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Seafood Watch Seafood Report Seafood Watch Seafood Report California Market Squid Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens (Image © Monterey Bay Aquarium) West Coast Region Updated March 11, 2010 Julia S. Stewart Consulting Researcher Samantha Port-Minner Consulting Researcher Original Report dated March 31, 2003 Robert Mazurek Fisheries Research Analyst Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch® Market Squid Report March 11, 2010 About Seafood Watch® and the Seafood Reports Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices”, “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid”. The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fishery management plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch® Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices. Capture fisheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scientific information on each species changes, Seafood Watch®’s sustainability recommendations and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updated to reflect these changes. Parties interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture practices and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they find useful. For more information about Seafood Watch® and Seafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch® program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling 1-877-229-9990. Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. Seafood Watch® and Seafood Reports are made possible through a grant from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. 2 Seafood Watch® Market Squid Report March 11, 2010 Table of Contents I. Executive Summary.................................................................................................................. 4 II. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 7 III. Analysis of Seafood Watch® Sustainability Criteria for Wild-caught Species Criterion 1: Inherent Vulnerability to Fishing Pressure....................................................... 11 Criterion 2: Status of Wild Stocks ....................................................................................... 13 Criterion 3: Nature and Extent of Bycatch .......................................................................... 15 Criterion 4: Effect of Fishing Practices on Habitats and Ecosystems ................................. 17 Criterion 5: Effectiveness of the Management Regime....................................................... 22 IV. Overall Evaluation and Seafood Recommendation ................................................................ 28 V. References............................................................................................................................... 30 VI. Appendix I: Wild-capture Fisheries Evaluation……………………………………………..34 3 Seafood Watch® Market Squid Report March 11, 2010 I. Executive Summary The California market squid lives in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the coast from Baja California to Southeastern Alaska. The scientific name for market squid was recently changed from Loligo opalescens to Doryteuthis opalescens due to a better understanding of squid phylogeny. Market squid have a low age at first maturity, a short life span, and high fecundity; however, their intrinsic rate of increase and von Bertalanffy growth coefficients are unknown. Market squid exhibit several characteristics that increase their vulnerability to fishing pressure, including a relatively narrow species range, dense spawning aggregations and attraction to lighted fishing gear. As such, Seafood Watch® considers California market squid to be moderately vulnerable to fishing pressure. The status of the wild market squid stock is a moderate conservation concern according to Seafood Watch® criteria because many aspects of the wild stock are unknown, and there is large uncertainty in the status of the stock. The management classification status is unknown and the fishery is currently managed based solely on fishery-dependent landings data and estimates of biological parameters. There are no direct or statistical procedures available to assess the population size, and the fishery is managed using an MSY-proxy based on the ‘Egg Escapement’ method, the efficacy of which has yet to be determined. The occurrence of overfishing is unknown, and the age and size distributions of fished market squid are decreasing. Bycatch in the California market squid fishery is considered to be a moderate conservation concern according to Seafood Watch® criteria. Because the presence of bycatch is only checked at the port where the squid are landed and is not quantified, the bycatch rate is unknown. The majority of bycatch consists of other coastal pelagic species, but frequently includes benthic (bottom-dwelling) species as well. The fishery has occasional interactions with marine mammals, but preliminary assessments show that no marine mammals, sea turtles or seabirds were caught in the fishery from 2006–2008. The population consequences of bycatch are unknown, but there are demonstrated ecosystem impacts, and the overall bycatch rate is increasing. There is also an increasing trend in the incidental catch of market squid egg capsules that could have negative effects on the ecosystem and management of the fishery. The California market squid fishery mainly uses purse seine nets and pumps at the surface, and thus should inflict minimal damage on the seafloor. However, when purse seine nets do contact the seafloor, they can be as destructive as bottom trawls. In the case of the market squid fishery, interactions with the benthos are more similar to fixed bottom gear than mobile bottom gear and thus are deemed to cause moderate habitat damage. The market squid fishery occurs over a moderate spatial scale along the California coast in sandy and muddy bottom areas, which are moderately resilient to fishing impacts. Market squid is a forage species and plays an important role in California coastal food webs. There is concern that removing market squid and squid eggs capsules could cause changes in the food web and the broader ecosystem; however, no assessment of these impacts has been completed. Due to the moderate habitat damage caused by the fishery’s seine nets and the moderate resilience of the habitat, Seafood Watch® deems the California market squid fishery to have moderate effects on habitats and the ecosystem. 4 Seafood Watch® Market Squid Report March 11, 2010 The management regime regulating the California market squid fishery is currently considered ineffective by Seafood Watch®. There is no stock assessment for this species nor is one planned for the future. Current management is based on fishery-dependent data used to estimate biological parameters, but it has not been demonstrated that collection and analysis of these data occur in a time frame relevant to maintaining the health of the stock. The California Department of Fish and Game (CDF&G) has implemented gear limits and weekend closures to protect the squid resource. To reduce potential negative effects on nesting seabirds, CDF&G has prohibited attracting lights in all waters of the Gulf of Farallones National Marine Sanctuary. Lights have also been restricted to a maximum of 30,000 watts with required shielding in several of the Channel Islands (CDF&G 2005). However, no further management measures have been implemented to reduce the capture of non-target species and egg capsules. Regulation of the market squid fishery is well managed by CDF&G with mandatory logbooks, trained at-sea observers, and port-side samplers that collect data on landings and report the presence or absence of non-target species (but without quantification). Stock productivity has varied over time, but it is unclear if this is a result of environmental
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