Commisioners of the Indian Trade Vol2 Index.Pdf
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Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally. -
Whispers from the Past
Whispers from the Past Overview Native Americans have been inhabitants of South Carolina for more than 15,000 years. These people contributed in countless ways to the state we call home. The students will be introduced to different time periods in the history of Native Americans and then focus on the Cherokee Nation. Connection to the Curriculum Language Arts, Geography, United States History, and South Carolina History South Carolina Social Studies Standards 8-1.1 Summarize the culture, political systems, and daily life of the Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands, including their methods of hunting and farming, their use of natural resources and geographic features, and their relationships with other nations. 8-1.2 Categorize events according to the ways they improved or worsened relations between Native Americans and European settlers, including alliances and land agreements between the English and the Catawba, Cherokee, and Yemassee; deerskin trading; the Yemassee War; and the Cherokee War. Social Studies Literacy Elements F. Ask geographic questions: Where is it located? Why is it there? What is significant about its location? How is its location related to that of other people, places, and environments? I. Use maps to observe and interpret geographic information and relationships P. Locate, gather, and process information from a variety of primary and secondary sources including maps S. Interpret and synthesize information obtained from a variety of sources—graphs, charts, tables, diagrams, texts, photographs, documents, and interviews Time One to two fifty-minute class periods Materials South Carolina: An Atlas Computer South Carolina Interactive Geography (SCIG) CD-ROM Handouts included with lesson plan South Carolina Highway Map Dry erase marker Objectives 1. -
The Biomolecular Archaeology of the Black Drink: Alkaloid Residue Analysis of Ilex Vomitoria on Experimental Vessels and Applications for Prehistoric Specimens
The Biomolecular Archaeology of the Black Drink: Alkaloid Residue Analysis of Ilex vomitoria on Experimental Vessels and Applications for Prehistoric Specimens Paper presented at the 2011 Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Jacksonville, Florida Shannon Tushingham1*, Matthew Palumbo2, Charles H. McNutt3, and Ulla Anderson4 1Department of Anthropology, Washington State University’ 2Department of Biology, University of Florida; 3Department of Anthropology, University of Memphis; 4Department of Chemistry, UC Berkeley; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Early historic accounts document widespread use of a purgative known as “the black drink”, a caffeinated ceremonial tea famous for its use in purification rituals by elite males. The beverage was prepared from roasted leaves and twigs of yaupon holly (Ilex vomitoria), an evergreen shrub native to the southeastern coastal plain. Prehistoric use is poorly understood but often associated with shell cups found in mortuary contexts and the SECC. Our work, designed to track ancient use of psychoactive plants via Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry, includes identification of medicinal tea biomarkers, experimentation with brewing black drink, and residue extraction from pottery/shell specimens. Sampling included preparing and extracting a range of experimental vessels which served different functions in black drink cooking and consumption (cooking vessels, clay and shell cups), with extractions taken directly from the vessels and from tea residue on vessel interiors. Our findings suggest that chemical changes occur through the cooking process, but the presence of the biomarker caffeine remains stable and correlated the experimental vessels to the Ilex vomitoria plant in all but one case. We also describe the non‐destructive method we developed where alkaloid residues can be extracted directly from the matrix of prehistoric shell cups and pottery vessels through a sonication process. -
A SURVEY and USE-WEAR ANALYSIS of WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY in the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Anthony P
Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Theses Theses and Dissertations 12-1-2018 A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES Anthony P. Farace Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Farace, Anthony P., "A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES" (2018). Theses. 2421. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2421 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES by Anthony P. Farace B.A., University of Missouri- St. Louis, 2015 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale December 2018 THESIS APPROVAL A SURVEY AND USE-WEAR ANALYSIS OF WICKLIFFE THICK POTTERY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By Anthony P. Farace A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the field of Anthropology Approved by: Dr. Paul D. Welch, Chair Dr. Izumi Shimada Dr. Jonathan W.F. Remo Dr. Mark J. Wagner Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale September 12, 2018 AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ANTHONY P. FARACE, for the Master of Arts degree in Anthropology, presented on September 12, 2018, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. -
Creating a Sense of Communityamong the Capital City Cherokees
CREATING A SENSE OF COMMUNITYAMONG THE CAPITAL CITY CHEROKEES by Pamela Parks Tinker A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies Committee: ____________________________________ Director ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Program Director ____________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date:________________________________ Spring 2016 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Creating a Sense Of Community Among Capital City Cherokees A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies at George Mason University By Pamela Parks Tinker Bachelor of Science Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University 1975 Director: Meredith H. Lair, Professor Department of History Spring Semester 2016 George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Copyright 2016 Pamela Parks Tinker All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements Thanks to the Capital City Cherokee Community for allowing me to study the formation of the community and for making time for personal interviews. I am grateful for the guidance offered by my Thesis Committee of three professors. Thesis Committee Chair, Professor Maria Dakake, also served as my advisor over a period of years in planning a course of study that truly has been interdisciplinary. It has been a joyful situation to be admitted to a variety of history, religion and spirituality, folklore, ethnographic writing, and research courses under the umbrella of one Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies program. Much of the inspiration for this thesis occurred at George Mason University in Professor Debra Lattanzi Shutika’s Folklore class on “Sense of Place” in which the world of Ethnography opened up for me. -
By Robert A. Jockers D.D.S
By Robert A. Jockers D.D.S. erhaps the most significant factor in the settlement of identify the original settlers, where they came from, and Western Pennsylvania was an intangible energy known as specifically when and where they settled. In doing so it was the "Westward Movement.' The intertwined desires for necessary to detail the complexity of the settlement process, as well economic, political, and religious freedoms created a powerful as the political, economic, and social environment that existed sociological force that stimulated the formation of new and ever- during that time frame. changing frontiers. Despite the dynamics of this force, the In spite of the fact that Moon Township was not incorporated settlement of "Old Moon Township" - for this article meaning as a governmental entity within Allegheny County, Pa., until 1788, contemporary Moon Township and Coraopolis Borough - was numerous events of historical significance occurred during the neither an orderly nor a continuous process. Due in part to the initial settlement period and in the years prior to its incorporation. area's remote location on the English frontier, settlement was "Old Moon Township" included the settlement of the 66 original delayed. Political and legal controversy clouded the ownership of land grants that comprise today's Moon Township and the four its land. Transient squatters and land speculators impeded its that make up Coraopolis. This is a specific case study but is also a growth, and hostile Indian incursions during the American primer on the research of regional settlement patterns. Revolution brought about its demise. Of course, these lands were being contested in the 1770s. -
Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia
1.2.^5^-3 rK 'rm ' ^ -*m *~ ^-mt\^ -» V-* ^JT T ^T A . ESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE Clemson Universii akCHEOLOGY of the FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT, GEORGIA TIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3ERAL JCATK5N r -v-^tfS i> &, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, Director Ihis publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in con- nection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1 (paper cover) ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE National Monument, Georgia By Charles H. Fairbanks with introduction by Frank M. Settler ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • WASHINGTON 1956 THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM, of which Ocmulgee National Monument is a unit, is dedi- cated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his- toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Foreword Ocmulgee National Monument stands as a memorial to a way of life practiced in the Southeast over a span of 10,000 years, beginning with the Paleo-Indian hunters and ending with the modern Creeks of the 19th century. Here modern exhibits in the monument museum will enable you to view the panorama of aboriginal development, and here you can enter the restoration of an actual earth lodge and stand where forgotten ceremonies of a great tribe were held. -
213 the Ten Horns of Daniel 7:7 – George Washington and the Start of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) / Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), Part 1
#213 The Ten Horns of Daniel 7:7 – George Washington and the start of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) / Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), part 1 Key Understanding: Why George Washington was the key person at the start of the French and Indian War. The Lord ordained that George Washington, the man born at Popes Creek Plantation in Virginia, be the key person at the very start of the French and Indian War (1754-1763) / Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), thus fully connecting (a) Daniel 7:7 and the rise of the Ten Horns with (b) Daniel 7:8 and the rise of the Revolutionary War ‘Little Horn’ Fifth Beast. George Washington and the French and Indian War. Here is the story of George Washington and the start of what developed into what Winston Churchill called the “first world war.” [Remember, Virginian George Washington would have been considered to be fighting for Great Britain at that time, for this was a generation before the Revolutionary War.] Territorial rivalries between Britain and France for the Ohio River Valley had grown stronger as the two countries’ settlements expanded. The French claimed the region as theirs, but the Iroquois Indians had begun to permit some British settlements in the region. In 1753, the French, who feared the loss of the Ohio country’s fur trade, tried to strengthen their claim to the area by building a chain of forts along the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania, at the eastern end of the Ohio River Valley. The British colony of Virginia also claimed the land along the Allegheny. -
Ritual Black Drink Consumption at Cahokia
Ritual Black Drink consumption at Cahokia Patricia L. Crowna,1, Thomas E. Emersonb, Jiyan Guc, W. Jeffrey Hurstd, Timothy R. Pauketate, and Timothy Wardc aDepartment of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; bIllinois State Archaeological Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820; cKeck Center for Instrumental and Biochemical Comparative Archaeology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Millsaps College, Jackson, MS 39210; dHershey Technical Center, Hershey, PA 17033; and eDepartment of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 Edited* by Bruce Smith, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, and approved June 29, 2012 (received for review May 18, 2012) Chemical analyses of organic residues in fragments of pottery 14 subordinate single and multiple mound centers, and many from the large site of Cahokia and surrounding smaller sites in hundreds of small rural farmsteads (4, 6, 7). Illinois reveal theobromine, caffeine, and ursolic acid, biomarkers Cahokia’s rapid growth was generated by considerable immi- for species of Ilex (holly) used to prepare the ritually important gration drawn from regional populations of several adjacent Black Drink. As recorded during the historic period, men consumed states. This suggests that Cahokia was multiethnic and linguisti- Black Drink in portions of the American Southeast for ritual puri- cally diverse. Early models of Cahokian growth postulated a wide fication. This first demonstrated discovery of biomarkers for Ilex trading network as pivotal to that process; however, more recent occurs in beaker vessels dating between A.D. 1050 and 1250 from research has shown that large-scale acquisition and exchanges Cahokia, located far north of the known range of the holly species were focused on resources in the nearby Ozark highlands. -
NINETY SIX to ABOUT YOUR VISIT Ninety Six Was Designated a National Historic National Historic Site • S.C
NINETY SIX To ABOUT YOUR VISIT Ninety Six was designated a national historic National Historic Site • S.C. site on August 16, 1976. While there Is much archaeological and historical study, planning and INDIANS AND COLONIAL TRAVELERS, A development yet to be done In this new area of CAMPSITE ON THE CHEROKEE PATH the National Park System, we welcome you to Ninety Six and Invite you to enjoy the activities which are now available. FRONTIER SETTLERS, A REGION OF RICH This powder horn is illustrated with the only known LAND, A TRADING CENTER AND A FORT map of Lieutenant Colonel Grant's 1761 campaign The mile-long Interpretive trail takes about FOR PROTECTION AGAINST INDIAN against the Cherokees. Although it is unsigned, the one hour to walk and Includes several strenuous ATTACK elaborate detail and accuracy of the engraving indicate that the powder horn was inscribed by a soldier, grades. The earthworks and archaeological probably an officer, who marched with the expedition. remains here are fragile. Please do not disturb or damage them. RESIDENTS OF THE NINETY SIX DISTRICT, A Grant, leading a force of 2,800 regular and provincial COURTHOUSE AND JAIL FOR THE ADMINI troops, marched from Charlestown northwestward along The site abounds In animal and plant life, STRATION OF JUSTICE the Cherokee Path to attack the Indian towns. An including poisonous snakes, poison oak and Ivy. advanced supply base was established at Ninety Six. We suggest that you stay on the trail. The Grant campaign destroyed 15 villages in June and July, 1761. This operation forced the Cherokees to sue The Ninety Six National Historic Site Is located PATRIOTS AND LOYALISTS IN THE REVOLU for peace, thus ending the French and Indian War on the on Highway S.C. -
Georgia Genealogy Research Websites Note: Look for the Genweb and Genealogy Trails of the County in Which Your Ancestor Lived
Genealogy Research in Georgia Early Native Americans in Georgia Native inhabitants of the area that is now Georgia included: *The Apalachee Indians *The Cherokee Indians *The Hitchiti, Oconee and Miccosukee Indians *The Muskogee Creek Indians *The Timucua Indians *The Yamasee and Guale Indians In the late 1700’s and early 1800’s, most of these tribes were forced to cede their land to the U.S. government. The members of the tribes were “removed” to federal reservations in the western U.S. In the late 1830’s, remaining members of the Cherokee tribes were forced to move to Oklahoma in what has become known as the “Trail of Tears.” Read more information about Native Americans of Georgia: http://www.native-languages.org/georgia.htm http://www.ourgeorgiahistory.com/indians/ http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/American_Indians_of_Georgia Some native people remained in hiding in Georgia. Today, the State of Georgia recognizes the three organizations of descendants of these people: The Cherokee Indians of Georgia: PO Box 337 St. George, GA 31646 The Georgia Tribe of Eastern Cherokee: PO Box 1993, Dahlonega, Georgia 30533 or PO Box 1915, Cumming, GA 30028 http://www.georgiatribeofeasterncherokee.com/ The Lower Muscogee Creek Tribe: Rte 2, PO Box 370 Whigham, GA 31797 First People - Links to State Recognized Tribes, sorted by state - http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Links/state- recognized-tribes-in-usa-by-state.html European Settlement of Georgia Photo at left shows James Oglethorpe landing in what is now called Georgia 1732: King George II of England granted a charter to James Oglethorpe for the colony of Georgia to be a place of refuge. -
R. Barry Lewis
R. BARRY LEWIS ADDRESS: Department of Anthropology Home: (217) 621-2961 109 Davenport Hall, MC-148 Fax: (217) 244-3490 University of Illinois E-mail: [email protected] Urbana, IL 61801 https://barry-lewis.com EDUCATION: Ph.D., Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana, 1979 A.M., Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1973 B.A., Anthropology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, 1969 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2007-present Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. 2000-07 Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1986-00 Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1980-86 Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1979-80 Office of State Archaeology, University of Kentucky, Lexington. 1977 Visiting Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Urbana. 1974-75 Staff Archaeologist, Mississippi State Highway Department, Jackson. 1973-78 Research Associate, Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield. HONORS AND RECOGNITION Memphis to Mumbai: Archaeology Inspired by R. Barry Lewis. Society for American Archaeology Symposium, 24 Apr 09. Abstract: “The career and intellectual contributions of R. Barry Lewis continue to inspire scholars and influence anthropological research from the Americas to Southeast Asia. Although his formal training and career focused on archaeology, the essence of Barry’s legacy incorporates the very best of the four-field approach in anthropology. His contributions