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Chlorpyrifos Effect on Armored Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Populations in San Joaquin Valley Citrus

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Chlorpyrifos Effect on Armored Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Populations in San Joaquin Valley Citrus HORTICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Chlorpyrifos Effect on Armored Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Populations in San Joaquin Valley Citrus S.L.C. VEHRSI AND E. E. GRAFTON-CARDWELU Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 J. Econ. Entomo!. 87(4): 1046-1057 (1994) ABSTRACT Portions of three citrus orchards infested with California red scale, Aoni- diella aurantii (Maskell), and with yellow scale, A. citrina (Coquillett), were sprayed Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/87/4/1046/873469 by guest on 01 October 2021 either with a commercial rate of chlorpyrifos or left unsprayed. The three orchards in- cluded a chlorpyrifos-susceptible A. aurantii population, a chlorpyrifos-resistant A. auran- tii population, and a chlorpyrifos-resistant A. citrina population. The levels of efficacy of chlorpyrifos in the field trials confirmed the levels of susceptibility of scales in the laboratory bioassays. Susceptible A. aurantii were killed for 60 d after treatment with one application of properly timed chlorpyrifos. Chlorpyrifos-resistant A. aurantii were held at pretreatment levels for 30 d but increased in numbers similar to those of the unsprayed control plots by 60 d after treatment. There was no significant difference in percentage of parasitism between the sprayed and unsprayed treatments. Resistant A. citrina were unaffected by the chlorpyrifos treatment, both in the number of scales per plant structure as well as in the population structure. The percentage of parasitism was significantly greater in the unsprayed compared with the chlorpyrifos treatment in this population. KEY WORDS Aonidiella aurantii, Aonidiella citrina, insecticide resistance CALIFORNIA RED SCALE, Aonidiella aurantii ever, many growers now make 1-3 insecticide (Maskell), and yellow scale, A. citrina (Coquil- applications each year, with varying degrees of lett), were introduced into California in the late success. Furthermore, yellow scale, which virtu- 19th century (Hendrickson 1974) and are impor- ally had disappeared when California red scale tant pests of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley of was introduced into this region and when or- central California (Pehrson et al. 1991). Califor- ganophosphate and carbamate insecticides came nia red scale is found on leaves, twigs, and fruit, into use, has resurged in isolated areas (Carmean whereas while yellow scale prefers leaves and 1988). fruit. Both species are found on all varieties of Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides citrus and cause cosmetic damage to the fruit no longer provide adequate control of California and, in severe infestations, dieback ofleaves and red scale in Israel (Hefetz et al. 1988), and the twigs (Jeppson 1989). Currently, California red development of insecticide resistance among scale is the predominant armored scale species California red scale populations has been docu- on citrus in the San Joaquin Valley (Pehrson et mented in South Africa (Nel et al. 1979) and al. 1991). Australia (Abdelrahman 1973). This resistance, Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in turn, has resulted in partial to complete failure have been used commercially for insect control of these insecticides in the field. Thus, insecti- in citrus since their development in the 1950s cide resistance is likely to occur in the United and 1960s (Carman 1977). It is a growing con- States as well. cern, among citrus growers and pest control ad- Our objectives in this study were to evaluate visors in the San Joaquin Valley, that armored how three San Joaquin Valley populations of ar- scale insects are becoming more difficult to con- mored scale insects respond to chlorpyrifos in trol with these broad, spectrum insecticides the field. Chlorpyrifos is the most commonly (Carmean 1988). When organophosphate and car- used insecticide for scale control in the San bamate insecticides first were used, one applica- Joaquin Valley because of shorter re-entry and tion every 2 yr effectively controlled the armored preharvest intervals (Bailey 1991). The three scale in most San Joaquin Valley orchards; how- scale populations were chosen based on labora- tory bioassay results, indicating differences in 1 University of California, Kearney Agricultural Center, 9240 susceptibility to chlorpyrifos and differences in South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648. insecticide treatment histories. 0022·0493/94/1046-1057$02.00/0 © 1994 Entomological Society of America August 1994 VEHRS & GRAFTON-CARDWELL: ARMORED SCALE POPULATIONS 1047 Table 1. Treatment histories for field trial sites indicating organophosphate and carbamate insecticides applied for 4-5 yr before the experiment Site 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 No treatments (July) carbaryl" (May) dimethoateb No treatments Chlorpyrifosd (May) methidathionC Experiment 2 (Apr) chlorpyrifos (May) formetanate (Apr) formetanate (Apr) formetanate (May) formetanate Chlorpyrifos (Apr) formetanateC (May) naledf (May) dimethoate (Apr) naled (June) dimethoate Experiment (May) chlorpyrifos (June) carbaryl (June) dimethoate (May) methidathion (June) naled (June) carbaryl (June) dimethoate (July) carabaryl 3 No treatments (Oct) methidathion (Apr) methomylR (May) formetanate (May) formetanate Chlorpyrifos (new trees) (May) formetanate (May) naled (July) carbaryl Experiment (May) naled (June) methidathion (June) chlorpyrifos (Sept) chlorpyrifos Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/87/4/1046/873469 by guest on 01 October 2021 " Or!(anophosphate insecticide applied for control of armored scale: Sevin 80S, Rhone Poulenc, Romford, Essex, England. /> Or!(anophosphate insecticide applied for control of thrips; Cygon 4EC, American Cyanamid, Wayne, NJ. c Orp;anophosphate insecticide applied for control of armored scale; Supracide 2EC, ClBA-Ceigy AG, Switzerland. d Or!(anophosphate insecticide applied for control of lepidopterous larvae or armored scale; Lorsban 4EC, Dow Elanco, Indianapolis, IN. C Carbamate insecticide applied for control of thrips; Carzol 92SP, Nor-Am Agricultural Products, Wilmington, DE. IOrp;anophosphate insecticide applied for control of thrips; Dibrom 12EC, Valent, Walnut Creek, CA. R Orp;anophosphate insecticide applied for control oflepidopterous larvae: Lannate water-soluble liquid, Du Pont, Wilmington, DE. Materials and Methods fornia red scale, and a potentially resistant pop- ulation of yellow scale. For our purposes, we Three populations were chosen for our study, considered populations which exhibited >80% based on the results of an insecticide resistance mean mortality at 10 ppm chlorpyrifos to be sus- survey conducted during the growing seasons of 1990-1991 (unpublished data). The survey was ceptible and those which exhibited :540% mean conducted by collecting scale-infested navel and mortality at 10 ppm chlorpyrifos to be resistant. Valencia oranges, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Site 1 was a California red scale-infested navel from 34 commercial citrus orchards in Madera, orange orchard cultivar 'Washington' located at Fresno, Tulare, and Kern counties and perform- the University of California Lindcove Field Sta- ing laboratory bioassays with chlorpyrifos (Lors- tion, Tulare County, which had received 0-2 ban 4E [Emusifiable], DowElanco, Indianapolis, organophosphate or carbamate insecticide appli- IN). Green fmit was sampled during June through cations per year for 3 yr before the experiment October, corresponding to the second and third for control of thrips and scale insects (Table 1). generations of scale insects each season. The California red scale population exhibited Each piece of fmit was dipped in melted wax 86.0 ± 4.9% mortality when exposed to 10 ppm to cover 50% of the surface that included the of chlorpyrifos in a laboratory bioassay in June calyx to conserve moisture and prevent shrink- 1991 and was considered to be susceptible to age. The oranges were held at 27°C for 24 to 48 h chlorpyrifos. The trees in this site were ""2.5 m to allow a new cohort of first instars to emerge tall when this site was treated in August 1991. and settle. These newly settled nymphs, or white Site 2 was a California red scale-infested caps, were used for the bioassays, and a maxi- commercial Valencia orange orchard located in mum of 25 white caps were circled on each fmit Strathmore, Tulare County, which received 3-4 with a black felt-tip pen. Oranges with fewer applications of organophosphate and carbamate than 10 white caps were discarded. insecticides per year in the four preceding sea- A concentration of 10 ppm chlorpyrifos was sons for control of citrus thrips, Lepidoptera lar- used because it is the LCgg for a susceptible vae, and armored scale insects (Table 1). This population (Walker et al. 1991). This concentra- scale population exhibited 31.1 ± 16.8% mortal- tion and the water control were mixed to a total ity when tested with 10 ppm of chlorpyrifos in a volume of 500 ml, including 1 ml of 8% Triton B laboratory bioassay before the field experiment 1956, which was added as a wetting agent. Five in July 1992 and was considered to be resistant to individual oranges were dipped in each of the chlorpyrifos. The trees in this site varied in concentrations or the control for 10 s and then height, but those used for sampling were ""4.5 m held at 27°C for 10 d, at which time insects which tall when this site was treated in July 1992. had failed to begin the first molt were scored as Site 3 was a yellow scale-infested commercial dead. Valencia orange orchard located in Terra Bella, The percentage of mortality of scale insects
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