DOCSLIB.ORG

Public Parks in Urban Britain, 1870-1920: Creating a New Public Culture

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Public Parks in Urban Britain, 1870-1920: Creating a New Public Culture University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 1993 Public Parks in Urban Britain, 1870-1920: Creating a New Public Culture Nan Hesse Dreher University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Dreher, Nan Hesse, "Public Parks in Urban Britain, 1870-1920: Creating a New Public Culture" (1993). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2673. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2673 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2673 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Public Parks in Urban Britain, 1870-1920: Creating a New Public Culture Abstract Rapid urbanization in early Victorian Britain induced citizens to envision new kinds of public space in the city. Citing sanitary and moral motives, private associations developed popular support, pressed local governments and succeeded in creating numerous urban public parks by the late nineteenth century. New public parks in London, Birmingham and Bath stimulated a broad written discourse, nurtured civic pride and played an integral role in urban leisure. Yet government and open space society records, the press, guidebooks and novels show that these new public spaces also posed a fundamental dilemma. Should public parks foster the development of the ideal citizen, or should they accommodate all comers? Differences of class and gender stimulated conflicts angingr from the demarcation of public boundaries to exclude workers or verminous persons from parks, to disputes about respectability, temperance, religion, sports, sexual indecency and politics in park use. Subtle rituals of social display enabled parkgoers to define semi-private zones within the context of broad social interaction in public space. Other new developments in public life produced feelings of consensus among park users. Revitalized public ceremonies such as jubilees, coronations and park openings involved parkgoers as participants and built new traditions of community and citizenship. Comparisons of British and foreign parks bolstered national pride and made parks symbols of the nation, while botanical and zoological gardens advertised imperial variety and incorporated the British Empire into public culture. World War I forced public parks into a dual role, as exemplars of the war effort with soldiers, trenches and vegetable gardens, and as pastoral refuges from the war, focusing attention on parks' contribution to the nation. Throughout this period, parkgoers transformed not only parks but their own social and political relationships, constructing a broader definition of the urban public expressed through the language of citizenship. By 1920, public parks had transcended their initial conception as lungs for the urban body to act as icons of a more dynamic and democratic public culture in British cities. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group History First Advisor Lynn Hollen Lees Subject Categories History This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2673 PUBLIC PARKS IN URBAN BRITAIN, 1870-1920: CREATING A NEW PUBLIC CULTURE Nan Hesse Dreher A DISSERTATION in History Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1993 P. Supervisor of Dissertation Graduate Group Chairperson COPYRIGHT NAN HESSE DREHER 1993 To George ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would especially like to thank Lynn Hollen Lees and Lynn Hunt at the University of Pennsylvania for their invaluable suggestions and encouragement. Thomas Childers at the University of Pennsylvania, Karl Ittmann at the Uni­ versity of Houston and Martin Wiener at Rice University commented on some preliminary material. I have also benefited from presentation of portions of this dissertation at the North American and Western Conferences on British Studies, Rice University, the Social Science History Association, the Southwest Social Science Association, and the University of Houston. Archivists at the following British collections assisted in my research: Bath Reference Library, Birmingham Central Library, British Library, Greater London Record Office, Guildhall (Bath), Guildhall (London), Institute for Historical Research (University of London), Marylebone Record Office, National Trust, Public Record Office, Swiss Cottage Library and University of Birmingham Library. Dissertation funding was provided by the University of Pennsylvania and the Council for European Studies at Columbia University. Finally, my family and friends have supported me throughout this project. ABSTRACT PUBLIC PARKS IN URBAN BRITAIN, 1870-1920: CREATING A NEW PUBLIC CULTURE NAN HESSE DREHER LYNN HOLLEN LEES Rapid urbanization in early Victorian Britain induced citizens to envision new kinds of public space in the city. Citing sanitary and moral motives, private associations developed popular support, pressed local governments and succeeded in creating numerous urban public parks by the late nineteenth century. New public parks in London, Bir­ mingham and Bath stimulated a broad written discourse, nurtured civic pride and played an integral role in urban leisure. Yet government and open space society records, the press, guidebooks and novels show that these new public spaces also posed a fundamental dilemma. Should public parks foster the development of the ideal citizen, or should they accommodate all comers? Differences of class and gender stimulated conflicts ranging from the demarcation of public boundaries to exclude workers or verminous persons from parks, to disputes about respectability, temperance, religion, sports, sexual indecency and politics in park use. Subtle rituals of social display enabled parkgoers to define semi-private zones within the context of broad social v interaction in public space. Other new developments in public life produced feelings of consensus among park users. Revitalized public ceremonies such as jubilees, coronations and park openings involved parkgoers as participants and built new traditions of community and citizenship. Com­ parisons of British and foreign parks bolstered national pride and made parks symbols of the nation, while botanical and zoological gardens advertised imperial variety and incorporated the British Empire into public culture. World War I forced public parks into a dual role, as exemplars of the war effort with soldiers, trenches and vegetable gardens, and as pastoral refuges from the war, focusing attention on parks' contribution to the nation. Throughout this period, parkgoers transformed not only parks but their own social and political relationships, constructing a broader definition of the urban public expressed through the language of citizenship. By 1920, public parks had trans­ cended their initial conception as lungs for the urban body to act as icons of a more dynamic and democratic public culture in British cities. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Open Space Movement and Park Creation 28 Chapter 3: Conflict in the Public and the Park 87 Chapter 4: Social Display in Public Parks 154 Chapter 5: Public Ceremonies, Public Space 206 Chapter 6: Nation and Empire 260 Chapter 7: World War I 311 Chapter 8: Conclusion 371 Appendix: Abbreviations 379 Bibliography of Works Cited 380 Index 397 vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Visions of fresh air and sunlight exerted a powerful influence on residents of the rapidly expanding and in­ dustrializing cities of early Victorian Britain, contrasting sharply with the smoke and noise of belching factories and the crowded, filthy slums around them. In an age of self- help and social activism, particularly among the middle classes, urban citizens acted vigorously to make this image of restorative nature a reality within their cities. As private individuals, as members of reform societies, and as officials in local and national government, Victorian Bri­ tons helped ensure that public parks became an integral part of city geography and city life by the end of the nineteenth century. Public parks offered potential solutions to numerous urban crises by the 1840s. Fresh air might prevent cholera epidemics and compensate for primitive sanitary systems. Open spaces could alleviate overcrowding of inadequate housing, and provide room for exercise to build stronger bodies. New leisure activities in parks might tempt workers away from pubs, while as citizens of all classes gathered to enjoy their new public spaces, the very publicity of their leisure could hold all to higher moral standards. Flowers, green grass and trees could provide aesthetic relief from 1 the drab filthiness of the city, and the introduction of new parks might even stimulate economic development around them. All these motives inspired members of what came to be called the "open space movement" in the second half of the nineteenth century. Park supporters lobbied wealthy individuals to donate land, organized neighborhood sub­ scription campaigns and pressed government bodies to purchase new parks. Their cause elicited broad support from the press and from members of the public. Public parks opened in nearly every British city by 1870, stimulating a wide written discourse and bolstering civic pride. At the same time, legislation like the Bank Holiday Act in 1871 created more leisure time in which urban residents could use parks. These
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GUNNERSBURY PARK Options Appraisal
    GUNNERSBURY PARK Options Appraisal Report By Jura Consultants and LDN Architects June 2009 LDN Architects 16 Dublin Street Edinburgh EH1 3RE 0131 556 8631 JURA CONSULTANTS www.ldn.co.uk 7 Straiton View Straiton Business Park Loanhead Midlothian Edinburgh Montagu Evans LLP EH20 9QZ Clarges House 6-12 Clarges Street TEL. 0131 440 6750 London, W1J 8HB FAX. 0131 440 6751 [email protected] 020 7493 4002 www.jura-consultants.co.uk www.montagu-evans.co.uk CONTENTS Section Page Executive Summary i. 1. Introduction 1. 2. Background 5. 3. Strategic Context 17. 4. Development of Options and Scenarios 31. 5. Appraisal of Development Scenarios 43. 6. Options Development 73. 7. Enabling Development 87. 8. Preferred Option 99. 9. Conclusions and Recommendations 103. Appendix A Stakeholder Consultations Appendix B Training Opportunities Appendix C Gunnersbury Park Covenant Appendix D Other Stakeholder Organisations Appendix E Market Appraisal Appendix F Conservation Management Plan The Future of Gunnersbury Park Consultation to be conducted in the Summer of 2009 refers to Options 1, 2, 3 and 4. These options relate to the options presented in this report as follows: Report Section 6 Description Consultation Option A Minimum Intervention Option 1 Option B Mixed Use Development Option 2 Option C Restoration and Upgrading Option 4 Option D Destination Development Option 3 Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction A study team led by Jura Consultants with LDN Architects and Montagu Evans was commissioned by Ealing and Hounslow Borough Councils to carry out an options appraisal for Gunnersbury Park. Gunnersbury Park is situated within the London Borough of Hounslow and is unique in being jointly owned by Ealing and Hounslow.
    [Show full text]
  • Bushytelegraph PARK CENTREPIECE COMES HOME
    ISSUE JANUARY 2010 8 BushyTelegraph PARK CENTREPIECE COMES HOME The final major part of Bushy Park’s renaissance was completed at the end of last year with the New discovery restoration of the Diana Fountain. During the restoration, the project team uncovered a stone The gilded statue arrived home in November, after four at the base of the statue carved with a crown and the date months of renovation in south London. The scaffolding AR 1712. This would have been added when the statue and around the fountain’s stonework was removed in the fountain were installed in the basin in the middle of Chestnut following week, revealing the magnificent centrepiece Avenue as part of Sir Christopher Wren’s plan to create a of the park. grand route through Bushy Park to Hampton Court gardens. This was the first time in 300 years that the statute The fountain originally stood in the garden of had been moved and the first chance to get an Somerset House and was designed in the 1630s accurate idea of her size: 2.38m tall and 924kg in by the French sculptor, Hubert Le Sueur, for weight. During the restoration, the statue was King Charles l. In 1656, it was moved to Hampton cleaned, coated in four layers of paint, each Court and then just over 60 years later it one slightly more yellow than the last, and moved again to Bushy Park. then finally gilded. Final Bushy Telegraph Bronze and This is the final Bushy Telegraph. We hope you enjoy it as much as the previous issues, which stonework have covered the Bushy Park Restoration The fountain’s bronzes – four boys, Project since 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Summer Holidayactivities
    What’s On Offer? oliday Activities Summer H July and August 2 010 Things to do, places to go, staying on track All up-to-date listings are available on the Young Lambeth website: www.younglambeth.org Welcome to the 2010 Lambeth Holiday ’s Play Activities Programme and Summer University. Children Play offers a wide range of physical, social and Welcome by Councillor Welcome by the intellectual experiences for children. Through play, children and young people find out about themselves, Pete Robbins Youth Mayor their abilities and interests, as well as the world The Holiday Activities Programme The summer holidays provide around them. It is also great fun! has now been running for five years. a fantastic opportunity to try new It continues to go from strength things and to meet new people. In this section you will find details of Sure Start to strength, with a greater range of In Lambeth, the Holiday Activity Children’s Centres, One O’Clock Clubs, Adventure exciting opportunities for Lambeth’s Programme and Summer University Playgrounds and Play Schemes children and young people over the offer access to all sorts of arts, summer holidays. sporting and other activities that may not be available elsewhere, The Lambeth Summer University programme or at other times of the year. launched two years ago is also continuing, with an even more stimulating and diverse As Youth Mayor for Lambeth, one of my range of accredited courses and activities aims has been to find ways of enabling Clubs open Children’s Centres deliver services One O’Clock Clubs and Play Project Clubs for 48 weeks of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF995, Job 6
    The Wildlife Trust for Birmingham and the Black Country _____________________________________________________________ The Endless Village Revisited Technical Background December 2005 Protecting Wildlife for the Future The Endless Village Revisited Technical Background 2005 The Wildlife Trust for Birmingham and the Black Country gratefully acknowledges support from English Nature, Dudley MBC, Sandwell MBC, Walsall MBC and Wolverhampton City Council. This Report was compiled by: Dr Ellen Pisolkar MSc IEEM The Endless Village Revisited Technical Background 2005 The Endless Village Revisited Technical Background 2005 Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 3. SITES 4 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Birmingham 3.2.1 Edgbaston Reservoir 5 3.2.2 Moseley Bog 11 3.2.3 Queslett Quarry 17 3.2.4 Spaghetti Junction 22 3.2.5 Swanshurst Park 26 3.3 Dudley 3.3.1 Castle Hill 30 3.3.2 Doulton’s Claypit/Saltwells Wood 34 3.3.3 Fens Pools 44 3.4 Sandwell 3.4.1 Darby’s Hill Rd and Darby’s Hill Quarry 50 3.4.2 Sandwell Valley 54 3.4.3 Sheepwash Urban Park 63 3.5 Walsall 3.5.1 Moorcroft Wood 71 3.5.2 Reedswood Park 76 3.5 3 Rough Wood 81 3.6 Wolverhampton 3.6.1 Northycote Farm 85 3.6.2 Smestow Valley LNR (Valley Park) 90 3.6.3 West Park 97 4. HABITATS 101 The Endless Village Revisited Technical Background 2005 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Heathland 103 4.3 Canals 105 4.4 Rivers and Streams 110 4.5 Waterbodies 115 4.6 Grassland 119 4.7 Woodland 123 5.
    [Show full text]
  • London National Park City Week 2018
    London National Park City Week 2018 Saturday 21 July – Sunday 29 July www.london.gov.uk/national-park-city-week Share your experiences using #NationalParkCity SATURDAY JULY 21 All day events InspiralLondon DayNight Trail Relay, 12 am – 12am Theme: Arts in Parks Meet at Kings Cross Square - Spindle Sculpture by Henry Moore - Start of InspiralLondon Metropolitan Trail, N1C 4DE (at midnight or join us along the route) Come and experience London as a National Park City day and night at this relay walk of InspiralLondon Metropolitan Trail. Join a team of artists and inspirallers as they walk non-stop for 48 hours to cover the first six parts of this 36- section walk. There are designated points where you can pick up the trail, with walks from one mile to eight miles plus. Visit InspiralLondon to find out more. The Crofton Park Railway Garden Sensory-Learning Themed Garden, 10am- 5:30pm Theme: Look & learn Crofton Park Railway Garden, Marnock Road, SE4 1AZ The railway garden opens its doors to showcase its plans for creating a 'sensory-learning' themed garden. Drop in at any time on the day to explore the garden, the landscaping plans, the various stalls or join one of the workshops. Free event, just turn up. Find out more on Crofton Park Railway Garden Brockley Tree Peaks Trail, 10am - 5:30pm Theme: Day walk & talk Crofton Park Railway Garden, Marnock Road, London, SE4 1AZ Collect your map and discount voucher before heading off to explore the wider Brockley area along a five-mile circular walk. The route will take you through the valley of the River Ravensbourne at Ladywell Fields and to the peaks of Blythe Hill Fields, Hilly Fields, One Tree Hill for the best views across London! You’ll find loads of great places to enjoy food and drink along the way and independent shops to explore (with some offering ten per cent for visitors on the day with your voucher).
    [Show full text]
  • Buses from Battersea Park
    Buses from Battersea Park 452 Kensal Rise Ladbroke Grove Ladbroke Grove Notting Hill Gate High Street Kensington St Charles Square 344 Kensington Gore Marble Arch CITY OF Liverpool Street LADBROKE Royal Albert Hall 137 GROVE N137 LONDON Hyde Park Corner Aldwych Monument Knightsbridge for Covent Garden N44 Whitehall Victoria Street Horse Guards Parade Westminster City Hall Trafalgar Square Route fi nder Sloane Street Pont Street for Charing Cross Southwark Bridge Road Southwark Street 44 Victoria Street Day buses including 24-hour services Westminster Cathedral Sloane Square Victoria Elephant & Castle Bus route Towards Bus stops Lower Sloane Street Buckingham Palace Road Sloane Square Eccleston Bridge Tooting Lambeth Road 44 Victoria Coach Station CHELSEA Imperial War Museum Victoria Lower Sloane Street Royal Hospital Road Ebury Bridge Road Albert Embankment Lambeth Bridge 137 Marble Arch Albert Embankment Chelsea Bridge Road Prince Consort House Lister Hospital Streatham Hill 156 Albert Embankment Vauxhall Cross Vauxhall River Thames 156 Vauxhall Wimbledon Queenstown Road Nine Elms Lane VAUXHALL 24 hour Chelsea Bridge Wandsworth Road 344 service Clapham Junction Nine Elms Lane Liverpool Street CA Q Battersea Power Elm Quay Court R UE R Station (Disused) IA G EN Battersea Park Road E Kensal Rise D ST Cringle Street 452 R I OWN V E Battersea Park Road Wandsworth Road E A Sleaford Street XXX ROAD S T Battersea Gas Works Dogs and Cats Home D A Night buses O H F R T PRINCE O U DRIVE H O WALES A S K V Bus route Towards Bus stops E R E IV A L R Battersea P O D C E E A K G Park T A RIV QUEENST E E I D S R RR S R The yellow tinted area includes every Aldwych A E N44 C T TLOCKI bus stop up to about one-and-a-half F WALE BA miles from Battersea Park.
    [Show full text]
  • No 424, February 2020
    The Clapham Society Newsletter Issue 424 February 2020 We meet at Omnibus Theatre, 1 Clapham Common North Side, SW4 0QW. Our guests normally speak for about 45 minutes, followed by around 15 minutes for questions and discussion. The bar is open before and after. Meetings are free and open to non-members, who are strongly urged to make a donation. Please arrive in good time before the start to avoid disappointment. Gems of the London Underground Monday 17 February On 18 November, we were treated to a talk about the London Underground network, Sharing your personal data in the the oldest in the world, by architectural historian Edmund Bird, Heritage Manager of Health and Care System. Dr Jack Transport for London. He has just signed off on a project to record every heritage asset Barker, consultant physician at King’s and item of architectural and historic interest at its 270 stations. With photographs and College Hospital, is also the Chief back stories, he took us on a Tube ride like no other. Clinical Information Officer for the six One of his key tools is the London Underground Station Design Idiom, which boroughs of southeast London. He is groups the stations into 20 subsets, based on their era or architectural genre, and the driving force behind attempting to specifies the authentic historic colour schemes, tile/masonry repairs, etc, to be used improve the effectiveness and efficiency for station refurbishments. Another important tool is the London Underground Station of local health and care through the use of Heritage Register, which is an inventory of everything from signs, clocks, station information technology, and he will tell us benches, ticket offices and tiling to station histories.
    [Show full text]
  • Getting Around Access Guide
    Getting Around Access Guide Accessible public transport in the West Midlands April 2018 CONTENTS Preface Introduction 1. Who we are, what we do 2. Where to find travel information 3. Our equality commitment 4. Ring and Ride and Community Transport 5. Buses and coaches 6. Trains 7. Metro 8. Taxis and private hire vehicles 9. Tickets 10. Ensuring your safety and security 11. Further accessibility help 12. Toilet facilities 13. Other information About Network West Midlands West Midlands districts’ map West Midlands rail map 2018 Getting Around Guide reply card Blind and Disabled Pass reply card 1 PREFACE From Laura Shoaf Managing Director, Transport for West Midlands I am delighted to introduce this, the 24th edition of the Getting Around Access Guide. Accessible travel for the people of the West Midlands is an integral aspect of our goal of transforming public transport. I am sure that you will find this guide useful and that it provides all the information you need to improve your journey experience on the region’s public transport network. The past 12 months has been an exciting time for the West Midlands Combined Authority and within that Transport for West Midlands (TfWM). We were named best in the UK for the second year running after winning City Region Transport Authority of the Year at the National Transport Awards, in recognition of a number of key projects that TfWM had delivered, many of which are included here. The innovative West Midlands Bus Alliance was renewed, meaning passengers across the region can look forward to even higher standards of service and reliability, following the partnership’s first two successful years.
    [Show full text]
  • TV Presenter Launches Lily Appeal
    E I D S Morality in the IN financial world explored E6 THE SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 2013 No: 6167 www.churchnewspaper.com PRICE £1.35 1,70j US$2.20 CHURCH OF ENGLAND THE ORIGINAL CHURCH NEWSPAPER ESTABLISHED IN 1828 NEWSPAPER Wakefield rebuffs plan for merger of dioceses FOLLOWING the failure of the Diocese of changed by the proposal. Blackburn will burn has voted. He can allow the plan to go Speaking after votes, Professor Michael Wakefield to approve the plan to replace receive six parishes and Sheffield will to General Synod if he is satisfied that the Clark, chair of the commission that pro- three Yorkshire dioceses with one it falls to receive two parishes if the plan goes ahead. interest of the diocese withholding consent duced the plan said: “It is good to know that the Archbishop of York to decide whether Sheffield Diocese has already signified is so small that it should not prevent the the dioceses of Bradford and Ripon and the proposal should go to General Synod, its agreement and Blackburn Diocese is scheme being referred to General Synod or Leeds support the Commission’s propos- possibly in July. due to vote on 13 April. if he feels there are wider factors affecting als. Looking at the voting in Wakefield, In voting last Saturday both the Diocese The Archbishop of York will not be able the Province or the Church of England as a there is significant support there although of Ripon and Leeds and the Diocese of to announce his decision until after Black- whole that need to be considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Birmingham Park Ranger Events
    BIRMINGHAM PARK RANGER EVENTS July - December 2014 Be Active Out & About All Events are listed on our website - www.birmingham.gov.uk/parks July 2014 Thursday 3rd July Volunteer Day Edgbaston Reservoir 10:30am – 1pm Join our regular team of volunteers on a range of practical work on various sites. Meet at Rangers Office, 115 Reservoir Road, Edgbaston B16 9EE. Saturday 5th July Grasshoppers & Crickets Newhall Valley Country Park 11am - 1pm Come and join the Rangers in the meadows of Newhall Valley to learn more about some of the insects that make the grassland their home. Please wear suitable footwear. Please book in advance. Meet at the car park off Wylde Green Road, Sutton Coldfield, B76 1QT. Friday 11th July 10:30am until Saturday 12th July 4pm BioBlitz Sutton Park Become a ‘Citizen Scientist’ and help your National Nature Reserve. Our BioBlitz will be a 30hr event to record in detail, the animals and plants of Sutton Park. A variety of experts, specialists and generalists will be on site to guide you through a range of activities designed to record the wildlife within Sutton Park. For further details go to www.facebook.com/SPBB13 . Meet at the Visitor Centre, Park Road, Sutton Coldfield, B74 2YT. Sunday 13th July Bittel Reservoir Circular Walk Lickey Hills Country Park 11am – 2pm This is approx. a 5 mile walk mainly off road, hilly and uneven terrain with steps. Wear suitable outdoor clothing and footwear, bring water and a snack and your hat and sun cream if it’s scorching! Meet at Lickey Hills Visitors Centre, Warren Lane B45 8ER.
    [Show full text]
  • Birmingham Exceptionalism, Joseph Chamberlain and the 1906 General Election
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository Birmingham Exceptionalism, Joseph Chamberlain and the 1906 General Election by Andrew Edward Reekes A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of Master of Research School of History and Cultures University of Birmingham March 2014 1 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The 1906 General Election marked the end of a prolonged period of Unionist government. The Liberal Party inflicted the heaviest defeat on its opponents in a century. Explanations for, and the implications of, these national results have been exhaustively debated. One area stood apart, Birmingham and its hinterland, for here the Unionists preserved their monopoly of power. This thesis seeks to explain that extraordinary immunity from a country-wide Unionist malaise. It assesses the elements which for long had set Birmingham apart, and goes on to examine the contribution of its most famous son, Joseph Chamberlain; it seeks to establish the nature of the symbiotic relationship between them, and to understand how a unique local electoral bastion came to be built in this part of the West Midlands, a fortress of a durability and impregnability without parallel in modern British political history.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidiary Undertakings Continued
    Financial Statements Subsidiary undertakings continued Subsidiary name Subsidiary name Subsidiary name Planetrecruit Limited TM Mobile Solutions Limited Websalvo.com Limited Quids-In (North West) Limited TM Regional New Media Limited Welsh Universal Holdings Limited R.E. Jones & Bros. Limited Totallyfinancial.com Ltd Welshpool Web-Offset Co. Limited R.E. Jones Graphic Services Limited Totallylegal.com Limited Western Mail & Echo Limited R.E. Jones Newspaper Group Limited Trinity 100 Limited Whitbread Walker Limited Reliant Distributors Limited Trinity 102 Limited Wire TV Limited RH1 Limited Trinity Limited Wirral Newspapers Limited Scene Magazines Limited Trinity Mirror (L I) Limited Wood Lane One Limited Scene Newspapers Limited Trinity Mirror Acquisitions (2) Limited Wood Lane Two Limited Scene Printing (Midlands) Limited Trinity Mirror Acquisitions Limited Workthing Limited Scene Printing Web Offset Limited Trinity Mirror Cheshire Limited The following subsidiary undertakings are Scottish and Universal Newspapers Limited Trinity Mirror Digital Limited 100% owned and incorporated in Scotland, Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Trinity Mirror Digital Media Limited with a registered office at Limited One Central Quay, Glasgow, G3 8DA. Trinity Mirror Digital Recruitment Limited Smart Media Services Limited Trinity Mirror Distributors Limited Subsidiary name Southnews Trustees Limited Trinity Mirror Group Limited Aberdonian Publications Limited Sunday Brands Limited Trinity Mirror Huddersfield Limited Anderston Quay Printers Limited Sunday
    [Show full text]