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Marcos Rogerio Calil.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Marcos Rogerio Calil Astronomia de Vitrúvio e a datação da sua época DOUTORADO EM HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA São Paulo 2013 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Marcos Rogerio Calil Astronomia de Vitrúvio e a datação da sua época DOUTORADO EM HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de DOUTOR em História da Ciência pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, sob a orientação do Prof. José Luiz Goldfarb. São Paulo 2013 Calil, Marcos Rogerio “Astronomia de Vitrúvio e a datação da sua época” São Paulo, 2013 xiv, 363 p. Tese (Doutorado) – PUC – SP Programa: História da Ciência Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Luiz Goldfarb Banca Examinadora _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ Autorizo, exclusivamente, para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação por processos fotocopiadores ou eletrônicos. Ass.: __________________________________________________________ Local e data: ____________________________________________________ Marcos Rogerio Calil [email protected] Podes atar as cadeias do Sete-estrelo? Podes soltar os laços do Órion? Podes produzir as constelações a seu tempo, e guiar a Ursa com seus filhos? Sabes as ordenanças dos céus? Pode estabelecer o domínio de Deus sobre a terra? (Jó 38:31-33) Então respondeu Jó ao Senhor: “Eu sei que tudo podes; nenhum dos teus planos pode ser impedido. Com os ouvidos eu ouvira falar de ti, mas agora te vêem os meus olhos. Por isso me abomino, e me arrependo no pó e na cinza”. (Jó 42:1, 2, 5, 6) Ao onipotente, onisciente e onipresente, Jesus Cristo. AGRADECIMENTOS A todos os professores do Programa de Estudo de Pós Graduados, em História da Ciência, pelo zelo da transmissão do conhecimento e o cuidado por contar os fatos como são. Ao professor, José Luiz Goldfarb, pelas orientações, além da paciência e carinho com um aprendiz em História da Ciência. Ao incentivo financeiro fornecido pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) por acreditar em mais um pesquisador brasileiro. A minha esposa, Fernanda Calipo Calil, por sempre estar ao meu lado em todos os momentos, mesmo nas horas mais difíceis e complicadas dessa longa trajetória. Aos meus pais, Jorge Adilson Botelho Calil e Lydia Briglevics Calil, além do meu irmão de sangue e fé Ronaldo Jorge Calil e sua esposa Regiane Gatuzzo Calil, por acreditarem no meu trabalho e compreenderem minha ausência em prol da pesquisa. Aos professores Fumikazu Saito, Márcia Helena Mendes Ferraz, Roberto Boczko e Thomas Augusto Santoro Haddad que, com suas preciosas orientações, tornaram possível a realização desse trabalho. Aos amigos que incentivam meu trabalho na área de ensino e divulgação da Astronomia e Astronáutica no Brasil. A todos os astrônomos aficionados do Brasil por acreditarem na Astronomia brasileira. RESUMO Nascido nas regiões próximas à Roma, entre 85 a 80 a.e.c. Vitrúvio redigiu a obra Dez Livros de Arquitetura. O período, possivelmente, data entre o final da República e o começo do principado de Augusto. Entre 29 a 27 a.e.c, após ter escrito o texto principal da obra, Vitrúvio vê a necessidade de prefaciar e dedicar seu tratado para Augusto César. Inserido nessa acentuada movimentação política, Vitrúvio publica, em 27 a.e.c. sua obra. Para Vitrúvio, a ciência do arquiteto é ornada de muitas disciplinas e de vários saberes, sendo necessário ter conhecimento em arte literária, ciência do desenho, geometria, aritmética, fatos históricos, filosofia, música, medicina e astronomia, pois todas essas disciplinas tem, entre si, ligação e comunicação. De fato, Vitrúvio prova na sua obra que era munido de todos esses saberes. Dos Dez Livros de Arquitetura, o livro 9 é dedicado para a Astronomia, objetivando a compreensão do sistema dos relógios solares. A complexa construção do seu analema, uma pré construção dos relógios solares, traz consigo diversos conceitos de Astronomia praticados na época. E foi com base nesses conceitos que determinamos o ano de 47 a.e.c. como sendo o ano de redação do nono livro. Além disso, através do debate histórico ocorrido entre os estudiosos vitruvianos, determinamos o ano em que Vitrúvio nasceu, faleceu, redigiu, prefaciou e dedicou sua obra. Apresentamos, no primeiro capítulo, um resumo dos Dez Livros de Vitrúvio, as diferentes trajetórias das edições vitruvianas durante os séculos IX até apresente data e 16 edições que consideramos significativas para qualquer estudioso vitruviano. No segundo capítulo, analisamos o processo histórico sobre o debate entre os estudiosos, referente à data que Vitrúvio viveu e redigiu sua obra. No terceiro capítulo, analisamos o livro 9, objetivando localizar conteúdos de Astronomia descritos por Vitrúvio, os quais, mais a frente, nos auxiliaram a concluir a determinação do ano que ele redigiu esse livro. Por fim, no capítulo 4, a conclusão é realizada com base nos estudos dos teóricos apresentados no capítulo 2 e dos conceitos de Astronomia apresentados no capítulo 3, determinamos o ano que Vitrúvio nasceu, faleceu, redigiu, prefaciou e dedicou sua obra. Palavras Chaves: História da Ciência, Vitrúvio, Astronomia. ABSTRACT Born in the surrounding areas of Rome between 85 and 80 BC, Vitruvius has written The Ten Books on Architecture. The period, possibly, dates between the end of the Republic and the beginning of Augustus’ principality. Between 29 and 27 BC, after had written the main text of his work, Vitruvius saw the need of preface and dedicate his treaty to Augustus Caesar. Inserted on this accented political movement, Vitruvius publishes, in 27 BC, his work. For Vitruvius, the science of the architect is compounded by several disciplines and different types of knowledge, being necessary have acquaintance in literary art, science of drawing, geometry, arithmetic, historical facts, philosophy, music, medicine and astronomy, since all this disciplines have, among them, connection and communication. In fact, Vitruvius proofs on its work that managed all these knowledge areas. From The Ten Books on Architecture, the book 9 is dedicated to Astronomy, objectifying the comprehension of sundials systems. The complex construction of its analemma, a pre-construction of the sundials, brings several Astronomy concepts practiced on that time. And based on these concepts we determined the year of 47 BC as the year the ninth book was written. Besides, through the historical debate occurred among the vitruvian scholars, we determined the year Vitruvius has born, died, written, prefaced and dedicated his work. We present, in the first chapter, an abstract of the Ten Books of Vitruvius, the different trajectories of the vitruvian editions since the IX century until the present date and 16 editions we consider significant for any vitruvian scholar. In the second chapter, we analyze the historical process about the debate among scholars, referent to the date Vitruvius lived and wrote his work. In the third chapter, we analyzed the book 9, objectifying localize Astronomy contents described by Vitruvius, of which, thereafter, assisted us to conclude which year he wrote this book. Finally, in the chapter 4, the conclusion is made based on the studies of theorists presented in the chapter 2 and the concepts of Astronomy presented in chapter 3, we determined the year Vitruvius has born, died, written, prefaced and dedicated his work. Key Words: Science History, Vitruvius, Astronomy. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................... 1 1.VITRÚVIO: OBRA, MANUSCRITOS, EDIÇÕES E TRADUÇÕES ...................... 6 1.1. OS DEZ LIVROS DE ARQUITETURA ......................................................... 7 1.2. MANUSCRITOS, EDIÇÕES E TRADUÇÕES ............................................ 21 1.2.1 Séculos IX a XV ................................................................................. 22 1.2.2 Pós século XV .................................................................................... 34 1.2.3 A editio princeps de Giovanni Sulpicio ............................................... 36 1.2.2.1 Debate sobre a data de publicação da edição de Sulpicio 36 1.2.2.2 Edições utilizadas por Sulpicio .......................................... 41 1.2.3 As demais edições após Sulpicio ...................................................... 47 1.3 A INFLUÊNCIA DA OBRA DE VITRÚVIO APÓS O SÉCULO XV ........ 50 1.3.1 Na Arquitetura .................................................................................... 50 1.3.2 Na cosmografia .................................................................................. 56 1.4 EDIÇÕES E TRADUÇÕES SIGNIFICATIVAS ........................................... 57 1.4.1 Edições e traduções publicadas nos séculos XV e XVI .................. 58 1.4.2 Edições e traduções publicadas entre os séculos XVI e XVIII ...... 70 1.4.3 Edições e traduções publicadas após o século XIX......................... 79 1.5 OBRAS CONSIDERADAS SIGNIFICATIVAS............................................ 83 2.VITRÚVIO E A DATA DOS DEZ LIVROS DE ARQUITETURA ...................... 87 2.1 ESTUDIOSOS E A DATA DO TRATADO VITRUVIANO ........................ 89 2.1.1 Edições de 1521, 1524 e 1535: Francesco Lutio Durantino ........... 90 2.1.2 Edição de 1544: Gulielmi Philandri Castilionii ............................... 91 2.1.3 Edições de 1673 e 1684:
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