ANNEX 103 Participants

Dr. Badria A. Al-Awadhi Lesotho, Africa University Zimbabwe, and University born 1947 of Botswana; fmr. Research Officer, Refugee Studies Director of the Arab Regional Programme, Oxford University. Center for Environmental Law, Ku- Selected writings: Happiness, Conflict, and Devel- wait; fmr. Deputy Director for West opment (forthcoming); The State, Violence, and Asia, IUCN Commission on Environ- Development: The Political Economy of War in mental Law; member of the Arab Mozambique 1975 –1992 (1996). Thought Forum; fmr. Coordinator, Regional Organi- zation for the Protection of the Marine Environment Professor Larry Diamond (ROPME); fmr. Dean of the Faculty of Law and Sharia born 1951 and Professor of International Law, Kuwait Univer- Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, sity. Stanford University; Professor of Selected writings: Environmental Laws in the Gulf Political Science and Sociology, Co-operation Council Countries (1996); Iraqi Aggres- Democracy Program Coordinator, sion and Trampling of the Principles of Humanity Center for Democracy, Develop- and the Laws (1992); Women and the Law (1979); ment, and the Rule of Law, Stanford University; Co- Public International Law & its Application in Kuwait director, International Forum for Democratic Stud- (1979). ies, National Endowment for Democracy; Co-Editor, Journal of Democracy; fmr. Adviser, Coalition Provi- Chanel Boucher sional Authority in Iraq; fmr. Adviser, US Agency for born 1949 International Development (USAID). Vice-President Policies, Planning Selected writings: USAID-Report on Foreign Aid in and Research, African Development the National Interest (co-author, 2003); Universal Bank, Tunis; fmr. Assistant Deputy Democracy ? In: Policy Review (2003); Democracy Minister for Finance and Adminis- after Communism (2002); Developing Democracy: tration, Ministry of Energy, Mines Toward Consolidation (1999). and Resources, Canada; fmr. Assistant Deputy Mi- nister for Corporate Services, Ministry of Natural Professor Waheeba G. Faree Resources, Canada. born 1954 Rector, Queen Arwa University, Dr. Mark Chingono Sana’a; fmr. Minister of State for born 1965 Human Rights in the cabinet of Senior Manager for Policy Devel- Yemeni President Ali Abdullah opment and Research, Centre for Salih; fmr. Professor, Faculty of Conflict Resolution (CCR), Univer- Education, Sana’a University; writer; member of sity of Cape Town; member of many Yemeni governmental and non-governmental World Values Study Association Organizations such as Yemeni Women’s Union and (WVS), USA; fmr. Lecturer at National University of Education Development Center.

103 Professor Rainer Forst Professor Sheikh Ali Gom‘a born 1964 Born 1952 Professor of Political Theory and Grand Mufti of Egypt; Professor of Philosophy, Institute of Political Jurisprudence and Juristic Method- Science, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- ology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo University, Frankfurt am Main; fmr. guest professor, Graduate Faculty, New School for Social Research, New York; fmr. guest professor, Universities of Frankfurt and Dr. Amr Hamzawy Gießen. born 1967 Selected writings: Das Recht auf Rechtfertigung. Senior Associate, Democracy and Elemente einer konstruktivistischen Theorie der Rule of Law Project, Carnegie En- Gerechtigkeit (forthcoming); Toleranz im Konflikt. dowment for International Peace, Geschichte, Gehalt und Gegenwart eines umstrit- Washington D. C.; fmr. Assistant tenen Begriffs (2003); Contexts of Justice. Political Professor of Political Science, Cairo Philosophy Beyond Liberalism and Communitarian- University; Analyst, German Federal Ministry for ism (2002). Economic Cooperation and Development; fmr. Lec- turer at the Institute for Islamic Studies and at the Gourisankar Ghosh Department of Social and Political Sciences, Free born 1944 University of Berlin. Executive Director, Water Supply Selected writings: Kontinuität und Wandel im zeit- and Sanitation Collaborative Coun- genössischen arabischen Denken: Intellektuelle cil (WSSCC), Geneva; fmr. Chief for Debatten der 90er Jahre (2005); Understanding Arab Water, Environment, and Sanita- Reality (Carnegie Papers, 2005). tion, UNICEF, New York; fmr. Chair- man, Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board to Jörg Hartmann the Government of Gujarat; Secretary, Health Govt. born 1967 of Gujarat; Founding Director, Rajiv Gandhi National Director, Center for Cooperation Drinking Water Mission of the Indian government; with the Private Sector at the Deut- fellow, International Water Academy, Oslo; Indian sche Gesellschaft für Technische Hydrological Society. Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), Berlin.

104 105 Heba Raouf Ezzat Abou Elela Mady born 1965 born 1958 Lecturer of Political Theory, Depart- General Director and Founder, ment of Political Science, Cairo Uni- International Center for Studies, versity; Coordinator, Civil Society Cairo; member, Islamic National Program, Center for Political Re- Congress; Board Member, Egyptian search and Studies, Cairo Univer- Association for Culture & Dialog; sity; Editor, Global Civil Society Yearbook. co-founder, Al-Wasat Party; fmr. director, Egyptian Committee to Support Bosnia-Herzegovina. Cecilia Leahy Klein born 1949 Stefano Manservisi Director for WTO Accessions and born 1954 Import Licensing Issues, Office of Director General for Development, WTO and Multilateral Affairs, Of- European Commission, Brussels; fice of the U.S. Trade Representa- fmr. Head of Cabinet to Commis- tive (USTR), Executive Office of the sion President Romano Prodi; fmr. President, Washington D. C.; fmr. Director for GATT Deputy Head of Cabinet with spe- Affairs, Office of GATT Affairs, USTR; fmr. Director cial responsibility for development issues to Presi- for Western Europe and for the European Com- dent Romano Prodi, fmr. cabinet member to Vice munities, Office of Europe and Japan, USTR; fmr. President Filippo Maria Pandolfi, Commissioner Lecturer at George Washington University, at Geor- Raniero Vanni d’Archirafi, and Commissioner Mario getown Law School, and at American University, all Monti; fmr. administrator in DG Development; fmr. Washington D.C. member, Italian Institute for Foreign Trade; fmr. at- torney. Ambassador Martin Kobler born 1953 Precious Omuku Ambassador of the Federal Re- born 1947 public of Germany to Egypt; fmr. Director, External Affairs, Shell Chief of Cabinet, German Federal Nigeria Ltd., Lagos; Reverend, An- Foreign Office; fmr. Head of Ger- glican Church of Nigeria. man Mission in Jericho; activities at Germany’s Cairo and New Delhi embassies.

104 105 Dr. Volker Perthes Julia Steets born 1958 born 1975 Director designate and Head of Fellow, Global Public Policy Insti- the Research Unit Middle East and tute (GPPi), Berlin; Adviser, Berge- Africa at the German Institute for dorf Round Table, Körber Founda- International and Security Affairs tion, Berlin; lecturer, Humboldt (SWP), Berlin; member of steering University, Berlin. committee, Euro-Mediterranean Study Commission Selected writings: Waltz, Jazz, or Samba ? The Con- (EuroMeSCO); member of advisory board, Interna- tribution of Locally Driven Partnerships to Sustain- tional Spectator; fmr. Assistant Professor, American able Development (2005); Exploring Concepts and University of Beirut. Research Priorities for Partnership Accountability Selected writings: Syria under Bashar al-Assad: (2005); Palästina (2001, 2002). Modernisation and the Limits of Change, Adelphi Paper (2004); Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Abdul-Wahab Sulleyman Change (2004); Geheime Gärten: Die Neue Arabische born 1965 Welt (2004); Germany and the Middle East – Interest Treasury, Ministry of Finance and and Options (2002). Economic Planning, Accra; foun- der, Holi & Rustic International, Dr. Theo Sommer corporate consultants and Trade born 1930 Company. Journalist, Editor-at-Large, DIE ZEIT, Hamburg; fmr. Board Member, Ger- Professor Norbert Walter man Agro Action; fmr. Lecturer in born 1944 political science, Hamburg Uni- Chief Economist, Deutsche Bank versity and Center for European Group; Managing Director, Deut- Studies, Harvard University; fmr. Director of Policy sche Bank Research, Frankfurt Planning, German Defence Ministry under Defence am Main; member of the inter-in- Minister Helmut Schmidt; essays in Foreign Affairs, stitutional monitoring group (ap- Newsweek International, Yomiuri (Tokio), Jong Ang Ilbo pointed by the European Parliament, the Council, (Seoul). and the European Commission) for securities mar- kets; member of the “Committee of Wise Men” on regulating European securities markets, Brussels. Selected writings: Mehr Wachstum für Deutschland (2004).

106 107 Dr. Richard von Weizsäcker Dr. Christoph Zöpel, MdB born 1920 born 1943 Fmr. President of the Federal Re- Chairman of the Subcommittee public of Germany (1984 –1994); for the United Nations of the Ger- fmr. governing Mayor of West man Parliament, Berlin, Chairman Berlin (1981–1984); fmr. Vice Presi- of the German Society for the dent of the German Parliament United Nations, Berlin; member (1969-1981); former member of the Federal Execu- of the committee on foreign affairs of the German tive Board of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU); Parliament; member of the governing council of former President of the German Lutheran Church the Social Democratic Party (SPD); Chairman of the Council; laureate of the Heinrich Heine (1991) and Socialist International Committee on the economy, Leo Baeck Awards (1994); chairman of the Bergedorf social cohesion and the environment; fmr. Secre- Round Table of the Körber Foundation. tary of State for Foreign Affairs; fmr. foreign policy Selected Writings: Was für eine Welt wollen wir ? spokesman of the SPD faction in the German Parlia- (2005); Drei Mal Stunde Null ? 1949 –1969 –1989 ment; various positions in ministerial rank in North (2001); Vier Zeiten. Erinnerungen (1997); Richard Rhine-Westphalia. von Weizsäcker im Gespräch (1992); Von Deutsch- land nach Europa (1991); Die deutsche Geschichte geht weiter (1983).

Dr. Debrework Zewdie born 1953 Director, Global HIV/AIDS Program, World Bank, Washington D.C.; HIV/ AIDS and public health specialist; fmr. manager, AIDS Campaign Team for Africa (ACTafrica); fmr. Deputy Regional Director, AIDS Control and Preven- tion Project, Family Health International, Nairobi.

106 107 Recommended Literature

African Union (AU): http://www.africa-union.org Hayden, Patrick, John Rawls. Towards a Just World Order, Cardiff: 2002. Agyeman, Julian / Bullard, Robert D. / Evans, Bob (eds.), Just Sustainabilities. Development in an Unequal Holland, Martin, The European Union and the Third World, London: 2003. World (The European Union Series), Basingstoke: 2002. Bardhan, Pranab, Scarcity, Conflicts, and Cooperation. Essays in the Political and Institutional Economics of Houtzager, Peter P. / Moore, Mick (eds.), Changing Development, Cambridge, MA: 2005. Paths. International Development and the New Politics of Inclusion, Ann Arbor, Mich.: 2003. Barker, Paul (ed.), Living as Equals, New York: 1997. Ingco, Merlinda D. / Nash, John D. (eds.), Agriculture Buckley, Ross P. (ed.), The WTO and the Doha Round: and the WTO: Creating a Trading System for Develop- the Changing Face of World Trade, The Hague: 2003. ment (World Bank Trade and Development Series), Washington D. C.: 2004. Copson, Raymond W., Africa: U. S. Foreign Assistance Issues, Washington D. C.: 2002. Lal Das, Bhagirath, WTO: The Doha Agenda. The New Negotiations on World Trade, London: 2003. Craig, David / Porter, Doug, “Poverty Reduction Strat- egy Papers. A New Convergence”, in: World Develop- Landes, David S., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. ment, 31 (January 2003) 1, p. 53–69. Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, New York: 1998. Diamond, Larry / Plattner, Marc F. / Costopoulos, Philip J. (eds.), World Religions and Democracy, Balti- Narlikar, Amrita, International Trade and Developing more, MD: 2005. Countries. Coalitions in GATT and WTO, London et al.: 2003. Dunning, John H. (ed.), Making Globalization Good. The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism, New York: New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD): 2003. http://www.nepad.org

European Commission, Directorate General for Deve- Nunnenkamp, Peter, “Improving Development Aid”, lopment: http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/index_ in: Internationale Politik – Transatlantic Edition, 4 en.htm (Spring 2003) 1, p. 70–76.

Hattori, Tomohisa, “The Moral Politics of Foreign Moore, Mike (ed.), Doha and Beyond. The Future of the Aid”, in: Review of International Studies, 29 (April Multilateral Trading System, Cambridge et al.: 2004. 2003) 2, p. 229–247.

108 109 Santiso, Carlos, The Reform of the EU Development World Bank (ed.), World Development Report 2006: Policy. Improving Strategies for Conflict Prevention, De- Equity and Development, New York: 2005 (forthcom- mocracy Promotion and Governance Conditionality ing). (DEPS Working Document; No. 182), Brussels: 2002. World Trade Organization (WTO): http://www.wto.org Sen, Amartya, Development as Freedom, New York: 1999.

Thérien, Jean Philippe, “Multilateral Institutions and the Poverty Debate. Towards a Global Third Way ?”, in: International Journal, 57 (Spring 2002) 2, p. 233–252.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2004, New York: 2004. http://hdr.undp.org

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Arab Human Development Report 2004, New York: 2004. http://www.rbas.undp.org/ahdr.cfm

UN Millennium Project, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, New York: 2005. http://unmp.forumone.com

Wilkins, Barry / Attfield, Robin (eds.), International Justice and the Third World. Studies in the Philosophy of Development, London: 1992.

World Bank (ed.), World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World. Trans- forming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of Life, New York: 2002.

108 109 Glossary

African Union (AU) holding members’ independence and Arab external The African Union is a supranational organization interests, recognizing Palestine as an independent promoting unity and solidarity among African states. state and preventing and mediating conflicts among The AU was established in 2001 as the successor members. The Arab League is based in Cairo; its organization to the Organization for African Unity Secretary General since 2001 has been the former (OAU), which was founded in 1963 among 32 Afri- Egyptian foreign minister Amr M. Moussa. Besides can states. The organization is based in Addis Ababa, the General Secretariat, the League’s chief organs Ethiopia. Its 53 members include every African state include the Council of the Arab League, which except Morocco. Besides promoting African unity, consists of member states’ representatives (mostly goals of the AU include defending the sovereignty foreign ministers), the Permanent Commission and and independence of its member states, promoting the General Secretariat, which meets twice annu-  good governance, human rights, security, and sta- ally, and the summits of kings and heads of state, bility on the continent, as well as international co- which is called only when necessary. Resolutions operation. Institutionally, the AU resembles the Eu- of the League Council are binding only for those ropean Union, with a President (elected annually by member states voting in favor. Every member has the Assembly, 2004–5 Olusegun Obasanjo, President the power of veto. Consequently, conflicts of inter- of Nigeria), an Executive Council of heads of state, a est often disrupt the League’s effectiveness. This is pan-African Parliament, a Commission, pan-African also why there has, as yet, been no general free trade financial institutions, and an African court being agreement, only a pact signed in 2001 by four of the planned. Since 2004 there has also been an AU Se- 22 members: Iraq, Egypt, Tunisia, and Syria. Other curity Council with a rapid reaction force based on organs of the League include the Defence Council, the UN model, designed to prevent and, if necessary, the Economic and Social Council, additional minis- intervene in conflicts and carry out peacekeeping terial councils and many standing committees. operations. In March 2005 the Economic, Social, and http://www.arableagueonline.org Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) was founded to provide civil society groups with an institutionalized form of Cotonou Agreement cooperation with the AU. The AU’s economic devel- The Cotonou Agreement is an association treaty opment program is called  NEPAD. among the ACP (African, Caribbean, Pacific) states www.africa-union.org with the EU, which permits the ACP states to export goods to the EU largely free of tariffs. 78 states cur- Arab League rently take part in the agreement. In June 2000 the The Arab League or League of Arab States is an Cotonou Agreement replaced the Lome Agreement association of currently 22 states with the goal of and its successor agreements which had regulated deepening relations among member states in the cooperation between the EU and the ACP states fields of politics, culture, social issues and trade. The since 1975. In concrete terms the cooperation now League was founded in 1945 by Egypt, Iraq, Leba- focuses on strengthening the political dimension, non, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Jordan (then fighting poverty, incorporating non-state actors and Transjordan). Its founding charter also identifies up- reforming economic and financial cooperation in

110 111 observance of WTO regulations. The Cotonou Agree- bring about consensus at the 2003 Cancún Summit ment requires more explicitly than its predecessors failed. In July 2004 in Geneva, the 147 member states the fulfilment of political or economic conditions managed to agree on a framework agreement that that emphasize  good governance and human was widely regarded as an acceptable compromise. rights. In case of gross violations the EU can tempo- In it, industrialized countries pledged to dismantle rarily suspend all cooperation except humanitarian the agricultural subsidies that distorted competi- aid. Another novelty compared to earlier agree- tion, while developing and threshold countries ments is the intention of including non-state actors agreed to further open their markets to global trade. such as groups from civil society, private companies Many analysts say the agreement could contribute and trade unions in the process of development substantially to a more vigorous global economy. cooperation. One of the most controversial aspects However, some  nongovernmental organizations of the new agreement was the refom of economic say that rapidly opening their markets would harm and financial cooperation. In a compromise, the EU developing countries’ economies more than the sub- and ACP states agreed to gradually dismantle prefer- sidy reductions would help. Remaining unresolved ential trade, thereby meeting a requirement of the issues will be the topics of discussion at the next WTO. In this way, the EU is seeking to support the WTO ministers’ summit in Hong Kong in December ACP states in compensating the negative effects of 2005. liberalization. As in the Lome Agreement, the trea- http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm ty’s central organs remain the Council of Ministers, the Permanent Committee of Ambassadors and the Debt Relief Parliamentary Assembly. The massive debt burdens of many developing coun- http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/r12101.htm tries are a key factor inhibiting development. Most of the debt volume was accumulated during the Doha Round 1970s and 80s, when a combination of energy crises, The Doha Round of the  World Trade Organiza- rising interest rates and falling world market prices tion (WTO) began in November 2001 in Doha, the for the developing countries’ most important export capital of Qatar, with the Fourth Conference of the products left these countries able to service interest WTO member states’ economics ministers. In the payments only by taking on additional debt, result- “Doha Development Agenda” they decided to open a ing in a vicious circle. In 1996, the  World Bank and new round of negotiations aimed at further liberal-  IMF launched an initiative to relieve the pressure izing trade and, above all, establishing better trade on these countries, the Heavily Indebted Poor Coun- conditions for developing countries. One key issue tries (HIPC) Initiative, to make available more fund- was subsidies for farmers in industrialized nations, ing to fight poverty and promote sustainable growth. which effectively shut farmers from poorer coun- In 1999, the HIPC Initiative was expanded at the G8 tries out of markets such as the European Union. The summit in Cologne, the so-called Cologne Debt Ini- original timetable for reaching an agreement had to tiative, to include more countries under its criteria, be repeatedly revised due to strong resistance from to implement debt relief more quickly and flexibly some developing countries. A concerted attempt to than before and therefore to reduce indebtedness to

110 111 a tolerable level. In compensation for debt forgive- Empowerment / Participation / Ownership ness, the target countries committed themselves to Empowerment, ownership and participation are spending the money saved from servicing debt on important principles of contemporary development poverty reduction and investments in education, aid policy. economic and social policy reforms. Countries are The idea of empowerment was developed considered highly indebted when their debt equals within the fields of psychology and educational sci- 150 % of their annual exports (increases in this limit ence as a term for strategies that help people lead are currently under discussion) and which they can- independent lives and to define and defend their not reduce without external assistance. Forty mainly own interests. In development cooperation, this African countries fall under these criteria, of which primarily means supporting disadvantaged groups 27 began the debt reduction process before a five- in taking part effectively in the political process. As year evaluation in 2004. In 11 other countries this a prerequisite, political institutions must often be process has been obstructed through armed conflict redesigned so as to allow popular participation. or unimplemented structural reform. Participation, in turn, builds on empowerment. Critics consider the debt problem five years af- It is people’s active representation of their interests, ter the Cologne summit worse than before, because, mostly through organizations, in the decision-mak- on the basis of overly optimistic assumptions regard- ing processes that influence their lives. For develop- ing economic developments in debtor nations, the ment policy, this means systematically incorporat- amounts forgiven by the World Bank have proven ing the experiences and attitudes of those at whom insufficient. It has also been criticized that some development policy is aimed. Necessarily, these peo- industrial countries have not forgiven additional bi- ple take on a share of responsibility for the develop- lateral debt through development aid funding. Ac- ment project in question. However, participation ceptance in the HIPC Initiative is possible until De- does not necessarily imply direct action. In repre- cember 2006. sentative democracy, participation can also take in- Debt forgiveness is, however, a double-edged direct forms, e. g. through intermediary institutions sword, since it simultaneously lowers the target such as political parties or elected representatives. country’s credit rating, making it hard to secure ad- Moreover, participation cannot guarantee considera- ditional funding from international financial mar- tion for the interests of weak political groups or kets. This is a significant consideration for threshold minorities if these are unable to influence majority countries such as Indonesia and Thailand, which decisions. Still, political standards called for by the can finance their debts on their own through pri- principles of  good governance seek to include as vate investors, and therefore, for example, were re- many societal groups as possible in the decision- luctant to accept loans after the tsunami disaster in making process. Yet the possibility of dominant late 2004. groups developing within the upper or middle http://www.fondad.org classes at the expense of more disadvantaged groups http://www.worldbank.org/debt and their interests cannot be ruled out. Ownership is a form of participation. In devel- opment policy, the term denotes the goal of target

112 113 groups, partner organizations, and partner govern- Development ( sustainable development). There is ments identifying with and assuming responsibility no official monitoring or evaluation mechanism for for a project directed at them. It postulates that re- observance of the principles. Critics consider this to ceiver countries should take the leading role in the be the compact’s key flaw. They demand in its place process of development instead of passively letting global, binding and enforceable minimum stand- donors solve the problems by themselves. According ards or international certification processes with to the London-based “Overseas Development Insti- external monitoring. At present, some 1,700 state tute,” four prerequisites must be fulfilled for owner- institutions, corporations, international organiza- ship to function: 1. Ministerial officials, 2. the gov- tions and NGOs have joined the compact. ernment, and 3. a broad group of societal actors http://www.unglobalcompact.org must be convinced of the strategy’s value; and 4. the http://www.iccwbo.org/home/menu_global_ strategy must be anchored institutionally in the compact.asp system of government. Ownership is considered an important precondition for  sustainability and the Globalization success of development policy initiatives. This rather elastic term denotes the ongoing global http://www.odi.org.uk/ integration at the economic, political, technological and cultural levels. Technological advances have Global Compact permitted a dramatic increase in the exchange Global Compact is an initiative announced by of goods, ideas and people. The growth of global United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan at problems and the expansion of international trade the 1999 World Economic Forum. Annan called on and financial markets have also severely limited the the private sector to cooperate with the UN in mak- capacity of national governments to deal effectively ing  globalization more socially and ecologically with political problems. The word is also used to sustainable through responsible corporate govern- describe the growing acceptance of Western values ance and mutual support. The Global Compact is and lifestyles. Many observers and political groups not a code of conduct or global governance concept, regard the negative economic consequences of but a platform for dialog in which corporate “best globalization and its resultant destruction of indig- practice” examples function as incentives for others. enous social systems as a key cause of fundamental- Although participation in the compact is voluntary, ist tendencies in poorer countries. the corporations involved pledge to promote and im- http://www.globalpolicy.org/globaliz plement its ten principles regarding human rights, http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/ labor and social standards, fighting corruption, and 041200.htm environmental protection. Essentially, the princi- http://www1.worldbank.org/economicpolicy/ ples are based on the General Declaration of Human globalization Rights, the International Labor Organization’s (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, the principles of Agenda 21, the declara- tion of the Rio Conference on Environment and

112 113 Good Governance not been fulfilled. Political reforms are sustainable Good governance denotes the ideal process of mak- only when they have popular support ( Empower- ing and implementing state decisions. Its main ment, Participation, Ownership). characteristics are: rule of law, responsibility, trans- http://www.unescap.org/huset/gg/governance.htm parency, participation, efficiency and effectiveness, consensus building and inclusion. It also implies Human Development Index (HDI) that corruption be minimized, market principles be The UN Development Program ( UNDP) publishes promoted, human rights be respected, minorities an annual study of human development, the “Hu- and marginal societal groups be incorporated in de- man Development Report.” At its core is a Human cisions and the guiding principle of  sustainability Development Index or HDI, which was introduced be observed. as an alternative to per capita gross domestic prod- All these components are interdependent. Par- uct (per capita GDP) as a development indicator. The ticipation ( Empowerment, Participation, Owner- HDI is meant to emphasize that income and quality ship), consensus building and inclusion all embody of life are not synonymous and that people must be the particular importance in democratic systems of given the opportunity to decide for themselves how incorporating all societal groups in the political to live their lives. Certain conditions must exist to process, especially in matters directly affecting permit this. Therefore, the HDI includes, besides them. One prerequisite for all opinions to be heard the indicator of per capita GDP, others such as life is transparency, which ensures that political deci- expectancy at birth, literacy rates among adults, and sion-making follows generally known and accepted the percentage of children entering school. In 2004 rules consistent with the rule of law: that those in the HDI encompassed a total of 177 states, of which power take responsibility for their policies, that in- 122 were rated as having “medium” or “low” human formation for those directly affected by these poli- development. cies is freely available, and that before such deci- http://hdr.undp.org sions are made, comprehensive information on them circulates i.e. in the media. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Since the 1990s, many states and development The IMF was established in 1944 at the Bret- organizations have made good governance a condi- ton Woods Conference and is, together with the tion for the awarding of development aid, because it  World Bank, a United Nations-affiliated organiza- is widely regarded as essential for the eventual suc- tion based in Washington DC. Under its managing cess of such projects. However, organizations such director, Rodrigo Rato y Figaredo, the IMF presently as NGOs often point out that respect for these prin- has 185 member states. Its purpose is to coordi- ciples is not consistently required. They say that in nate monetary policies and promote international trade and development cooperation with China, for trade, stabilize exchange rates and extend credit to example, human rights issues are mostly excluded. members with financial difficulties. The weight of Hopes that the increasing global liberalization of a member country’s vote depends on its wealth and markets would necessarily lead to political reforms membership dues. The members with the greatest toward good governance and democratization have financial clout are currently the United States, Japan,

114 115 Germany, France, and Britain. The IMF’s critics say Millennium Declaration / Millennium Develop- its conditions for providing loans (privatization and ment Goals (MDG) public spending cuts) do great social damage in the The Millennium Declaration was the outcome of receiver countries. These critics also say the IMF has the Millennium Conference, in which the heads had a decisive part in Argentina’s financial crisis of state and government from 150 nations met in which began in 1991 and is only now beginning to New York in September 2000. The declaration is subside. centered on the Millennium Development Goals http://www.imf.org (MDG), eight objectives for development policy to be attained by 2015. They are: to halve the number Microcredit of people living in extreme poverty; give all children The United Nations has declared 2005 as the “Year of the opportunity to gain an elementary education; Microcredit” as a sign of the great potential it sees in promote gender equality; fight communicable dis- microfinancing as a means of fighting poverty. By eases such as HIV/AIDS and malaria; integrate the using development cooperation to institutionally principle of  sustainability in political programs, strengthen and professionalize banks and other make possible access to clean drinking water; and providers of small and microcredits that sometimes to construct a new, global development aid partner- amount to only a few dollars, the initiative aims to ship that would come to grips with the problem of give poor households access to financial services debt ( debt relief) and better coordinate develop- such as savings accounts, credits, insurance and ment cooperation. general payment methods. This “helping others to In 2002, representatives of industrialized and help themselves” approach encourages entrepre- developing countries met at a UN-sponsored confer- neurial initiative and integrates the formerly under- ence in Monterrey, Mexico, to seek an agreement on privileged into formal economic processes. The aim financing possibilities for the MDG. The outcome is to create new employment, secure incomes, and was summarized in the “Monterrey Consensus,” in improve the operation of local financial markets — a which more money was to be mobilized in develop- vital prerequisite for economic development. Prob- ing nations toward implementing the MDG, and di- lems of microfinancing generally include the diffi- rect investment increased to bolster the local econo- culty in reaching the poorest of the poor, due to mies. As agreed in the  Doha Round, industrialized their inability to pay back loans, together with the states were reminded of their commitments to open fact that most microfinancing institutions cannot their markets to products from developing nations operate profitably and therefore depend on subsi- and increase their official expenditures on develop- dies. Some models, however, have been making a ment aid. Another part of the declaration concerns  profit. The complexity of poverty makes it difficult debt relief within the framework of the HIPC Initia- to prove that microfinancing really is superior to tive, as well as a declared intent to integrate the inter- other approaches, such as investment in education ests of developing countries more strongly in reform- and nutrition. ing the architecture of global trade and finance. http://www.yearofmicrocredit.org UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has appointed an independent advisory commission, the “UN Mil-

114 115 lennium Project,” to work out strategies of attaining loose, organizational structures and in their often the MDG. Consisting of 250 international experts transnational operations. Today, groups such as under the direction of economist Jeffrey D. Sachs, Greenpeace and Amnesty International mount the group published a report with corresponding effective public campaigns against human rights recommendations in January 2005 (see Recom- violations and environmental pollution, while other mended Literature). It calls for a series of immediate NGOs such as the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) prefer measures to fight poverty and implement political cooperative strategies such as lobbying to advance and economic reforms along the principles of  their agendas. NGOs are often sought-after partners good governance to reach the MDG by the 2015 for state agencies and development institutions in deadline. development aid policy because of their expertise http://unmp.forumone.com and on-the-ground knowledge. Since various par- ties demand that civil society be incorporated into New Partnership for African Development political decision-making processes in industrialized (NEPAD) and developing countries, NGOs are often treated NEPAD is a program of the  African Union (AU) that as representatives of civil society. However, NGOs was established in 2001 by the AU’s forerunner or- do not represent all people and interests, as some ganization, the OAU. It seeks to produce integrated interests can be organized only with difficulty, and means of developing Africa socially and economi- small NGOs, especially those from developing na- cally. Its main targets are to fight poverty and the tions, are often marginalized by other NGOs because marginalization of African countries in the process of scant resources. Critics maintain that NGOs are of globalization, and it promotes  sustainable not democratically organized and that they have no development, the principles of  good governance, legitimacy (i.e. through elections) to call themselves women’s empowerment, regional and continental representatives of civil society. This problem is integration, and international partnerships. All largely resolved when NGOs operate transparently NEPAD initiatives must be aligned with the  Mil- and clearly display their interests, including internal lenium Development Goals. One point of emphasis ones. is promoting investment and mobilizing resources http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos through programs in the areas of infrastructure, http://www.ngos.net nutrition, health, and market reform. http://www.oneworld.net www.nepad.org Organization for Economic Cooperation and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Development (OECD) NGOs are, in contrast to private corporations and Founded in 1961, the Paris-based OECD has state agencies, civil society groups that generally 30 member states in Europe, the Americas, Asia operate on a non-profit basis, for the common and Australia. It seeks to increase employment and good, pursuing social or political objectives. NGOs raise living standards by coordinating its member are also distinct from citizens’ initiatives and other states’ economic, trade and development policies. It movements in having permanent, albeit often also aims to promote economic growth on a global

116 117 scale by expanding and liberalizing international whether sacrifice is needed in some areas, or commerce. Member states are represented by one whether sustainability can be achieved by increas- deputy each to the OECD Council. Donald J. Johnson ing efficiency. Finally, most actors have differing has been Secretary General since 1996. The OECD ideas of justice and emphasize either equal results works mainly through reports and recommenda- or equal chances, or: justice within a generation or tions; it has no coercive powers. among generations. http://www.oecd.org http://www.johannesburgsummit.org http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html Sustainable Development/Sustainability http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/index.html Since the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio, this catchword United Nations Conference on Trade and Devel- has defined the international discourse on envi- opment (UNCTAD) ronmental and development policy. Since the term UNCTAD is a subsidiary organization of the United was elevated to a global guiding principle in the Nations based, since its inception in 1964, in Geneva. Rio Conference report, the Agenda 21, it has been It operates as a discussion forum for governments used equally by actors in national and international over how developing nations can be integrated in politics, and by the business, science and civil soci- global trade. These discussions are supposed to ety communities, to pursue their own — and often include experts and research results provided by contradictory — purposes. UNCTAD, so that trade recommendations can be The generally accepted definition was provided made for international policymakers. In addition, in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment UNCTAD provides development aid for developing and Development, better known as the Brundtland nations in cooperation with other donors. The con- Commission, in its report “Our Common Future:” ference meets every four years. “By sustainable development we mean development UNCTAD’s status and political influence have that meets the needs of the present without com- fallen since the foundation of the  WTO in 1995, promising the ability of future generations to meet since the latter has become the definitive forum for their needs.” negotiations on trade issues, while UNCTAD is As a consequence, the report urges that sustain- merely a discussion forum. Moreover, development ability become a fundamental consideration in all issues are now treated less as their own distinct field political decisions, in which the interrelationships of politics than, within the framework of the WTO, between economic, social and ecological processes, increasingly linked with issues of trade and eco- as well as global interdependence and effects on fu- nomic policy ( Doha Round), thus marginalizing ture generations be taken into consideration. UNCTAD in this respect. UNCTAD’s main field of Although the concept of sustainability is broadly operation today is advising and representing the accepted, the question remains of what goals it interests of developing nations. Its chief current goal should pursue. For example, it is disputed whether is strengthening South-South trade. limitations on growth and usage should be set, and www.unctad.org if so, what form they should take. Also at issue is

116 117 UNDP – United Nations Development Program which is the United States — determine the organi- The UNDP was founded in 1965 to advise countries zation’s policies has generated criticism that it ne- in building up and reforming government systems, glects the interests of poorer states. The World Bank fighting poverty, preventing conflict and devising has also repeatedly been criticized for its democratic environmental and healthcare policies. The pro- deficits, because, through the organization’s struc- gram’s emphases include bringing together actors tures, industrialized states gain the lion’s share of from different sectors and financing innovative influence and therefore can dictate the conditions projects. Through its bureaus in 166 countries, the under which credits are awarded. In this way they UNDP helps developing countries make optimal use often exercize substantial influence on the domes- of UN and other international aid programs, thereby tic politics of receiver countries. The issue of the helping these countries to help themselves. In its World Bank’s relevance and future continues into annual “Human Development Report,” ( Human the present, raised repeatedly both by anti-globali- Development Index) the UNDP draws attention to zation activists and conservative elements in the development measures other than economic ones, United States. In June 2005, Paul Wolfowitz, former and seeks to find methods of measuring and ana- Deputy US Defense Secretary under George W. Bush, lyzing factors that are difficult to quantify, such as will succeed James Wolfensohn at the expiration of quality of life or social justice. The UNDP is financed the latter’s 10-year term as president of the World exclusively through voluntary contributions from Bank. donor countries. Its resources for 2004–5 total some http://www.worldbank.org $ 3.5 billion. http://www.undp.org World Trade Organization (WTO) http://hdr.undp.org The Geneva-based WTO was founded in 1995 as the successor organization to the General Agreement on World Bank Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It is based on the principle The World Bank, actually the International Bank that free trade promotes economic growth and pros- for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), was es- perity. Therefore, the WTO seeks to progressively tablished in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference open the markets of all its member states for goods and is, together with the  International Monetary and services on the basis of transparent and non- Fund, a specialized agency of the United Nations discriminatory rules. In 2001 the WTO members based in Washington. The multilateral institution opened a new round of trade negotiations in Doha, has the task of helping mainly developing countries particularly in the interests of developing states. The improve their economies with loans and to help  Doha Round is expected to reach its conclusion in fight poverty. Political reforms including  good early 2006. Groups representing civil society often governance, privatization and promotion of a mar- accuse the WTO of neglecting development, envi- ket economy are often prerequisites for credit. The ronmental and health care issues. World Bank is financed by the membership dues of http://www.wto.org its currently 185 member countries. The fact that the Bank’s chief contributors — the biggest by far of

118 119 Index

AIDS  development, epidemics - non state actors  development, civil society; Al-Qaeda 36 partnerships; private sector, ASEAN + 3 81 - ODA  budgets for development aid AU 70, 77–78, 86, 90, 91, 98 - ownership 62, 65, 70 capital flows, regulation of 81, 91 - partnerships  private sector, involvement of; consumerism 60 civil society, involvement of culture 55, also  justice, cultural differences - poverty 57, 63, 92 – 93 development - private sector, development of 59 – 60, 81 - adapt concepts to countries / regions 54, 61, 76 - private sector, involvement of 62, 64 – 66, 81, - budgets for development aid 34, 62, 67, 77 89, 92 – 93 - civil society, involvement of 65 – 66, 70, 83 - regional integration 58 – 59 - competition 78 –79, 81 - sanitation 49, 63 - and conflict 54 – 56, 62, 73 - state, role of 62 - corruption / corrupt regimes 68, 70, 73, 89 - technology 46, 55, 70 - debt / debt relief 72, 81 - UN Millennium Development Goals 34, 36, - definition 55 48 – 49, 67 – 68, 71, 75, 89 – 90 - and democracy 45, 58, 60, 62, 67, 70, 72, 83, - water 49, 57, 63 85, 88, 92, 97 - women  justice, women’s rights - development industry 56, 62, 71 dictators 34, 64, 94, 97, also  development, - development policy a failure ? 56, 58, 62 corruption /corrupt regimes - education 29, 42, 45, 47 economy: market economy 60, also  develop- - empowerment 56 – 57, 62 ment, private sector - epidemics 46– 48, 63, 68, 73, 78 ECOWAS 105 - EU development policy 70, 75 –78, 85 – 86 environment 53 – 54 - extractive industries 64 – 65 EU 45, 81, 91, 98 – 99 - financial system / microfinance 49 – 50, 57, 63 - and the Balkans 40 - good governance 57–58, 63– 64, 68, 70 –73, - Charter of Fundamental Rights 45 83– 85, 88, 98 – 99 - common values 44 - health 47, 57 - Constitution 45 - initiatives - development policy  development, - EITI 65 EU development policy - NEPAD 65, 67, 70, 72, 77–78, 90 – 91, 98 - enlargement / integration 40, 59, 72 – 72, 98 - investment 69, 79 –80 - foreign policy 71, 74 – 75, 85 – 87 - medical services 87– 88 - minorities 45 - microfinance  development, financial system / expellees 37 microfinance frontiers 39 - moral duty 56 GATT 69, 81 - mortality 49, 56, 58 “global village” 29

118 119 globalization 45, 53, 58, 62, 79 - minimum standards 26 – 27, 30, 36, 48, 51 Grameen Bank 49 - and politics 33, 35 – 39, 44, 47 – 48, 52 Guantanamo 43, 47, 89 - priorities 43 – 44, 52 HIV/AIDS  development, epidemics - procedures 28 – 29 human rights  justice, rights, human rights - and religion 25, 29, 31, 33, 37 – 38, 45, 51 IMF 43, 59, 61, 64, 80, 87, 91 - and resources 43 – 45 integration, regional 58 – 59, 71 - rights interventions 35, 44, 96 – 97 - of the disabled 42 Islam - human rights 42, 45, 47 - alms giving (zakat) 23, 32 - human rights: conventions 42, 45, 53 - dialog with 23 - of the unborn 42 - fundamentalism 82 - women’s rights 24, 30 – 31, 33, 42, 45 – 47, 53 - jurisdiction 22 – 23, 44 - universal 24 – 26, 29 – 32, 44, 51 – 52 - and justice  justice and Islam malaria  development, epidemics - political theory 22 – 23 Millennium Development Goals  development, - social system 23 UN Millennium Development Goals - tolerance 23, 52 NAFTA 87, 81 - women’s rights 23, 45 – 46, 53 NGOs 67 Israeli-Palestinian conflict 36 – 38, 40 – 41, 82 private sector  development, private sector justice protectionism  trade - categorical imperative 30 reforms, outside pressure 67, 70 – 71, 83, 88, 97 - vs. charity 26 – 27, 51 sanctions 67 - and conflict solution 36 – 41 September 11, 2001 47, 75 - cultural differences 24 – 25, 29, 31 – 32, 46 slavery 47 - definition 22, 25, 31, 34 – 35, 50 – 51 subsidies 43, 67, 69, 79 - and democracy 38, 47 Taliban 36 - and development 28 – 29, 32 terrorism 47, 76 - as “freedom from” 37, 46 torture 47, 85 - “golden rule” 30 trade 43, 61, 63, 68 – 69, 71, 79, 95 – 96, also  sub- - historical development 25, 36 – 37, 45 sidies - implementation  justice and politics, and UN 33, 34 – 35, 44, 48, 94 conflict solution, institutions - Universal Declaration of Human Rights 31 - and individual responsibility 32 – 33 - Corruption 73 - international institutions 48, also  UN - Millennium Development Goals  development, - national institutions 32, 48 UN Millennium Development Goals - political structures 25, 28 – 29, 33, 35 women’s rights  justice, women’s rights - rule of law 34, 40 World Bank 43, 59, 80, 91 - and Islam 22 – 23, 52 WTO 43, 69 – 70, 76

120 121 Countries and Regions Romania 45 Saudi-Arabia 31, 42 Africa 22, 42, 54 – 55, 58, 61, 67 – 68, 87 South Africa 41, 46, 49 Angola 65 Tunesia 83, 93 – 94 Bahrain 85 USA 34, 44, 47 Balkans 39 – 41, 85 Yemen 45 Bangladesh 49 – 50 Zimbabwe 70 – 71, 73 Bolivia 61 Brazil 43, 59 Cairo 22, 40 Persons Cambodia 71 Central African Republic 86 Amorim, Celso 43 China 59, 61, 72, 98 Aristotle 54 Darfur 85 – 86 Blair, Tony 65, 84, 88 Egypt 22, 60, 82 Chirac, Jacques 84 France 39 Dougha, Basuglo 43 Germany 37 – 39 Gandhi, Mahatma 40 Ghana 43, 59 – 60, 72, 88 Gandhi, Rajiv 49 Hungaria 45 Hammurabi 31 India 33, 39, 49, 59, 61 – 62, 91– 92 Kant, Immanuel 30, 42 – 43, 51 Indonesia 59 Krüger, Anne 81 Iraq 35, 85 Machel, Samora 54 Iran 33 Michel, Louis 75 Ireland 61 Mubarak, Hosni 22 Israel 37 – 39 Mugabe, Robert 55 Jordan 83, 85 Plato 25, 50 – 51 Kuwait 30, 85 Prodi, Roman 45 Lebanon 85 Schröder, Gerhard 84 Libya 84 Sharon, Ariel 40 – 41 Malaysia 61 Short, Clare 49 Morocco 41, 85 Smith, Adam 78 – 79 Middle East 22, 36 – 42, 47, 97 Socrates 25, 50 – 51 Mozambique 54 – 55 Taylor, Charles 41 Nigeria 29, 59, 64 – 65, 85, 89 Thrasymachos 25, 50 – 51 Pakistan 33, 39, 59 Tutu, Desmond 33 Palestine 37 – 39, 85 Vivekananda, Swami 33 Poland 37 – 39 Weber, Max 60 Rwanda 34, 96 Zedong, Mao 62

120 121 Previous Round Tables*

Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1961 1 Schwächen der industriellen Gesellschaft F. W. Schoberth H. B. Tolkmitt

2 Kulturkrise in der industriellen Gesellschaft Erik von Sivers Fritz Voigt

3 Glanz und Elend der Entwicklungshilfe Fritz Baade Günther Buch

4 Gesellschaftliche Entwicklung im Osten Helmut Gollwitzer Eugen Kogon

1962 5 Die Fragwürdigkeit der Bildungspolitik Rüdiger Altmann Josef Müller-Marein

6 Die Erziehung zum Europäer Stéphane Hessel François Bondy

7 Die Bewältigung des Preis-Lohn-Problems Theodor Pütz Gottfried Bombach

8 Die Preis-Lohn-Dynamik in der BRD Hans-Constantin Paulssen Fritz Voigt

1963 9 Maschine — Denkmaschine — Staatsmaschine Pierre Bertaux Arnold Gehlen

10 Kybernetik als soziale Tatsache O. W. Haseloff Freiherr von Stackelberg

11 Westliche Gesellschaft und kommunistische Drohung Winfried Martini Th. Eschenburg

12 Wohin treibt die EWG ? U. W. Kitzinger, Eugen Kogon Roland Delcour

1964 13 Planung in der freien Marktwirtschaft Edgar Salin Gottfried Bombach

14 Wohin Deutschland in Europa ? Alfred Grosser, François Bondy Karl Theodor Frhr. zu Guttenberg

15 Entwicklungshilfe — Mittel des Aufstiegs oder des Verfalls ? Walter Rau Edgar Salin E. F. Schumacher

16 Industrielle Gesellschaft — menschlich oder unmenschlich ? Raymond Aron Ralf Dahrendorf

1965 17 Vermögensbildung in Arbeitnehmerhand Helmut Meinhold Eugen Kogon H. J. Wallraff

18 Hemmen Tabus die Demokratisierung ? Alexander Mitscherlich Hellmut Becker

19 Automatisierung — eine gesellschaftliche Herausforderung ? Gottfried Bombach Hans Wenke Günter Friedrichs Kurt Pentzlin

*a complete list of all participants since 1961 is available at www.bergedorf-round-table.org

122 123 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

20 Ein Dilemma der westlichen Demokratien Leo H. Klaassen Edgar Salin

1966 21 Die “unterentwickelten” hochindustrialisierten Gesellschaften Friedrich Heer Hellmut Becker

22 Muss unsere politische Maschinerie umkonstruiert werden ? Rüdiger Altmann Eugen Kogon Joseph Rovan

23 Wissenschaftliche Experten und politische Praxis — Das Helmut Schelsky Hellmut Becker Problem der Zusammenarbeit in der heutigen Demokratie Ulrich Lohmar

24 Ist der Weltfriede unvermeidlich ? Carl-Friedrich Frhr. Edgar Salin v. Weizsäcker

1967 25 Bedroht die Pressekonzentration die freie Meinungsbildung ? Helmut Arndt Hellmut Becker

26 Neue Wege zur Hochschulreform Ralf Dahrendorf Hellmut Becker

27 Beherrschen die Technokraten unsere heutige Gesellschaft ? Alfred Mozer Eugen Kogon

1968 28 Freiheit als Störfaktor in einer programmierten Gesellschaft Jeanne Hersch Carl-Friedrich Frhr. v. Weizsäcker

29 Fördern die Bündnissysteme die Sicherheit Europas ? Wladimir Chwostow Alfred Grosser

30 Haben wir im entstehenden Europa eine Chance für Hans von der Groeben Hans Peter Ipsen die freie Marktwirtschaft ?

31 Mögliche und wünschbare Zukünfte Robert Jungk Hellmut Becker

1969 32 Die Biologie als technische Weltmacht Adolf Portmann Hoimar von Ditfurth

33 Verstärken oder verringern sich die Bedingungen Friedrich Hacker Eugen Kogon für Aggressivität ?

34 Welchen Spielraum hat die Entspannungspolitik ? Alfred Grosser Theo Sommer

1970 35 Zugänge zur Friedensforschung Carl-Friedrich Frhr. Karl Carstens v. Weizsäcker Richard Löwenthal

36 Europäische Sicherheit und Möglichkeit der Zusammenarbeit Alfred Grosser Nikolai E. Poljanow Leningrad Nikolai E. Poljanow

37 Demokratisierung der Demokratie ? Joseph Rovan D. Klaus von Bismarck

1971 Arbeitsgespräch : Aufgabenstellung und Verfahrensfragen — Dr. Franz Karasek einer internationalen Konferenz für Europäische Sicherheit

122 123 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

38 Infrastrukturreform als Innenpolitik Helmut Kohl D. Klaus von Bismarck

39 Globalsteuerung der Wirtschaft ? Gottfried Bombach Herbert Giersch

40 Der bevollmächtigte Mensch Dennis Gabor D. Klaus von Bismarck

1972 41 Sprache und Politik Hans Maier Hellmut Becker

Arbeitsgespräch : Demokratie und Nationalbewusstsein Richard Löwenthal François Bondy in der BRD

42 Das erweiterte Europa zwischen den Blöcken R. Dahrendorf Rudolf Kirchschläger Jean-Pierre Brunet Sir Con O’Neill

43 Wo bleiben die alten Menschen in der Leistungsgesellschaft ? Helge Pross D. Klaus von Bismarck

1973 44 Die “neue Mitte” : Schlagwort oder Strukturwandel ? Richard Frhr. v. Weizsäcker D. Klaus von Bismarck

45 Umsteuerung der Industriegesellschaft ? Hans-Jochen Vogel Gottfried Bombach Hugo Thiemann

46 Neutralität — Wert oder Unwert für die Rudolf Kirchschläger Olivier Reverdin Vienna europäische Sicherheit Gaston Thorn Jósef Czyrek

1974 47 Revolution der Gleichheit — Ende oder Beginn der Freiheit ? Ralf Dahrendorf D. Klaus von Bismarck

48 Rohstoff- und Energieverknappung H. B. G. Casimir Gottfried Bombach Manfred Schäfer

49 Entwicklungshilfe — eine Illusion ? Peter T. Bauer Max Thurn Karl-Heinz Sohn

1975 Arbeitsgespräch : Entspannungspolitik, wirtschaftliche Ralf Dahrendorf Kurt A. Körber Moscow und kulturelle Zusammenarbeit H. Ehrenberg Lew Tolkunow Theo Sommer C.-F. Frhr. v. Weizsäcker G. Arbatow O. Bogomolow Schalwa Sanakojew Georgij Shukow

50 Kooperation oder Konfrontation — Stürzt die Wirtschaft in Helmut Schmidt Gaston Thorn eine weltpolitische Krise ?

51 Welche Zukunft hat die parlamentarische Demokratie Gaston Thorn Ralf Dahrendorf Bonn westlicher Prägung ?

124 125 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

52 Ordnungspolitik oder Verteilungskampf ? Kurt H. Biedenkopf Theo Sommer

1976 53 Die Berufsgesellschaft und ihre Bildung Hans Maier Hellmut Becker

54 Nach der Wahl ’76 : Welchen Spielraum hat — Ralf Dahrendorf die deutsche Innenpolitik ?

55 Entspannungspolitik nach Helsinki G. Arbatow Ralf Dahrendorf Leonard H. Marks Theo Sommer Ryszard Wojna

1977 56 Ein anderer “Way of Life” E. F. Schumacher Hans K. Schneider Bonn

57 Europa und die Weltwirtschaft Claude Cheysson Gaston Thorn Luxemburg Herbert Giersch

58 Energiekrise — Europa im Belagerungszustand ? Guido Brunner Hans K. Schneider

1978 59 Terrorismus in der demokratischen Gesellschaft Walter Laqueur Ralf Dahrendorf

Arbeitsgespräch : Alternativenergien Joachim Gretz Werner H. Bloss

60 Europäische Arbeitslosigkeit als Dauerschicksal Volker Hauff Gottfried Bombach Gerhard Fels Erich Streissler

61 Wachstum und Lebenssinn — Alternative Rationalitäten ? Carl-Friedrich Ralf Dahrendorf Frhr. v. Weizsäcker

1979 62 UdSSR und Bundesrepublik Deutschland — wirtschaftliche Klaus von Dohnanyi K. A. Körber Moscow und politische Perspektiven in den 80er Jahren Alexander E. Bowin Boris A. Borrissow

63 Jugend und Gesellschaft Leopold Rosenmayr Hans Maier

Weltrezession 1980 ? Herbert Giersch Hans K. Schneider 64 Befürchtungen und Hoffnungen Karl Otto Pöhl

1980 65 Der Westen und der Nahe Osten Arnold Hottinger Udo Steinbach Hans A. Fischer-Barnicol H. Hobohm

66 Europas Sicherheit Christoph Bertram Theo Sommer W. R. Smyser

67 Voraussetzungen und Ziele der W. A. Matweew Karl Kaiser Entspannung in den 80er Jahren Stanley Hoffmann

124 125 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1981 68 Der Ausbau des Sozialstaates und R. Dahrendorf Armin Gutowski das Dilemma des Staatshaushaltes Anke Fuchs

69 Europe and America facing the crises of the 80’s R. Dahrendorf Karl Kaiser Washington Stanley Hoffmann

70 Was bleibt noch vom staatsbürgerlichen Grundkonsens ? Hans-Jochen Vogel Ralf Dahrendorf E. Noelle-Neumann

1982 71 Repräsentieren die Parteien unsere Gesellschaft ? Werner Remmers Hans Heigert Richard Löwenthal

72 Wirtschaftspolitik in der Krise ? Zur Situation in den J. Tobin Herbert Giersch Bonn Vereinigten Staaten, Großbritannien, Frankreich und der M. Feldstein Bundesrepublik Deutschland Sir Alec Cairncross A. A. Walters P. E. Uri P. Salin A. Gutowski H. Schulmann

1983 73 Ein Weg zur Erneuerung der Industriegesellschaft Präsident Gaston Thorn Ralf Dahrendorf Zurich

74 Die deutsche Frage — neu gestellt Richard Frhr. v. Weizsäcker Karl Kaiser Berlin

1984 75 Zukunft Europas : Probleme der politischen Horst Teltschik Karl Kaiser Moscow und militärischen Entspannung. Wadim W. Sagladin Juri Shukow

76 Ist die Spaltung Europas das letzte Wort ? Franz Kardinal König Luigi Vittorio Graf Rome Helmut Schmidt Ferraris

1985 77 Neue Strukturen für die soziale Sicherheit ? Helmut Meinhold Fides Krause-Brewer Ulf Fink Olaf Sund

78 10 Jahre Helsinki — die Herausforderung bleibt R. Burt Ralf Dahrendorf Bonn S. Tichwinskij M. Szürös L. V. Graf Ferraris M. Dobrosielski H. Teltschik

1986 79 Findet Europa wieder die Kraft, Jacques Delors Karl Kaiser Brussels eine Rolle in der Weltpolitik zu spielen ? Lord Carrington Helmut Schmidt

126 127 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

80 Bürger und res publica — die Zukunft der Verantwortung Hans Maier Ralf Dahrendorf

1987 81 Die Beziehungen zwischen der Sowjetunion Volker Rühe Valentin Falin Moscow und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Wadim W. Sagladin Theo Sommer Egon Bahr

82 Die Modernität in der Industriegesellschaft — und danach ? Hermann Lübbe Luigi V. Ferraris Geneva

83 Zusammenarbeit als Mittel zur Vertrauensbildung M. Szürös Karl Kaiser Budapest Helmut Schmidt R. Bogdanow H. Sonnenfeldt

1988 84 Systemöffnende Kooperation ? W. Leonhard Jürgen Engert Berlin Perspektiven zwischen Ost und West Harry Maier

85 Die ökologische Wende — hat sie noch Chancen ? Frhr. v. Lersner Hans Maier Munich Alois Glück

86 Das gemeinsame europäische Haus — aus der Sicht der Wadim W. Sagladin Karl Kaiser Bonn Sowjetunion und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Horst Teltschik

1989 87 Globale Umweltproblematik als gemeinsame Überlebensfrage W. Mundt Max Schmidt Dresden W. Haber

88 Auf dem Wege zu einem neuen Europa ? Perspektiven Lawrence Eagleburger Sir Ralf Dahrendorf Bonn einer gemeinsamen westlichen Ostpolitik Sir Christopher Mallaby Horst Teltschik

89 Chancen für die europäische Kultur Valtr Komárek Hans Heigert Prague am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts Kurt Biedenkopf

1990 90 Wie geht es weiter mit den Deutschen in Europa ? Willy Brandt Sir Ralf Dahrendorf Dresden Manfred Stolpe Lothar Späth

91 Europa im Aufbruch — auf dem Wege zu einer neuen Frieden- Wadim W. Sagladin Andreas Meyer-Landrut Moscow sordnung Horst Teltschik

1991 92 Perestrojka : Kontinuität, Ende oder Wende ? W. Wladislawlew Sir Ralf Dahrendorf Moscow F. W. Christians

93 Nach dem “Sozialismus” : Wie geht es weiter Tadeusz Mazowiecki Hans Maier Berlin mit den neuen Demokratien in Europa ? Sir Ralf Dahrendorf

1992 94 Wege zur inneren Einheit Kurt Biedenkopf Brigitte Seebacher- Dresden Wolfgang Thierse Brandt

126 127 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

95 Welche Antworten gibt Europa auf Willy Brandt Karl Kaiser Paris die neuen Einwanderungswellen ? Jacques Delors

96 Zwischen Integration und nationaler Eigenständigkeit : Jim Hoagland Andreas Meyer-Landrut Tallinn wie findet Europa zusammen ? Dr. Krenzler Lennart Meri T. Örn B. Schmidbauer

97 Energiesicherheit für ganz Europa ? Hermann Krämer Andreas Meyer-Landrut Kiev W. Skljarow Helga Steeg Y. Rudenko

1993 98 Orientierungskrise in Politik und Gesellschaft ? Perspektiven Antje Vollmer Jürgen Engert Berlin der Demokratie Wolf Lepenies

99 Will the West survive the disintegration of the East ? Bill Bradley Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Ditchley W. F. van Eekelen Park H.-G. Poettering

100 Wieviel Gemeinsinn braucht die liberale Gesellschaft ? Kurt Biedenkopf Dieter Grimm Dresden Albert O. Hirschman

1994 101 Russland und der Westen : Internationale Sicherheit und A. A. Kokoschin Andreas Meyer-Landrut St. Petersburg Reformpolitik Volker Rühe A. A. Sobtschak

102 Zukunftsfähigkeit von Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lothar Späth Jürgen Engert Friedrichsroda Leo A. Nefiodow

1995 103 Die Verfassung Europas Jean-Claude Casanova Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Oxford Timothy Garton Ash Wolfgang Schäuble

104 Europa — aber wo liegen seine Grenzen ? Bronislaw Geremek Karl Kaiser Warsaw Anders Björck J. François-Poncet

105 Ein neuer Gesellschaftsvertrag ? Horst Seehofer Hermann Korte Munich Barbara Riedmüller

1996 106 Europe and the Future of the Mahdi F. Abdul Hadi Michael Stürmer Jerusalem Middle East — an Agenda for Peace Hanan Bar-On Leonard Hausman Jean-Paul Jesse Helmut Schäfer

128 129 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

107 Medien — Macht — Politik Wolfgang Donsbach Thomas Kielinger Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem Theo Sommer

108 Was bewegt Russland ? Sergej Baburin Andreas Meyer-Landrut Moscow Sir Rodric Braithwaite

1997 109 At the crossroads of geo-politics — Ilter Türkmen Curt Gasteyger Istanbul Turkey in a changing political environment Morton Abramowitz Hans-Ulrich Klose

110 Wege aus der blockierten Gesellschaft André Leysen Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Berlin Jürgen Rüttgers

111 Wie ist Europa zu sichern ? Ulrich Cartellieri Michael Stürmer Amsterdam Sir Christopher Mallaby Wolfgang Ischinger Marten van Heuven Frits Bolkestein David P. Calleo Max Kohnstamm Elmar Brok

1998 112 Wachsende Ungleichheiten — neue Spaltungen ? Dr. Kurt Biedenkopf Barbara Riedmüller Leipzig Heinz Bude Wolfgang Huber

113 Energie und Geostrategie im kaspischen Raum Terry D. Adams Andreas Meyer-Landrut Baku Vafa Goulizade Paul Haseldonckx Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz

1999 114 Welche gesellschaftliche Wertigkeit hat der Sport ? Hans Lenk Hermann-Anders Korte Magdeburg Herbert Riehl-Heyse Jürgen Palm

115 Neue Dimensionen des Politischen ? Antonia Grunenberg Jutta Limbach Berlin Herausforderungen für die repräsentative Demokratie Sabine Leutheusser- Schnarrenberger

116 Russland in Europa : Zehn Jahre nach dem Kalten Krieg Wolfgang Ischinger Andreas Meyer-Landrut Moscow Oleg Morosow Ulrich Cartellieri Andrej A. Kokoschin

2000 117 Modell Deutschland : Henning Scherf Klaus v. Dohnanyi Berlin Reif für die Globalisierung ? Carl Christian v. Weizsäcker

128 129 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

118 Ein föderatives Europa ? Sylvie Goulard Rudolf von Thadden Berlin Klaus Hänsch Jerzy Kranz

119 China : Partner in der Weltwirtschaft Yang Qixian Mei Zhaorong Beijing Zheng Silin Karl Kaiser Wang Chunzheng Shen Jueren Zhu Min Shi Mingde Song Jian Konrad Seitz Horst Teltschik Martin Posth

2001 120 Verhandlungsdemokratie ? Politik des Möglichen — Dieter Grimm Robert Leicht Berlin Möglichkeiten der Politik Annette Fugmann-Heesing

121 The Baltic Sea — a Region of Prosperity and Stability ? Bertel Haarder Jaako Iloniemi Helsinki Artur J. Kuznetsov Alar J. Rudolf Olljum Hans Olsson Timo Summa Erkki Tuomioja Christoph Zöpel

122 Russia’s European Dimension — Sergej W. Jastrschembskij Moscow Sergej A. Karaganow

2002 123 The Future of Southeast Europe Andy Bearpark Martti Ahtisaari Belgrade Erhard Busek Erhard Busek Nebojša Čović Bozidar Djelić Alexandra Jovičević Herwig Kempf Gerald Knaus Wolfgang Petritsch Goran Svilanović

124 Contours of a “New World Order” ? Egon Bahr Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Berlin John L. Hirsch Peter W. Singer Paul W. Schroeder Georges-Henri Soutou Karsten D. Voigt Norbert Walter Samuel F. Wells Jr.

130 131 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

125 Reinventing Europe — Hélène Ahrweiler Otto von der Gablentz Hamburg Cultural Dimensions of Widening and Deepening Üstün Ergüder Monika Griefahn Yudhishthir Raj Isar Hywel Ceri Jones Karl Schlögel Gary Smith Gijs de Vries

126 The Future of Democracy — European Perspectives Henri de Bresson Roger de Weck Florence Andrea Manzella Gesine Schwan Larry Siedentop Gijs de Vries Helen Wallace

2003 127 The Middle East and Western Values: A Dialog With Iran Gilles Kepel Christoph Bertram Isfahan Michael McFaul Seyed Kazem Sajjadpour Homayra Moshirzadeh Ahmad Nagheebzadeh Giandomenico Picco Johannes Reissner Hossein Salimi

2004 128 Power and Rules — Elements of a New World Order Paul Schroeder Christoph Bertram Wilton Park Dame Pauline Neville-Jones David Rieff Heather Grabbe Ghanim Alnajjar Michael Schaefer Avis Bohlen

129 Frontiers and Horizons of the EU — Ian Boag Roger de Weck Lviv The New Neighbors Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova Gernot Erler Yaroslav Hrytsak Danuta Hübner Evgenii M. Kozhokin Wolfgang Schäuble Oleksandr O. Tschaly Jakub T. Wolski

130 131

The Bergedorf Round Table

Chairman Dr. Richard von Weizsäcker, former President of the Federal Republic of Germany

Coordinator Dr. Klaus Wehmeier (Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors) Dr. Thomas Paulsen (Managing Director)

Program Assistant Karen Pehla, M. A.

Program Manager Julia Steets Dr. Thomas Weihe

Address Bergedorf Round Table Berlin Office of the Körber Foundation Neustädtische Kirchstraße 8 D -10117 Berlin Phone : +49 -30-20 62 67-60 Fax : +49 -30-20 62 67-67 E-Mail : [email protected] www.bergedorf-round-table.org

Imprint

Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http ://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.

© edition Körber-Stiftung, Hamburg 2005

Editors Julia Steets Horst Rödinger Dr. Thomas Weihe Translations Nicolas Kumanoff Pictures Marc Darchinger Design Groothuis, Lohfert, Consorten | glcons.de Printed in Germany by Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig

ISBN 3-89684-359-1 All rights are reserved. These minutes may be reproduced upon request.

The Bergedorf Protocols are also published in German. Both versions are available for download and research at www.bergedorf-round-table.org

PCA gültig bis 2007