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Presentazione Standard Di Powerpoint Il Novecento e la nascita dell’astrofisica Antonia Maury, Annie Jump Cannon Ing. Claudio Costa [email protected] carocicosta.it Astronomia al femminile - Unitrè Ariccia, 20 Feb 2016 Antonia Maury (1866-1952) Di discendenza portoghese, Antonia era nipote degli astronomi John William Draper (suo nonno) e Henry Draper (suo zio) Si laureò in fisica al Vassar College di New York nel 1887 e cominciò a lavorare all'Harvard College Observatory Pickering, il direttore, le assegnò il compito di determinare il periodo orbitale della binaria spettroscopica Eta Ursa Majoris (Mizar) che lo stesso Pickering aveva scoperto Antonia portò a termine questo incarico e, successivamente, scoprì anche che Beta Aurigae era una binaria spettroscopica Le stelle binarie hanno un’importanza fondamentale in astrofisica perché permettono, tramite l’osservazione del loro moto orbitale, di calcolare le masse delle due stelle Alcune stelle binarie non possono essere scoperte visualmente visuale, perché la loro separazione angolare vista dalla Terra è al di sotto del potere risolutivo dei telescopi più potenti Lo spettroscopio è però in grado di rilevare una binaria come tale, perché le due stelle, nella loro orbita, mostrano una componente di velocità parallela alla linea di vista (a meno che il piano dell'orbita non sia perfettamente perpendicolare ad essa) Le righe spettrali delle due stelle mostreranno così uno spostamento periodico dovuto all'effetto Doppler Antonia lavorò molto all’osservazione degli spettri stellari assieme ad Annie Cannon In particolare lei propose che non soltanto la presenza o l’assenza di una linea spettrale fosse importante, ma anche la loro intensità e larghezza relative Introdusse quindi delle sotto-classi spettrali per tenere conto di queste differenze: le stelle con linee normali erano etichettate con "a", quelle con righe larghe e diffuse con "b" e quelle con linee sottili e nette con "c"; i casi intermedi con "ab" e "bc" Era il primo passo verso la definizione tramite la spettroscopia di una scala della luminosità reale delle stelle Edward Pickering, il direttore dell'osservatorio, era però in disaccordo con tale sistema di classificazione che trovava troppo complicato e ciò portò alle dimissioni della Maury Pickering le impose comunque di completare il lavoro: Antonia chiese allora che di essere riconosciuta come l’autrice: dopo varie discussioni il catalogo finalmente comparve nel volume 28 degli Annali dell’Osservatorio col suo nome sulla prima pagina, prima donna ad avere questo riconoscimento Pickering, continuò comunque a sminuire il lavoro della Maury finché nel 1905, Ejnar Hertzsprung si rese conto che le stelle classificate da Antonia come di tipo c e di tipo ac erano sistematicamente più luminose di quelli di tipo a o b Di tutti i cataloghi pubblicati, solo quello della Maury conteneva questa distinzione Resosi conto di ciò del valore di questa classificazione, Hertzsprung la adottò per elaborare la parte del suo diagramma che oggi è noto come Hertzsprung-Russell (H- R) Il contributo di Antonia venne pienamente riconosciuto solo nel 1922 quando l’Unione Astronomica Internazionale modificò la classificazione ufficiale introducendo il prefisso c ai tipi spettrali con righe sottili Qui vedete un uso moderno della larghezza relativa delle righe spettrali nei vari tipi posta in relazione con i diversi elementi chimici presenti nelle atmosfere delle stelle La storia del diagramma HR merita di essere raccontata Intorno al 1910 si cominciò a pensare che le stelle si dividessero in due grandi categorie: quelle luminose, blu e calde e quelle deboli, rosse e fredde Nessuno infatti aveva ancora trovato una stella debole e calda Qualsiasi stella poco luminosa veniva, quindi, giudicata sicuramente anche fredda L’astronomo statunitense Henry Norris Russel decise di studiare più a fondo la questione e vedere come si comportavano le stelle con distanza conosciuta (e quindi di magnitudine assoluta nota). L’unico modo era di avere il maggior numero di informazioni sul colore e la temperatura degli astri In poche parole, sul loro tipo spettrale Russel si limitò, però alle stelle vicine e luminose, le uniche che permettevano allora una misura accurata della distanza: era inutile ottenere spettri di oggetti lontani e/o deboli di cui non era possibile ricavare la lontananza Non tutto lo spazio del diagramma era occupato e vi era una chiara linea di tendenza principale Le stelle blu, calde e luminose, si piazzavano in alto a sinistra e le rosse, fredde e deboli, in basso a destra (come già ipotizzato e previsto) Tuttavia, vi era un altro ramo composto di stelle rosse e fredde: oggetti che invece di diminuire la propria magnitudine la aumentavano Infine, isolata e quasi assurda, Omicron2 Eridani B, calda e di irrisoria luminosità Russel chiese, allora, a Edward Pickering di cercare, nel suo archivio, gli spettri di stelle aventi tali caratteristiche: in particolare chiese quello di una stella veramente speciale che aveva creato non poca confusione: era la debole compagna di Omicron 2 Eridani, chiamata appunto Omicron 2 Eridani B Insieme a Willamina Fleming, Pickering trovò quello che Russel cercava: la stella era estremamente debole ma di tipo spettrale A: impossibile! Il tipo spettrale A era riservato a stelle caldissime, rappresentanti meno del 5% delle stelle di spettro conosciuto; la temperatura doveva aggirarsi intorno ai 9000 gradi, nettamente superiore a quella del Sole Si sapeva già che la luminosità varia con la quarta potenza della temperatura, il che vuole dire che se fosse stata grande come il Sole avrebbe dovuto essere incredibilmente brillante Per poter ricevere un flusso luminoso intrinsecamente così potente, ma all’apparenza debolissimo, la luce doveva essere emessa da una superficie piccolissima La conclusione era una sola: Omicron2 Eridani B doveva essere una stella di esigue dimensioni, probabilmente non più grande della Terra! Russel, Pickering e Fleming si erano imbattuti nella prima nana bianca e nella eccezionalità delle sue caratteristiche fisiche In realtà il color “bianco” valeva solo per quella stella in particolare, dato che poi se ne trovarono di tutti i colori (cambiando la temperatura), dall’azzurro al giallo e al rosso, ma il nome rimase lo stesso per sempre L’interesse di Russel per i legami esistenti tra magnitudine assoluta, colore e temperatura divenne ancora più spasmodico e l’astronomo decise di mettere su un grafico le caratteristiche delle stelle di cui aveva chiesto lo spettro In ordinata inserì la magnitudine assoluta (indipendente dalla distanza) e in ascissa il tipo spettrale che è legato alla temperatura effettiva del corpo nero corrispondente Russel pubblicò il suo grafico nel 1913 Esso divenne immediatamente popolare e considerato il modo migliore per rappresentare in un sol colpo l’intera popolazione stellare Il nome rimase “diagramma di Russel” finchè non si venne a conoscenza che già nel 1911 l’astronomo danese Ejnar Hertzsprung aveva pubblicato un grafico analogo su una sconosciuta rivista che pochissimi avevano letto Con grande onestà scientifica il nome del diagramma divenne di Hertzsprung- Russel, con il nome del danese per primo Ormai si parla di questo metodo di rappresentazione come del diagramma HR A questo punto era chiaro che la popolazione stellare non seguiva soltanto un’unica relazione luminosità- temperatura, ma era composta da oggetti che si staccavano dall’andamento normale Era necessario iniziare a studiare gruppi di oggetti particolari, per vedere se la situazione sarebbe stata sempre la stessa oppure sarebbe cambiata Un primo gruppo da prendere in considerazione era quello delle Pleiadi, nella costellazione del Toro Nel diagramma HR delle Pleiadi tutte le stelle sono quasi perfettamente piazzate lungo la linea che parte da quelle calde, blu e luminose e termina a quelle fredde, rosse e deboli Non vi sono nane bianche e nemmeno stelle fredde, rosse e luminose Un secondo gruppo che venne studiato fu l’ammasso globulare M3, nella costellazione dei Cani da Caccia Nel suo diagramma, trascurando per un momento la striscia quasi orizzontale, sembra che esista solo la parte inferiore della diagonale delle Pleiadi, quella degli oggetti freddi e deboli Al posto di quella superiore (stelle calde e luminose) appare il ramo di destra degli astri freddi e brillanti Le figure precedenti erano un bell’enigma per gli astronomi dell’inizio del XX secolo Una possibilità era che le tre popolazioni fossero gruppi di stelle intrinsecamente differenti Quella più seguita, però, implicava la ricerca di un unico modello per i tre diagrammi D’altra parte la zona in basso a destra era comune alle tre popolazioni Tra i molti studiosi, si distinse Allan Sandage, che propose un “movimento” delle stelle lungo il diagramma HR in funzione della loro età Le stelle nascono come le Pleiadi, lungo la diagonale principale All’avanzare dell’età iniziano a lasciarla spostandosi sulla destra e le più luminose sono le prime a muoversi Questa evoluzione si vede chiaramente nel diagramma dell’ammasso globulare Un po’ alla volta anche gli astri più deboli lasciano la diagonale Ovviamente il primo diagramma di Russel conteneva stelle di tutte le età e quindi era un mix di popolazioni diverse Insomma le differenze nei tre diagrammi erano solo dovute all’età delle stelle Era nata l’astrofisica stellare Ma torniamo ad Antonia Maury Nel 1908 tornò all'osservatorio di Harvard, grazie all’opera di convincimento di Annie Cannon Il lavoro più importante che ne conseguì fu lo studio spettrografico della stella binaria
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