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Home , Basidiomycota, Covered smut (barley), Loose smut, Puccinia, Ustilago tritici

COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

BASIDIOMYCOTA

BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS  The members included in the subdivision Basidiomycotina are characterised by the formation of exogenously on the and absence of flagelleted structure.

 The members include rusts, smuts, , puffs balls, toad stools, bracket fungi etc.

 Presence of well developed, branched and septate having simple (e.g. &Uredinales) or dolipore (e.g. Aphyllophorales & ) septum.

 The mycelial cells may contain one nucleus, called monokaryotic i.e. primary mycelium or two nuclei, called dikaryotic i.e. secondary mycelium. The secondary mycelia may organise and form fruit body, called tertiary.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

 The wall is mainly composed of chitin and glucans.  Reproduction: (a) Vegetative reproduction takes place by budding and fragmentation. (b) takes place by conidia , oidia or that are absent in some higher taxa of this subdivision. (c) Sex organs are absent. During , the dikaryotic cell is formed by somatogamy, spermatization or by buller phenomenon. occurs in basidium mother cell and forms diploid nucleus which is ephemeral. Basidiospores (4-haploid) are developed exogenously on the horn shaped structure, called sterigmata on the basidium.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Ecology of basidiomycota  Basidiomycota are found in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems, as well as freshwater and marine .

 They are an ecological and taxonomically diverse group. Most are. able to utilize simple carbohydrates, while filamentous species can decompose cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

 Many Basidiomycota obtain nutrition by decaying dead organic matter, including wood and leaf litter.

 Unfortunately, Basidiomycota frequently attack the wood in buildings and other structures, which has negative economic consequences for humans.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Systematic Position of graminis tritici (Ainsworth, 1973)  Puccinia graminis tritici is a heteroceious, macrocyclic, polymorphic and obligate parasite.  It requires two host to finish its cycle-  The (Triticum aestivum)  The Barberry plant (Berberis vulgaris)

Kingdom- Mycota Division- Basidiomycota Subdivision- Basidiomycotina Class-Teliomycetes Order- Uredinales Family- - Puccinia Species- graminis tritci BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE  Symptoms on wheat plant Characterized by the presence of uredinia on the plant, which are brick-red, elongated, blister-like pustules that are easily shaken off. They most frequently occur on the leaf sheaths, but are also found on stems, leaves, glumes and awns. On leaf sheaths and glumes pustules rupture the epidermis, giving a ragged appearance. Towards the end of the growing season black telia are produced. For this reason stem is also known as 'black rust‘. The telia are firmly attached to the plant tissue.

 Symptoms on Barberry plant Pycnia appear on barberry in the spring, usually in the upper leaf surfaces. They are often in small clusters and exude pycniospores in a sticky honeydew. Five to ten days later, cup-shaped structures filled with orange- yellow, powdery aeciospores break through the lower leaf surface. The aecial cups are yellow and sometimes elongate to extend up to 5 mm from the leaf surface.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

The pathogen (Puccinia graminis tritici) can survive on straw of wheat plant, (the primary host), for several months as teleutospores, which then transfer the disease to the barberry (the alternate host).

Teleutospores, on germination, produce the basidiospores of two opposite strains i.e., 2 of (+) type and other 2 of (-) type.

 Basidiospores are dispersed by wind and fall on the berberry plant and infect mainly the leaves.

Pycnia (+ and – type) are produced on the upper epidermis of the leaflet by the (+) and (– )type basidiospores, respectively.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

After spermatisation between pycnospore and receptive , and with the help of raindrop or , dikaryotic condition is established resulting into the formation of aecia and aeciospores development in different aecium are of the same type.

After release from the barberry leaflet with the help of wind, it falls on the surface of wheat plant and after it produces uredosorus containing uredospores.

Then uredospores infect different region of the same plant or the different plants and develop next crop of uredospores in the same season.

This is the secondary cycle which may repeat several times in the growing season. At the end of the growing season i.e. during February to March, infection of uredospores takes place, but instead of developing uredosorus it develops teleutosorus containing teleutospores and thus complete the disease cycle.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Teleutospore is the thick- Each Basidiospores contain a Pycniospores are walled resting of haploid nucleus that is the produced in special cup- some fungi from which product of and like structures called the basidium arises. attached to the basidium by pycnia or pynidia. short spikes called sterigmata.

Different type Aeciospores have two nuclei Uredospores are thin-walled and are typically seen in chain- spores produced by the uredium, like formations in the aecium. a stage in the life-cycle of rusts.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Loose disease of is caused by nuda. but there are many strains of Ustilago which infect many different cereal crops in a similar manner. , causes loose smut of wheat. Systematic Position of Ustilago nuda: - Fungi Division- Basidiomycota Class- Order- Ustilaginales Family- Genus- Ustilago Species- nuda

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Symptoms: .The major symptom of loose smut is the "smutted" grain heads, which contain masses of black or brown spores where the grain would normally be.

.The spores completely replace the grain head so that there is no grain to be harvested on infected plants.

.The fungus causes infected plants to grow slightly taller and mature slightly sooner than the uninfected plants in the field.

.Since it must infect through the open florets, this gives the fungus a competitive advantage by allowing it to fall down to the healthy plants and ensuring that the fungus has a little extra time to produce and disperse spores before the florets of the healthy plants open.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Disease Cycle of Loose smut  The disease cycle of loose smut begins when are blown to open flowers and infect the ovary either through the stigma or directly through the ovary wall. There are multiple mating types for Ustilago spp. So infection will only occur if two compatible mating types are present in the same flower.

 After landing in an open floret, the teliospores give rise to basidiospores. Without dispersing to any alternate host plant, the basidiospores germinate right where they are. The hyphae of two compatible basidiospores then fuse to establish a dikarytic stage.

 After germination inside the ovary, the fungal mycelia invade the developing embryo in the seed. The fungus stays alive in the seed until the next growing season, when it is planted along with the seed. As the developing plant grows, the fungus grows with it. Once it's time for the flowers to form, teliospores are produced in place of the flowers and develop where the grain would be. BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus Ustilago hordei. The disease is found worldwide and it is more extensively distributed than either loose smut or false loose smut.

Systematic position: Kingdom- Fungi Division- Basidiomycota Class- Ustilaginomycetes Order- Ustilaginales Family- Ustilaginaceae Genus- Ustilago Species- hordei

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Symptoms Infected plants do not demonstrate symptoms until heading. Kernels of infected plants are replaced by masses of dark brown smut spores. Smutted heads are hard and compact. Infected plants may be stunted. Occasionally smut sori may also develop in leaf blades, where they appear as long streaks. Disease cycle of covered smut of barley  Infection is seed-borne within the seed, the fungus penetrating the endosperm while the grain is being formed. Infected seeds give rise to systemically infected plants. The mycelium advances through the host tissue and becomes established behind the growing point.

 The spores are not readily blown or washed away by wind or rain. Spores are sticky in nature when present inside the membrane due to oily coating. At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain.

 Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain. The fungus over winters as teliospores on seed or in soil. BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Covered smut Life Cycle

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE sp. Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. Members of Agaricus are characterized by having a fleshy cap or pileus, from the underside of which grow a number of radiating plates or gills on which are produced the naked spores. Members of Agaricus also have a stem or , which elevates it above the object on which the grows, or substrate, and a , which protects the developing gills and later forms a ring or annulus on the stalk. Some indian species: A. campestris, A. latipes, A. pratensis, A. squalidus etc.

Systematic position of Agaricus sp. Kingdom- Fungi Division- Basidiomycota Class- Order- Family- Genus- Agaricus

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Lyfe Cycle of Agaricus

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Various developmental stages of Agaricus  Spores on germination develop into mycelium, either ‘+’ or ‘-’ type. It soon transformed into the dikaryotic mycelium by the fusion of two cells of different monokaryotic mycelium following .

 The under ground dikryotic mycelia aggregate at some points and form a knob-like structure, called button. The button does not grow in dry season and remains hidden one or two inch below the soil surface. In the late summer with heavy rain, when the soil becomes moist and soft the button grows rapidly and develops the .

 The mature consists of pileus, gills, velum stipe and partial veil.

 Internally gills is differentiated into trama, sub- and hymenium zone. Basidium is developed in hymenial zone.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

 As the basidium mature, the nuclei, (+ and -) of fuse together and form diploid nucleus which undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid nuclei, of which two are ‘+’ strain and the other two are ‘–’ strain.

 Four horn shaped sterigmata of basidium swells at the tip and after collecting one nucleus with cytoplasm, it develops into a single .

 Basidiospores are oval, thin walled and uninucleate. The mature basidiospores are dispersed by water-drop mechanism. The drop gradually increase and creates a pressure which helps the spore to detach from sterigma.

 The basidiospore germinates by initiating germ tube which develops into primary mycelium.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Fig 2: Mture Basidium, basidiospore Fig 1: Internal structure of pileus and germinating basidiospore.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Bioluminiscence: Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. It is a form of chemiluminescence. Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent and terrestrial such as fireflies. All chemical reactions require the presence of a substance called luciferin; chemiluminescence is caused by the reaction between luciferin and either luciferase or photoproteins.

Bioluminiscent Fungi: There are about 70 species of fungi that are known to use bioluminescence. Most are found in tropical jungles, but a few are found in temperate forests. Scientists are still trying to figure out why certain fungi species use bioluminescence, but there are three main hypotheses: First, by emitting light at night, the fungi can attract that pick up spores and spread them to new locations.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

This is similar to pollination by bees - bees visit a flower, pick up pollen, and transport it to the next flower. This theory is supported by the fact that most species only emit light at night when it's dark enough for the insects to see it. The second theory is that fungi use bioluminescence to attract predators that eat the insects that eat the fungi. Finally, a few species emit light all the time, meaning bioluminescence is probably a metabolic reaction to release excess energy from the organism.

Fairy Ring: Due to centrifugal growth (i.e. grows outward from the centr) of the dikaryotic mycelium, fruit bodies are found in a circular ring around the spot where the fruit body formed in the last year. These fruit bodies are arranged in a ring, imagine that these circular ring marks the path of dancing fairies, called fairy ring. The perfect ring of Agaricus is usually less than 5 metres in diametre, but Shantz(1917) reported a perfect ring of about 50 metres in diametre.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Oyster Mushroom Cultivation INTRODUCTION:  Species of are commonly called Oyster mushroom or Wood fungus. It is the fourth imortant mushroom in the world ranking with an annual production of about 15,000 tones. It grows commercially in Japan, Taiwan, Italy, France, Thailand, Philippines and India.

 The genus Pleurotus contains more than 50 species of which P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju, P. cornucopieae, P. sapathulatus, P. florida, P. sapidus, P. fossulatus have been cultivated in India.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Requirements of Mushroom Cultivation: • Spawn of Pleurotus . • Chopped and dry paddy straw. • Polythene bag.  Thick polythene sheet.  Water sprayer.

Spawn Preparation: In the spawn production process, mycelium from a mushroom culture is placed onto steam-sterilized grain (wheat or sorghum), and in time the mycelium completely grows through the grain. This grain/mycelium mixture is called spawn, and spawn is used to seed mushroom compost.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

The preparation of spawn mainly consists of three steps: a. Preparation of substrate- Dried steam grains are mixed with chemicals like 2% calciumsulphate & 0.5% calcium carbonate on dry weight basis and packed into a polypropylene bags and tighten the mouth with rubber band. Then sterilise it by autoclave at 15 lb pressure for 30min for two cosecutive days. After sterilisation, kept the substrate in open air to cool down near to room temperature. b. Inoculation of Substrate- The substrate is then inoculated with the mycelium. c. Incubation- Incubate the inoculated container at 20-25°C in dark for 3 weeks. Shake the container after a few days, when the mycelial growth becomes visible on the grain.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Cultivation Process: Chopped paddy straw take into polythene bags and immersed completely in water (containing bavistin, a fungicide along with formaldehyde) for approximately 12-15 hours.

The wet straw pieces are then kept on polythene sheet and mixed with powder of Horse gram and spawn.

Take it into another polythene and make 6-12 holes at the lower side of each bag. Then the entire mixture is put equally inside the bags.

Keep the filled bags on a bench or table in a room at 21-30°C and 65-80% humidity with sufficient light and ventilation for 15-16 days, for spawn running. Spray water on bed twice a day by micro-sprayer.

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

During cropping period light should be provided for 15-20 min/day for better yeild. The compact mass should be watered 4-8 times throughout the day with the micro-sprayer.

After 15-16 days, the straw pieces are covered with the mycelium and form a solid cylindrical mass. The young fruit bodies will be developed after 3-4 days from all sides of the bed.

Hervasting of mushroom: The fruit bodies are harvested by gentle twisting after holding the base of the fruit bodies with fingers. The fruit bodies can be harvested generally 3 times i.e. at 22,36, and 50 days and the total production will be 2kg. Afterwards the bed should be destroyed.

Preservation: After harvesting, the fresh mushrooms can be sold in the market or they can be dried in sun (for three consecutive days) or in oven at 65°C. BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY BANGAMOTI HANSDA, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Thank you

BOATNY: SEM-II, PAPER-C 3T: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY, UNIT 4: BASIDIOMYCOTA