Principles of Guided Missiles and Nuclear Weapons. INSTITUTION Bureau of Naval Personnel, Washington, D
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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 070 581 SE 014 139 TITLE Principles of Guided Missiles and Nuclear Weapons. INSTITUTION Bureau of Naval Personnel, Washington, D. C.; Naval Personnel Program support Activity, Washington, D. C. REPORT NO NAVPERS-10784-A PUB DATE 66 NOTE 370p.; Revised 1966 EDRS PRICE MF-80.65 HC- $13.16 DESCRIPTORS Instructional Materials; Mechanical Equipment; *Military Schools; *Military Science; Military Training; Nuclear Physics; *Nuclear Warfare; *Post Secondary Education; *Supplementary Textbooks; Textbooks ABSTRACT Fundamentals of missile and nuclear weapons systems are presented in this book which is primarily prepared as the second text of a three-volume series for students of the Navy Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Officer Candidate School. Following an introduction to guided missiles and nuclear physics, basic principles and theories are discussed with .a background of the factors affecting missile flight, airframes, missile propulsion systems, contro3 components and systems, missile guidance, guided missile ships and systems, nuclear weapons, and atomic warfare defense. In the area of missile guidance, further explanations are made of command guidance, beam -rider methods, homing systems, preset guidance, and navigational guidance systems. Effects of nuclear weapons are also described in categories of air, surface, subsurface, underwater, underground, and high-altitude bursts as well as various kinds of damages and injuries. Besides illustrations for explanation purposely a table of atomic weights and a glossary of general terms are provided in the appendices. (CC) IF U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION D THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU CATION POSITION OR POLICY 0-r e ';111 KL,L 041, S I PREFACE This book is intended primarilyas aclassroom training text for NROTC and OCS students. Other principalusers will be officers enrolling in the correspondence course based on this text, and NROSstudents. This is the second volume of a three-volumeseries dealing with naval weapons. The first volume, Principles of Naval Ordnanceand Gunnery, NavPers 10783-A, deals with shipboard navalweapons systems, including guns, rockets, bombs, torpedoes, mines, and depthcharges, but not guided missiles and nuclearweapons. The basic sciences as applied to naval weapons, including fire control,are explained. The present volume deals withmany basic principles and theories needed for understanding guided missile flightand control, and basic nu- clear weapons information. The fundamentalsof the different types of missile guidance are discussed. Because its distribution is not limited by securityregulation, it is nec- essarily general in nature with minimumreference to actual weapons in current use. Considerable detail is givenon the effects of nuclear weapons but not on the construction or operation ofthe weapons. The user should bear in mind that this text isnot designed for mainte- nance or for operating personnel, nor for useas a manual on operations or tactics. The third volume, Navy Missile Systems, NavPers10785-A, describes specific Navy missile systems, illustratingthe application of the prin- ciples explained here. The text and illustrations of this bookwere prepared by the Train- ing Publications Division, Naval PersonnelProgram Support Activity, Washington, D. C. 20390, for the Bureauof Naval Personnel.Credit for technical assistance is given to the Bureauof Naval Weapons, Officer Candidate School, Newport, R. I., NROTC Unit, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, and NROTC Unit, Universityof Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma. Original Edition 1959 Revised 1968 THE UNITED STATES NAVY GUARDIAN OF OUR COUNTRY The United States- Navy is responsible for maintainingcontrol of the sea and is a ready force on watch at home and overseas,capable of strong action to preserve the peace or of instant offensive action to winin war. It is upon the maintenance of this control that our country'sglorious future depends; the United States Navy exists to make it so. WE SERVE WITH HONOR Tradition, valor, and victory are.the Navy's heritage from the past.To these may be added dedication, discipline, and vigilance as thewatchwords of the present and the future. At home or on distant stations we serve with pride, confident in the respect of our country, our shipmates, and our families. Our responsibilities sober us; our adversities strengthen us. Service to God and Cciuntry is our special privilege. We servewith honor. THE FUTURE OF THE NAVY The Navy will always employ new weapons, newtechniques, and greater power to protect and defend the United States onthe sea, under the sea, and in the air. Now and in the future, control of the sea gives the UnitedStates her greatest advantage for the maintenance of peace and forvictory in war. Mobility, surprise, dispersal, and offensive power are the keynotesof the new Navy.The roots of the Navy lie in a strong belief in the future. in continued dedication to our tasks, and inreflection on our heritage from the past. Never have our opportunities and our responsibilitiesbeen greater. 3 CONTENTS CHAPTER PART I. GUIDED MISSILES 1. Introduction to guided missiles 1 2. Factors affecting missile flight 24 3. Components of guided missiles 51 4. Missile propulsion systems 69 5. Missile control components and systems 97 6. Principles of missile guidance 145 7. Command guidance 189 8. Beam-rider guidance 181 9. Homing guidance 205 10. Other guidance systems 225 11. Guided missile ships and systems 249 PART II. NUCLEAR WEAPONS 12. Fundamentals of nuclear physics 268 13. Principles of nuclear weapons andtheir handling. ..290 14. Effects of nuclear weapons 302 APPENDIX A. Table of atomic weights andbibliography 345 B. Glossary 347 INDEX 359 iii d PART 1.-GUIDED MISSILES. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO GUIDED MISSILES GENERAL SCOPE OF THE TEXT DEFINITION Part I of this book is a brief introductionto A GUIDED MISSILE isan unmanned vehiclethe basic principles that govern the design, that travels above the earth's surface; it carriesconstruction, and use of guided mistAles. Part an explosive warhead or other useful payload;II deals with nuclear weapons. Many of the and it contains within itself somemeans for con-principles we will discuss apply to all missiles; trolling its own trajectory or flight path. Aglidemost of them apply to more thanme. The treat- bomb is propelled only by gravity. But itcon- ment will necessarily be general. Securityre- tains a device for controlling its flight path,and quire'', --Its prevent any detailed descriptionof is therefore a guided missile. specific missiles in an unclassified text. This The Navy's guided missiles, includingTer-text will therefore contain very littleinforma- rier, Tartar, Taboo, Sidewinder, Sparrow,Bull-tion about specific missiles; they will bede- pup, and Polaris, meet all the requirements ofscribed in some detail in a supplementaryvol- the above definition. ume, Navy Missile Systems, NavPers 10785-A. The Army's Honest John (now obsolete)is a 3-ton rocket that is capable of carryinga nuclear The reader will find some repetitionin this warhead. Because it contains no guidancesys-text; this is intentional. The subject iscom- tem, Honest John is not a guided missile.Theplex; it deals with many different phasesof Navy's homing torpedoesare self-propelledscience and technology. The begihningstudent weapons with elaborate guidance systems. Theof guided missiles faces a paradox. Wemight homing torpedo can hunt for a target and, whensay that you can't thoroughly understandany it finds one steer toward it ona collision course.part of a guided missile unlessyou understand Because it does not travel above the earth'ssur-all the other parts first.We will deal with face, the homing torpedo is nota guided missile. this problem by first discussing the guided A MISSILE is any object thatcan be pro-missile as a whole, with a brief consideration jected or thrown at a target.This definitionof its propulsion, control, guidance, andlaunch- includes stones and arrows as wellas guning systems. Each of these subjects willthen projectiles, bombs, torpedoes, and rockets. Inbe treated at some length inone or more later current military usage, the word MISSILE ischapters. gradually becoming synonymous with GUIDED All guided missiles contain electronicde- MISSILE. It will be so used inthis text;we willvices; some of these devices arevery complex. use the terms MISSILE and GUIDED MISSILE A sound understanding of the operatingprin- interchangeably. This permits inclusion of theciples of missile guidance isvery difficult with- Asroc, which is not a guided missile, buttsaout some background in basic electricityand missile,an important one in ship missile weapon electronics.Students who have no background syhtems.Another missile is Subroc, which isin electronics should use Introduction to Elec- fired underwater from a torpedo tube, is guidedtronics, NavPers 10084; it should, if possible, during its air flight, returns to the water,andbiiimpPlementedby further reading in basic acts as a depth charge. texts on electricity and electronics. 5 PRINCIPLES OF GUIDED MISSILES AND NUCLEAR WEAPONS WEAPONS SYSTEMS power, aircraft became the primary weapon of the Navy. The battle of the Coral Sea, in 1942, The missiles alone are useless for defensewas the first major naval engagement in which or offense without the remainder of the weaponssurface