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Honoring the Survey of the Michigan Meridian

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Honoring the Survey of the Michigan Meridian HONORING THE SURVEY OF THE MICHIGAN MERIDIAN Submitted by Joseph Fenicle, PS On November 17, 1807 a line was described as the Western River) directly to White Rock, cutting out thousands of line of the Treaty of Detroit. This line would become the acres. The native tribes argued that they did not know and Michigan Meridian in 1815 and 200 years thereafter a understand the lines made up in the Treaty and they only dedication ceremony for a new Ohio Historical Marker understood landmarks (i.e. White Rock and the Rivers). would be held commemorating the survey and the surveyors. When Alexander Holmes, DS had the contract to survey the A 200th Anniversary celebration will also be held in October Michigan Baseline he had to turn back due to Indian hostility. to dedicate a new historical marker honoring Michigan’s two Benjamin Hough, DS was contracted to survey the sections Initial Points. along the Road between Fort Meigs and the Western Reserve also had to turn back due to Indian hostility. Ironically these The Treaty of Detroit as executed by General William Hull, two deputy surveyors would team up to survey the Michigan Governor of the Michigan Territory, was signed by the Meridian. tribes of the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Pottwatamie. As requested by President Thomas Jefferson this treaty The War of 1812 was the Battle between the United States covered the first public land to be available in what would and the British Empire. They were trying to restrict trade become the State of Michigan in 1837. In total the Treaty and America’s desire to expand. The most memorable of Detroit covered 345,600 acres. The Treaty also stipulated battles were the loss in Detroit and the victory in the Battle payments and annuities to the tribes and an agreement of Lake Erie led by Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. Other that “…agreed and stipulated, that the said Indian nations key battles were in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans. shall enjoy the privilege of hunting and fishing on the lands The War of 1812 led to the burning of Washington D.C. in ceded as aforesaid, as long as they remain the property of 1814. On February 17, 1815 the Treaty of Ghent was signed the United States”. The boundaries of the Treaty of Detroit and the “2nd War of Independence” was won and national are “Beginning at the mouth of the Miami river of the lakes, pride soared. Beyond the unfortunate deaths of thousands and running thence up the middle thereof, to the mouth of of Americans the national debt inflated from 80 million the great Au Glaize river, thence running due north, until dollars to 125 million dollars. Due to the increased debt the it intersects a parallel of latitude, to be drawn from the government needed land to fulfill the Military Warrants and outlet of lake Huron, which forms the river Sinclair; thence it also needed additional land to pay off the remainder of running north east the course, that may be found, will lead the national debt. Fort Defiance in Ohio was a key strong in a direct line, to White Rock, in lake Huron, thence due hold in the War of 1812. It was originally built by General east, until it intersects the boundary line between the United “Mad” Anthony Wayne in 1794. All forts back then were States and Upper Canada, in said lake, thence southwardly, built within a day’s march from each other. According to following the said boundary line, down said lake, through Lieutenant John Boyer Fort Defiance provided protection river Sinclair, lake St. Claire, and the river Detroit, into Lake from “The English, the Indians, and all the devils in hell”. Erie, to a point due east of the aforesaid Miami river, thence Fort Defiance also was used in the Northwest Indian War west to the place of beginning”. Historically White Rock was and Tecumseh’s War. sacred to the Ojibawa Indians. Similar to Roche De Boeuf along the Maumee River, White Rock was a spiritual place The Act of May 06, 1812 stated “That the President of the for the natives. Today much of the rock has been destroyed United States be, and he is hereby authorized to cause to be due partly to harsh ice on Lake Huron, but mostly due to the surveyed a quantity of the public lands of the United States, fit Air Force using it as target practice during World War II. for cultivation, not otherwise appropriated, and to which the Unfortunately the Treaty Line was not without controversy. Indian title is extinguished, not exceeding in the whole six The native tribes understood the agreement to be a straight millions of acres, two millions to be surveyed in the territory line between the intersection of the Miami River of the of Michigan…”. With that understanding the Commissioner lakes (Maumee River) and the Au Glaize River (Auglaize of the General Land Office, Josiah Meigs, wrote a letter to Michigan Surveyor, Page 14 Surveyor General Edward Tiffin on March 23, 1815. Meigs Judge. Holmes held the contract to survey the Michigan stated “Let the two million acres in Michigan be as near the Baseline and at the same time was 37 years old when he HONORING THE SURVEY OF north boundary of OHIO & the western shore of Lake Erie, assisted Hough with the Meridian. Holmes passed in 1833 as convenient. The northern boundary of Ohio not having at 55 years old. Holmes family was also from England and THE MICHIGAN MERIDIAN yet been determined, you will be careful not to extend the he was one of 14 children, two of which became deputy surveys so far south as to encroach on that boundary”. The surveyors. Act of December 24, 1811 & January 11, 1812 stated “… Submitted by Joseph Fenicle, PS provided that military bounties of 160 acres would be given Not much is known about Thomas Evans, DS other than to each soldier who had faithfully served in the armed he held additional contracts to subdivide townships in forces in the war with Great Britain…”. Michigan. Allison Looker, DS was married to Hough’s daughter Rachel. Looker held contracts to survey in the In April of 1815 Edward Tiffin contracted with Benjamin State of Indiana and was also an officer in the War of 1812. Hough, DS to survey the Michigan Meridian and certain After Allison passed away Rachel married his brother James townships in the Michigan Territory. The rate was $2.50 for Harvey Looker. The Looker family was relation to Abraham the townships and $3.00 per mile for the Meridian Survey. Clark who was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Since Hough had difficulty surveying the sections along the Road between Fort Meigs and the Western Reserve and The theory is that since Hough and Holmes could not work Holmes had to turn back on his Michigan Baseline survey separately on their contracts they would team up to do the the two surveyors decided to team up. It is my opinion that Meridian and layout the Baseline at the same time. They the two surveyors tried to fulfill both contracts together in a would travel to the baseline and calculate the latitude. They mere span of three months. It did not work out as planned. would then travel to Fort Defiance and calculate the latitude there as well. They could then, in theory, run North without The crew for the Meridian Survey as put together by Hough backtracking South and fulfill both their contracts together. was Alexander Holmes, DS, Thomas Evans, DS, Allison On September 29, 1815 Hough and crew ran the Meridian Looker, DS and nine other men to clear line, hunt, cook North after crossing the Maumee River and studying Polaris and haul equipment. for two nights in a row. Hough calculated a 4 degree 39 minute East variation. In an October 2014 article titled GLO Benjamin Hough, DS was born in Loudon County, Virginia Procedures for Astronomical Observation, Jack Owens, PS and raised in Washington County, Pennsylvania. At the believes that based on the September date Hough was able age of 28 he purchased land in the Seven Ranges of eastern to observe the “…Western Elongation early in the evening Ohio. In 1802 he surveyed in Cross Creek Township near followed 12 hours later by Eastern Elongation early in the Steubenville, OH and in 1804 was appointed as a General morning.” Hough dialed that into his compass and ran it for Land Office (GLO) Deputy Surveyor at 31 years of age. In 42 miles until they hit the Military Bounty Lands. At this 1804 he also became a County Commissioner for Jefferson point the group split up because they were low on provisions. County, OH. Between the years of 1805 to 1808 he was a Holmes continued North along the Meridian and Hough member of the Ohio Senate, Ohio House of Representatives traversed East along the South line of the proposed Military and became the State of Ohio Auditor. Hough was 42 Lands also being the South line of Township 13 South. The years old when he got the contract to survey the Michigan provisions were low and the conditions tough. Hough Meridian and he passed away 5 years thereafter. Hough’s wrote to Tiffin on October 12, 1815 “I found thus far, family moved from England and had a strong surveying exceeding bad ground to run lines over, being very thick of background. His grandfather, John Hough was a surveyor underbrush, and in many places for a great distance, almost of Lord Fairfax and became a super wealthy landowner.
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