Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya
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Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya Edited by: RABURU P.O., OKEYO-OWUOR J.B. and KWENA F. Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya First Edition 2012 © 2012 KDC - VIRED - UNDP (Nyando Wetland Utility Resource Optimization Project, Ref:- AKEN/05/427) P.O. Box 72812 - 00200 Nairobi, Kenya International Kenya Disaster Concern Edited by: Philip O. Raburu , J.B. Okeyo-Owuor and Foulata Kwena This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or no- profit purposes without special permission from the copyright-holders, provided acknowledge- ment of the source is made. The copyright holders would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made as a resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the copyright holders. Designed , printed and bound in Kenya, by Mcpowl Media Ltd P.O Box 13140 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 700 526141 | www: mcpowlmedia.com | email: [email protected] Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv CONTRIBUTORS vi FOREWORD viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x CHAPTER 1 1 Wetlands of Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya: distribution, current status and conservation challenges Summary 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 The Lake Victoria Basin 2 1.2 Wetlands of Lake Victoria Basin 4 1.3 Wetlands distribution in the Lake Victoria Basin 5 1.4 The role of major water towers 8 1.5 Modes of exploitation and conservation efforts 8 1.6 Challenges facing Lake Victoria wetlands 9 1.7 Research on wetland conservation 10 1.8 Conclusion 11 References 11 CHAPTER 2 15 Background information on Nyando Wetland Summary 15 2.0 Introduction 15 2.1 Types of wetlands in the Nyando Basin 16 2.2 Physiographic features 18 2.3 Geological setting 19 2.4 Climate 20 2.5 Hydrogeological setting 21 2.6 Hydrology 22 2.7 Biodiversity 25 2.8 Conclusion 29 References 29 i CHAPTER 3 32 The people of Nyando Wetland: socioeconomics, gender and cultural issues Summary 32 3.0 Introduction 32 3.2 The people of Nyando Wetland: Who they are and where they came from 34 3.3 Socioeconomic and demographic profiles 35 3.3 Selected socioeconomic indicators and their implications on Wetland Management 38 3.4 Socioeconomic issues 42 3.5 Gender issues in the Conservation of Nyando Wetland 46 3.6 Cultural Issues and Wetland Conservation 49 3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 49 References 50 CHAPTER 4 53 The Value of Consumptive Goods and Services of Nyando Wetland Summary 53 4.0 Introduction 53 4.1 Wetland functions, goods and services 54 4.2 Classification of wetland functions, goods and services 54 4.3 Ecological Functions and Services of Nyando Wetland 56 4.4 Wetland Ecosystem Values and Valuation 59 4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 65 References 66 CHAPTER 5 68 Threats to the Nyando Wetland Summary 68 5.0 Introduction 68 5.1 Damaging processes and activities 69 5.3 Threats to wetlands in Kenya 72 5.4 Threats to Nyando Wetland 73 5.5 Past, on-going or planned activities that are a threat to Nyando Wetland 77 5.6 Conclusion 79 References 79 ii Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya CHAPTER 6 81 Experiences from community participation in managing Nyando Wetland Summary 81 6.0 Introduction 81 6.1 Co-management of natural resources 82 6.2 Approaches used in the Nyando Wetland Restoration Project 85 6.3 Emerging issues 97 References 97 CHAPTER 7 100 Managing Nyando Wetland in the face of Climate Change Summary 100 7.0 Introduction 100 7.1 Climate Change: historical trends and future scenarios 101 7.2 Impact of Climate Change on wetland functioning 104 7.3 Community perspectives on Climate Change in Nyando Wetland 107 7.4 Community Adaptation Measures and Coping Strategies 115 7.5 Mitigation strategies 117 7.6 Conclusion 117 7.7 Recommendations 118 References 118 CHAPTER 8 122 Challenges and Lessons Learnt on Community Based Wetland Management Summary 122 8.0 Introduction 122 8.1 Challenges to Community Based Wetland Management 123 8.2 Lessons Learnt 127 References 131 CHAPTER 9 132 Nyando Wetland in the Future Summary 132 9.0 Emerging scenarios and the future of Nyando Wetland 132 9.1 Nyando Wetland scenarios 133 9.2 Building scenarios with regards to the Constitution of Kenya and Vision 2030 134 9.3 Participatory Management of Nyando Wetland: key recommendations 141 9.4 The Nyando Wetland Integrated Management Plan 142 References iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFC Agricultural Finance Corporation AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AEWA African-Eurasian Water Bird Agreement BMU Beach Management Unit CBCRM Community-Based Coastal Resource Management CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CBO Community Based Organization CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CDF Constituency Development Fund CPAP Country Programme Action Plan CSO Civil Society Organization CVM Contingent Valuation Method DFS Decentralized Financial Services EAC East African Community ECOLIVE Ecology of Livelihoods of East Africa EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GBV Gender Based Violence GIPA Greater Involvement of People with AIDS GIS Geographic Information System GoK Government of Kenya HIV Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus ICT Information Communication Technology IGA Income Generating Activity IMR Infant Mortality Rate IT Information Technology ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KDC Kenya Disaster Concern KDHS Kenya Demographic Household Survey KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards KFS Kenya Forest Services KFSN Kenya Forest Service Network KLA Kenya Land Alliance KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KWS Kenya Wildlife Service KWSTI Kenya Wildlife Service Training Institute LBDA Lake Basin Development Authority LVB Lake Victoria Basin LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission LVEMP Lake Victoria Environment Management Programme LVFO Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization MDG Millennium Development Goal MEA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy iv Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya NGO Non-Governmental Organization NEMA National Environment Management Authority NRM Natural Resource Management NWCP Nyando Wetland Community Programme PES Payment of Ecosystem Services PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RDWSSP Rural Domestic Water Supply and Sanitation Programme RTDA Regional Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis SLA Sustainable Livelihood Approach TVM Travel Value Method UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme USD United States Dollar VACC Village Anti-Corruption Commission VAT Value Added Tax VIRED Victoria Insitute for Research on Environment and Development WCK Wildlife Clubs of Kenya WRMA Water Resources Management Authority WRUA Water Resource Users Association WTP Willingness to Pay v CONTRIBUTORS *Numbers in the parentheses indicate the pages on which the author’s respective contribution(s) begin BERNARD O. OPAA (132) Department of Coastal, Marine and Freshwaters, National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), P. O. Box 67839-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. Email:- [email protected] CHARLES O. NYANDIGA (122) United Nations Development Programme, Bureau of Development Policy (BDP), 220 East 42nd Street, 10017, New York, USA. Email: [email protected] FRANCIS O. ONYANGO (53) Ministry of Agriculture, District Agri-Business Development Officer, P.O. Box 20, Chepkorio, Kenya FOULATA T. KWENA (68) United Nations Development Programme –Kenya (EECU) P. O. Box 30397-00100, Nairobi. Email :- [email protected] FRANK O. MASESE (1) Environmental Resources Core, Department of Water Science and Engineering, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected] JOSEPH OKOTTO-OKOTTO (132) Planning, Research and Special Projects Department, Lake Basin Development Authority, P.O. Box 1516, Kisumu- Kenya. Email: - [email protected] J.B. OKEYO-OWUOR (1) Chepkoilel University College, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret and Victoria Institute for Research on Environment and Development (VIRED) International, P.O. Box 6423-40100, Kisumu, Kenya. Email:- [email protected] vi Community Based Approach to the Management of Nyando Wetland, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya KEVIN O. OBIERO (32) Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Lake Turkana Research Station, P.O. Box 205 – 30500, Lodwar. Email: [email protected] PATRICK KHISA (15) Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA), Lake Victoria South Catchment Area (LVSCA), P.O. Box 666-40100, Kisumu, Kenya PAUL O. Wa’MUNGA (32) Kenya Disaster Concern/Projects & Beyond Consult, P.O. Box 72812-00200, Nairobi Kenya. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] PHILIP O. RABURU (1) Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Chepkoilel University College, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, and VIRED International, P.O. Box 6423-40100, Kisumu, Kenya. Email: [email protected] STEVE N. OMARI (1) Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Chepkoilel University College, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya vii FOREWORD he United Nations Development Programme is committed to helping Kenya build