DOCSLIB.ORG

GOING GLOBAL: ASIA #61 Supplement January/February 2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GOING GLOBAL: ASIA #61 Supplement January/February 2004 The Guide from MultiLingual Computing & Technology GOING GLOBAL: ASIA #61 Supplement January/February 2004 4 Preparing to Enter the China Markets Terry Shidner 8 Strategies for Introducing Products to Japan Steve Kemper 13 Reengineering Software for Asia Helen Trainor contents contents 15 Chinese-to-Chinese Conversion in a Nutshell Jack Halpern 16 Web Site Translation for Japan Ken F. Sakai 18 Experiences in Marketing MT for Indonesian Helen McKay GETTING GUIDE GUIDE STARTED GETTING GUIDE STARTED GOING GLOBAL: ASIA MultiLingual Computing & Technology Publisher, Editor-in-Chief Donna Parrish Managing Editor Laurel Wagers Translation Department Editor Jim Healey Copy Editor Cecilia Spence Research Jerry Luther, David Shadbolt News Kendra Gray, Becky Bennett ‘tree) ’ Illustrator Doug Jones Production Sandy Compton Photographer Seth Schneider Editorial Board 1-650-966-8468. + Jeff Allen, Henri Broekmate, Bill Hall, pronounced Tow-in Andres Heuberger, Chris Langewis, ( Ken Lunde, John O’Conner, Mandy Pet, Reinhard Schäler Advertising Director Jennifer Del Carlo Advertising Kevin Watson, Bonnie Merrell Webmaster Aric Spence Interns Rael Ammon, Kyle Elsasser Advertising: [email protected] www.multilingual.com/advertising 208-263-8178 Subscriptions, customer service, back issues: [email protected] www.multilingual.com/subscribe 208-263-8178 Submissions: [email protected] Editorial guidelines are available at www.toin-america.com or call us at our American office our or call us at www.toin-america.com www.multilingual.com/editorialWriter Reprints: [email protected] 208-263-8178 a solid partner when it comes to web or software adaptation. or software a solid partner it comes to web when For more information visit This guide is published as a supplement to MultiLingual Computing & Technology, the magazine about language technology, What’s in a word? Regarding Asia, Regarding in a word? What’s the surface language is only of complex cultural differences. Japanese roots and 40 years of experience in bridging cultures make TOIN TOIN of experience roots and 40 years in bridging Japanese cultures make localization, Web globalization and international software development. Adding the Asian perspective MultiLingual Computing, Inc. 319 North First Avenue Sandpoint, Idaho 83864 USA 208-263-8178 • Fax: 208-263-6310 [email protected] www.multilingual.com GETTING GOING GLOBAL: ASIA GUIDE STARTED The Journey to Asia Begins With Careful Study Many guidelines for doing business apply no matter where a company may choose to go, but “going to Asia” presents special challenges. Among these are cultural assump- tions and expectations; languages that may appear to be the same but are significantly different; varied ideograph-based scripts and double-byte encodings; differing ways to deliver a physical product; and the kinds of partnerships and networking necessary in each country to bring a project to fruition. This complex undertaking is as fraught with dangers as any adventure game Web site. But successful navigation translates into real-life international rewards. Any adven- turer, virtual or real-world, knows that nothing helps along the way more than a guide with local knowledge and experience. So, for this supplement we have asked several authors with experience in Asian languages and business to offer their insights into this often delicate process — their stories of safe roads to take and pitfalls to avoid. In his overview article, Terry Shidner describes the historical and cultural context in which a foreign company enters the Chinese business world — a context built in terms not of decades but of centuries. Steve Kemper tells the story of how one US company studied the Japanese mar- ket and adapted its Web-based offering to suit a radically different group of potential customers to ensure success — and describes how others can profit by this example. Helen Trainor explains the linguistic and technical factors that are involved in reengineering a software product for double-byte Asian languages. And Jack Halpern briefly summarizes the complexities of Chinese-to-Chinese (Simplified <> Traditional) character conversion. Ken F. Sakai advises people who do business on the Web regarding when it is desirable to translate a site for Japanese Internet viewers and how to go about it. As Shidner and Kemper point out — and as one would realistically expect — not all of the “tales from the front” are success stories. In an unusual history, Helen McKay describes the hard lessons she and her colleagues learned when their company’s best efforts weren’t enough to guarantee the success of a product for the Indonesian market. Our list of Web resources for planning a foray into the Asian markets was provided by David Fine, president of Manjiro International ([email protected]) with additional input from Jin Kang, marketing manager of E4NET. May your journey be a great success. —Laurel Wagers, Managing Editor Jack Halpern Steve Kemper Ken F. Sakai Terry Shidner Helen Trainor JACK HALPERN is CEO of the Japan-based CJK Dictionary Institute and author of seve- ral comprehensive Japanese and Chinese dictionaries. He can be reached at [email protected] STEVE KEMPER is the managing director of Ion Global in Portland, Oregon. He can be reached at [email protected] HELEN MCKAY is the director of ToggleText, which specializes in the development of MT systems for the Asian market. She can be reached at [email protected] authors authors KEN F. SAKAI is president of Pacific Dreams, Inc., a translation and business consulting company. He can be reached at [email protected] TERRY SHIDNER is an account manager for Moravia Worldwide’s Global Business Services group. He can be reached at [email protected] HELEN TRAINOR is a senior manager at Symbio Group. She can be reached at htrainor @symbio-group.com 3 GETTING GUIDE STARTED GOING GLOBAL: ASIA Since Deng Xiaoping assumed the reins of power in the late 1970s, no country has modernized as fast — or as drastically — as PrPreparingeparing toto EnterEnter China. During the last quarter century, China has transformed from a collective agricultural society to a juggernaut of capitalism, invest- the China Markets ment and high-tech manufacturing. This rise the China Markets from a mainly agrarian economy to one which boasts 200 urban centers with a population of at least a million people each is truly stagger- Terry Shidner ing and unequaled in the history of modern civilization. Coupled with the reunification of Hong Kong and the mainland in 1997 and the nothing new. Those who truly understand Chinese growth has been fueled by a will- growing financial inter-dependency with China realize that the country is now emerg- ingness from the Chinese government to allow Taiwan, China is looming on the horizon as a ing from a 150-year slumber that saw China foreign investment into Chinese enterprises leader in the new world business order. In go from one of the centers of world culture to and the establishment of centers of develop- 2002, China accounted for 16% of the growth a society that had been carved up and exploit- ment for global, multinational corporations. in the world economy, ranking second only to ed by the West. This emergence is merely a Beijing has allowed foreign corporations to the United States. And since 1970, China’s once-proud nation regaining its stride and pump over $450 billion into its economy, which gross domestic product has ballooned from reestablishing its prominence in the world. makes China tied for fifth in total foreign direct $106 billion to a lofty $1.3 trillion, all of which Arguments can be made that the Chinese investment (FDI) behind the United States, provides both optimists and pessimists with empires of the past are much different than United Kingdom, Benelux Economic Union food for thought. As the Asian market, prima- the China of today. The spirit of the Chinese countries and Germany. And according to rily mainland China, continues to open its people, however, has endured through the recently published accounts in Foreign Affairs doors of opportunity to western businesses, good times and the bad times. They are a peo- magazine, China could surpass all but the many will find that their first experience into ple proud of their culture and history and United States in FDI by 2004. This influx of China will be ripe with obstacles and pitfalls. eager to shake off a temporary feeling of inse- investment is also enhanced by cash remit- These difficulties stem from the fact that many curity to once again regain their role as a dom- tances from China’s large expatriate community companies fail to pay proper respect to the inant society. According to a finely written and through the recently reunited Hong Kong intricacies and nuances of this new and article by long-time China watchers Evan S. Special Administrative Region (SAR). emerging market because in China, business is Medeiros and M. Taylor Fravel, a series of While the majority of Chinese investment guided by a culture and history centuries in provocative articles have recently run in major is directed into China, it is also important to the making. This is often overlooked by those Chinese newspapers and journals that advo- note that China, like other Asian nations, has of us from the western world. cate China abandon its victim mentality been investing heavily, not only into other Where many companies have faltered or (shouhaizhe xintai) and instead reaffirm its countries within the region, but also into the have outright failed when approaching China standing in history. This view was endorsed in West.In an attempt to stabilize its national cur- is that they underestimate the market. When 2001 by the former President of China, Jiang rency, China has been buying US dollars en thinking of China, these companies get caught Zemin, who in a speech marking the 80th masse.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability, Pages 1–8, Sydney, July 2006
    COLING •ACL 2006 MLRI’06 Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability Proceedings of the Workshop Chairs: Andreas Witt, Gilles Sérasset, Susan Armstrong, Jim Breen, Ulrich Heid and Felix Sasaki 23 July 2006 Sydney, Australia Production and Manufacturing by BPA Digital 11 Evans St Burwood VIC 3125 AUSTRALIA c 2006 The Association for Computational Linguistics Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 1-932432-82-5 ii Table of Contents Preface .....................................................................................v Organizers . vii Workshop Program . ix Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) for NLP Multilingual Resources Gil Francopoulo, Nuria Bel, Monte George, Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Mandy Pet and Claudia Soria . 1 The Role of Lexical Resources in CJK Natural Language Processing Jack Halpern . 9 Towards Agent-based Cross-Lingual Interoperability of Distributed Lexical Resources Claudia Soria, Maurizio Tesconi, Andrea Marchetti, Francesca Bertagna, Monica Monachini, Chu-Ren Huang and Nicoletta Calzolari. .17 The LexALP Information System: Term Bank and Corpus for Multilingual Legal Terminology Consolidated Verena Lyding, Elena Chiocchetti, Gilles Sérasset and Francis Brunet-Manquat . 25 The Development of a Multilingual Collocation Dictionary Sylviane Cardey, Rosita Chan and Peter Greenfield. .32 Multilingual Collocation Extraction: Issues and Solutions Violeta Seretan and Eric Wehrli . 40 Structural Properties of Lexical Systems: Monolingual and Multilingual Perspectives Alain Polguère . 50 A Fast and Accurate Method for Detecting English-Japanese Parallel Texts Ken’ichi Fukushima, Kenjiro Taura and Takashi Chikayama . 60 Evaluation of the Bible as a Resource for Cross-Language Information Retrieval Peter A.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability, Pages 9–16, Sydney, July 2006
    The Role of Lexical Resources in CJK Natural Language Processing Jack Halpern（春遍雀來） The CJK Dictionary Institute (CJKI) (日中韓辭典研究所) 34-14, 2-chome, Tohoku, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-0001, Japan [email protected] Abstract 7. Chinese and Japanese proper nouns, which are The role of lexical resources is often un- very numerous, are difficult to detect without a derstated in NLP research. The complex- lexicon. ity of Chinese, Japanese and Korean 8. Automatic recognition of terms and their vari- (CJK) poses special challenges to devel- ants (Jacquemin 2001). opers of NLP tools, especially in the area of word segmentation (WS), information The various attempts to tackle these tasks by retrieval (IR), named entity extraction statistical and algorithmic methods (Kwok 1997) (NER), and machine translation (MT). have had only limited success. An important mo- These difficulties are exacerbated by the tivation for such methodology has been the poor lack of comprehensive lexical resources, availability and high cost of acquiring and main- especially for proper nouns, and the lack taining large-scale lexical databases. of a standardized orthography, especially This paper discusses how a lexicon-driven ap- in Japanese. This paper summarizes some proach exploiting large-scale lexical databases of the major linguistic issues in the de- can offer reliable solutions to some of the princi- velopment NLP applications that are de- pal issues, based on over a decade of experience pendent on lexical resources, and dis- in building such databases for NLP applications. cusses the central role such resources should play in enhancing the accuracy of 2 Named Entity Extraction NLP tools.
    [Show full text]
  • Jack Halpern (Hg.): New ]Apanese-English Character Dictionary
    Jack Halpern (Hg.): New ]apanese-English Character Dictionary. WT~~t~~~. Tokyo: Kenkyusha, 1990. 226, 1992 S. Besprochen von Jürgen 5talph Das lange vorbereitete, von vielen Seiten geförderte, in tausend Vorträgen besungene, das unermüdlich vorangekündigte Kanjilexikon vonJack Hal­ pern, es ist da. Massiv, stattlich, gelb-blau und: überflüssig. Aber der Reihe nach. Was wurde uns, was wurde allen, die sich mit der japanischen Sprache befassen oder befassen wollen, versprochen, und was verspricht der Schutzumschlag noch immer? "A major event in Japa­ nese language studies. A significant step forward in the methods, tools, and concepts used in compiling character dictionaries. The first treatment of kanji compiled by computational lexicography on the basis of sound linguistic principles". Weiter heißt es: This is the first kanji dictionary edited and produced entirely by com­ puter. The project has cost more than US $ 1,600,000 and required some sixty-six man-years for completion over aperiod of sixteen years. Great pains were taken to ensure accuracy and up-to-dateness: some 700 computer programs were written for editing and proofread­ ing the data, while Japanese language experts in the U.S. and Japan have confirmed its scholarly accuracy and lent their enthusiastic sup­ port. The dictionary also benefited from the support of various Japa­ nese government organizations and officials, including a former prime minister. Eins Komma sechs Millionen US-Dollar: welch finanzieller Aufwand! Sechsundsechzig Mannjahre in sechzehn Jahren: welch Aufwand an Zeit und Mühe! Sprachexperten in Nordamerika und Japan, dazu ein japani­ scher Premier: welch personelles Aufgebot, welch Enthusiasmus! Was Wunder auch: Das Buch bietet ja - laut Schutzumschlag - nichts weniger als eine lexikographische Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Max-Planck-Institut Für Kohlenforschung Report for The
    Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Report for the Period of January 2002 – December 2004 Printed May 2005 Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany Tel. +49 208 3 06 1 Fax +49 208 3 06 29 80 http://www.mpi-muelheim.mpg.de Managing Director Professor Dr. Ferdi Schüth Director of the Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry Professor Dr. Manfred T. Reetz Tel. +49 208 3 06 20 00 Fax +49 208 3 06 29 85 E-mail: [email protected] Director of the Department of Homogeneous Catalysis NN Director of the Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Professor Dr. Ferdi Schüth Tel. +49 208 3 06 23 73 Fax +49 208 3 06 29 95 E-mail: [email protected] Director of the Department of Organometallic Chemistry Professor Dr. Alois Fürstner Tel. +49 208 3 06 23 42 Fax +49 208 3 06 29 94 E-mail: [email protected] Director of the Department of Theory Professor Dr. Walter Thiel Tel. +49 208 3 06 21 50 Fax +49 208 3 06 29 96 E-mail: [email protected] External Scientific Members of the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Professor Dr. Alois Haas Medonstrasse 17 14532 Kleinmachnow Germany Professor Dr. Jack Halpern University of Chicago Department of Chemistry 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA Professor Dr. Walter Leitner Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie und Petrolchemie Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen Worringer Weg 1 52074 Aachen Germany Member of the Scientific Council of the Max Planck Society, Section of Chemistry, Physics and Technology Professor Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Multiword Expression? Lexicographic Criteria for Including Mwes in Bilingual Dictionaries
    What is a multiword expression? Lexicographic criteria for including MWEs in bilingual dictionaries by Jack Halpern <[email protected]> The CJK Dictionary Institute (cjk.org) This paper discusses some of the fundamental principles for the selection of headwords in bilingual dictionaries. A basic assumption in lexicography is that the linguistic units of one language map to those of another language, but even in close language pairs like Spanish and English there are numerous exceptions. In some language pairs, such as English and Japanese, cross-linguistic lexical anisomorphism (CLA) is so great that it becomes literally impossible to map certain words and phrases across these languages. A string of words can be segmented into components in multiple ways. Linguists may disagree on how to combine these components to form meaningful linguistic units. The primary task of the lexicographer is to decide which combination of components qualifies as a dictionary headword, which may depend on the application (language learning, MT, morphological analysis). In this paper we define these units based on decades of experience in bilingual lexicography, especially the compilation of an extremely comprehensive full-form Spanish-English dictionary for an innovative machine translation project. We will define the following linguistic units, noting that the definitions may be rigorous or mutually exclusive. Lexical unit is the smallest distinctive linguistic unit that associates meaning with form. The near-synonym lexeme emphasizes the members of an inflectional paradigm, rather than a specific wordform. Free word combination is a meaningful free sequence of words that follows the rules of syntax but has no lexical status.
    [Show full text]
  • Groundbreaking Mobile Technology to Enhance Chinese and Japanese Language Learning
    Groundbreaking Mobile Technology to Enhance Chinese and Japanese Language Learning Presented by Jack Halpern, CEO The CJK Dictionary Institute Smart mobile devices make it possible to significantly enhance the language learning experience. Libera is a groundbreaking platform that leverages the educational potential of the smart tablet. Libera is a parallel text reader that enables learners of Chinese and Japanese (and other languages) to read texts without a dictionary and without a knowledge of Chinese characters, providing a more enjoyable and effective learning experience than ever before. Libera employs an Interactive Parallel Text engine, a new form of technology developed specifically for this platform. Up to four texts are displayed side by side in a multi-panel interface for easy viewing. These panels display the original Japanese or Chinese text, an idiomatic translation into English, and a Japanese/Chinese-to-English dictionary. For Chinese, the user can choose pinyin or zhuyin transcriptions and traditional or simplified characters. For Japanese, the panels can display romaji, kana, furigana and kanji. The texts are precisely linked at the segment level: tapping a segment in one panel simultaneously highlights the corresponding segment in all other panels and generates additional information such as vocabulary glosses, grammar notes, and native pronunciation. Libera includes a dynamically linked context-sensitive dictionary. Tapping on a bitext link not only retrieves the canonical form from any inflected form, but also automatically selects and highlights the specific dictionary sense relevant to the context, even for highly polysemous words. The innovative mobile platform described here promises to transform the face of learning foreign languages, especially Chinese and Japanese.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing Libera for Japanese
    The CJK Dictionary Institute (CJKI) is proud to introduce Libera, an innovative bilingual text reading platform for the iPad, and its newest application, Libera for Japanese. Libera combines the strengths of traditional parallel texts with the advanced capabilities of tablet technology, allowing language learners to quickly and enjoyably read authentic texts without the need for constant dictionary lookups. This cutting edge platform provides learners with an entirely new mode of accessing foreign language texts, making language-learning more effective and enjoyable than ever before. “Parallel text” refers to a source text and its translation into another language aligned side by side, as shown below. 1 Parallel texts have long been recognized as a powerful tool for language learning because they eliminate many of the traditional obstacles encountered by second-language learners, thus facilitating rapid and effective language acquisition. The main advantages of parallel texts include: Freeing learners from tedious dictionary lookups Facilitating rapid vocabulary acquisition without rote memorization Presenting new vocabulary items in authentic contexts Exposing learners repeatedly to frequently used words Enabling learning through the pleasurable experience of reading The last point, enjoying reading as a pleasurable experience, is critical to the success of parallel texts as a learning tool. Prominent language researcher Stephen Krashen contends that free voluntary reading is in fact “the most powerful tool we have in language education,” a conclusion based on years of research into foreign language acquisition (Krashen 1989, 2002, 2004). Krashen explains that if the learner is presented with large amounts of understandable reading material (comprehensible input) in an enjoyable and stress-free manner, he or she will be able to naturally absorb both vocabulary and grammar with greater efficiency than through traditional classroom learning or rote memorization.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing Libera for Arabic
    The CJK Dictionary Institute (CJKI) is proud to introduce Libera, an innovative bilingual text reading platform for the iPad, and its inaugural application Libera for Arabic. Libera combines the strengths of traditional parallel texts with the advanced capabilities of tablet technology, allowing language learners to quickly and enjoyably read authentic texts without the need for constant dictionary lookups. This cutting edge platform provides learners with an entirely new mode of accessing foreign language texts, making language-learning more effective and enjoyable than ever before. “Parallel text” refers to a source text and its translation into another language aligned side by side, as shown below. 1 Parallel texts have long been recognized as a powerful tool for language learning because they eliminate many of the traditional obstacles encountered by second-language learners, thus facilitating rapid and effective language acquisition. The main advantages of parallel texts include: Freeing learners from tedious dictionary lookups Facilitating rapid vocabulary acquisition without rote memorization Presenting new vocabulary items in authentic contexts Exposing learners repeatedly to frequently used words Enabling learning through the pleasurable experience of reading The last point, enjoying reading as a pleasurable experience, is critical to the success of parallel texts as a learning tool. Prominent language researcher Stephen Krashen contends that free voluntary reading is in fact “the most powerful tool we have in language education,” a conclusion based on years of research into foreign language acquisition (Krashen 1989, 2002, 2004). Krashen explains that if the learner is presented with large amounts of understandable reading material (comprehensible input) in an enjoyable and stress-free manner, he or she will be able to naturally absorb both vocabulary and grammar with greater efficiency than through traditional classroom learning or rote memorization.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Vietnamese a Hard Language? 㗂越 沛羅 言語
    IS VIETNAMESE A HARD LANGUAGE? Tiếng Việt có phải là một ngôn ngữ khó không? 㗂 越 ㎏ 沛 羅 ଠ 言 語 灷 空? by Jack Halpern (春遍雀來) 1. MYTH OR REALITY? 1.1 Học tiếng Việt có khó không? Is learning Vietnamese difficult? Conventional wisdom has it that Vietnamese is "a very difficult language." Many Vietnamese believe that it's pretty much impossible for foreigners to master their language. A quick search in Google for phrases like tiếng Việt khó ('Vietnamese is difficult') yields tens of thousands of hits. According to George Milo: The supposed difficulty of Vietnam’s official language is a point of national pride amongst its 90 million inhabitants, and locals are happy to tell you “tiếng Việt khó!” (Vietnamese is hard) at every possible opportunity. There is a saying in Vietnam: Phong ba bão táp không bằng ngữ pháp Việt Nam. which can be translated as "The hardships of struggling with a violent storm don't compare to the hardships of mastering Vietnamese grammar." 1.2 Debunking the myths In this article, we will debunk some of the myths surrounding the so-called difficulty of Vietnamese. The analysis will be based on my own experience in learning 15 languages. I can speak ten of these quite fluently, am a high beginner in spoken Vietnamese, and can read but not speak another four languages (see Jack's language Chart). A good answer to the question "Học tiếng Việt có khó không?" would be Học tiếng Việt không khó cũng không dễ. Learning Vietnamese is neither hard nor easy.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexicon-Based Orthographic Disambiguation in CJK Intelligent Information Retrieval ਜᒅ ᒅת ڃኯ
    Lexicon-based Orthographic Disambiguation in CJK Intelligent Information Retrieval ਜᒅ ᒅת ڃኯ Jack Halpern（春遍雀來）[email protected] The CJK Dictionary Institute（日中韓辭典研究所） 34-14, 2-chome, Tohoku, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-0001, Japan conflation (reducing morphological variants Abstract to a single form) on the morphemic level. The orthographical complexity of Chinese, 4. The difficulty of performing accurate word Japanese and Korean (CJK) poses a special segmentation, especially in Chinese and challenge to the developers of computational Japanese which are written without interword linguistic tools, especially in the area of spacing. This involves identifying word intelligent information retrieval.These boundaries by breaking a text stream into difficulties are exacerbated by the lack of a meaningful semantic units for dictionary standardized orthography in these languages, lookup and indexing purposes. Good progress especially the highly irregular Japanese in this area is reported in Emerson (2000) and orthography. This paper focuses on the typology Yu et al. (2000). of CJK orthographic variation, provides a brief analysis of the linguistic issues, and discusses why 5. Miscellaneous retrieval technologies such as lexical databases should play a central role in the lexeme-based retrieval (e.g. 'take off' + disambiguation process. 'jacket' from 'took off his jacket'), identifying syntactic phrases (such as 研究する from 研 1Introduction 究をした), synonym expansion, and cross- Various factors contribute to the difficulties of language information retrieval (CLIR) (Goto CJK information retrieval. To achieve truly et al. 2001). "intelligent" retrieval many challenges must be 6. Miscellaneous technical requirements such as overcome. Some of the major issues include: transcoding between multiple character sets 1.
    [Show full text]
  • New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. a Semantic Approach to Kanji Lexicography Jack Halpern
    New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. A Semantic Approach to Kanji Lexicography Jack Halpern 1. The Study of Kanji The Japanese script consists of two phonetic syllabaries, called hiragana (eg ft* /ka/) and katakana (eg # /ka/), and thousands of Chinese characters, called kanji (eg ^ hon). Chinese characters have three basic properties: form, sound, and meaning. Many characters are of complex shape, some having more than twenty or even thirty strokes. Each character may be pronounced according to its Chinese derived on read­ ing, or to one of several native Japanese kun readings, and each reading may be associated with one or several (sometimes highly) polysemous words and/or mor­ phemes. Moreover, because of the presence of numerous homophones, the Japanese script is highly complex and requires considerable effort to learn. Japanese has been the subject of various linguistic studies, but little attention has been given to the systematic analysis of its writing system. Kanji are combined with each other to generate countless compound words from a basic stock of a few thou­ sand units. They function as a network of interrelated parts, not as a set of discon­ nected symbols. Though this is vaguely recognized by educators, it has been largely disregarded in the development of teaching programmes and the compilation of char­ acter dictionaries. The traditional approach places emphasis on the rote memoriza­ tion of characters and compounds, while the meanings and functions of individual characters are often ignored. Although the number of Japanese language learners has more than quadrupled over the past decade, a character dictionary for non-Japanese users analysing the semantics of kanji has never been compiled.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 9 No 1 (Winter 1982)
    VOLUME 9 No. 1 QUARTERLY WINTER, 1982 OFFICERS Reproduction or use of the material in this newsletter without the express President: permi ssion of the Unicycling Society of Jim Bursell America, Inc. is prohibited. Vice-President : We are not responsible for articles and Brian Barnier pictures unless accompanied by a request Secretary- Treasurer for their return and a self-addressed Liz Mills envelope. Newsletter Editor: R. Tschudin Lucheme Contributing Editors: John Foss Ken Fuchs Layout and Design: Karen Tschudin FOUNDER MEMBERS Zernard Crandall Paul Fox Nancy Fox Peter Hangach Patricia Herron Bill Jenack Gordon Kruse Steve McPeak Fr. Ja. J. Moran Dr. Miles S. Rogers Charlotte Fox B-0gers Andy Rubel Dr. Cla.ude Shannon Jim Smith D!'. Jack Wiley Send articles to be printed in the Newsletter to: Roberto Tschudin Lucheme 7360 Ga llagher Drive f228 Edina, Minnesota 55435 Send membership inquiries ( and book orders to: Liz Mills P.O. Box 40534 Redford, Michigan 48240 FLOYD CRANDALL IN MOTION! ·are just a few things that might be of interest to you . On the cover of this issue, FLOYD CRANDALL, destroying the When Bill Jenack was just 16, f obstacle course record at the he ran away and joined a circus. 1981 National Unicycle Meet. It's something we all talk about doing. Well, he did it. His winning time:. 18. 95 I Among the many companies he So this year, YOU break toured with: The Wagner Brothers the record! Be sure to register Circus, Hubert's Flea Circus, and early for the 1982 National Grumps Minstrels . For those of Unicycle Meet at Macalaster College us to whom those names don't sound in St.
    [Show full text]