1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 399

To be dentaZ surgeon (equivalent to the ADJOURNMENT FROM THURSDAY TO which we commemorate the coming into ef• Army rank of major) MONDAY NEXT :feet of the United Nations Charter. Robert C. Likins Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I POWER OF UNITY IS STRESSED To be senior sanitary engineers (equivalent ask unanimous consent that. when the This afternoon at the White House, I ex­ to the Army rank of lieutenant colonel) House adjourns on Thursday it adjourn pect to welcome 48 soldiers from the :fighting front in Korea. These soldiers come from John S. Wiley to meet on Monday next. each of the 19 nations which now have forces August T. Rossano, Jr. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to serving in the United Nations command in M. Allen Pond the request of the gentleman from Mas­ Korea. It is inspiring to call the roll of To be senior assistant sanitary engineers sachusetts? these men, because it shows how free nations (equivalent to the Army rank of captain) There was no objection. in every part of the world have joined to­ Roy O. McCaldin gether under the banner of the United Na­ Charles V. Wright, Jr. tions to put down aggressio·- and achieve Gordon E. Stone AUSTERITY BANQUET peace. Men from these nations are out there in To be assistant sanitary engineer ( equiva­ Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, I ask the hills of Korea risking their lives in the lent to the Army rank of first lieutenant) unanimous consent to address the House service of a gre~t ideal. They are evidence, Frank A. Bell, Jr. for 1 minute. far more powerful than any speeches ever To be pharmacist (equivalent to the Army The SPEAKER. Is there objection to can be, that the idea of international justice rank of major) the request of the gentleman from West under law-the idea of international coop­ eration to pr~serve peace and freedom-has Robert E. Jones Virginia? taken root and ls growing and spreading To be assistant pharmacist (equivalent to the There was no objection. throughout the world, bringing men to­ Army rank of first lieutenant) Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, I read gether in new and greater bonds of brother­ Leo Klugman with considerable interest in the press hood. the releases of this past Sunday about a This is a glorious thing. Great ideas like To be senior scientists (equivalent to the these have to be fought for. Human progress Army rank of lieutenant colonel) banquet held down in the State of ·North Carolina on Saturday last addressed by has always cost effort and suffering and sac­ Howard M. Kline rifice. It has cost us much to set up a gov­ Carl L. Anderson the good Governor of the free State of ernment of justice and freedom in this coun­ Maryland. The outstanding point in try and to maintain it. It has cost human To be scientist (equivalent to the Army connection with this banquet was the lives and painful effort for those in other rank of major) fact that it was a $100-a-plate affair. countries to win their independence and to R. Edward Bellamy The thought occurs to me that they advance along the road of freedom. But To be sanitarian (equivalent to the Army are doing pretty well under this Demo­ these advances have been worth all the sac­ rank of major) rifices. cratic prosperity. They seem to be just And I believe- with all my heart that the Deed C. Thurman, Jr. a little bit out of line with this "auster­ great advances which we are making today To be veterinarian (equivalent to the Army ity" banquet they are going to have over in setting up a system of international peace rank of major) here at Uline's for which they are charg­ and justice will prove to be worth all the Lauri Luoto ing only a dollar. It is pretty much in sacrifice and effort which they are costing keeping with minority views in that they us and other nations. are usually pretty much out of line. NOTES NECESSITY FOR STRENGTH Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will the I hope the time will not be far distant HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gentleman yield? when the leaders of the Soviet Union and Mr. BAILEY. I refuse to yield. their satellites will come to see that it is TUESDAY, JANUARY 22, 1952 utterly foolish to oppose the united will of Mr. CANFIELD. I wonder if my good all the other peoples of the world for peace friend, the gentleman from West· Vir­ and justice. But so long as the forces of ag­ The· House met at 12 o'clock noon. ginia, will come to this luncheon as my Rev. O. R. Shields, pastor, Lafayette gression are attacking the United Nations, guest. there must be no weakening-there must be Park Baptist Church, St. Louis, Mo., of­ no slackening of our effort to check aggres­ fered the following prayer: sion and to build up the defense of the free Our Heavenly Father, it is with grati­ AMERICAN RED CROSS world. It is up to us here at home to back up these tude in our hearts that we come to this Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ men of many nations who are :fighting for us sacred assembly this morning. We mous consent to insert at this point in and for the freedom of the world in Korea. thank Thee, our Father, for our country. the RECORD the following address of One of the best things we can do is to give We thank Thee for the position that it President Truman at the cornerstone blood through the Red Cross for the use of occupies today in this world. We thank laying of the District of Columbia Red our soldiers. The use of whole blood has Thee, our Father, for these men that Cross Building October 24 last. revolutionized the treatment of battle cas­ have been sent to this place in the seat ualties and saved thousands of lives. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to I read the other day about the case of a of government by their people. We the request of the gentleman from soldier wounded in Korea whose life was pray, our Father, as they meet in session Illinois? saved by 75 pints of blood. A few years ago today, that Thy spirit, the spirit of the There was no objection. that man would h_ave died. The blood which living God, may direct them in their de­ i am glad to take part in laying the corner­ is being given by our people here at home is liberations and their counsel. We pray, stone of this District of Columbia chapter saving cases which would have been con­ our Father, that always and ever we may house of the American Red Cross. This sidered hopeless not so long ago. realize that we are about the greatest chapter is one of the best and most active But the demand for blood is tremendous. business in the world, trying to help to Red Cross chapters in the whole United More is needed than is being given. I urge States. The people of this city have a the people of the District of Columbia-and direct the affairs of men. We pray that people all over the country-to give blood Thou wilt give them wisdom and direc­ splendid record of contributing to the Red Cross and in giving to the blood bank. through the Red Cross so the great work of tion throughout this day. We ask it in saving human lives can go forward. Jesus' name and for His sake. Amen. This proves something that I have known This building, when it is complete, will for a long time-the people of this city, so have the best possible equipment for giving The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ many of whom are Government workers, are blood. This building will also serve all the terday was read and approved. among the finest and most patriotic citizens other life-giving and lifesaving activities of that we have anywhere. the Red Cross in this area. It will be a sym­ It is most appropriate, therefore, that the bol of our faith-faith in voluntary action CALENDAR WEDNESDAY BUSINESS District of Columbia chapter of the Red by freemen everywhere. It will be a means Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I Cross should have a beautiful modern build­ for advancing our ideals of human welfare ing like the one which ls being erected on and human brotherhood. ask unanimous consent that the business this site. This building will be a permanent in order on Calendar Wednesday of this addition to the beauty of the Nation's Cap­ week be dispensed }Vith. ital. It will be a workshop for the volun­ SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED teers of the District, and a model of every­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to thing a Red Cross chapter house ought to be. Mr. MILLS asked and was given per­ the request of the gentleman from Mas­ It ls most fitting that the cornerstone o! mission to address the House on Thurs­ sachusetts? this building should be laid today, October day next for 30 minutes, following spe­ There was no objection. 24, which is United Nations Day-the day on cial orders heretofore entered. 400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 22 Mr. BURDICK asked and was given and security program, the content of Condon's speech before a scientific con­ permission to address the House tomor­ which follows: gress in Washington, as follows: row for 20 minutes, following special The loyalty order is basically objection­ We must welcome their scientists to our orders heretofore entered. able because it seeks to determine the em­ laboratories, as they have welcomed us to ployee's loyalty by inquiring into his sup­ theirs, and extend the base of scientific co­ posed thoughts and attitudes, which are operation with this great people. Of course, THE PUNXSUTAWNEY PROGNOSTICATOR established in large part by imputing to we must behave this way toward the scien­ Mr. GAVIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask him the beliefs of his associates. tists of all nations. I only mention Russia unanimous consent to address the House If the loyalty board order is to be retained, because she is right now the target of at­ a drastic revision is essential. Instead of tack by those irresponsibles who think she for 1 minute and to revise and extend focusing on an employee's associations, it would be a suitable adversary in the next my remarks. should focus on his behavior in overt acts. ;world war. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Legislation already on the statute b<;>oks the request of the gentleman from amply protects the Federal service against Quoting again from an article by Con­ Pennsylvania? retention of employees who advocate the don appearing in the Saturday Review There was no objection. overthrow of the Government. of Literature: Mr. GA VIN. Mr. Speaker, I want to Such subjection of the destinies of civil­ The restoration of freedom to science is call to the attention of the House that ians to military tribunals is contrary to na­ one of the elements in the civilization we February 2 is Groundhog Day when that tional tradition. If nothing is done to re­ have been fighting for-freedom from secrecy verse the present trend to require sec~rity and freedom from national barriers. great prognosticator of the weather and clearance of scientists who do not have or world meteorologist from Punxsutawney, desire to have access to restricted data, it is I have revealed much concerning Con­ Jefferson County, in my district will likely that many of the most penetrating don in the· pa.st and the near future will make his annual prediction of weather and original scientific minds will be turned disclose further and startling informa­ conditions for the following 6 weeks. to pursuits unrelated to further develop­ tion under current analysis. I sincerely hope there will be no at­ ment of the atomic-energy program. It is clear that any individual or group, tempts to discredit this great seer as has Work in that field will be shunned by scientist or otherwise, taking issue with men of abiliW and pride if they are con­ happened in the past by a lot of syn­ stantly treated as objects of suspicion and the Government program to insure the thetic groundhogs, such as BAILEY'S from possible calumny. · security of our country through the set­ West Virginia, that imposter of DAGUE's ting up of strict safeguards against from Quarryville, Pa., HAYS' Arkansas The whining gibberish of the commit­ further leaks of atomic information is, hound dog, and a lot of other cheap alley tee, obviously aware that they were pre­ in effect, condoning the crime of the cats posing as groundhogs; all making cisely the type necessitating strict secu­ century that provided Russia with the efforts to discredit this world-famed rity measures, is the familiar "guilt by atomic bomb and is endeavoring to weather predicter from Punxsutawney. association" propaganda formula popu­ further expose America's women and It is most disconcerting to me to see lar with those justly under suspicion, children to the ghastly consequences of the futile efforts of this group of fakers though proof under rules of evidence is unrestricted accessibility to atomic infor­ trying to cut themselves in for some lacking, but who are unable to conceal mation. cheap publicity on the one and only their Communist front connections. It should not be necessary to again recognized groundhog who has won The character of the committee and of cite the espionage records of Klaus, world acclaim by his brilliant predic­ the association is clearly established by Fuchs, Allan Nunn May, Hiskey, Chapin, tions. the fact that the recently retired presi­ Kamin, Weinberg, Greenglass, Gold, and dent of the American Association for the a host of other so-called scientists to Advancement of Science is none other justify security regulations to the AAAS. GOVERNMENT LOYALTY ANI) SECURITY than the Red professor of Harvard, Kirt­ That organization is only too well aware PROGRAM ley F. Mather, whose Communist front of those records and, presumably, of the Mr. VAIL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ affiliations detailed by me in my speech records of others yet undisclosed. mous consent to address the House for 1 in the House on Monday, January 14, The advice of Winston Churchill, in minute and to revise and extend my re- consumed three solid pages of the CoN - -this instance, was sound and merits the marks. · GRESSIONAL RECORD. This leftist char­ enthusiastic approval of the Congress The SPEAKER. Is there objection to acter, who is at present chairman of the and the American people. On the other the request of the gentleman from executive committee of the AAAS, was hand, I cannot condemn too strongly the Illinois? cited and pictured in the press only yes­ report of the AAAS Committee or its ·There was no objection. terday in connection with a current se­ approval by affiliat'ed organizations, and Mr. VAIL. Mr. Speaker, one of the ries of articles by Herbert A. Philbrick I further emphasize my previous recom­ highlights of the speech of the Hoii­ entitled "I Led Three Lives," a tale of mendation.that activities of the associa­ orable Winston Churchill, Prime Min­ Communist indoctrination in which tion, in the light'of their publicized lean­ ister of Great Britain, before the joint Mather was cited as the sponsor of the ings, be scrutinized carefully by the FBI meeting of the Congress last Thursday, Cambridge Youth Council, an affiliate and the Committee on Un-American was the following admonition: ·of the American Youth Congress, a Com­ Activities. If I may say this, Members of Congress, munist front organization. be careful above all things, therefore, not To cap the climax, the successol.1 to to let go of the atomic weapon until you Mather as president of the AAAS, an SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED are sure and more than sure that other "honor" bestowed subsequent to his sud­ Mr. JAVITS asked and was given per­ means of preserving peace are in your hands. den departure from his vitally important (Applause.] mission to address the House today for Government post to escape a loyalty 5 minutes, following special orders here­ With that wise counsel, every sound board inquiry was the ubiquitous Dr. Ed­ tofore entered. American is in hearty accord. How­ ward U. Condon described by the Com­ ever, in that connection, permit me to mittee on Un-American Activities as "the draw attention to the remarkably strange PARCEL POST RATES TO MEN IN MILI­ weakest link in our atomic security TARY SERVICE attitude of the American Association for chain" a former executive board member the Advancement of Science, repre­ of the American-Soviet Friendship So­ Mr. REES of Kansas.· Mr. Speaker, I sented by a report of its special Com­ ask unanimous consent to address the mittee on Civil Liberties, appearing in ciety, a Communist-front organization, House for 1 minute. August 18, 1949, issue of the association a solicitor of memberships in the Ameri­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to weekly journal Science. According to can-Soviet Science Society, an · affiliate the request of the gentleman from the Daily Worker the AAAS has 44,090 of the ASFS, and an advocate of inter­ Kansas? individual members and 211 affiliated national distribution of atomic informa­ There was no objection. scientific societies, an overwhelming ma­ tion. Mr. REES of Kansas. Mr. Speaker, jority of whom agreed to the committee Let me refer you to my remarks to this I have today introduced a bill which will report assailing the Government loyalty body on April 1, 1948, in which I quoted equalize the rate for parcels sent by our 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE men in military service who are stationed back the tide of communistic fanaticism "Poland no longer exists, and never will exist again," the NKVD specialists kept re­ outside the continental United States. with which we are now threatened, be­ peating, as they tried many devices for turn­ This rate, which is the rate for parcels fore it is everlastingly too late. ing Polish patriots into Polish quislings. It sent to zone 1, will apply as well for The article referred to follows: is an everlasting monument to all Polish those sending parcels to troops stationed TRUTH ABOUT THE KATYN MASSACRE people that, after five terrible months or outside the United States. (By Arthur Bliss Lane, former United States Communist indoctrination techniques in For some time I have been ·concerned Ambassador to Poland, as told to the edi­ these special camps, Beria had obtained only about the high postage rates in effect for tors of the American Legion Magazine) 20 of the officers as even quisling candidates. parents and others sending parcels to In March 1940, Stalin, through Molotov, IN 1940 STALIN'S GUNMEN SLAUGHTERED 15,000 through Vyshinsky-in that chain of brutal t roops stationed in Korea or other far POLISH OFFICERS--BECAUSE OF MYSTERIOUS IN• command-sent Beria a Kremlin order: He · reaches of the world. Since the sender FLUENCES IN THIS COUNTRY, THE FACTS ABOUT was to liquidate the adamant Polish officers of these parcels must pay the rate from THIS RED ATROCITY HA VE BEEN KEPT FROM as quickly and as secretly as possible. With their homes to the Army post office con­ MOST AMERICANS the destruction of the Polish officers, StaUn cerned, there is a marked difference be­ "The snow is whirling around, in the fields added, would also be liquidated, throughout tween the rate paid by parents on the as much snow as in January." Poland, "the whole apparatus of the bour­ east coast to send parcels .to their sons "From dawn the day started in a special geois Polish state, leaving not one stone or who are in the Korean theater as com­ way. Taken somewhere into a wood, some­ skeleton for the future." thing like a country house. Here a special Between April 3 and May 12, 1940, the three pared to those living on the west coast search. I was relieved of my watch, point­ special NKVD camps were evacuated of all sending parcels to the same theater. ing at 6 a. m., asked about a wedding ring. Polish officers. Those from the Kozielsk For example, it would cost 20 cents a Rubles, belt, pocketknife taken away." camp were, we know, ·packed in long trains, pound less to send a package air parcel Between these two quotations-from a and sent through Smolensk to an isolated post in San Francisco to our troops in last letter sent by a Polish officer, captive of railroad station at Gniezdovo. Here they Korea than it would to send the same the Red Army, to his family in Soviet-occu­ were, around the clock, unloaded, day and package from New York, since San Fran­ pied Poland, and from a blood-smeared night, thirty or more to a van load, and cisco would be in the first zone and New diary found on the body of another Polish driven into a deep NKVD-guarded forest. officer that was dug out of an evil Soviet The officers did not know where they were York in the eighth parcel-post zone. forest-there are long hidden facts of a sav­ being taken. Some NKVD officials jovially While it would cost 27 cents to send a age, revolting crime. The crime has gone fooled them into believing they were being 1-pound parcel by regular parcel post to unpunished, in fact unexposed, as I write freed. From diaries found later on their troops in Korea from New York, it would this, by our Kremlin-appeasing officials. bodies some of the officers really thought cost only 17 cents to send the same parcel German and Japanese criminals, respon­ they were being liberated, that soon they from San Francisco. sible for the murder of defenseless captives, would be back in Poland, with their families This bill is in line with a proposal I have been convicted and hanged. But the once again. made recently to reduce by 50 percent air souls of 15,000 br.ave Christian men still cry This evil forest of Katyn, 550 miles west parcel-post charges for parcels going to from beyond a pagan Soviet mass-grave­ by south of Moscow, at the headwaters of yard-and Americans have shaken hands, the Dnieper River, had, since 1934, been en­ troops in Korea although this bill also even feasted, with the murderers. What has tirely isolated from ordinary Russians. Beria extends a flat rate equal to the first zone happened in, and to, our America that has of the Moscow Kremlin was its master. rate for regular parcel post or air parcel made us, once the world's great· people of Within it he had his notorious "little castle," post sent to or from troops in any theater international integrity, appeasers for so long overlooking the Dnieper, a bestial hunting outside the continental United States. a time of pagan crimes and atheist criminals? lodge where senior NKVD officials indulged The facts of this unpunished crime go themselves in lust and murder. For many back, now, 12 duped years-to the spring of years, prior to 1940, it had been the Krem­ SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED 1940. The Kremlin, a few months earlier, lin's secret burial place to which Russians in a treacherous instant that suited Stalin who displeased the Politburo were taken, Mr. RADWAN asked and was given and his Politburo, had broken all its treaties never to be seen again by their families or permission to address the House on to­ with Poland, attacked the Polish people friends. morrow for 15 minutes, following the from the rear while they were trying to de­ Into the forest of Katyn some 15,000 Polish legislative business of the day and any fend their country from the Nazi blitzkrieg. officers were taken that terrible spring of other special orders heretofore entered. Hitler and Stalin, in a temporary alliance, 1940. Beria's NKVD executioners did their had divided Poland and each taken a half. Moscow-ordered jobs with swift precision; The very Soviet general-Timoshenko--who group by group the captive Poles were led to TRUTH ABOUT THE KATYN MASSACRE had publicly pledged the Poles friendship, the brinks of great, deep pits, larger than Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, I ask and rescue from the Nazis, was the man who our swimming pools, and shot through the commanded the invasion. Molotov in the backs of their heads by Beria's pistol experts. unanimous consent to extend my re­ Kremlin, and Timoshenko in Poland, had In most cases only one inexpensive bullet marks at this point in the RECORD. issued their notorious Order of the Day that, was necessary, shot into the officer's neck, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to as of October, 1939, "Poland ceases to exist piercing his skull, and exploding where his the request of the gentleman from as an independent state." hairline and forehead met. Missisippi? Two hundred and fifty thousand Polish of­ Frequently, but not always, the Polish offi­ There was no objection. ficers and soldiers, including 12 generals, cer's hands were tied behind his back with Mr. RANKIN. Mr. Speaker, if there 250 colonels, 500 majors, 2,000 captains, and special twine and with a peculiar knot that are any Members of this House who are over 5,000 young lieutenants, together with tightened into flesh if any attempt to free some 7,000 selected Polish NCO technicians, the hands was made. not familiar with the horrible story of were rounded up in Poland as prisoners of Into the prepared excavations, 30 by 50 the Katyn Massacre, I trust they will the Kremlin and deported, like cattle, far yards in area and sometimes 18 feet deep, the read the article appearing in this month's into Russia. murdered Polish officers were placed in lay­ American Legion Magazine, which I am Into 3 of the 100 Polish prisoner-of-war ers, heads in each layer lying on top of legs inserting in the RECORD. camps in the frigid Russian interior all and feet of the corpses below. Into just one It will help you to understand the dif­ Polish officers were collected and concen­ of these Soviet graves the Kremlin's execu­ ference between Yiddish communism, trated. These sites were then removed by tioners packed the bodies of 2 generals, 12 Stalin from the Red Army's command and colonels, 50 lieutenant colonels, 165 majors, and Christian civilization. 440 captains, 542 first lieutenants, 930 second It placed under Beria and his Soviet secret will not only give you a picture of a police-the notorious NKVD. During the lieutenants, and 146 military doctors. Then most horrible butchery of helpless pris­ blizzardy winter of 1939-40 we know that they covered over the excavation, stomped oners of war, but will give you a glimpse Camp Kozielsk contained 4,500 Polish offi­ down the sandy·loam, and replanted it with of the Communist influences that are cers, Camp Starobielsk 3,920 officers, and pine and spruce saplings. As fast as one creeping into the various branches of Camp Ostashkov 6,900 officers. In these mass grave was packed and disguised another this Government, and enable you to camps the Kremlin's Beria, ·under Vyshin­ was waiting. understand why some people try to con­ sky and Molotov, installed his most "effi­ Thus the Soviets-Stalin, Molotoff, Vyshin­ ceal these gruesome facts from the cient" interrogators, photographing each sky, and Beria-massacred the captive fiower officer front and side, fingerprinting him, of Poland's virile manhood in one gigantic, American people. Then you will under­ and compiling a life dossier of each captive bestial crime. Except for a twist of fate's stand the necessity for the Members of and his Polish family. These, as has been sometimes punitive coincidence, this crime both Houses of Congress to wake up and well said, were the very fiower of Polish might never have become known or proven. assume their prerogatives as representa­ intellectual and military patriotism-and The Kremlin thought the saplings, in the tives of the American people and turn Beria had the job of blighting them. spring and summer of 1940, would grow XCVIII-26 402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 22 quickly and that soon, behind their iron Exile, or any other intelligence agency, sponsible for the collection, evaluation, and curtain, there would be nothing visible at reached Washington that incriminated the dissemination of military intelligence, order Katyn but the forest. Soviets, the record will show that such a an Army officer into permanent silence be­ The disclosure of the crime of Katyn came report was hastily stamped "Top Secret" and cause of his information's "possible political unexpectedly and suddenly, in April 1943. kept out of the reach or knowledge of the implication"? Whom was General Bissell For 3.years the Polish Government in eXile, American voters. Instead of facts, the OWI, serving? based in London, had been trying to solve the under Elmer Davis, continued to broadcast We learned, in spite of Bissell's "top secret" continuing mystery of what had happened to only the Kremlin's propaganda. stamp and personal silence order to Van the Soviet-captured officers. For 3 years I was appointed in 1945 to Warsaw, Poland, Vliet, that the report was unsmearable evi­ Stalin, Molotov and Vyshinsky had lied to as United States Ambassador to the Polish dence against not only the Soviets but many diplomatic missions, including our own Government, which had as its nucleus a against the Washington bureaucrats who had United States Embassy. Two years after his group of Russian-trained Polish Commu­ sabotaged the original Katyn facts, devalued crime Stalin was still lying; he did not know nists. I stayed there through the fraudulent the earlier reports. A Regular United States what had happened to the 15,000 Polish offi­ elections of January 1947. I saw Poland be­ Army officer, of high repute as to his intel­ cers. "I personally have already given all in­ trayed. I saw brave Poles, men and women, ligence and integrity-well known to many structions that they should be released," he liquidated by the Kremlin. of our most patriotic combat generals--Major told an inquiring diplomat. "I do not know With mounting wrath over the unpun­ Van Vliet was, in 1950, a living witness where they are. Why should I detain them?" ished crime of Katyn and other Communist against the . Communists whom no pro­ The German Army, however, had fought its atrocities, a number of Americans, after I Communist, in the Pentagon or State Depart­ way north into Russia and occupied Smo­ left the Foreign Service, organized the Amer­ ment, could smear or, happily, indoctrinate. lensk-and the Katyn forest--in August 1941. ican Committee for the Investigation of the Many patriotic officers wanted to get his first­ On April 13, 1943, the Germans announced Katyn Massacre. We wished to collect evi­ hand evidence before the American people, over the radio that they had found mass dence others have tried to hide, piece to­ and the still free world, as quickly as possible. burial graves in the Katyn forest, under gether clues and documentation, which oth­ But to honest American journalists and small trees; that their exhumations were ers have tried to erase, assemble still-living historical researchers there was a continuing proving all the corpses to be those of Polish witnesses. We wanted, particularly, to get a iron curtain in Washington; in the Pentagon officers, killed in 1940 while prisoners of the too-long-secret intelligence report which one and the State Department. The American of the two United States Army officers who Soviets. During the first few day~ of grave­ press took the Soviet story, the Kremlin's had been at Katyn was known to have deliv­ propaganda lies against the Germans, or they opening 155 bodies had been identified, from ered to the Pentagon. This was a major ef• obtained nothing. The OWI and later ~he personal effects still in the officers' Clothing, fort, and a long battle in Washington. Voice of America released nothing contracic­ including the body of Polish Major General Shortly after he had been liberated as a Smorawinski. The German army com­ German prisoner of war on May 5, 1945, we tory to the false evidence of the Communi: ts. mander asked that neutrals come through knew that a then Major Van Vliet, whom the The Nuremberg trials, the Yalta and Po ,s­ the lines to witness the exhumation. Germans had flown to Katyn, had reported dam conferences came and disappeared iL.to The Moscow radio immediately went on to Gen. J. Lawton Collins, then commanding history, with their consequences everlastingly the air with a barrage of charges that the general at Leipzig of the Seventh Corps; we with us. Poles had been murdered by the Nazis, not knew that General Collins had considered his In 1949 Americans first learned the facts by Russians. The Kremlin's propaganda was eyewitness and photographic evidence so about Katyn 1n several newspaper articles picked up and promoted throughout Europe important and so credible that he had had written by Julius Epstein, a Vienna-born and the United States. Van Vliet flown from Europe to Washington journalist who had become intrigued by the On April 30, 1943, an internationally as­ "with all. ha'.ste." We knew that Van Vliet case. Epstein presented evidence pointing to sembled medical group, at the insistent in­ had arrived at the Pentagon on May 22, 1945, the Russians as perpetrators of the genoc1dal vitation of the German army, reached Katyn. and reported to Maj. Gen. Clayton Bissell, crime and suggested that an American Com­ It included European scientists of forensic Deputy Chief of Staff for Military Intelli­ mittee for the Investigation of the Katyn and criminal medicine, Swiss, Scandinavian, gence. Massacre be formed. The committee was Dutch, Belgian, Italian and Balkan observ­ We heard that Van Vliet was behind the formed with Epstein as its executive secre­ ers-and members of the Polish Red Cross. closed doors of General Bissell's private office tary, and subsequently his efforts resulted in The Germans wanted the International Red a long time, alone with the G-2 general. a congressional investigating committee, an Cross to send investigators but that organiza­ When he reappeared in the reception office action taken by unanimous vote of the House tion, of which the Soviets were then mem­ we learned, Van Vliet was flushed, seemed in­ of Representatives, September 18, 1951. bers, could not, under its charter, act unless tensely but silently angry. He went as di­ At the instigation of the committee in both the Germans and the Russians invited rected by Bissell with the general's personal 1949, Congressmen who had many Polish­ it to do scr-and the Kremlin angrily used security stenographer across the corridor to Americans among their constituents, began its veto. a smaller office. There Van Vliet had dic­ asking the State Department and the Penta­ The witnesses whom the Germans had tated, with his Katyn notes in front of him, gon many Katyn questions. Like the press flown to Katyn examined the first 982 bodies, a long report which the young woman typed of America they received no facts, only of whom 70 percent were identifiable. They in his presence. Then he took the document evasive double talk. On October 6, 1949, agreed that they were Polish officers, killed and his photographs back to Bissell's office. Congressman DoNnEP.o, of Michigan, wrote a by assassination, and buried 3 years, in other General Bissell read the report carefully, formal letter to the Pentagon, demand1ng a words prior to the occupation of the area by then directed his secretary to stamp it "Top copy of the Van Vliet report and the Katyn the Germans. secret" after having Van Vliet in.itial each photographs. The reply-long delayed-was Kept as a very top secret from all Ameri­ page and sign it in his presence. He then first, that the report was classified and, cans and the rest of the civilized world was turned on Major Van Vliet, handed him a therefore, could not be given to Congress, one very important fact: Among the observ­ curiously worded official memo which had and, later, that the report and photographs ers at Katyn were two captured United States been prepared while Van Vliet was dictating had been lost. Army officers, prisoners of war of the Ger­ the report, and ordered the junior officer to It was not until September 1950, that the mans. sign it. facts of the Van Vliet reports were obtained The Germans planned to dig up the whole "You have furnished to the War Depart­ by Congress, and then only partially. These Katyn Forest in the fall of 1943. They ment," the Bissell memo said, "a special re­ facts came from a second report which the brought in a group of Polish soldiers, cap­ port covering a certain part of your experi­ Pentagon, under continuing congressional tured on another front, and established them ence. These have been recorded exactly as pressure, had ordered Van Vliet to dictate as a formal guard of honor over the Polish dictated by you and will be held available from memory. Van Vliet, after dictating the graves. They had located seven mass grayes, for such use as is considered appropriate by second report on May 11, 1950, had, we opened only the fourth when Stalin threw a United States Government activities. Due learned, been again ordered into personal gigantic concentration of men and steel to the nature of your report, and the possible silence by the Pentagon and, even more against them on this otherwise not very im­ political implications, it is directed that you punitively, sent to Korea--out of reach of the portant front. By September 1943 Katyn neither mention nor discuss this matter with American Congress. Forest was in Soviet hands again, permanent­ anyone in or out of that service without spe­ This 1950 Van Vliet memorandum is a most ly behind the Kremlin's iron curtain. The cific approval in writing from the War De­ interesting document. No matter what pres­ Moscow radio stepped up its charges against partment. • • • Your signature on a sure was put on him this United States Army the German Army-now with the graves in copy of these instructions left with the As­ officer stood uncompromisingly on his 1943 Stalin's sole custody. sistant Chief of Staff G-2 indicates that you eyewitness facts. The body of each Polish The chronology of the official attempts 1n understand these instructions." officer, Van Vliet insisted, had been searched Washington, beginning with Harriman's in This was, indeed, a most unusual military very carefully, examined by scientists, iden­ Moscow, to cover up the Communist crime, is order. Hundreds of vital intelligence reports tified, and reburied. "We followed our guide as important now-if not more so to Ameri­ had been given and filed in the Pentagon, right down into each grave," he wrote, "step­ cans-as the actual Katyn massacre. The with never such an accompanying order of ping on bodies that were piled like cord wood, attempt to hide this crime from the Ameri­ personal silence. There was nothing in this face down usually, to a depth of about 5 to 7 can people has led into our major present report which any enemy could have used bodies, covered with about 5 feet of earth. national and international troubles. When­ against us. By what authority-or because • • • All bodies had a bullet hole in the ever a report from the Polish Government in of what strange fear-did General Bissell, re- back of the head near the neck with the exit 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 403 wound of the bullet being in the forehead or Department, today, claims to have no record Last evening I opened the book and Upper front part of the skull. * * * Ger­ of ever having received it. started to read it. It was so interesting, m an photographers were present and took There are still men in Washington who both still and motion pictures of our party want to hide Katyn facts, and their partici­ quoted so many documents, and proved while we inspected the graves. Copies of the pation in sabotaging them, from the Ameri­ so many facts which have long been de­ still pictures were later given us." can people-especially so now that we are nied or ignored by those in high places Colonel Van Vliet's conclusions, repeated about to nominate and elect new Federal I had to finish it before i could go to in 1950 as he had given them in 1945 to officials. But ·three very important ques­ sleep. It is made up largely of quota­ Major General Bissell, were: tions-for Americans-it is hoped, will be tions from official documents. Unless "I hated the Germans, I did not want to answered in WaEhington during the spring those quotations are untrue, it is long believe them. * * * I tried every way to of 1952, as the result of a congressional in- past time for a housecleaning in Wash­ convince myself that the Germans had done vestigation: . it. * * * We pursued every line of attack 1. Who, at the very top levels of the United ington-a deflation of the puffed-up rep­ to weaken the German story. States Government, ordered the hiding of utations of the Achesons. * * * It was only with great rel,.:..etance all intelligence reports unfavorable to the I would not presume to suggest that that I decided finally that * * • for once Soviets, and the dissemination only of lies my colleagues get the book and read it, the Germans were not lying; th~ the facts and Communist propaganda? but it is available if you want it, and I were as claimed by the Germans. 2. Who manipulated the techniques of the will give my friend from Mississippi [Mr. "I believe," Van Vliet repeP..ted, "that the 1946 Nuremberg trials, when the Van Vliet, RANKIN] my copy. Russians did it. The rest o1 the group that Stewart, and other evidence was available, visited the sit e stated to :me that they be­ so that no Soviet crime or criminal was It should be on the must reading list lieved that the Russians did it." punished; so that the crime of Katyn, the of the President, every member of the On September 18, 1951, the House of Repre­ greatest single mass execution of captives State Department, the reporters and sentatives unanimously authorized a select of the entire war, was never even mentioned editors of papers like the New York committee of seven Congressmen, under RAY in the tribunal's verdict? The UnitP,d States Times and Herald Tribune, in fact of all S. MADDEN, Legionnaire, of Indiana, to take Congress had authorized our participation those who guide the policies of the in­ up an official Katyn investigation. The in these European trials for the purpose of House committee located the second United trying and convicting all war criminals. ternational press publications. States Army officer who had been a witness to 3. Who, in the State Department, have The author, whatever be his faults, and the Katyn exhumations, Lt. Col. Donald been acting as agent, or agents, of the Krem­ presumably he has his share, does not Stewart. A subpena was quickly served on lin, or as amicus curiae of Soviet commu­ scare easily. He deals in facts, he quotes him, to prevent his being sent out of reach nism? his critics to prove his case he can "take of the Congress. The Poles through their long history have it"; and from the screaming that comes In a hushed investigative committee room, been great friends of America and to Amer­ from Reds, the Pinks, and his critics, before Congressmen among whose constitu­ icans. When they crossed the Atlantic they ents are many of our 6,000,000 patriotic have made patriotic American citizens. Let he can "dish it out." Whatever he may Americans of Polish descent, Colonel Stewart, us not forget that two -Very brave Poles­ lack in refinement of language, and the on October 11, 1951, added his eye-witness Kosciuszko and Pulaski-and many of their people understand what he says, he has evidence to the record: When he had arrived countrymen helped our young Nation, courage aplenty. at Katyn, German officers had countered his against great odds, to win our War of Inde­ dislike at having been made a witness while pendence. technically a prisoner-of-war by saying: Let us not forget, either, that the hands SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED "You are an officer of the Regular Army. of our Army officers, our military chaplains, Surely you must have an interest in what our soldiers-when we found their cold Mr. FURCOLO asked and was given happened to officers of the Polish Army!" bodies lying in blood on the Communist­ permission to address the House today "The smell was pretty bad," Colonel overrun Korean soil-were found to be tied for 10 minutes, following any other Stewart testified. He went down into a grave, behind their backs, just as the Polish Army special orders heretofore entered. walked across bodies packed tightly like officers' hands had been tied at Katyn; tied cigars or sardines. "There were a few men in with the same kind of tricky knot the Com­ that grave dressed · in the black robes of munists used for their Polish captives. Our TEXTS OF TRUMAN'S MESSAGE AND Catholic priests-military Polish chaplains." officers, soldiers, and military chaplains were McKINNEY'S SPEECH TO DEMOCRATS He saw the bodies, the bullet holes in the shot through the backs of their heads-and skulls, the hands tightly tied behind backs, by Soviet-made bullets. Mr. MARSHALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask the Polish identifications, the medical and How many of our men have suffered this unanimous consent to extend my re­ other evidence that proved the officers to fate is not at this time known, though offi­ marks at this point in the RECORD and have been murdered in the Spring of 1940 cial figures place the number of such atro­ include extraneous material. when the area was under Soviet rather than cities at between 6,000 and 8,000. German, control. Before he left Katyn the How different our present history might The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Germans had located a total of seven mass­ have been had the facts of Katyn been the request of the gentleman from gra ves but had opened only three of them. exposed to Americans and the free world by Minnesota? Colonel Stewart estimated that 10,000 bodies our officials in 1943-before the Tehran There was no objection. had been found, all Poles, in addition to some sell-out to Stalin and Molotov; before Yalta The matter referred to is as follows: older deep "wells" into which bodies of and Potsdam and our other Washington liquidated Russian citizens, long before 1940, blunders. [From the New York Times of had been packed. November 27, 1951] "I had formed an opinion as to who had TEXTS OF TRUMAN'S MESSAGE AND McKINNEY'S killed these officers," Colonel Stewart testi­ COMMUNISTS IN THE GOVERNMENT SPEEC~ TO DEMOCRATS fied. "I left Katyn convinced that the Rus­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. (The following are the texts of a letter sians had executed those men. * * * That Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to ad­ from President Truman to Abraham Fein­ massacre just could not have been falsified berg, chairman of the Democratic National .or planted. • • * We did not like the dress the House for 1 minute and to re- vise and extend my remarks. Committee dinner held last night at the Germans. But these men had been executed / Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, and the address of by the Russians." The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Frank E. McKinney, chairman of the national He did not make a Washington report, the request of the gentleman from committee, at the dinner:) Colonel St ewart explained, "because all I Michigan? could do was to confirm Van Vllet's report There was no objection. THE PRESIDENT'S LETTER • • • he had arrived ahead of me." But Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. DEAR MR. FEINBERG: I hope that you will the Ka tyn scene was still an angry beacon extend my warm greetings to the guests at­ in his World War II memory. "I can never Speaker, as almost always happens, the tending the national Democratic dinner in forget • * • those men were killed by gentleman from Mississippi [Mr. RAN­ New York on November 26. This dinner has the Russians while they were prisoners of KIN], who is my very good neighbor and become an outstanding annual event in the the Russians." so often my inspiration, suggests that we program of the Democratic Party. I am sure This is the Katyn massacre story as we have do something about the Communists in that it will be as successful in every way this dug it out of too-long hidden evidence. Up positions of trust in our own Govern­ year as it has been in the past. to this writing the original Van Vliet report ment, especially here in Washington I As we prepare for next year's political bat­ of 1945, and his photographic evidence, is assume he means. tle, it is important that the Democratic Party still said, officially, to be missing from the be made strong-strong morally, strong in files ot the.Pentagon and State Department. There is a recent book "America's Re­ enthusiasm, and strong in the material re­ It is General Bissell's claim that he delivered treat From Victory," written by a gentle­ sources that will be required for a hard­ it, on May 25 , 1945, without making copies, man from Wisconsin, which I under­ fought campaign. The New York dinner to a high official of the State Department-3 stand is largely a restatement of a will make a significant contribution to that days after Van Vliet signed it. But the State speech that was made in the other body. par.ty strength. 404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 'January~~

The decision which the American people history to the greatest peak of material pros­ wilderness. The top leadership of the ~e­ must make next year is a fatefUl one. perity which any people bas ever known on publican Party in the Congress of the United • We are living in an historical moment the face of the earth. States is still looking backward-still com­ when the entire world is stirring with the When Franklin D. Roosevelt and a Demo­ mitted to isolationism and reaction. It still aspirations of mankind to achieve freedom cratic Congress went to work in 1933, over has nothing more to offer the American peo­ and human dignity. The desire for freedom one-third of our people were out of work ple than negative criticism, exaggerated has become an irresistible force, but in many and millions more were in want. Today our charges, and, in some cases, downright false­ areas it is being diverted into false chan­ problem is not to find work for our wage hood. nels by an old tyranny, masquerading in the earners but to produce enough goods and How are the Republican leaders campaign­ fake guise of a new freedom. services to satisfy the needs and demands of ing? That tyranny, with its aggressive impulse, our people. For one thing, they would like for you to is a threat to freedom everywhere that it When we took office in 1933, agriculture believe that all who serve your Government exists. In this struggle, the American people was hea-0.ed for one vast sheri1I's sale. Today are lazy, incompetent, or corrupt. could not remain neutral and aloof, even if our farmers enjoy a standard of living un­ Ethics in public service they would. Our own individual freedoms dreame

We are doing this because we must. The be accepted by all nations having substantial WOULD LIMIT FUTURE ARMS Soviet Union and its satellites have very large armed forces; and third, it must be based As the facts are revealed, progress can be military forces ready for action. The Soviet on safeguards that will insure the compli­ made toward working out, by mutual agree­ Union has a growing stock of atomic bombs. ance of all nations-in other words, it must ment, the exact amounts and kinds of arma­ .The aggression in Korea has shown that be foolproof . ments and armed forces which each country Communist imperialism will resort to open I also suggested to the general assembly will finally be permitted to have. It might . warfare to gain its ends. that the two United Nations commissions be possible, for example, to agree that each In these circumstances, we must have working on the control of armaments be country would have armed forces propor­ .strong military defenses and we are building consolidated into one. On e of these com­ tionate to its population, with a ceiiing be­ them. missions has been working on atomic energy, yond which no country could go. Further­ General Eisenhower has just given me an and the other commission on types of weap­ more, each country might be limited to using encouraging report of the progress that is ons and armed forces. It is clear, however, no more than a fixed portion of its national being made under his command in Europe. that all types of weapons and armed forces production for military purposes. Serious difficulties still remain, and they must be covered by one over-all plan, and With respect to atomic weapons, the plan will require vigorous effort from us and from should therefore be under the jurisdiction already approved by a majority of the United our allies. As a result of General -Eisen­ of the same United Nations commission. As Nations fits right into this present proposal hower's visit, arrangements are being made a result of work during the past year, the of ours for the control and reduction of to speed up the training and equipment of General Assembly is now in a position to work armaments. Atomic weapons would be re­ . the combined defense forces in. Europe. on concrete steps for reducing and con­ vealed at the appropriate stage in the proc­ We shall continue to build strong defenses trolling all kinds. ess of disclosure. Such weapons would ulti­ in Europe and in other parts of the world­ We hope the proposal we are now making mately be prohibited, and atomic energy just as long as that is necessary. will be the first order of business· of this new would be controlled under the provisions of Our own Armed Forces and those of our commission. the United Nations plan. We continue to allies are essential to the protection of free­ Let me tell you just what it is that we support this plan as it now stands, but we .dam. They are an essential part of our are proposing . are, of course, always ready to consider any .efforts to prevent another world war. As First, we propose that a continuing in­ better plan. they increase in size and effectiveness, they ventory of all armed forces and armaments Let me stress that each stage of this pro­ .make it plain to an aggressor that he can be undertaken. This inventory would take gram for reducing armaments would be en­ have no hope of quick and easy conquest. As place in every country having substantial tered upon only after the previous one had ihe Kremlin comes to see that its aggressive military power, and it would be checked and been completed. And each stage would be policies cannot pay off, it may abandon them verified in each of those countries by inspec­ continuously policed by inspectors, who and join in reasonable settlements of world tors who are nationals of other countries, would report any breach of faith. working under the United Nations. These problems. If the Soviet Union and its satellites are inspectors would have authority to find out SAYS STREN.CTH WILL AID PEACE really afraid o" the intentions of any of the what the real facts are. This build-up of the defenses of the free free countries, as they say they are, here Second, we propose that, while this process is a plan they can adopt with safety. It world is one way to security and peace. As of inventory and inspection is taking place, things now stand, it is the only way open would give them the same protection every the nations work out specific arrangements step of the way, that it gives every other to us. - for the actual reduction of armed strength. But there is another way to security and country. And, on the other hand, we can peace-a way we would much prefer to take. EARLY REDUCTIONS URGED afford to go into such a plan as this because We would prefer to see the nations cut down Third, we propose, on the basis of -these we would have safeguards against bad faith. their armed forces on a balanced basis that two steps, that the reductions which are the All nations would have to lay their cards would be fair to all. That is the way we goal of the programs be made as soon as that on the table and keep them there at all hoped the world would follow 6 years ago, can be done with full knowledge and fair­ times. when we helped to set up the United Nations. ness to all. CURBS PROPOSED FAIR TO ALL And it is what we are still working for-an Such a program would have to be agreed Here, then, is a real, down-to-earth ap­ international order without the burden of upon by all the countries having substantial proach, fair to all concerned. It would move tremendous armaments. military power and ratified according to· their forward step by step. Each step, when com­ It may seem strange to talk about reduc­ own constitutional practices. pleted, would build up mutual confidence ing armed forces and armaments when we The key to this plan is the proposal to find for the next step. If at any stage there are working so hard to build up our military out exactly and precisely what arms and were a · breach of trust, or an act of bad strength. But there is nothing inconsistent armed forces each country has. This is the faith, all participating nations would have about these two things. Both have the same first essential, on which all else depends. immediate notice, and could act in time to aim-the aim of security and peace. If we Unless this step is taken, no real progress can protect themselves. can't get security and peace one way, we ba made toward regulating and reducing In the face of the long and gloomy his­ must get it the other way. armaments. tory of our negotiations with the Soviet The way of reducing armaments-the way Any nation which is not willing to agree Union, there are, no doubt, many people ·we prefer-can be undertaken only if there to this step, and to carry it out, is not really who think that any further attempts to is a workable international system which interested in disarmament. The Soviet control and reduce armaments are a waste makes reduction possible without endanger­ Government has at various times talked of time. It is true that we have experienced ing the security of any nation. No country about reducing armaments, but they have much bad faith, deceit, and broken promises can afford to reduce its defenses unless it is never proposed an effective system for find­ on the part of the Soviet Union over the sure the other fellow is reducing his at the ing qut the facts. No responsible govern­ last 6 years. It is true that we have met same time. To reduce armaments, there­ ment can agree to cut its own defenses un­ rebuffs and refusals from the Soviet Gov­ fore, we must have, first of all, a safe and less it knows where such a cut will leave it ernment, ever since the day we offered to fair procedure. in relation to the armed forces of other give up our monopoly of atomic weapons Three weeks ago, in a speech in North countries. That is why we propose the first and to prohibit them under a system of Carolina; I said that we are willing, as we step of an honest, continuing inventory of international control. have always been, to sit down in the United all armed forces and armaments, including Nevertheless, as responsible men and Nations with the Soviet Union, and all the atomic weapons. women, we must try for disarmament in other countries concerned, and work to­ Such an inventory would proceed by spite of all difficulties. We cannot permit gether for lessening the burden of arma­ stages, disclosing the least vital information the history of our times to record that we ments. The proposal we have announced first, and then proceeding to more sensitive failed by default. today, along with France and Great Britain, areas. Each stage would be completed be­ We make this proposal because it is the offers a practical way to do just that. fore the next began, until all armed forces right thing to do. We are not making it in This proposal is in the nature of a fresh and armaments of every kind had been in­ any sudden spirit of optimism. We are not approach. It has been very carefully pre­ cluded. making it as a last gesture of despair. We pared, and we believe it is an improvement There is another important point. Any are making it because we share, with all the over previous ·approaches. If it is accepted, program of reducing armaments will neces­ members of the United Nations, the respon­ it will open a way to reduce armament and sarily be complex and even with the fullest sibility of trying to bring _about conditions lessen the risk of war. . cooperation of all the parties, will take quite which will assure international peace and a while to work out and put into effect. BASIC PRINCIPLES LISTED security. Even after it is put into effect, there will have The people of the world want peace. To The basic principles for a real, workable to be safeguards against its violation. The work in every possible way for peace is a system for reducing armaments are well fact-finding must, therefore, be continuous·. duty which we owe not only to ourselves known. I outlined them in my speech be­ It cannot be a one-shot affair. The fact­ but to the whole human race. fore the General Assembly of the United fl.nders must know not only what the state Nations a little more than a year ago. The of armament is on any given date, but how WARNS CRISIS STILL EXISTS general assembly has endorsed them. They it is proceeding-whether the armed forces In making our proposal for reducing arma­ are simple.· First, such a system must in­ of the country concerned are increasing or ments, we are not suggesting that the crisis clude all types of weapons; second, it must uiminishing. in world affairs has passed, or even that 15 I

408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 22. bas lessened. It has not. We cannot afford. Illinois [Mr. MASON] is recognized for 40 been established beyond the shadow of :for one minute, to let down our guard, or minutes. a doubt. These facts are well docu­ falter in our defense program. We must not mented. weaken in our firm stand to resist aggres­ OUR INTERNAL REVENUE SCANDAL-ITS EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 6166 sion in Korea. CAUSE AND ITS CURE While aggression and :fighting continue­ Much of the present corruption within as in Korea-and while the major political Mr. MASON. Mr. Speaker, the Nation the Bureau and the low repute in which issues that divide the nations remain unset­ has been shocked and disillusioned by the Bureau is held today is directly at­ tled, real progress toward reducing arma­ the revelations of Senator Wn.LIAMS, Re­ tributable to President Roosevelt's Ex­ ments may not be possible. publican, Delaware, and the King com­ ecutive Order No. 6166, issued on June But we cannot fail to bring before the mittee 'concerning the graft and the cor­ world the problem of growing armaments, 10, 1933. That order transfered to the which presses so heavily on all mankind. We ruption prevalent today in the Bureau of Department of Justice the authority to believe deeply that discussions of this ques­ Internal Revenue and in the tax section handle, to prosecute, or to ignore all tax tion in the United Nations can and should of the Attorney General's office. Here­ cases. begin now, even though tensions are high. tofore we have always taken for granted On the face of it, this Executive order Indeed, one way to reduce these tensions is that, while there might be some graft and did not look so calamitous. It is a to start work on such proposals as the one some corruption in other branches of the simple-looking, four-paragraph docu­ we are now making. Federal Government, the Bureau of In­ ment which placed in the hands of the I urge the Kremlin to accept this pro­ ternal Revenue was "clean as a hound's posal. I urge them to make it known to the Attorney General of the United States people of the Soviet Union. The men in the tooth," or, to express it another way, was all the functions of prosecuting in the Kremlin are responsible for the lives and the like Caesar's wife-above suspicion. We courts, all claims and demands by, and future of a great nation--0f a great and know better now. We have had our eyes offenses against, the Government, and c1·eative people--a people who long for peace, opened. We have been rudely awakened of defending claims and demands even as all people long for peace. The men to the fact that under the present ad­ against the Government. Unfortu­ in the Kremlin must know how the people ministration it is almost impossible for nately, it went one step further-it gave behind the iron curtain are crushed down any bureau, any branch, or any depart­ the Attorney General's office the right by the burden of armaments and production ment of our Government to be either for war-how they hope for release ~nd for to decide in what manner to prosecute, enjoyment of the better things of life. efficient or free from corruption; because or to defend, or to compromise, or to And there can be a release from the burden the springs from which flow the streams appeal, or to abandon prosecution of any of increasing armaments and the fear of war. of our Government have been poisoned case referred to it. This part of the The nations are not helpless chips in the tide at their source. order opened the door for, yes--actually of events. They can control their destiny, if President Truman very adroitly and invited, the chicanery that followed. they will. The burden of armaments can be rather naively-it seems to me---proposes The immediate effect of Executive lifted. It can be done. And if it is done, to cure the cancerous growth affecting Order No. 6166 was "more jobs for more think what a prospect would open up for the the Bureau of Internal Revenue by dos­ future of mankind. people"; it became the means by which ing the patient with political soothing Mr. James Farley, President Roosevelt's POINTS TO GAINS POSSIBLE sirup that goes under the name civil patronage dispenser, filled these jobs The United States and other countries are service; and he gives the job of preparing with people of the right political com­ now helping the people of the free nations to and prescribing this political soothing fight against the ancient enemies of man­ sirup to Attorney General McGrath, the plexion and background. From that hunger, disease, and injustice. But what we man under whose administration, and time on to the present day, right political can do now is sharply limited by the cost of nose, the disease was permitted to de­ background rather than proper legal and maintaining defenses to prevent aggression velop and spread. This is, as one edi­ accountancy experience has been the and war. If that cost could be reduced-if yardstick in selecting the employees the burden of armaments could be lessened torial writer so succinctly put it, "The handling our Federal tax-collecting ma­ new energies and resources would be liber­ same as selecting a known gambler to chinery. Lamar Caudle is only one of ated for greatly enlarged programs of recon­ clean up gambling, or selecting a known the many examples of this type of em­ struction and development. bootlegger to enforce prohibition laws." ployee who was appointed solely on the New hope and opportunities would be given Mr. Speaker, any good doctor will tell everywhere for better conditions of life. you that if you want to cure a deep-seat­ basis of political complexion and back­ There would be greater freedom-greater pro­ ed disease, you must first find the cause, ground. duction-greater en1oyment of the fruits of and then you must remove it. Such pro­ Following Executive Order No. 6166, peaceful industry. Through the United Na­ cedure is both standard and necessary in the force of lawyers, secretaries, and tions we could wage the only kind of war we order to effect a cure. I propose to fol­ other employees of the Federal tax-col­ seek-the war against want and human mis­ lecting machinery doubled almost over.: ery. low that procedure in trying to rid the Bureau of Internal Revenue of the can­ night, and the former efficiency of the In the lifetime of our own generation, we bureau was, as one man put it, cut in half. could bring about the greatest period of cerous growth that today threatens to destroy our whole system of Federal tax­ This reduced efficiency was explained as progress for the world in all recorded history. follows by a high official of the bureau: This is our vision. This is our hope. This ation. is what all free people have been striving for. Mr. Speaker, the two main causes for Any good lawyer knows he has to live with We are determined to gain these tremendous the present mess in the Bureau of In­ a case to properly try it in the courts. Under opportunities for human progress. We are ternal Revenue are, first, President the new set-up following Executive Order No. determined to win real peace-peace based on Roosevelt's Executive Order No. 6166, is­ 6166, the group of attorneys in the bureau :freedom and justice. became nothing but law clerks. They pre­ sued June 10, 1933; and, second, the ex­ pared the cases and then turned them over We will do it the hard way if we must-by cessively high Federal tax rates of the going forward as we are doing now, to make to another group of attorneys in the Justice the free world so strong that no would-be present day. The Executive order made Department to try--0r not to try-as Mr. aggressor will dare to break the peace. the scandals in the Bureau possible; in Caudle decided. This transfer of cases from fact, paved the way for them, and even one group of lawyers to another prevented But we will never give up trying for an­ the Justice attorneys from living with their other way to peace--the way of reducing the invited them; while the excessive Fed­ eral tax rates today furnish the incen­ cases, so they had to act with only the super­ armaments that make aggression possible. ficial knowledge passed along to them by the That is why we are making these new pro­ tive for the corruption, collusion, graft, Internal Revenue lawyers. posals to the United Nations. We offer them and favoritism that are prevalent in the in good faith and we ask that they be consid­ Bureau. I shall discuss first the Execu­ A former judge of The Tax Court, who ered in good faith. tive order and its effects, and second the has been familiar with the bureau since We hope all other nations will accept excessive tax rates. the Woodrow Wilson administration, had them-and will join with us in this great Mr. Speaker, as a result of personal in­ some interesting observations to make. enterprise for peace. terviews with officials now within the For instance, he said the bureau was en­ Bureau of Internal Revenue-from tirely free of politics prior to 1933 when Commissioner Dunlap on down-and Roosevelt's Executive Order No. 6166 be­ The SPEAKER. Under the previous also interviews with persons who have came operative, and, also, that the bu­ order of the House, the gentleman from left the Bureau, the following facts have reau was well-organized and very effic- 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 409 ient. The judge said politics became rife answer to both questions, of course, is an den of recent years has brought about a after the order went into effect; and the emphatic "No." The disease has become tax rebellion that is sweeping the Nation. New Deal placed a lot of theorists and so deep-seated and so widespread that It is a peaceful rebellion but a grim and fellows with no tax background in the it will require a surgical operation to re­ determined one just the same. bureau. move it. Six years ago I anticipated this tax The judge also stated that the ap­ As the first step in the treatment, I rebellion and introduced in the Congress pointment of Robert E. Hannegan as offe1: H. R. 6134, a bill that I have intro­ a resolution, section 2 of which provides: Commissioner of Internal Revenue on duced to create an independent agency The Congress shall have power to lay and October 9, 1943, was another important to assess and collect all internal-revenue collect taxes on income, from whatever milepost in fouling up the good name of taxes and to administer and enforce all source derived, without apportionment the Bureau of Internal Revenue. He internal-revenue laws. among the several States, and without re­ said Hannegan·was a Missouri-type poli­ This bill sets up a Commission com­ gard to any census or enumeration. The posed of 11 commissioners appointed by maximum aggregate rate of all taxes, duties, tician; and the bad results of his term­ and excises which the Congress may lay or brief as it was-are still in evidence. the President, by and with the advice collect on, with respect to, or measured by, That, Mr. Speaker, is a brief picture of and consent of the Senate. Not more income, however, shall not exceed 25 ner what happened as the result of Executive than six of such commissioners shall be cent. In the event that the United States Order No. 6166. It substantiates my members of the same political party. Six shall be engaged in a war which creates a. claim that the order made the present commissioners shall constitute a quorum national emergency so grave !is to necessitate scandals in the Bureau possible; in fact, of the Commission. The President shall such action to avoid national disaster, the designate the commissioner who shall Congress, by a vote of three -fourths of the paved the way for them, and even in­ total membership of each House on a roil vited them. Executive Order No. 6166 serve as Chairman of the Commission. call, may, while the United States is so en­ planted germs of corruption in the Bu­ The bill provides for the transfer to gaged, suspend, for periods not exceedlng reau, which, after 19 years of uninter­ the Commission of all functions with 1 year each, such4'imitation with respect to rupted and unchecked growth, have de­ respect to, first, the assessment and col­ income subsequently accruing or received. veloped into a foul cancerous growth that lection of internal-revenue taxes; and, second, the administration and enforce­ That resolution has been reintroduced requires a serious surgical operation to in each Congress ever since, and is now get rid of it. ment of internal-revenue laws-includ­ ing the prosecution and defense of inter­ before the Congress awaiting action. OUR EXCESSIVELY HIGH TAX RATES nal-revenue tax cases-which, at the Of course, the question that naturally Now, what about our excessively high time this section takes effect, are vested arises in connection with a tax ceiling is, tax rates? in any officer of th·e executive branch "What would a tax ceiling of 25 percent Mr. Speaker, anyone who knows any­ of the Government other than the Presi­ do to the yearly receipts of the Federal thing about our Federal tax-collecting dent or are vested in any department or Treasury if the tax-limitation amend­ machinery must realize that the job of other agency of the executive branch of ment to the Constitution were adopted?'' collecting personal income taxes and cor­ the Government other than the Tax This is a very pertinent question. I have poration taxes today is a far cry from the Court of the United States. secured an answer to this question from job of collecting these same taxes back in · The bill also provides for abolishment the staff experts of the Ways and Means the 1920's. It has become tremendously of the Bureau of Internal Revenue and Committee. The answer, in three parts, more complicated and more extensive. the offices of Commissioner of Internal is as follows: Back in the 1920's the personal income Revenue, Assistant Commissioner of In­ First. The Treasury now has a yearly tax i:ates ranged from : ·percent to 20 ternal Revenue, Special Deputy Commis­ tax take of about $24,000,000,000 from percent; and at that time there were sioner of Internal Revenue, Assistant to the personal income tax. A 25-percent only 500,000 people paying taxes to Uncle the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, tax ceiling would reduce this take $2,- Sam. The collection of corporation Deputy Commissioner of Internal Reve­ 500,000,000, leaving $21,500,000,000 s~ill taxes in the 1920's-when corporation nue, Assistant General Counsel of the to come in from this source. tax rates were below 15 percent-was Treasury for the Bureau cf Internal Rev­ Second. The Treasury now has a also far more simple and less trouble­ enue, and Assistant Attorney General of yearly tax take also of $24,000,000,000 some than it is today. With 55,000,000 the United States, Tax Division. from the corporation income tax. A 25- people now paying personal income Mr. Speaker, complete divorcement of percent tax ceiling would cut this tax taxes, and with tax rates ranging from the Bureau of Internal Revenue from take in half, leaving only $12,000,000,000 2-2 percent in the lowest bracket to 90 both the Treasury and the Attorney Gen­ to come in from this source. percent in the top bracket; with corpora­ eral's office is needed, and that is what Third. The Treasury now has a year­ tion tax rates, including normal tax, 'my bill provides. ly tax take of $800,000,000 from Federal surtax, and excess-profts tax, now run­ Every employee from now on that has estate and gift taxes. A 25-percent tax ning as high as 70 percent, one can easily anything to do with the collection of Fed­ ceiling would cut this tax take $200,000,- see why the present-day taxpayer-be­ eral taxes should be selected solely on the 000, leaving $600,000,000 to come in from cause of these excessively high rates­ basis of ability, personal integrity, and this source. will try to cut corners in making out his efficiency. There should be a complete The total tax reduction, therefore, of income-tax returns. The temptations elimination of politics in the selection of a 25 percent tax ceiling under present and opportunities that such excessive tax personnel. The important thing today conditions, would be $15,000,000,000, rates provide for collusion, for graft, for in connection with this Bureau is to re­ leaving $45,000,000,000 Treasury receipts favoritism, and for corruption in connec­ store, as soon as possible, the confidence to operate the Government each year-a tion with the job of collecting taxes are that the 55,000,000 Federal taxpayers sum more than ample to cover proper enormous-a thousand times greater once had in our tax-collecting ma­ and normal expenditures of an economY­ than 20 years ago, when tax rates were chinery. minded administration, a sum 8 times as low and the total number paying taxes As the second step in the treatment, I large as the sum collected in taxes in only 10 percent of the number now pay­ advocate the placing of a peacetime ceil­ 1940. ing. ing of 25 percent upon all income, estate, In my opinion, if a ~onstitutional THE TREATMENT PROPOSED and gift taxes the Federal Government amendment were adopted, placing a tax Mr. Speaker, having pointed out what may levy. Twenty-five State legislatures limitation of 25 percent upon personal I believe to be the two main causes of have already passed resolutions petition­ income taxes, corporation taxes, gift and the present corruption within the Bu­ ing Congress to submit to the States for estate taxes, it would automatically do reau of Internal Revenue, I now propose ratification a constitutional amendment away with three-fourths of our internal to remove those causes as quickly and placing a 25-percent tax limitation in the revenue scandal, because it would remove as completely as possible. Can this be Federal Constitution, but three of these three-fourths of the cause. done by giving the patient a few doses States-Illinois, Arkansas, and Wiscon­ Mr. Speaker, the President is asking of civil-service soothing sirup as the sin-have rescinded their action. Only for another increase in taxes. The Con­ President proposes? Can the same doc­ ten more States are needed before Con­ gress should not even consider this im­ tor be trusted to cure the disease that gress will be compelled to act. The ex­ pudent demand for more money to spend permitted it to develop and spread? The cessive and oppressive Federal tax bur- and waste. Before the people of tl1is '

410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 22 Nation will pay any more of their in­ activities in the Bureau of Internal Rev­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. It may comes in taxes, they must have full as­ enue. be a smoke screen to do away with some surance that the collectors' offices are Mr. MASON. I want to thank you for of the pressure that is now being exerted insulated from political influences; that that illu5tration. I have dozens of sim­ through the press and by our constitu­ the Bureau of Internal Revenue is in­ ilar cases in my files to document this ents, when they protest the present cor­ dependent and honest; that it is no longer statement of mine. rupt situation which exists in that de­ possible for anyone by bribery and cor­ Mr. CANFIELD. Not only that, may I partment. ruption to a void paying his taxes and say in passing, it was the committee of This morning the committee heard our to stay out of jail by knowing the right which I was chairman, handling all former colleague, Mr. Ramspeck. We all politicians. Treasury funds in the Eightieth Con­ know of his ability. No one has ever The President's proposal to go gress, which in 1948 went to the distin­ questioned his sincerity or his desire to through the motions without actually guished Senator from Delaware, Mr. improve Government service. He testi­ cleaning up the stench is unacceptable WILLIAMS, to tell him that they were fied in substance and to the effect that to our taxpayers, because it changes no finagling with his and Mrs. Williams' tax the collectors and some of the other offi­ responsibility at the top where responsi­ returns in the Wilmington office, start­ cers were just naturally and inevitably bility actually lies. My proposal puts ing him on his crusade. giving allegiance to those from whom first things first. It calls for direct Mr. MASON. And you did a mighty they received their jobs, rather than be­ action. If the Bureau of Internal Reve­ fine job when you started that gentle­ ing devoted to the service of the public. nue is made an independent agency, man on that crusade, because he has If I can get the Official Reporter to with politics completely eliminated; and done a wonderful piece of work in un­ give me a transcript of that short ex­ if our excessive tax rates are reduced to covering many of these cases. cerpt from his testimony, I will include a reasonable level under a tax ceiling Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. it if I _have the gentleman's permission. of 25 percent, I feel coniident the present Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. MASON. The gentleman has my disgraceful mess in the Bureau will be Mr. MASON. I yield. permission. cleaned up, with some assurance that it Mr. HOFFMAN • of Michigan. Evi­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. It is will stay cleaned up. Then and only dently the modesty of our colleague from very enlightening; it shows the policy then will the faith of our taxpayers in New Jersey [Mr. CANFIELD] has pre­ and it proves, too, one other thing, that the honesty and the integrity of the vented him from referring to page 161 un';il you get at the top a man of in­ collectors be restored. We must not­ of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of Janu­ tegrity, or I might say, just ordinary we dare not-stop short of this goal. ary 14, where he placed in the RECORD honesty, until you get that kind of man Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will the the exact words of the statement to as an over-all director, not necessarily gentleman yield? which he just made reference. I am in the Department or as Secretary of the Mr. MASON. I yield. . asking if he will incorporate that in his Treasury but in the White House, who Mr. CANF.':ELD. Documenting what revision today. picks his associates-I do not believe the gentleman has just said, the record Mr. CANFIELD. May I say to the there was ever a more loyal man than of the Committee on Appropriations of gentleman from Michigan that the very our present President; loyalty just sticks the House will show that in 1947 the col­ memorandum of which I have spoken out all over him, but unfortunately it is lector of internal revenue in Hartford was placed in the RE:::ORD under date of loyalty to his old political cronies instead was in great trouble because of political January 14, in the remarks I made before of to the people as a whole-until we get chicanery. He was about to be indicted the House at that time. the right kind of a man, a man whose by a Federal grand jury sitting in Hart­ Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. That is ability, whose knowledge of Federal ford. But, he had a great pal in the what I said, and I thought it would be Government, whose frankness, whose Bureau. That pal was the collector of fine to repeat that, because sometimes courage, determination, and integrity internal revenue in Boston, the same col­ we miss what the gentleman has said or have never been questioned, and who has lector who is now being tried on charges what others may say. It is of sufficient experience in Federal civilian affairs, un­ of bribery, the same collector who sev­ importance that it might well be re­ til we get that type of man for Presi­ eral months ago was fired from his po­ peated. dent-not making reference to any can­ sition by the President of the United But what I wanted to do was to ex­ didate by name-until we get that kind States. That collector in Boston, besides press my own deep appreciation of the of a man I do not believe there is much being collector, was also president of information, not only as to the evils chance of having a very great degree of what is known as the Internal Revenue which exist in this particular department reformation in the Government. Collectors Association of the United or bureau, but of the suggestions of a States, 64 strong, described by him as remedy, which the gentleman from Illi­ Mr. REED of New York. Mr. Speaker, strictly a fun-loving group. In the year nois [Mr. MASON] offers. His remarks will the gentleman yield? 1947, after the collector in Hartford include a well-directed and exhaustive Mr. MASO:tT. I yield to the distin­ found himself in great difficulty, the col­ study of our tax problems and in addi­ guished gentleman from New York. lector in Boston, also president of this tion suggestions as to a remedy for the Mr. REED of New York. I want to association, wrote Matt Connelly, secre­ existing confusion and inequities due to congratulate the distinguished gentle­ tary to the President, at the White both maladministration and unjust pro­ man from Illinois, a member of the Com­ House, calling attention to the pitiful visions in the basic structure of tax leg­ mittee on Ways and Means, for the plight of his friend in Hartford, and said islation. It is doubtful if there are any thorough way in which he has gone into in effect, "Matt, isn't there something Members of the House who have made a this vital problem of the day. I have not you ca~ do for him? Why should he be more thorough study of the problem had an opportunity to read carefully the penalized for doing what come natu­ than has the gentleman from Illinois gentleman's proposal, but I assume it rally?" Bear in mind, that was his [Mr. MASON], who has been a member of will be as sound as most of his proposals crime, doing what comes naturally. The the Ways and Means Committee for are. records of the Committee on Appropria­ many years. J-! hope we may have the Mr. MASON. The proposal is only a tions will also show that the collector's benefit of his testimony before the Com­ tentative one, may I say, and something deputy. in Boston, during the same year mittee on Expenditures in the Executive to be studied in the line of making the 1947, sent his chief a memorandum Departments, which is now holding Bureau of Internal Revenue an inde­ which read something like this: hearings on plan No. 1. I do not know pendent agency. I am enclosing the names of all field em­ what the full purpose of the plan is, but Mr. REED of New York. I have not ployees of the Bureau of Internal Revenue it is said that it will do away with cor­ had the opportunity to follow this plan in the Boston area who bought tickets for ruption in the Internal Revenue Depart­ No. 1. Whether it is a recommendation t h e Hannagan reception. I think you will ment. That I doubt. An honest ad­ on all fours with the Hoover recommen­ want to have those before you in considering ministration of the law is needed. dation I do not know, but I assume not; promotions in the field. Mr. MASON. In my opinion, plan No. as a matter of fact, as I see it now, plan I submit that ·testimony documents 1 simply proposes to apply some political No. 1 would simply make permanent the what the gentleman is placing before the soothing sirup as a remedy for a deep­ present regime. Housa this afternoon, anent the political seated disease. Mr. MASON. Yes; that is right. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 411 PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE they are not assuming in very large the Speaker of the House. The Com­ Mr. HARDY. Mr. Speaker, I ask un­ measure, but are they exercising their mission is requested to make a final re­ animous consent that at the conclusion· authority? The people of the world port within 10 days after the Eighty­ of the remarks of the gentleman from cannot as fully and effectively as is nec­ third Congress is convened and organ­ New York [Mr. JAVITS ] I may be permit­ essary be called upon to follow the Amer­ ized and to make interim reports in the ted to address the House for 1 minute. ican example of democracy when they meanti~e. I know the gentleman from Mas­ see that half of the American people are The American Political Science As­ sachusetts [Mr. FuRCOLo ] has a special not enough interested themselves to par­ sociation suggested the establishment of order, but he has agreed to permit me to ticipate in its processes. We speak of ·a Presidential commission to deal with precede him. the fact that we have a representative this subject about a year ago but I have The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there republican form of government. In­ recently been advised by the President objection to the request of the gentle­ deed that is our form of government, but that it does not appear to be feasible to man from Virginia? I ask the question of my colleagues, Is establish this commission at the present There was no objection. that the substance of our Government time. in the face of such a record of nonvot­ Mr. HO~FMAN of Michigan. Mr. ing? Speaker, will the gentleman yield? The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under Mr. · Speaker, in addition to this, I Mr. JAVITS. I yield to the gentleman the previous order of the House the think every Member should use his own from Michigan. gentl~m a. n from New York [Mr. JAVITS] judgment in recommending measures Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I would is recognized for 5 minutes. which will increase voting in his own like to join the gentleman. I so seldom community and in the country. For can go along with him that I surely am BIPARTISAN COMMISSION ON VOTING my~elf, by way of sharing this respon­ happy to do so once in a while, but I join PARTICIPATION sibility with my colleagues, I have recom­ with him in this desire of his that we Mr. JAVITS. Mr. Speaker, I call the mended to the Postmaster General as have men in the service vote. Of course, attention of the House today at the be­ one element in getting more Americans this is a selfish personal matter with me ginning of the session and while we still out to vote that on all post office trucks and I know that most all of us are do not have too much legislative busi­ and in all post offices there be promi­ rather reluctant to do anything unless ness, to a vital problem tantamount to nently displayed an appeal to register it involves us personally except talk widespread taxation without represen­ and vote and information pertinent to about it. But I have a grandson now tation. the locality of registration and voting. in. the Navy. He is on board a ship. I have today introduced a bill for the This is but one means we have not yet There have been four elections that he establishment of a bipartisan Commis­ used and shows what could be done that has not even been able to vote for grand­ sion on Voting Participation. This Com­ is not being done. dad, and I do not like that. mission, patterned after the Hoover Also there are a host of private organ­ The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Commission, is to determine why so many izations, chambers of commerce, and HARRIS). The time of the gentleman eligible voters fail to vote for Federal civic clubs which engage in get-out-the­ from New York has expired. offices and to make recommendation for vote campaigns. All these have valu­ increasing voting participation. Federal able experience and could be helped and HON. JOAQUIN M. ELIZALDE budget and taxes with the momentous assisted with materials and information. 1952 presidential election before us, this Some of our States, notably the state of Mr. THOMAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask subject becomes of prime importance. Washington, have engaged in get-out­ unanimous consent to extend my re­ There is a shocking failure of our eligible the-vote campaigns. They too have marks at this point in the RECORD. citizens to participate in national elec­ valuable and useful experience which The SPEAKER. Is there objection to tions. In 1896 75-4 percent of eligible could benefit the whole country. the request of the gentleman from American voters went to the polls ; in With 3,500,000 men and women in our Texas? November 1950, only 43.7 percent did- Armed Forces and hundreds of thou­ There was no objection. 42 ,324,232 out of over 97 ,000,000 Amer­ sands of them overseas the exercise of Mr. THOMAS. Mr. Speaker, I should icans 21 years of age and older. In the their voting rights is again, as it was like to say a few words concerning the last presidential election in 1948 only during World War II, of paramount im­ Honorable Joaquin M. Elizalde, affec­ 51.5 percent of eligible Americans portance. Bills have been introduced in tionately known to most of us as "Mike." voted-48,833,680 out of some 96,000,000 the Congress by various members seek­ Mr. Elizalde was appointed Resident potential voters. With the United States ing to deal with the subject. But the Commissioner of the Philippines in 1938, now in the position of world leadership Commission which I propose can survey and servect in the House of Representa­ and with the Presidency the office of the the field and make authoritative recom­ tives from that time until 1944. In 1946, greatest influence of any governmental mendations. In the Presidential elec­ he was named Ambassador to the United office in the world, the least we can do is tion of 1944 only about one-third of States, and remained in that post until to make the processes of democracy work those in the Armed Forces even sought recently, when he was further honored to the fullest and to get out the maxi­ to vote-4,110,767 requested State bal­ by his country with an appointment as mum possible vote. lots, and about 2 out of 3 were returned, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. In the recent parliamentary election bringing about a total of 2,691,160 ab­ During World War II, and the trying in Great Britain for example 83 percent sentee military votes out of a total popu­ period which followed, Mr. Elizalde was of the eligible electors voted. We have lar Presidential vote of 48,025,684. on the job constantly looking after the not approached this record for decades. Those in the Armed Forces with so much welfare of his fellow countrymen. In his There is no compulsory voting in Britain interest in our country's policies voted capacity as Ambassador and as a Mem­ and there should be none in the United even less than those who remained at ber of this House, he did more to cement States; it is just a matter of realization home, only about 50 percent of whom friendly relations between the United by the people of their personal responsi- voted in that Presidential election. States and the Philippines than perhaps bility in government. . Also, with 18-year olds in the Armed any other individual. In his new post There are no greater problems that Forces, States should be encouraged to as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, he will have ever faced the American people or consider their right to vote a ::; well as render even a greater service to his coun- any nation than face the American peo­ their obligation to fight. . try. ple today. This budget the President The Commission which is called for by Mr. Elizalde has made many fast has just sent up, and the tax rates which my bill is modeled after the Hoover Com­ friends in the United States who admire the American people are called upon to mission on Organization of the Execu­ his outstanding achievements and his pay are certainly indicative of that. We tive Branch of the Government, with 12 sincere devotion to duty. It was a priv­ in America have always prided ourselves members, 4 appointed by the President, ilege to serve in the House with him. I upon the fact that responsibility must 2 from the executive branch and 2 from know I speak for all of us when I wish be coupled with authority. The Ameri­ private life; 4 appointed by the Presi­ for him and for his country continued can people have lots of responsibility that dent pro tempore of the Senate and 4 by success. 412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 22 SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED The Department expects to report soon Mr. Speaker, these letters indicate to t he Congress in this session such further that progress is being made on this sub­ Mr. CELLER asked and was given per­ progress as may be accomplished on the mission to address the House for 2 min­ specific problems involved which vary from ject. It is my hope that the negotia­ utes today, fallowing any special orders country to country, on the status of negotia­ tions will result in agreements to com­ heretofore entered. tions with each of these countries, and on pletely exempt our foreign expenditures the relief from taxation to be accomplished. for mutual defense from all taxes of the In the meantime, I wish merely to confirm countries where the expenditures are The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under that section 521 of the Mutual Security Act made. previous order of the House the gentle­ is being complied wit h. man from Virginia [Mr. HARDY] is recog­ Sincerely yours, nized for 1 minute. JACK K . McFALL, SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED Assistant Secr etar y COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES AND (For the Secretary of State) . Mr. HALE asked and was given per­ COMMITI'EE ON EXPENDITURES IN THE mission to address the House on Mon­ EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, day next for 15 minutes, fallowing any Washi ngton, January 22, 1952. special orders heretofore entered. Mr. HARDY. Mr. Speaker, during Hon. PORTER HARDY, Jr., the period intervening between the two Ch ai rman, Subcommi ttee on Gover n­ sessions of the Eighty-second Congress, I ment Operati ons, Committee on Ex­ The SPEAKER. Under previous order headed a joint subcommittee of the Com­ penditures i n the Executive Depart­ of the House, the gentleman from Massa­ mittee on Armed Services and the Ex­ ments, House of Representatives. chusetts [Mr. FuRcoLo] is recognized for penditures Committee on an inspection DEAR ?\fa. HARDY: This is in response to 10 minutes. trip in Europe and north Africa, particu­ your letter of January 21 forwarding_ for larly with respect to military construc­ comment the report entitled "French Taxes FEDERAL SCHOLARSfilP PLAN tion. on Construction" prepared by the special .s a - awareness of the complexitie:; of the prob­ am reintroducing that bill today, and ceived your letter of January 21, 1952, en­ lem. The interested agencies interpreted in explanation of the bill I now quote closing a copy of the report of the Armed the prohibition against the payment of taxes from my remarks in the CONGRESSIONAL Services Committee and the Committee on in section 521 of the Mutual Security Act RECORD on January 25, 1949, discussing Expenditures in the executive departments as an expression of the sense of Congress entitled "French Taxation on Military Con­ that the United 8tates should not pay taxes the plan I suggested. Those remarks struction," and asking what action is planned on its expenses in connection with the com­ are as follows: by the Department to secure relief from the mon defense effort. It was, therefore, re­ The aim of the Federal scholarship plan taxation described in the report. solved that the executive branch should is to enable at least 5,000 high-school stu­ The deep interest of the Congress in the endeavor to carry out this congressional in­ dents a year to complete a college education impact of foreign taxes on United States tent by seeking a practical formula for tax when in the absence of the Federal scholar­ expenditures connected with the common relief with respect to those dollar expendi­ ship plan they would be unable to do so. defense effort or foreign aid programs, as tures which are connected with the com­ The plan also serves the same purpose for evidenced by Section 521 of the Mutual Se­ mon defe:!lse effor~-. at least 500 college students a year to con­ curity Act of 1951 and reemphasized in your A tax relief delegation has been dis­ tinue through postgraduate work. committee's report, has confirmed the con­ patched to Europe to assist in the negotia­ For the sake of brevity, I will refer only cern of the interested departments and agen­ tions with the European NATO countries, to college and postgraduate higher educa­ cies on this score. Congressional interest in and discussions have been under way for tion, although actually the plan is intended this problem has served to lend further some time. An interim arrangement has to include students who will continue their emphasis to the United States position that been developed where 30 percent of MSA education after high school, whether it be relief from taxes on our expenditures for funds obligated for construction will be in a college or some other institution of these purposes should be granted. withheld by the United States, against learning. The figures used in the appended Discussions with the various European which t ax relief agreed to will be charged. chart are based on a college period of 4 years NATO countries have already been under­ The figure 30 percent has intentionally been or a postgraduate period of 4 years. Since taken to arrange relief from the taxes in made considerably larger than present est i­ many courses would not take that length of question. Studies made last fall led to the mates of the tax burden. time, it is probable that the Federal scholar­ opening of negotiations in November aud The interest of Congress in this problem, ship plan would benefit 7,000 or 8,000 stu­ December. The arrival of a special delega­ as evidenced by your repdrt and by the dents a year, rather than the figure of 5,500 tion in Paris on January 1 has speeded dis­ enactment of section 521 of the Mutual on which the plan is based. And, of course, cussions in France and the other countries. Security Act, has been very helpful and has there would necessarily be some correspond­ This delegation is composed of members of added impetus to our program for obtaining ing minor adjustments to be made in the the staffs of the Departments of State, De­ tax relief. I hope we can continue to move financial figures. fense, Treasury, and of the Mutual Security toward that common goal in a manner The benefits of the Federal scholarship Administration. which, on the one hand, will solve as quickly plan are intended to be furnished at no ac­ The reports received to date have indicated as possible the very complex problems of tual cost to the Federal Government. The that the foreign governments concerned ap­ identifying and computing the taxes in­ Federal Government does provide money in preciate fully the seriousness of the problem volved and of developing workable methods the initial period of operation of the plan, and are working with us actively and are for obtaining relief therefrom, and which, but this money is not provided in the form giving real cooperation to our delegation. on the other hand, will not interfere with of the usual appropriation. It is with this This is notably true 1n France, which 1s our fundamental aim of strengthening the understanding that I say that the benefits the primary subject of the committee's re­ defenses of Europe with all possible speed. are made possible by the Federal Govern­ p ort, and where a large part of our expendi­ Sincerely yours, ment, but st ill at no actual cost to the Fed­ tures in the common defense will be made. ROBERT A. LOVETT. eral Government. 1952 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 413 The Federal scholarship plan is based on cause the plan has then become a self­ ginning that year, the Federal Government two major premises: First, no qualified high sustaining revolving fund that finances it­ makes no further appropriation but simply school or college student should be deprived self. The Federal Government does not get carries the total $167,000,000 appropriation of a higher education because of financial in­ back its appropriations for the initial 14-year during· the initial 14-year period as an ac­ ability to pay for it; and, second, in its pres­ period until 10 years after the Federal schol­ counts receivable, which will be repaid in ent financial condition, the country is un­ arship plan is ended, whenever that may be. fUll 10 years after the completion of the Fed­ able to provide that education free of charge. The. necessary appropriations for the first eral scholarship plan, whenever that may be. I hope that event ually the time will come 14 years for the Federal scholarship plan The Federal scholarship plan is not fi­ when this count ry can offer higher educa­ are shown chronologically in the appended nanced by one single appropriation in the tion to scholastically qualified students at chart under "Appropriations." true sense of the word. The money advanced absolutely no expense to the student. Post ­ In addition to the above Federal appro­ by the Federal Government is not an appro­ high-school education should be free to priations, those States that accept the terms priation, but is simply a loan, a continuing those of our students who want and are of the Federal scholarship plan will con­ loan. qualified to continue higher education. tribute at the ratio of $100 for every $1,000 If this continuing loan be interpreted as an The country has not yet reached the stage advanced by the Federal Government. The appropriation, it is important to note that where it feels able to provide higher educa­ total yearly contribution of all the States the appropriations by the Federal Govern­ tion free of charge. Until that time comes, is shown on the appended chart under ment are simply made for the initial period I advocate the expedient of what I am term­ "States." After the first 14 years of oper­ of the Federal scholarship plan. After the ing the Federal scholarship plan. ation of the Federal scholarship plan the first 14 years the Federal scholarship plan is We must not lose sight of the fact that total expense to the States is figured at self-financed and the Federal Government the country suffers in losing the potential $1,150,000 a year or $50 for every $1,000 makes no further appropriations. qualities that have not been brought to loaned to the student. The amount per I will not at this time outline in detail fruition simply because thousands of indi­ State, of course, depends upon the popula­ the method of selection of students or the viduals have been deprived of educations to tion of the State-the students being appor­ type of administration necessary. Briefly, fit their individual abilities. It is a public tioned among the States by population. the number of students alloted to each State problem directly affecting the welfare of the The yearly contribution of an average State would be in proportion to the population of community, State, Nation, and world. It is would be about $48,000 for the first 14 years the State. As far as possible, the selection for that reason that I am introducing legisla­ and about $24,000 thereafter. of students would be a function of the in­ tion to inaugurate what I have termed the The contribution of the States differs from dividual State, subject only to the restriction Federal scholarship plan. that of the Federal Government in that the that there be no discrimination based on The Federal scholarship plan provides for Federal Government contribution is simply race, creed, or color. As far as possible, the a method of advancing money to a limited a loan, whereas that of the States is an out­ student himself would select the institution number of qualified students by appropria­ right gift. in which he wished to continue his higher tion of Federal funds for that purpose. The education. The Federal Government's ad­ The money advanced by the Federal Gov­ ministrative duties and expenses would money so advanced i§ to be repaid by the ernment to the students is repaid by the students at stated intervals over a period of simply be in connection with supervising the students over · a 10-year period in the entire Federal scholarship plan to see that 10 beginning after the educational period. amounts indicated on the chart under "Stu- The plan calls for the cooperation of the all students were given a fair opportunity to - dent repayments." The amounts in that compete within the State and that there was States in two ways: First, some financial as­ column of the chart are figured after de­ sistance; and second, selection of students. no discrimination based on race, creed, or ducting an estimated 10-percent loss on color. I have felt that the students should The total yearly number of high-school loans not repaid by students because of be apportioned on a State rather than on a students who will receive money for higher death, poor risks, and so forth. By the four­ National basis, so that students of those education is set at 5,000. The number of teenth year, the yearly repayments of stu­ States on a lower educational level would college students who are eligible for Federal dents comes to $20,700,000. In addition to not be foreclosed from the plan. If students assistance to continue postgraduate studies that amount, the student also makes a are not apportioned among the States, the is set at 500. Incidentally, the ratio of these gratuity payment to the Federal Government result of national competition might see figures can be adjusted to meet the educa­ of 10 percent of the total amount of aid students from the more highly educated tional needs of the country if a survey shows received by him. The total amount of this States being the only beneficiaries of the that the greater need is for postgraduate gratuity payment is $2,300,000, or, again de­ Federal scholarship plan. students. ducting the estimated 10-percent loss, $2,- The Federal scholarship plan does not in­ The amount of money to be advanced to 070,000. That gratuity payment is made the terfere in any way with the curriculum of those students continuing on from high year after the student has repaid his entire any institution of learning. It does not put school to college studies is fixed at a max­ loan. That amount is shown on the chart the Federal Government into the field _of imum of $1,000 per year. College students under the column headed "IO-percent gra­ education. Using the' same educational sys­ who are going on to postgraduate schools tuity." tem that we now have, it simply enables will receive a maximum of $1,500 a year. The estimated expenses of administration worthy students to continue their education, The maximum time period for either group of the Federal scholarship plan are shown where; in the absence of the Federal scholar­ is 4 years of college studies for high-school on the chart under "Administration." Be­ ship plan, they would be financially unable students; or 4 years of postgraduate work for ginning with the fifteenth year, and continu­ to do so. college students. ing at that yearly _figure after that time, the The Federal scholarship plan is intended On the basis of a 4-year term, those yearly administration expenses are estimated to help only those students who meet two granted aid for college or post-high school at a maximum of $500,000. qualifications: (1) Their high school work studies will repay the Government at the A summary of the plan, as shown on the established beyond question that they are rate of $250 a year for the first 4 years, and chart, indicates that when the plan gets un­ good material for post high school study; $500 a year for the next 6 years. Postgradu­ der way a total of $23,000,000 a year is be­ and (2) they are unable financially to pay ate students will repay the Government at ing given to approximately 20,000 college for higher education. The Federal scholar­ the rate of $250 a year for the first 2 years, students and 2,000 postgraduate students. ship plan has suitable safeguards to see that $500 a year for the next 2 years, and $750 During the first 14 years the Federal Gov­ those two requirements are not evaded. a year for the next 6 years. Repayments do ernment has appropriated an average of $12;- Let me emphasize that the Federal scholar­ not begin until the first year after the study 000,000 a year to make the plan possible. Be­ ship plan is in no way associated with and period is completed. ginning with the fifteenth year, the Federal is not intended in any way. to interfere with • In the year after such payments have been scholarship plan is self-sustaining in that any Federal aid to education program. completed so that the entire loan has been the yearly expenses of aid to students and Whatever is done to put the Federal scholar­ repaid to the Federal Government, the administrative costs run to $23,500,000 a year ship plan into effect is not to be at the student will make a gratuity payment equal and the Federal Government is taking in ap­ expense of Federal aid to education. Any 'to 10 percent of the total amount advanced proximately $23,920,000 a year, which con­ Federal Government money used in the Fed­ to him by the Federal Government. For sists of student repayments in the amount eral scholarship plan is not to come from any students who have accepted aid for less than of $20,700,000 a year-after 10 percent bad­ Federal aid to education appropriation. the 4-year basis, the amount of repayment debt reduction-and $2,070,000 a year gratu­ There may be some who will feel that the is determined proportionately so as to be ity repayment-after 10 percent bad-debt re­ Federal scholarship plan will not function fully repaid at the expiration of 10 years duction-and $1,150,000 per year from the because the students will not repay the loan. from the time of completing their institu­ States. That leaves a balance of approxi­ That is a possibility. I, for one, am willing tional studies'. mately $420,000 a year which would be avail­ to risk that possibility. I will have some sta­ On the above basis, the Federal Govern­ able to the Federal Government, either to tistics to present when the legislation comes ment would "appropriate" about $167,000,- reduce the amount of the States' contribu­ up that I believe will warrant my stand. The 000 over a period of 14 years or a little less tion, or to cover an error in the estimated Federal scholarship plan may perhaps be an then $12,000,000 a year for the Federal sehol­ administrative expenses or bad-debt losses. answer to that part of the President's budget arship plan. Fourteen years after the com­ The Federal scholarship plan must be con­ message-CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, volume 95, mencement of the Federal scholarship plan sidered beginning with the fifteenth year part l , page 146--that read as follows: it is unnecessary for the Federal Govern­ after its inauguration, which is When it be­ "It has become increasingly obvious that ment to make further appropriations be- comes a revolving, self-sustaining fund. Be- the national welfare demands that higher 414 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE January 22 education be made available to more of our otherwise aiford a college or university edu­ Mr. WERDEL and to include a copy of talented young people. We should now de­ cation." a resolution from the Taft