Section 2 Step-by-Step Instruction The Enemy Surrounded Them SECTION SECTION “ O doleful! doleful! doleful!—Blood! Carnage! Fire! . . . Many battalions, of excellent men, went out into the woods on the right and left wing of Review and Preview the enemy;—Alas! numbers went never to Students have read about the grievances return!—The enemy surrounded them. . . . Many, the colonists had with British rule. Now many we fear are lost.” they will learn how Americans won their independence. —American soldier Philip Fithian, describing fighting in New York, 1776
ᮤ At Saratoga, American General Benedict Arnold won a key victory over the British.
Section Focus Question
A Critical Time How were the early years of the war a critical time? Objectives Why It Matters The thirteen colonies had proclaimed their Before you begin the lesson for the day, •Discover the results of fighting in the independence. But this declaration would have lasting write the Section Focus Question on the Middle States. meaning only if Washington and his army of poorly trained board. (Lesson focus: The Continental army • Understand why the Battle of Saratoga was troops could win victories over the powerful British army. faced hardships and defeat.) a turning point in the American Revolution. Section Focus Question: How were the early years •Learn how foreign nations and volunteers of the war a critical time? Prepare to Read helped the Americans. Retreat From New York Build Background Reading Skill In mid-1776, the heavy fighting shifted from New England to the Middle States. There, the Continental army Knowledge L2 Apply the Meanings of Prefixes suffered through the worst days of the war. Review with students the events that led Prefixes—word parts added to the beginning of up to the American Revolution. Then ask words or word roots—can dramatically affect a Attack and Retreat In June 1776, just as the students to scan the headings and images word’s meaning. Applying the meanings of common Continental Congress was considering independence, a to identify some of the major battles fought prefixes will help you define unfamiliar words. Piece large British fleet arrived off New York. Sir William Howe, during the war. Ask them to make a pre- together a likely meaning. Check how the word is the British commander, gathered his forces on Staten Island, diction about the outcome of the Revolu- used within the content of the surrounding text. If at the southern edge of New York harbor. necessary, use a dictionary. Washington expected Howe’s attack. He already had led tion. After they make a prediction about his forces south from Boston to Brooklyn on Long Island. what they will learn, address any miscon- Key Terms and People However, his army was no match for the British. Howe had ceptions. Remind students to confirm or Nathan Hale cavalry about 34,000 well-trained troops and 10,000 sailors, as well revise their predictions after they read this mercenary Friedrich von as ships to ferry them ashore. Washington had fewer than section. alliance Steuben 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy. Marquis de Lafayette That summer saw a long series of battles and American Set a Purpose L2 retreats. In the Battle of Long Island, in August 1776, the I Read each statement in the Reading British drove Washington’s troops out of Brooklyn. The Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to following month, Washington had to abandon New York mark the statements True or False. City. The British pursued the Americans north to White Plains, then west and south across New Jersey. Teaching Resources, Unit 2,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44 Section 2 A Critical Time 179 I Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark the worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24) Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words. to call on students to share their group’s High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence perspectives. The students will return to these worksheets later. vital, p. 183 adj. necessary; of great importance Shipbuilding played a vital role in the New England economy. transform, p. 183 v. to change from one thing or condition to another The battles of Lexington and Concord transformed the colonial struggle from a protest to a revolution.
Chapter 6 Section 2 179 Nathan Hale During the fight for New York, Nathan Hale Teach became an American legend. Hale was a Connecticut officer, and he
volunteered for dangerous spy duty. His mission was to collect Retreat from New York information about British battle plans on Long Island. Caught behind British lines, Hale was tried and condemned to p. 179 death. He was hanged the next morning. Later, it was reported that his last words had been, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose Instruction L2 for my country.” I Vocabulary Builder Before teaching this section, preteach the High-Use What was the result of the Battle of Long Island? Words vital and transform, using the strategy on TE p. T21. Surprises for the British Key Terms Have students continue fill- Under relentless British pursuit, the Continental army kept ing in the See It–Remember It chart for retreating. In December, it crossed the Delaware River into Pennsyl- the Key Terms in this chapter. vania. The British now threatened Philadelphia. Patriot spirits were low. Many soldiers deserted. Others seemed ready to go home as I Read Retreat from New York with stu- soon as their terms of service ended. dents using the Structured Silent Read- ing strategy (TE, p. T22). I Ask: What was the result of fighting in New York? (The colonists were forced to retreat from New York into New Jersey.) The Revolutionary War, I Discuss the reasons for repeated Conti- 1775–1777 nental army defeats. Have students con- In the early stages of the trast the British and American armies. American Revolution, the 75˚ W 70˚ W fighting moved from New (The British had around 34,000 well-trained Quebec England to the Middle . ce R soldiers and a navy. The Americans had less ren States. BRITISH w La t. than 20,000 soldiers who were poorly TERRITORY S (a) Understand Sequence trained and had no navy.) Maine What is the earliest Montreal K (part of MA) 77 e military action shown on 7 n 1 A 45˚ N r, n e r e g n b this map? Independent Practice e e o L c l . L. d R t 7
. S 7 (b) Interpret Maps How did Champlain 1 Have students begin to fill in the Study 7 7
1 7 , sea power help the Ft. 5
e . Ticonderoga n Guide for this section. R British capture
y t L. u o c Ft. Oswego i Ontario g t Philadelphia? r c e
u Interactive Reading and n NH
B n Saratoga o A C Ft. Stanwix r 6 Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 6, no Newburyport 7 l e 17 d, Gates ow , 17 H ax Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) New York 77 Lexington lif Albany Ha to . Concord D R Boston e n la o ATLANTIC For: Interactive map w s MA a d RI u re OCEAN Visit: PHSchool.com Monitor Progress H CT R Pennsylvania . Web Code: mvp-2062 Cornwallis As students fill in the Notetaking Study Morristown Long Island Washington New York Guide, circulate to make sure students Princeton Valley Forge understand the impact of early defeat on Trenton 40˚ N Philadelphia NJ N the colonists. If students do not seem to Maryland Germantown have a good understanding, have them Brandywine 7 KEY 7 E 7 W reread the section. Provide assistance as 1 DE , American forces e w S needed. o British forces
H 0 km 200 American victories 60˚ W VA 0 miles 200 British victories Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection Chesapeake Bay ! Forts 180 65˚ W
Differentiated Instruction
L1 L1 L1 English Language Learners Less Proficient Readers Special Needs Make an Outline Have students create an numerals. Have them use the blue heads Answers outline of the section as they read. Tell as subheads, noted with capital letters. them to use the red heads as the main Have students write supporting details The colonists retreated and heads and number them with Roman under the subheads. eventually abandoned New York City.
(a) Lexington (b) They were able to sneak in reinforcements through the Chesapeake Bay and attack.
180 Chapter 6 Thomas Paine had retreated with the army Surprises for the British through New Jersey. To raise morale, he wrote another pamphlet, The Crisis. Paine urged Americans p. 180 to support the army, despite hard times. He wrote: Instruction L2 “These are the times that try men’s souls. I Have students read Surprise for the Brit- The summer soldier and the sunshine ish. Remind students to look for the patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the sequence of events. service of his country; but he that stands it I Ask: Why did Washington read The now deserves the love and thanks of man Crisis aloud to his troops? (Possible and woman. ” answer: He wanted to inspire his troops to —Thomas Paine, The Crisis continue the fight for independence.) I Washington had The Crisis read aloud to his troops. Ask students to explain George Wash- At the same time, he made plans for a bold attack. ington’s new strategy and its results. (Washington led a sneak attack from two Crossing the Delaware On Christmas night, sides at Trenton. It was successful.) 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the river in I Have students draw conclusions about small boats. Soldiers huddled in the boats as the spray from the river froze on their faces. So poorly why the victory was important for the supplied were the troops that some had no shoes. Continental army. (After so much defeat Once across the river, the soldiers marched in the earlier in the year, victory lifted the spirits of swirling snow. To keep their feet from freezing, the the colonial troops.) soldiers bound them in rags. Washington at Trenton Independent Practice On the far bank, the men trudged several miles During Washington’s surprise with Washington urging them on. Early on Have students complete the Study Guide attack on Trenton, the for this section. December 26, they attacked Trenton from two sides, achieving commander of the Hessian complete surprise. mercenaries was seriously Interactive Reading and wounded. In this picture, An American Victory The attack brought a ringing American Washington orders his men to Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 6, victory. The soldiers in Trenton were Hessians (men from Hesse, a help the dying Hessian officer to Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) small German state). They were among thousands of German his bed. Critical Thinking: Apply Information Why was mercenaries who were fighting for the British. Mercenaries are Washington able to win the battle Monitor Progress soldiers who are paid to fight for a country other than their at Trenton? own. Washington’s army captured almost a thousand Hessian As students fill in the Notetaking Study mercenaries. Guide, circulate to make sure students Pursued by the British, Washington used a clever trick to escape. understand how the war turned in the His soldiers made camp near Trenton and lit campfires. After dark, colonists’ favor. If students do not seem to most of the men packed up and quietly withdrew. The British did not have a good understanding, have them discover the trick until daylight, when the main body of soldiers reread the section. Provide assistance as attacked and heavily damaged a British force near Princeton. needed. How did Washington attack Trenton?
Saratoga: A Turning Point British general John Burgoyne came up with a plan he hoped would quickly end the rebellion. His goal was to cut New England off from the rest of the states.
Section 2 A Critical Time 181
History Background
A Quick Victory Early on December 26, summed up the battle in these words: the Americans surprised the Hessian “Hessian population of Trenton at 8 troops guarding Trenton and took most of A.M.—1,408 men and 39 officers; Hessian them prisoner. One American soldier population at 9 A.M.—0.” Answers Apply Information He took the British by surprise.
They crossed the Delaware,
hiked through snow, and attacked the city on two sides by surprise.
Chapter 6 Section 2 181 Saratoga: A Turning The British Plan Burgoyne’s plan called for British forces to drive toward Albany, New York, from three directions. From Canada, an Point army of 8,000 would move south to capture the forts on Lake p. 181 Champlain, Lake George, and the upper Hudson River. From the west, a smaller British force would drive through the Mohawk Valley Instruction L2 toward Albany. And from the south, General Howe would lead a I Have students read Saratoga: A Turning large army up the Hudson River from New York City. Point. Remind students to keep track of Apply the Meanings Burgoyne’s plan ran into trouble almost immediately. George III the sequence of events. of Prefixes ordered Howe to move south from New York in a misguided attempt The prefix mis- means to attack Philadelphia. Not until November were Howe’s forces I Ask: What went wrong with General “badly” or “wrongly.” What does Burgoyne’s plan? (Several things: The the word misguided mean? ready to march north again. At the same time, American forces cut off king sent the southern force to attack Phila- the British troops coming through the Mohawk Valley. delphia, American forces cut off the attack An American Victory Burgoyne led the main British force from from the west, and Burgoyne was forced to Canada in June. After recapturing Fort Ticonderoga, they slowly lead the southern attack himself.) pushed south, dragging a large train of baggage carts through the I Ask: Why was the American victory at woods. Supplies were running short. Americans were rushing to block the British. By September, the Saratoga such a turning point? (For sev- American commander in New York, General Horatio Gates, had eral reasons: It ended the British threat to 6,000 men ready to fight. At the village of Saratoga, New York, the New England, it destroyed British hopes for Americans surrounded the British. After suffering heavy casualties, an easy victory, and it showed European Burgoyne surrendered on October 17, 1777. nations that the Americans had a chance of winning.) I Show the History Interactive transpar- Revolutionary Soldier Explore a ency Revolutionary Soldier. Ask: Why Soldier’s Life did it take colonial soldiers a long time Visit: PHSchool.com to load their muskets? (Soldiers had to fill Web Code: mvl-2062 their muskets with gunpowder, then push down the ammunition with ramrods.) A Continental Soldier The three-cornered hat, or A soldier in the Continental army tricorn, was standard headgear Color Transparencies, Revolutionary Soldier needed the strength and stamina to for Continental soldiers. travel long distances on foot. Perhaps Independent Practice the most important skill was good marksmanship—the ability to shoot Have students complete the Study Guide well. Critical Thinking: Clarify for this section. Problems What do you think were some of the disadvantages of the Interactive Reading and Every marksman depended musket as a military weapon? Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 6, on his powder horn, an Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) animal horn used to carry gunpowder. Monitor Progress As students fill in the Notetaking Study To load a musket, a soldier first Guide, circulate to make sure students had to fill it with gunpowder. Then, he had to push the understand the importance of the Ameri- ammunition—a lead ball—down can victory at Saratoga. If students do not the barrel with a ramrod. Only seem to have a good understanding, have then was the musket ready to fire. them reread the section. Provide assistance as needed.
182 Chapter 6 The American Revolution
Differentiated Instruction
L3 L3 Advanced Readers Gifted and Talented Make a Live Sequence of Events To help the Battle of Saratoga. Then have each students review the progress of the Revo- group act out one event of the Revolution Answers lution, have them work together in groups for the class. Reading Skill Misguided means to list the sequence of events and their “wrongly guided.” outcome from the beginning of the war to Clarify Problems Disadvantages include: a musket took a long time to reload and it required good marksmanship.
182 Chapter 6 Results of the Battle The Battle of Saratoga marked a major Help from Overseas turning point in the war. The American victory ended the British threat to New England and destroyed British hopes of an easy Valley Forge victory. It also lifted Patriot spirits at a time when Washington’s pp. 183–184 army was suffering defeats. Perhaps most important, the Battle of Saratoga helped convince Europeans that the Americans had a Instruction L2 sound chance of winning. I Have students read Help from Overseas List two results of the Battle of Saratoga. and Valley Forge. Remind students to look for details that answer the Section Help From Overseas Focus Question. Soon after Saratoga, France agreed to openly support American I Ask: Why was European support so independence. In February 1778, France officially formed an alliance important to the colonists? (It helped with the United States. An alliance is a formal agreement between them win the war by providing them with two powers to work together toward a common goal. the necessary arms, ships, and reinforce- ments to defeat the British. The French Alliance France was eager to weaken Britain. Even ) before Saratoga, the French had secretly supplied money and arms I Display the transparency Turning to the Americans. But the French did not want to take an open stand Points of the Revolution. Discuss the until it seemed the Americans might win. The Battle of Saratoga effect of each event. convinced the French government to help the struggling young nation. In February 1778, France became the first nation to sign a Color Transparencies, Turning Points of the treaty with the United States. Revolution France and its allies in the Netherlands and Spain also went to I war with Britain. By carrying the fight to Europe and the Caribbean, Ask: How did women help the soldiers the allies forced Britain to wage war on many fronts. This helped the at Valley Forge? (Women collected food, American cause, because the British could spare fewer troops to fight medicine, warm clothes, and ammunition. in North America. Some tended the sick and wounded.)
European Volunteers A number of Europeans volunteered to Independent Practice serve with the American forces. They were inspired by the American Have students complete the Study Guide struggle for liberty. for this section. A French noble, the Marquis de Lafayette (lah fay YET), became a Medals commemorating the Interactive Reading and high-ranking officer in Washington’s army. He and Washington American-French alliance became close friends. When Lafayette was wounded in battle, Wash- Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 6, Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) ington told a surgeon, “Treat him as though he were my son.” Vocabulary Builder Volunteers from Poland also made vital contributions to the Patriot vital (Vì tuhl) adj. necessary; of war effort. Thaddeus Kosciusko (kawsh CHUSH koh) was an engineer great importance Monitor Progress who took charge of building fortifications at West Point. Casimir Pulaski led and trained cavalry, or units of troops on horseback. I As students complete the Notetaking Study Guide, circulate to make sure stu- Baron von Steuben A German baron, Friedrich von Steuben dents understand the significance of for- (STOO buhn), helped train the Continental army. Steuben had served in the Prussian army, which was considered the best in Europe. eign aid to the Continental army. Pro- Before Steuben arrived in early 1778, American troops were often vide assistance as needed. poorly trained and undisciplined. Steuben taught the soldiers how to I Tell students to fill in the last column of march, how to improve their aim, and how to attack with bayonets. Vocabulary Builder the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for His methods helped to transform raw recruits into soldiers and transform (trans FORM) v. to what they learned that confirms or shaped the Continental army into a more effective force. change from one thing or condition to another denies each statement. How did France aid the Patriot cause? Teaching Resources, Unit 2,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44 Section 2 A Critical Time 183
History Background Answers The Continental Navy Established by the navy was disbanded, and for the next 14 Results include: Saving New Second Continental Congress in 1775, the years American merchant ships fell prey to England, demoralizing Britain, and encour- Continental navy supported the Continen- attacks by North Africa’s Barbary pirates. aging Europeans to support the colonists. tal army throughout the American Revolu- In 1798, in an effort to cope with the tion. During the war, American ships attacks, Congress created the Department At first, France secretly sup-
attacked and captured many British mer- of the Navy. plied money and arms to the colonists. chant vessels. In 1784, the Continental After officially forming an alliance with the United States, France and its allies fought Britain in Europe and the Caribbean, which forced Britain to wage war on many fronts.
Chapter 6 Section 2 183 Valley Forge Assess and Reteach Washington’s Continental army suffered through the cruel winter
of 1777–1778 in a hastily built camp at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania. Assess Progress L2 Meanwhile, some 22 miles away, British officers in Philadelphia Have students complete Check Your danced the winter away in a merry round of parties and balls. Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. The 11,000 Continental soldiers were not sufficiently fed, clothed, or housed. Many lacked socks, shoes, and even trousers. Throughout Teaching Resources, Unit 2, the winter, they shivered in drafty huts. At any one time, about one
Section Quiz, p. 55 soldier in four was sick with chills, fever, or worse. Because food was so scarce, the soldiers mainly ate thin soup and To further assess student understanding, dry bread patties. One private later recalled that he went without use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. food for two days. He was so hungry he would have grabbed food away from anyone, even his best friend. Finally, he found half a Progress Monitoring Transparencies, pumpkin. He cooked it “upon a rock, the skin side up, by making a Chapter 6, Section 2 fire on it.” When Americans learned about conditions at Valley Forge, they Reteach L1 sent help. Women collected food, medicine, warm clothes, and If students need more instruction, have ammunition. Some women, including George Washington’s wife, them read this section in the Interactive Martha, went to Valley Forge to tend the sick and wounded. Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and Despite its woes, the Continental army used that winter to gather complete the accompanying question. its strength for the battles that lay ahead. Steuben’s drills sharpened the soldiers’ skills and discipline. Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 6, Why was the winter at Valley Forge so difficult? Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.)
Washington at Valley Forge Looking Back and Ahead By the spring of 1778, the Extend L3 army at Valley Forge was ready to resume the fight. “The army Have students complete the History Inter- grows stronger every day,” wrote one New Jersey soldier. While sol- active activity online. diers drilled, Washington and his staff planned new campaigns against the British.
For: Help with the History Interactive For: Self-test with instant help Extend activity. Section 2 Check Your Progress Visit: PHSchool.com Visit: PHSchool.com Web Code: mva-2062 Web Code: mvp-0142 Comprehension Reading Skill 4. German mercenaries helped the and Critical Thinking 3. Apply the Meanings of British because they believed the 1. (a) Recall What happened at Prefixes The prefix trans- means king should rule the Americans. Trenton in December 1776? “change.” The word root form 5. After making an alliance with the (b) Draw Inferences What did means “shape” or “structure.” Americans, France contributed Progress Monitoring Online Washington’s actions at the Use this information to explain money and arms to the Patriots. Battle of Trenton show about his the meaning of transform in this 6. The cavalry soldiers fired at the Students may check their comprehen- character and leadership? sentence: His methods helped British soldiers from the ground sion of this section by completing the to transform raw recruits into before running away. 2. (a) List What were three impor- soldiers. Progress Monitoring Online graphic tant results of the American Writing organizer and self-quiz. victory at Saratoga? Key Terms 7. In order to gather enough sol- (b) Make Predictions What do Read each sentence below. If the diers to fight the battle in Ameri- you think would have happened sentence is true, write YES. If the ca, the British had to hire German if the Americans had lost the sentence is not true, write NO and mercenaries. List one strong argu- battle? explain why. ment for and one strong argu- ment against this solution. Answer 184 Chapter 6 The American Revolution The soldiers were not suffi- ciently housed, clothed, or fed. (b) He was a good leader, who was 3. Possible answer: to change; to improve fearless and brave. He also was a clever the quality of Section 2 Check Your Progress military strategist. 4. No. They helped because they were
1. (a) Washington’s poorly equipped 2. (a) It ended British hopes of an early paid to do so. troops staged a surprise attack from two victory; it lifted Patriots’ spirits; it con- 5. Yes. sides and won the battle, capturing a vinced the Europeans that Americans 6. No. The cavalry fought on horseback. thousand soldiers. He then tricked the had a chance of winning. British by making them think that his (b) America might have lost the war; 7. Possible answers: For hiring mercenar- soldiers were still in their camp, Europeans would not have believed that ies: the British needed more manpower. enabling his troops to escape. the Americans could win. Against: mercenaries might not be loyal, might give up when attacked.
184 Chapter 6 Valley Forge by Maxwell Anderson
Prepare to Read Valley Forge Introduction Reading Skill Vocabulary Builder Build Background Maxwell Anderson’s play Analyze Dramatic Conflict An As you read this literature selec- Knowledge L2 Valley Forge depicts the hard- important element in any drama tion, look for the following Reading a dramatic interpretation of his- ships faced by Washington’s is conflict, when two characters underlined words: torical events can help students under- army in the winter of 1778. One want different things. As you commissary (KAH muh sehr ee) n. stand the feelings evoked during a certain problem the army faced was read this scene, try to identify food supplies time period. Review with students what men trying to go home. Here, the source of the conflict munitions (myoo NIH shuhns) n. Washington hears the com- between Washington and weapons and ammunition they know about the winter spent by plaints of a soldier named Teague. George Washington and his men at Valley Teague. Forge. Ask: How did the winter at Valley Forge improve the outlook for the revolu- tionaries and their supporters? (Possible TEAGUE:I’m going hungry here and my woman’s going hungry at Analyze Dramatic answers: Despite the rough conditions, soldiers home. You let me go home for the winter, and you won’t have to Conflict used the time to train. Soldiers became more feed me, and that relieves the commissary. I rustle some wild meat What does Teague committed after going through a rough winter want? What does Washington for the younguns and the old woman, and they don’t starve and I want? How are their wishes in together. Supporters rallied around the troops, don’t starve. More’n that, everybody knows there’s two or three conflict? helping them get through the winter and thousand men gone home already for that same reason, and if they improving morale.) Discuss with students was here now they’d be chewing the bark off the second-growth how they would have felt if they had been birch like so many cottontails. I don’t hold it against you and I don’t in that situation. Use the Idea Wave partic- hold it against anybody because I don’t know who in thunder to ipation strategy to elicit responses (TE, p. hold it against, but there’s nothing to eat here. . . . T24). WASHINGTON: Well, Master Teague, if they catch you they’ll give you seventy-five lashes, and that’s a good deal to take and live. On the Vocabulary Builder other hand, you’re quite right from your own angle, and if I were Pronounce each word in the Vocabulary you I’d feel as you do. If you go home, and we all go home this win- Builder list and have students repeat the ter, you won’t need to bother about coming back in the spring. word. Ask a student to read the defini- There’ll be not fighting to come back to. General Howe will march tions. Then ask students to write two sen- out of Philadelphia and take over these states of ours. If he knew tences that correctly use each vocabulary now how many have deserted, how many are sick, how many unfit word. for duty on account of the lack of food and clothes and munitions, he’d come back in force and wring our necks one by one, and the Instruction L2 neck of our sickly little revolution along with us. If you liked this excerpt I Using the Choral Reading participation From America On Stage: Ten Great Plays of American History, and want to strategy (TE, p. T22), read Teague’s part ed. Stanley Richards. Doubleday & Co., 1976. learn more from “Valley Forge.” Ask students to about George Washington, describe his point of view of the situa- you might tion. (Teague felt that the army would be want to read better off if soldiers were allowed to go home Analyze LITERATURE George Washington and the Do you think that Washington should permit Teague to Founding of a Nation by and spend time with their families and eat.) go home without punishment? Write a paragraph Albert Marrin. Dutton Books, I Have students read Washington’s explaining the reasons for your opinion. 2001. response. Ask: Do you think Washing- ton’s response inspired Teague to stay? Why or why not? (Possible answers: Yes, Literature 185 because Teague realized that the needs of the nation were more important than his person- al needs for now. No, because Teague felt that Writing Rubric Share this writing rubric Answers his leader did not care about the sacrifices he with students. Reading Skill Teague wants to go and the other soldiers were making for the
home. Washington wants the troops to stay Score 1 Statements are incomplete. cause.) in the army. Teague is thinking only of Score 2 Statements are inaccurate or himself and the short term. Washington is vague. Monitor Progress
considering the needs of the Continental Score 3 Paragraph is logical and support- army and the long-term strategy for the ed with reasons. Have students complete the Analyze Liter- Revolution. Score 4 Paragraph is comprehensive and ature activity. Circulate to be sure students contains well-reasoned points. understand how Washington inspired the Analyze LITERATURE Paragraphs troops to stay in the army. Provide assis- should clearly give writer’s point of view. tance as needed.
Chapter 6 185