friendship 133 menstruation 174–177 ritual grammar 2, 161, 195, 202–203 pregnancy and birth 170–171

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samskaras (cont’d ) shrines ranga pravesham 177–178 astrology 216 upanayana 172–177 concepts and definitions 97–98, sanatana dharma 6 109–111 Santoshi Ma 59–60 contemporary context 225–226 saptapadi 181–182 families of deities 24–26, 30–32 Sarasvati 28, 109 festivals 130, 132–136 Sarasvati, Dayananda 85 ritual healing 194–195 saris 90, 174, 176, 182 see also puja shrines Sati Matas 34 Shudras 14 Satyanarayan Vrat 145, 148 simantams 170 Satyavan 188–189 sindhur 24 Satyayuga 22–23 Sita 56–58, 61–71 saubhagya see auspiciousness Sita Sings the Blues (2008) 69 Savitri 188–189 Sita’s Ramayana (Arni) 69 scroll paintings 46, 55–56 Skanda 27, 152 Sears, Laurie 61 snakes 31–32, 48–54, 100, 163–164, Sesha 21 210, 213–214 seva 89 snakes and ladders 189–190 Seven Sisters 28, 30–33, 109, 210 snanam 128–129 sex ratios 177 spiritual healing 194–200, 203 shakti 142–143, 183 sthala puranas shakti pithas 112 families of deities 19, 35 shamanism 207–208 pilgrimage 110 Shani dosham 215–216 temples 99–101 Shankara 83 stri vesham 141–142 shastra 5 sua nac 205, 221 shikaras 101 Subrahmanya 27 Shitala Mata 33–34 sumangali 149–150, 157 Shiva sumuhurtam 179–180 families of deities 19–21, 25–27, suprabhatam 42, 105, 117–118 35, 37, 39, 42 Surdas 75–76 names 48–49 Surpanakha 64 oral and visual narratives 48–49, Swaminarayan (BAPS) temple 36 52–55 pilgrimage 112 tali 31, 157, 159–161, 180, 182–186 possession 204–208 Tamil Nadu (Tamil) 26–27, 37–38, temples 99–101, 103, 106 74, 102–103, 106, 125–126, vrats 152, 156 182–185, 198 worship 82, 84, 90 taviz 201

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Telangana 217 murtis 87–90 television serialization 69–71, 222–223 possession 209 Temple Endowments samskaras 174, 181, 183, 186, 190 Department 48, 222 temples 105, 107–109 temples 97–109 vrats 151, 155–157, 160, 165 abhishekam 107–108 see also pasupsu-kumkum architecture 101–104 concepts and definitions 97–98 Ugadi 125–126, 138, 148 daily services 105–107 ugra mukhis 142–143 darshan 104–105 untouchability (Dalit) 16 families of deities 19, 24, 25–26, upanayana 172–177 31, 34–36, 43 Upanishad 1, 45, 83 festival processions 108–109, 126 utara 201–202 murtis 103, 105–109 utsava murti 77, 106–109, 118 pilgrimage 109, 112–121 power of place 99–101 vahana 25, 27 ritual healing 197–198 Vaishya 6, 14, 172 sthala puranas 99–101 Valmiki 66 versus domestic shrines 98–99 Vamana 23 vrats 146–147 vanaprastha 6–7 worship 86–87, 104–109 Varaha 22, 80, 114 Thakur Dev 33–34 Varalakshmi Vratam 151–161 tilaka 91–92 varam 151 tirtha 98, 110 Varanasi (Kashi) 94, 112, 162–163, Tirumala-Tirupati 112–113, 114–119 173, 175 Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam varna 13–14, 16 (TTD) 48, 117 varnashrama dharma 6–7 Tirupati 209, 222 vastu 216–218 tonsure 171–172 Vedanta 45, 83 transformative rites of passage see Vedic rituals 73, 85 samskaras Velama 149, 153 Tretayuga 23 Venkateshvara 34, 40–42, 88, 146 Trimurti 20–21 vermilion truths 8–9, 10 adornment 87 TTD see Tirumala Tirupati astrology 212 Devasthanam families of deities 24, 39–43 Tulsidas 61–62, 66, 68–70, 77 festivals 128, 140 turmeric offerings 92 families of deities 26, 31, 40, 42–43 oral and visual narratives 60, 62 festivals 140 posession 209

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vermilion (cont’d ) Wadley, Susan 151 samskaras 181, 186 wedding pendants 157, 159–161, shrines 109–110, 225 180, 182–186 temples 105 wedding rituals 178–186, 212 vrats 151, 155, 157 women’s auspiciousness 149–150, see also pasupu-kumkum 157, 181, 183 vigraham 77–79 women’s status 176–177 village deities 28, 30–34 worship 73–96 village shrines 30–32, 109–111, 194 arati 90–91 Vinayaka see Ganesha bhakti 73–85 Virashaiva 83 deity without form 83–85 Vishnu enlivening a murti 86 families of deities 20–25, 34–35, forehead markings 92–93 37, 42 grammar of devotion 93 pilgrimage 114–119, 120 modes of worshipping the temples 100, 109 murti 85–89 worship 79, 81–82 murtis 77–89 Vishnu Samhita 78 narratives of God in the visual narratives see oral and visual murti 80–82 narratives offerings 90–92 vows see vrats online/cyber puja 93–95 vrats 145–168 poet-saints 74–76, 81–85 auspicious married women prasad 91–92 149–150, 157 puja shrines 86–95 concepts and definitions 145–146 reform movements 85 domestic vrats 147–150, 151–161 services of puja 89–93 festivals 148–149 singing to God and the gender 147–148, 164–167 Goddess 76–77 Mangala Gauri Nomu 161–164 temples 104–109 marriage 161–167 through adornment offerings 149–150, 151, 156–161 87–89 pilgrimage 110 written narratives 61–62 ritual healing 196 ritual narratives 150–151, 152, Yama 188–189 162–167 yantra 39–40 temple vrats 146–147 yatra see pilgrimage Varalakshmi Vratam 151–161 yoni 26 worship 80–81 yugas 21, 22–24, 55

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