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ED359913.Pdf DOCUMENT RESUME ED 359 913 HE 026 612 AUTHOR Shmurak, Carole B. TITLE Career Patterns of Women Graduates of Independent Schools: A Comparison of Coeducational and All-Girls High Schools. PUB DATE Apr 93 NOTE 20p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Atlanta, GA, April 1993). PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070) Reports Research /Technical (143) Speeches/Conference Papers (150) EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PCO1 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Career Choice; Comparative Analysis; *Females; Followup Studies; Higher Education; High School Graduates; High Schools; *Outcomes of Education; Professional Occupations; Research; *Single Sex Schools; Vocational Followup ABSTRACT This study compared the careers of women who graduated from all-girls independent secondary schools to the careers of those who graduated from comparable coeducational schools, in order to determine if there are differences between the career choices of these two groups. Comparisons were made of the number of women in each of 10 traditionally-male fields: medicine; law; engineering; dentistry; veterinary medicine; finance; computers; scientific research; architecture; and psychology. A total of 12,651 alumnae records were screened covering the periods from 1960 to 1985. Results showed that there were very few differences between the careers of graduates of girls' schools and those women graduating from coeducational secondary schools. In those cases where differences did occur, they all favored the coeducational schools. In none of the 10 fields did the graduates of the girls' schools have a proportionately larger number of women, which contradicts other research showing positive effects of girls' schools. Careful consideration of these conclusions is made in light of findings from other studies. Contains 19 references. (GLR) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** C9-eerPatternsof Women Graduatesof IndependentSchools: A Comparisonof Coeducational andAll-GirlsHigh Schools Carole B. Shmurak Department of Teacher Education CentralConnecticut StateUniversity 1615 Stanley Street New Britain, CT 06050 Paper presented at the annualmeeting of the American Educational ResearchAssociation, Atlanta, GA, April1993. U S DEPARTMENT OP EDUCATION -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS tttn e C. I clucaficina, ReseaN n and 1.",o,....mt"1 MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL RE SOURCES INFORMATION CENTER tERICI Carole B. Shmurak Olhon,s no,,ment has been recut:du:Ad as ,e, e..ed Iron, the pr's' organ., r vnaltN hanOeS na..e Over made to .""P,ve eproclucbon tn.%dnr ,,, Po.nts op.mons Ma!Pc1 meat do not no., e,car er,se^' a, TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES of RI poS.I.:" K../ INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 2 CareerPatternsof Women Graduatesof IndependentSchools: A ComparisonofCoeducationalandAll-GirlsHigh Schools Carole B. Shmurak Department of Teacher Education CentralConnecticut StateUniversity The objective of this study was to comparethe careers of women who those graduated from all-girlsindependent secondary schoolsto the careers of who graduated from comparablecoeducational schools,inorder todetermine if thereare differences betweenthe career choices of these two groups. In thelast twenty-five years, therehas been a strong movement away from single-sex education tocoeducation, both atthe college and the secondary school level.Ironically,this came about at a timewhen research for was just beginning todemonstrate a positive effectof single-sex education women at the college level.Tidball (1973) showed thatwomen's colleges were much more likelyto produce womenof achievement, especiallyin nontraditional fields like the sciences.Tidball and Kistiakowsky(1976) demonstrated that women who obtaineddoctoratesin the biological and physical sciences were morelikelyto have graduatedfrom women's colleges thanfromcoeducationalundergraduateinstitutions. Much less research has beendone on the effects ofsingle-sex education Australia and Canada at the secondary schoollevel. Studies in Great Britain, less likely to viewthe seem to indicate thatgirls in single -sex schools are sciences and calculus as "masculine" and morelikely to enroll in these courses than girlsat coeducational schools (Kahle,1983); girlsat these single sex schools also express more positive attitudes towardsphysics, the most "masculine" of the sciences, thanthei: counterpartsatcoeducational schools (Stables, 1990). In the United States, Lee and Bryk (1986) comparedgirls attending coeducational Catholic schools to those atall-girls Catholic schools and found strong effects in favor of the single sex situation:girls at the all- girls schools were more positive about academics ingeneral, expressed a greaterinterestinmathematics, showed greater achievement gainsin science, and had higher educational aspirations thantheir peersat coeducational schools. Lee and Marks (1990) also showed that these samegirls held less stereotyped views about the role of womenin the workplace, which may lead thesegirlsto choose more nontraditional careers. At this time, most of the secondary schools thatremain single-sex are either Catholic schools or independent college preparatoryschools. (Since the passage of Title IX in1972, single-sex public education has almostvanished; twoall-girlspublic high schools remain,inPhiladelphia and Baltimore.) Since the 1970s, the pool of applicants forgirls' independent schools has diminished, as many boys' schools have becomecoeducational, thereby drawing off many of the girls who traditionallywould have gone togirls' schools. Additionally, many former girls'schools have themselves turned into coeducational institutions or merged with boys'schools. At present, the remainingall-girlsindependent schools,inorder toattract new applicants, are marketing their schools asplaces free from gender stereotyping,places that encourage girls to develop theirfull potentials (Coalition of Girls' Boarding Schools, 1991; Harvard magazine,1992). However, no one has tried to examine whether,likethe women's colleges,the girls'schools produce young 4 women more likelyto achieve higher educationalgoals, especiallyin nontraditionalfields. The present research begins to study thisquestion. Method Specifically,thisresearch compared thesubsequent careersestablished by graduates of girls'independent schools to the careers of women graduates of similar schools that are coeducational. Career information was provided by the alumnae officesof thirteenindependent schoolsinthe northeastern United States:the Chapin School, the Dalton School and Friends Seminary, all in New York City,Kingswood-Oxford School in West Hartford, Connecticut, Linden Hall School inLititz, Pennsylvania,Loomis-Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut, Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts,Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, Staten Island Academy in Staten Island, New York, Suffield Academy in Suffield, Connecticut, Ethel Walker School in Simsbury, Connecticut, Westover Schoolin Middlebury, Connecticut, and Winsor School in Boston, Massachusetts.Six of these are presently all-girls schools, and seven arc presently coeducational.This sample comprises a mix of boarding and day schools( 7 boarding and 6 day), and a mix of city and suburban schools ( 4 city, 9 suburban) as well. Of the coeducational schools, two have always been coeducational (Friends Seminary and StatenIsland Academy), while the other fivearc formerly agirls'school (Dalton School), a boys' school(Suffield Academy), and coordinatedgirls'schools that have merged with their "brother"schools (Kingswood-Oxford and Loomis-Chaffee Schools, and Milton Academy). To the extent that these were available, the present careers of women graduates of the thirteen schools from the classes of 1960 through 1985 were examined. The number of women in each of ten fields were recorded for each 3 5 class. The tenfields were: medicine, law, engineering,dentistry, veterinary medicine,finance,computers,scientificresearch,arcMtecture and psychology. These ten fields were chosen because theyhave been traditionally male fields,or they requireskillin mathematics/science, or both. Several of the alumnae offices were able toprovide these numbers directly since they had these computerizedand coded; others provided their most up-to-date alumnae directories,and the author examined the directories for this information. The method of datacollection thus provides some uncertainty:notallthe alumnae have kept their alumnaeoffices supplied with up-to-date information, and manyalumnae listtheir name and addresses but not their present occupations. Nonetheless, thereis no reason to believe that the proportion of women whohave not communicatedrecent career informationtotheir alumnae officesdiffers between coeducational and all- girlsschools. For classification purposes, the followingdecisions were made: Only those alumnae who listed themselves asphysicians or held the title M.D. were classified under medicine; nurses, physical therapistsand other allied health fieldswere excluded becausethese have traditionally beenfemale occupations. Likewise, only those who calledthemselves attorneys, lawyers or judges were recorded under law; paralegals were notcounted. Dental assistants and dental hygienists were excluded fromdentistry,and veterinaryassistants were excluded from veterinary medicine.Alumnae who worked as bankers or stockbrokers
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