Section 2 Step-by-Step Instruction The Enemy Surrounded Them SECTION SECTION “ O doleful! doleful! doleful!—Blood! Carnage! Fire! . Many battalions, of excellent men, went out into the woods on the right and left wing of Review and Preview the enemy;—Alas! numbers went never to Students have read about the grievances return!—The enemy surrounded them. Many, the colonists had with British rule. Now many we fear are lost.” they will learn how Americans won their independence. —American soldier Philip Fithian, describing fighting in New York, 1776 ᮤ At Saratoga, American General Benedict Arnold won a key victory over the British. Section Focus Question A Critical Time How were the early years of the war a critical time? Objectives Why It Matters The thirteen colonies had proclaimed their Before you begin the lesson for the day, •Discover the results of fighting in the independence. But this declaration would have lasting write the Section Focus Question on the Middle States. meaning only if Washington and his army of poorly trained board. (Lesson focus: The Continental army • Understand why the Battle of Saratoga was troops could win victories over the powerful British army. faced hardships and defeat.) a turning point in the American Revolution. Section Focus Question: How were the early years •Learn how foreign nations and volunteers of the war a critical time? Prepare to Read helped the Americans. Retreat From New York Build Background Reading Skill In mid-1776, the heavy fighting shifted from New England to the Middle States. There, the Continental army Knowledge L2 Apply the Meanings of Prefixes suffered through the worst days of the war. Review with students the events that led Prefixes—word parts added to the beginning of up to the American Revolution. Then ask words or word roots—can dramatically affect a Attack and Retreat In June 1776, just as the students to scan the headings and images word’s meaning. Applying the meanings of common Continental Congress was considering independence, a to identify some of the major battles fought prefixes will help you define unfamiliar words. Piece large British fleet arrived off New York. Sir William Howe, during the war. Ask them to make a pre- together a likely meaning. Check how the word is the British commander, gathered his forces on Staten Island, diction about the outcome of the Revolu- used within the content of the surrounding text. If at the southern edge of New York harbor. necessary, use a dictionary. Washington expected Howe’s attack. He already had led tion. After they make a prediction about his forces south from Boston to Brooklyn on Long Island. what they will learn, address any miscon- Key Terms and People However, his army was no match for the British. Howe had ceptions. Remind students to confirm or Nathan Hale cavalry about 34,000 well-trained troops and 10,000 sailors, as well revise their predictions after they read this mercenary Friedrich von as ships to ferry them ashore. Washington had fewer than section. alliance Steuben 20,000 poorly trained troops and no navy. Marquis de Lafayette That summer saw a long series of battles and American Set a Purpose L2 retreats. In the Battle of Long Island, in August 1776, the I Read each statement in the Reading British drove Washington’s troops out of Brooklyn. The Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to following month, Washington had to abandon New York mark the statements True or False. City. The British pursued the Americans north to White Plains, then west and south across New Jersey. Teaching Resources, Unit 2, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44 Section 2 A Critical Time 179 I Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark the worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24) Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words. to call on students to share their group’s High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence perspectives. The students will return to these worksheets later. vital, p. 183 adj. necessary; of great importance Shipbuilding played a vital role in the New England economy. transform, p. 183 v. to change from one thing or condition to another The battles of Lexington and Concord transformed the colonial struggle from a protest to a revolution. Chapter 6 Section 2 179 Nathan Hale During the fight for New York, Nathan Hale Teach became an American legend. Hale was a Connecticut officer, and he volunteered for dangerous spy duty. His mission was to collect Retreat from New York information about British battle plans on Long Island. Caught behind British lines, Hale was tried and condemned to p. 179 death. He was hanged the next morning. Later, it was reported that his last words had been, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose Instruction L2 for my country.” I Vocabulary Builder Before teaching this section, preteach the High-Use What was the result of the Battle of Long Island? Words vital and transform, using the strategy on TE p. T21. Surprises for the British Key Terms Have students continue fill- Under relentless British pursuit, the Continental army kept ing in the See It–Remember It chart for retreating. In December, it crossed the Delaware River into Pennsyl- the Key Terms in this chapter. vania. The British now threatened Philadelphia. Patriot spirits were low. Many soldiers deserted. Others seemed ready to go home as I Read Retreat from New York with stu- soon as their terms of service ended. dents using the Structured Silent Read- ing strategy (TE, p. T22). I Ask: What was the result of fighting in New York? (The colonists were forced to retreat from New York into New Jersey.) The Revolutionary War, I Discuss the reasons for repeated Conti- 1775–1777 nental army defeats. Have students con- In the early stages of the trast the British and American armies. American Revolution, the 75˚ W 70˚ W fighting moved from New (The British had around 34,000 well-trained Quebec England to the Middle . ce R soldiers and a navy. The Americans had less ren States. BRITISH w La t. than 20,000 soldiers who were poorly TERRITORY S (a) Understand Sequence trained and had no navy.) Maine What is the earliest Montreal K (part of MA) 77 e military action shown on 7 n 1 A 45˚ N r, n e r e g n b this map? Independent Practice e e o L c l . L. d R t 7 . S 7 (b) Interpret Maps How did Champlain 1 Have students begin to fill in the Study 7 7 1 7 , sea power help the Ft. 5 e . Ticonderoga n Guide for this section. R British capture y t L. u o c Ft. Oswego i Ontario g t Philadelphia? r c e u Interactive Reading and n NH B n Saratoga o A C Ft. Stanwix r 6 Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 6, no Newburyport 7 l e 17 d, Gates ow , 17 H ax Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) New York 77 Lexington lif Albany Ha to . Concord D R Boston e n la o ATLANTIC For: Interactive map w s MA a d RI u re OCEAN Visit: PHSchool.com Monitor Progress H CT R Pennsylvania . Web Code: mvp-2062 Cornwallis As students fill in the Notetaking Study Morristown Long Island Washington New York Guide, circulate to make sure students Princeton Valley Forge understand the impact of early defeat on Trenton 40˚ N Philadelphia NJ N the colonists. If students do not seem to Maryland Germantown have a good understanding, have them Brandywine 7 KEY 7 E 7 W reread the section. Provide assistance as 1 DE , American forces e w S needed. o British forces H 0 km 200 American victories 60˚ W VA 0 miles 200 British victories Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection Chesapeake Bay ! Forts 180 65˚ W Differentiated Instruction L1 L1 L1 English Language Learners Less Proficient Readers Special Needs Make an Outline Have students create an numerals. Have them use the blue heads Answers outline of the section as they read. Tell as subheads, noted with capital letters. them to use the red heads as the main Have students write supporting details The colonists retreated and heads and number them with Roman under the subheads. eventually abandoned New York City. (a) Lexington (b) They were able to sneak in reinforcements through the Chesapeake Bay and attack. 180 Chapter 6 Thomas Paine had retreated with the army Surprises for the British through New Jersey. To raise morale, he wrote another pamphlet, The Crisis. Paine urged Americans p. 180 to support the army, despite hard times. He wrote: Instruction L2 “These are the times that try men’s souls. I Have students read Surprise for the Brit- The summer soldier and the sunshine ish. Remind students to look for the patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the sequence of events. service of his country; but he that stands it I Ask: Why did Washington read The now deserves the love and thanks of man Crisis aloud to his troops? (Possible and woman. ” answer: He wanted to inspire his troops to —Thomas Paine, The Crisis continue the fight for independence.) I Washington had The Crisis read aloud to his troops. Ask students to explain George Wash- At the same time, he made plans for a bold attack. ington’s new strategy and its results. (Washington led a sneak attack from two Crossing the Delaware On Christmas night, sides at Trenton. It was successful.) 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across the river in I Have students draw conclusions about small boats.