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Puccinia Helianthi) DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR SUNFLOWER RUST (PUCCINIA HELIANTHI) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Andrew John Friskop In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: Plant Pathology July 2013 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Developing Management Tools for Sunflower Rust (Puccinia helianthi) By Andrew John Friskop The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Samuel Markell Co-Chair Dr. Tom Gulya Co-Chair Dr. Neil Gudmestad Dr. Maricelis Acevedo Dr. Hans Kandel Approved: 7-8-13 Dr. Jack Rasmussen Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Sunflower rust, caused by Puccinia helianthi (Schwein), is an economically important disease in North Dakota. Since 2008, sunflower rust incidence and severity have increased. Therefore, a four year study was initiated to examine the management strategies for the disease. A total of 19 fungicide efficacy and timing trials were conducted from 2008-2011. Results indicated that DMI and QoI chemistries can be used effectively to manage the disease. Timing trials indicated that disease control was highest when fungicide applications were made at R5.0- R5.8. Results indicate a fungicide application is warranted when rust severities at approximately 1% are found on the upper-four leaves at R5. To observe phenotype variability in the pathogen, a P. helianthi survey was completed in 2011 and 2012. Single-pustule isolates were obtained and virulence phenotypes were evaluated on a set of nine differentials. Race characterization was assigned based on virulence phenotypes. In 2011, the most commonly detected races were 300 and 304, while the most virulent was 776. In 2012, races 304 and 324 were the most commonly detected and the most virulent was 777. To identify new sources of rust resistance, the core-set of Helianthus annuus germplasm was obtained from the USDA-North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station. The accession lines were screened both in the greenhouse and the field. The accessions were screened in the greenhouse individually to races 300, 304, 336, 337, and 777. Lines were screened in the field to a mixture of P. helianthi isolates coding to 300, 304, 336, and 337. The majority of lines were susceptible in both the field and greenhouse. At both field locations, PI 431538, PI 432512, and PI 650362 had year-end severities under 1%. Similarly, PI lines 432512 and 650362 had resistant infection types across all five races. The results of these studies provide information and tools that are being used currently to manage rust and will contribute to management in the future. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A sincere thank you is extended to my advisors Dr. Sam Markell and Dr. Tom Gulya. Dr. Markell was a great mentor during my time as a graduate student by offering me a great deal of praise and support. Dr. Gulya provided a great deal of knowledge and intuition in my development as a professional. I will also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Maricelis Acevedo, Dr. Hans Kandel, and Dr. Neil Gudemestad. They provided valuable input and guidance throughout my graduate tenure. I want to thank the National Sunflower Association and North Dakota Department of Agriculture for providing financial support for my graduate research. I would like to thank the Carrington Research Extension Center, Langdon Research Extension Center, Cenex Harvest States, and Central Lakes College Ag Center for their help in conducting research plots at their facilities. Also, I would like to thank Ryan Humann, Erik Heitkamp, Austin Streifel, and Christian Steffen for their assistance in the greenhouse and in the lab. I would like to thank Dr. Marcia McMullen for recruiting me into the Plant Pathology Department. Dr. McMullen educated me on the basic plant pathology principles as an IPM crop scout and presented a networking experience to find a graduate school advisor. I also want to thank Jim Jordahl and Scott Meyer. Both of them taught me the intangibles of field and greenhouse research, while providing an overwhelming amount of support in my pursuit of an advanced degree. Finally, I would like to thank my father, mother, sister, and all of my friends. My parents always gave me the opportunity to further my education and are the biggest supporters of my graduate experience. My sister provided the competitive edge that instilled inspiration during my time as a graduate student. iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my late father Marcus Friskop. He was the greatest father, mentor, visionary, educator, and friend a son could ask for. My father initiated my curiosity for science as a young adolescent and was the biggest enthusiast of my college education. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ ix LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................1 Sunflower Origin ...................................................................................................................1 Sunflower as a Crop ...............................................................................................................1 Sunflower Types ....................................................................................................................2 Sunflower Production ............................................................................................................2 Puccinia helianthi (Sunflower Rust) .....................................................................................3 Taxonomy of P. helianthi ......................................................................................................4 Biology of P. helianthi ...........................................................................................................5 Management ...........................................................................................................................8 Race Surveys ........................................................................................................................ 10 Phylogenetics ....................................................................................................................... 11 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER ONE: EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDE EFFICACY AND TIMING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SUNFLOWER RUST .................................................................................. 17 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 17 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 18 Results .................................................................................................................................. 23 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 32 vi Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER TWO: PHENOTYPIC DIVERSITY OF PUCCINIA HELIANTHI (SUNFLOWER RUST) IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 2011 AND 2012 ........................................................ 37 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 37 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 40 Results .................................................................................................................................. 45 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 49 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 54 CHAPTER THREE: EVALUATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SUNFLOWER RUST RESISTANCE (PUCCINIA HELIANTHI) IN THE CORE-SET OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS GERMPLASM ................................................................................................................................. 56 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 56 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 58 Results .................................................................................................................................
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