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Architecture, Revolution and Temporality: the Soviet Avant-Garde and the Politics of Modernism

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Architecture, Revolution and Temporality: the Soviet Avant-Garde and the Politics of Modernism ARCHITECTURE, REVOLUTION AND TEMPORALITY: THE SOVIET AVANT-GARDE AND THE POLITICS OF MODERNISM A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÖRKEM DEMİROK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ARCHITECTURE MAY 2017 Approval of the thesis: ARCHITECTURE, REVOLUTION AND TEMPORALITY: THE SOVIET AVANT-GARDE AND THE POLITICS OF MODERNISM submitted by GÖRKEM DEMİROK in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver ___________________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan ___________________ Head of Department, Architecture Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın ___________________ Supervisor, Architecture Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Celal Abdi Güzer ___________________ Architecture Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın ___________________ Architecture Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas ___________________ City and Regional Planning Dept., METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent Batuman ___________________ Urban Design and Landscape Architecture Dept., Bilkent University Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge İmamoğlu ___________________ Architecture Dept., TED University Date: 22.05.2017 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Görkem Demirok Signature: iv ABSTRACT ARCHITECTURE, REVOLUTION AND TEMPORALITY: THE SOVIET AVANT-GARDE AND THE POLITICS OF MODERNISM Demirok, Görkem M.Arch. Department of Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın May 2017, 118 pages This study aims to present a political re-reading of modernism and the Soviet Avant- garde through their conceptualizations of temporality. To that end, affirmative and negative characteristics of modernism and the avant-garde in their relation to modernity and the capitalist mode of production are examined, and their over- identification with capitalism is questioned. Thereafter, the Soviet context of modernism and the avant-garde are analyzed through the temporal conception of Bolshevism. The study claims that both the appeal of the post-revolutionary Soviet context to modernist and avant-garde visions and their liquidation originate from the insights into temporality. It aims to reveal that the constructivist theory of architectural space presents an intensified variant of modernist spatio-temporality, a dependence on the unknown, processes and mobility, and pre-assumptions of the continuous future breaks from the past. Keywords: Modernism, Avant-garde, Modernist Temporality, Soviet Avant-garde, Constructivism v ÖZ MİMARLIK, DEVRİM VE ZAMANSALLIK: SOVYET AVANGARDI VE MODERNİZMİN POLİTİĞİ Demirok, Görkem Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Mayıs 2017, 118 sayfa Bu çalışma modernizm ve Sovyet Avangardı’nın zamansallık kavrayışları ekseninde bir politik okumasını sunmayı amaçlar. Bunun için modernizmin ve avangardın modernite ve kapitalist üretim tarzı ile ilişkilerindeki olumlayıcı ve olumsuzlayıcı nitelikleri araştırır ve kapitalizmle özdeşleştirilmelerini sorgular. Modernizm ve avangardın Sovyet bağlamını bolşevizmin zamansallık kavrayışı ekseninde ele alır. Çalışma, hem devrim sonrası Sovyet bağlamının modernizm ve avangard hareketler nezdindeki çekiciliğinin, hem de bu iki olgunun Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki tasfiyesinin zamansallık kavrayışlarından kaynaklandığını iddia eder. Bilinmeyene, sürece ve devingenliğe dayanan, gelecekteki süreklileşmiş geçmişten kopuşların baştan kabuluyle hareket eden konstrüktivist mimari mekan teorisinin modernist mekansal- zamansallığın yoğunlaşmış bir varyantı olduğunu ortaya koymayı amaçlar. Anahtar Sözcükler: Modernizm, Avangard, Modernist Zamansallık, Sovyet Avangardı, Konstrüktivizm vi To My Family, Hasan Sadi, Nesrin and Gökberk Demirok. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın for his guidance, inspiring criticism and patience throughout this study. Since the very beginning of my master’s education, his guidance has expanded my intellectual vision and supported me to find my own path. I would like to thank the members of the examining committee, Prof. Dr. Celal Abdi Güzer, Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent Batuman, and Assist. Prof. Dr. Bilge İmamoğlu for their precious comments and suggestions. I am indebted to my parents, Hasan Sadi and Meryem Nesrin Demirok for their never-ending support, encouragement and patience. Their belief in me sustains my efforts throughout my whole life. I thank my brother Gökberk Demirok for his youthful friendship which helped me very much, particularly in the final period of this study. I would like to mention my grandparents, Şadiye and Duran Karaağaç who have passed away during my study. I will always miss them. I also would like to thank Erman Çete, Gülnur Güler and Y. Bulut Topuz for their motivating friendship throughout all these years. They never refused to endure my stressful moments. Last but least, I am deeply grateful to Merve N. Gürbüzel who kept me alive to this long process, always helped me to rebuild my self-confidence, and shared my moments of both anxiety and excitement throughout this study. I thank her for being there always with her endless patience, help and support for years. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. v ÖZ............................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES. ................................................................................................ xii CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 2. THE POLITICS OF MODERNISM ............................................................. 7 2.1.Modernity, Modernism, the Avant-Garde ............................................... 7 2.1.1. Modernism and Modernity .......................................................... 7 2.1.2. Modernism and the Avant-Garde .............................................. 14 2.2. Modernism, Avant-Garde and Capitalism ........................................... 17 2.2.1. Modernism, Avant-Garde and the Capitalist Mode of Production ................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Periodizing Modernism ............................................................. 24 2.2.3. Is Modernism Totally Bound to Capitalism? ............................ 29 2.2.4. What is Unique to Architectural Modernism? .......................... 32 2.2.5. Political Commitment of Modernism and the Avant-Garde ..... 35 2.2.6. The Avant-Garde and Working-Class Movements ................... 37 3. MODERNISM REVOLUTION AND TEMPORALITY ........................... 43 3.1.The Intellectual Framework of Soviet Avant-Garde ............................. 47 3.1.1. The Pre-Revolutionary Origins of Soviet Modernism and the Avant-Garde ................................................................. 47 3.1.2. Main Factions of the Soviet Avant-Garde................................. 52 3.2.The Temporal Contradiction of the Soviet Avant-Garde ...................... 63 3.2.1. Modernist Conceptualization of Time....................................... 63 ix 3.2.2. Bolshevism and Avant-Gardism: Utopia, Realpolitik and the Contradiction of Temporality .................................................... 64 4. THE SOVIET AVANT-GARDE AND TEMPORALITY IN THE ARCHITECTURAL SPACE ...................................................................... 75 4.1.Utopian Temporality in Space ............................................................... 77 4.2.Utopian Temporality of Urbanism and Disurbanism............................ 79 4.3.Temporality in Constructivist Architecture ........................................... 86 4.4.Architectural Program and Temporality of the Transformation of Everyday Life ........................................................................................ 92 4.4.1. Social Condenser ....................................................................... 94 4.4.2. The Transitory Temporality of the Communal House .............. 96 4.5.Chapter Conclusion ............................................................................. 104 5. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 107 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 113 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Asnova : Association of New Architects CIAM : Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne Inkhuk : The Moscow Institute of Artistic Culture NEP : New Economy Policy OSA : The Union of Contemporary Architects Proletkult : Proletarian Culture SA : Contemporary Architecture
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