^ VOL. XXXV. NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, COMMENCEMENT NUMBER, 1902. No. 37. Class Poem—1902. {AJI Acrostic.) HENRY EWING BROWN, LITT. B. I902. VER shall the battle's roar "^iidir ^"^ ^^ countless friends that pour (Q oXa^ Through the camp to bring good cheer Round the soldier, dull his ear, Ever- tuned to one low sigh. Down through all the'years gone by And through endless future time, Memory in fondest chime Echoes that last sigh until Universal sound is still. Here to-day our partings lie. Not a sigh alone of pain,— Each of us lists to the sigh In its notes there lurks a strain Now low whispering through the air; Restless heart-calls everywhere Verging upon joy and pride, Yield their burden of farewell; Ever mocking her who sighed. Endless echoes fondly tell Round its sound fond memories cling, Deep regrets; yet all seem still. Soft and low love's echoes ring We rejoice in that glad thrill In its every tone, as though Answering the joyous call. Telling of the mother's woe. Ringing through and over all Yearning," pride and joy; and then Dominant of hope and pride. Calling into life agam Earnest hope that dares confide - Wondrous future gifts and deeds Long remembered hopes and fears. In its children;, pride that reads All her work of bygone years Nought but joy in this last day. Sought to fit her son to be Going forth we bear away Such as now he is; and she. Brightest prospects of success. Picturing the future fame Rich in hopes of usefulness. Of her son, breathes roimd his name O'er whatever path we wend. Earnest prayer, and one fond sigh Well remembering the end. Murmurs low at his good-bye. Never swerving from the course,. Let us know that honour's source In.the doing, not the deed, _ • Takes its rise; and let us heed Till the end this finar prayer: •Be thy fortune foul or fair. Nought imports; be ever true To the trust imposed.on you. 6o2 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. in unity and harmony, to be faithful to his Individual Responsibility. various callings: "I, therefore, a prisoner of the Lord, beseech you that you walk worthy I'HE VERY REV. EDWARD J. MCLAUGHLIN, A^ B. '75. A. M. '95. of the vocation to which you are called." That we may humbly and reverently draw inspira I, therefore, a prisoner in the Lord, beseech you that j'ou ^valk tion for our individual souls from the book tvorthy of the vocation in which YOU are called. Uphes., iv, i. of life outspread before us, I invite you this N the world of nature as well morning to spend a few moments in taking a as in the spiritual world, all brief glance at human life, not in the aggre created beings have certain gate, in its widest sphere, in its limitless duties to perform in the extension, for that would be impracticable faithful execution of which , in a limited discourse of this kind, but rather they co-operate with the human life in the individual, in the unit, and divine will, and are contributors, each in a its relations and duties to those about it. separate sphere, to the accomplishment of 'St.- Paul in his epistle to the Romans after the infinite and beneficent plans of the all- setting forth the principles of the universal wise Creator. Look abroad upon nature, view government of God and His Church, and His it in its various aspects, from its sublimest purposes towards mankind, passes in the moods to its - lowliest and most peaceful opening words of the twelfth chapter to an setting, and 3'ou have clearly manifested the appeal to personal conscience and to the details power, the wisdom, and the glory of God, the of individual dut}'-, and bids each one" of us Creator. The sweet songsters of the forest, unreservedly consecrate to God that distinct, the lightnings from the heavens, the awful special life, which, although separate, is yet crash of thunder, the gentle sighing of winds part of a great whole, is identical in its through summer woods, the peaceful murmur interests, its hopes, its destinies, with the of purling streams gliding amid woodland ends, hopes and fortunes of the entire race of glades, the sad moaning of the great, restless man over whom God has thrown the shield of sea,—all, all unite in doing homage to their His love and of His providence. Human life, God. Blending in one grand and swelling as seen in the mass, in nations, in races, with chorus, each contributes its share in portraying its various religions, its social organizations the sublimity and wonderful harmony of the and prevailing customs, its laws written and universe. Man, the crowning work of God in unwritten, its infinite variety of development, nature, "the flower and perfection of creation," is a marvellous and most absorbing study; made to serve and worship his Creator, is the but it takes on a deeper meaning, a greater intelligent interpreter and teacher of God's personal significance, when each one realizes marvellous work in the economy of nature that he is a unit in that mass, a part of that and in the economy of grace. ^ '• ,SIZl nation, that race. Out of the mass, out of the Man is peculiarly fitted to give testimony innumerable throng of beings, there comes of his high origin, God, and to attain the end forth the individual soul, the individual life— of his creation. Coming into this world, single, solitary, separate. A small thing, an stamped with the divine seal, possessed of atom, when compared with the great mass of an immortal spark, enlightened by divine mankind; but none the less true, none the less revelation and the teachings of Christianity real. Its interests are as important, its hopes promulgated by Christ the Redeemer through and fortunes as vital. Once called into exist His divinely established Church, man is ence that individual soul is bound to tread superbly adapted to be a living witness to its solitary way amid the varied and shifting offer testimony of God's truths by his daily scenes of the busy world. Through all the life, and to become an apostle in maintaining vicissitudes of time and the changing fortunes and perpetuating, in-his own sphei-e, the king of the mass around, that single thread of life dom of God upon earth. The great" apostle goes on, spans the number of its allotted had clearly in mind the particular station days here, and then draws out an endless in life of each one, with its corresponding existence hereafter. offices, burdens and obligations, when • he One of the world's great throng, that single exhorts allto stand firm in the faith, to work soul, in a certain sense, is alone,—alone in the world; alone in the multitude; alone with * Baccalaureate Sermon in University Chapel, June 15. Him, who made _ it. Mingling of necessity NOTRE DAME SCIIO1.ASTIC. 603 with the world cX large, in daily contact some time enter into the life of every thinking with society, still it has its secret thoughts, man; they are particularly grave and pertinent its own will, its hopes and fears, its joys and questions for you, young gentlemen, who are sorrows, its trials and ambitions, which are about to go forth into the world, and take like to no other. It is alone in coming into upon yourselves for the first time, I may say, the world; it is alone going out into the the duties and responsibilities of the man. unfathomable: deep. Amidst the busiest scenes With your moral training, your Christian edu of life, in the greatest press of men, that cation, your spiritual culture, imbued as you individual soul can withdraw into its inner have been these many years with the highest most recesses and feel as if zV alone were upon ideals of purity, of goodness, of all that is the earth. To quote from the great Cardinal noblest in human character, it should not be Newman: "Every being in the vast concourse necessary to speak of that lower, baser life,- is its own centre, and all things about him that grovelling existence which is sought only are but shades He is everything to by the ignoble, the depraved of mankind, himself^ and no one else is really anything. who never halt in their downward career until No one outside of him can really touch him, they have effaced, as far as they may, the can touch his soul, his immortality; he must very image of Divinity stamped upon their live with himself forever. He has a depth souls. Of such a life we shall say nothing, within him unfathomable, an infinite "abyss it is sufficient for us to know that it exists of existence; and the scene in which he bears to avoid and abhor it. part for the moment is but like a gleam of But there are some who may elect to pass sunshine upon its surface." through life as elegant idlers, as dreamers, as My dear friends, it is a solemn and serious speculative critics;" whilst their refined and thought to know and to feel that a life has sensitive natures never descend to the vicious been given into our possession, and that and coarser vices of humanity, wrapped in life our very own; that life, with its awful their own sweet selfishness, they are content responsibilities, its manifold duties, God the to view life as one vast stage upon which Master, the Creator, has given into our they have no part to play. The shifting scenes keeping to use as we will. It is true, "we of human life, with their lights and shades, are in His hands," but to each one. He has their varied tone and color, the pageantry given power over the hours, the days and of the world, its tragedies and triumphs— the years of his individual life. Through the all pass before them as if they were mere saving grace that flows from the Word, we spectators. They lift no hand to lighten the can attain the noble destiny to which we have shadows, they give no thought to stay the been called, or wander away from it through tragedies. They cull the flowers; the nettles our own fault; we must choose and act for they leave to be plucked up by stronger and ourselves, as none other can choose or act more virile hands. for us. It is ours touse that time nobly or My dear young friends, there is no place ignobly, to seek after the higher things of in this great world of ours for the idler, the life, or be satisfied with the baser offerings dreamer, the observer. "In the sweat of thy of the world. But since life has been given face shalt thou eat bread," is the positive to each one in such fulness, with such freedom, command of God to all mankind. All must by the Father, so each one must stand alone labor: some with their hands, others with in the judgment; no one can answer for him. their intellects; each one according to that We must render an account of life's right use peculiar talent which God has given him. As or abuse. All must live their individual lives, St. Paul expresses it, he that hath the gift of and all must undergo trial for their individual prophecy let him prophesy, or of ministry, responsibilities. let him minister; let the teacher use his talent Now since life is a matter of such grave in doctrine, and so - on through the various moment, of so serious import, it is only natural grades and stations in life. Somewhere, out in that every earnest and intelligent man should the vast world, the life-work of each one is have his own views, his own ideas, his own awaiting him. It would be unmanly, unchris plans, concerning it. How shall we live? What tian, to shrink, to falter, to seek to throw,the use shall we make of the years that God has burden upon the shoulders of another. given us? What shall be our relations to our Where shall be your place, what shall-be fellowmen ? These are questions that must the measure or your success, will depend 6o4 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. largely upon yourselves and the Almighty human race'into the great brotherhood of men. Father of all. The cry of humanity, voicing Every man, then, must consider himself an its needs, its sufferings, its perils, its dire active, intelligent, responsible worker in the distress, both moral and physical, goes. forth strife of life. Everyone can be a potent in this and other lands, calling for aid and factor in his own sphere: in doing good; in succor. It is an appeal that has inspired uplifting humanity; in spreading abroad the noble, unselfish souls in every age to give up principles of honour, of righteousness, of hope of worldly fame, ambition, the dreams charity; in shaping the ends and destinies of of early youth, the pleasant and soft things his fellow creatures. But to do these things, of life to consecrate themselves to this special men themselves must be fearless, must be work. Oh, there is need of such devoted, large hearted, must be unselfish, must 'be - unworldly souls! Misery and sin and wretch- honest, must be just, must be God-fearing and edness and crime abound everywhere; they God-loving. For no one can be a light unto are to be found in every walk of life; they- others, a righteous leader of men, until he contaminate the marble palaces of the rich has garnished his own soul with all virtues, as well as the miserable hovels of the poor, until he has conquered and overcome self; There are wrongs to be righted,; there is hence the great apostle cries out to each one to justice to be obtained and administered; there • consecrate himself in order that he may be is the tear of sickness and poverty to be better able to do the work that will be given wiped away. In every great city of the land him to do: "I beseech you therefore, brethren, there are unhappy homes where a gleam of by the mercy of God, that you present your sunshine never penetrates; beneath their roofs bodies a living sacrifice, holy, pleasing to God. there are broken, perhaps sinful hearts and The world is calling for such men to-day; outstretched hands waiting through the long it needs courageous, conscientious men; men hours for the saving word, the kindly touch, of highest character, of rare tact and splendid that will restore peace and happiness and judgment to confront and grapple with ques- purity to their starving souls; there are dis- tions and problems of such magnitude as have cords and tragedies even beneath the gilded never been equalled in the history of nations upper crust of society to be sought and averted, since the dawn of tmie. And each can do his Here we have a rough, unpromising field, part, be it ever so humble, in the great cause from a worldly point of view; but may we of humanity, in carrymg out the wise designs not hope that some vi\z.y find their life-work of the omnipotent Creator, in furthering the therein? There are other walks of life, some development and solution of the mighty wide and straight, others narrow and crooked, interests which face our times, and upon which but all converging toward one great centre, depend the physical, temporal and spiritual the vast arena in which is fought the daily welfare of millions of our fellow-beings. All battle of life. Here men meet and jostle can not be leaders in the warfare of life; some one another in eager strife; here men come must be content to dig in the trenches, while with armor buckled on, with visor down and others climb the heights. The vast majority lance in rest, ready and eager to cope'with indeed must work with patience in, obscurity, and overthrow their adversaries; here men even as common soldiers are content to be gather, some to build up and others to tear maimed or to give up their lives on the battle- down. In this field, on this stage, are discussed field for the common good. Remember it is and solved the great problems of the world, not,the deeds that are,done by each one that of government, of trade, of public weal or make the difference between man and man, but woe, of the rights and wrongs of the human it is the end, the purpose, the moral color, the race; and on this stage every man must do consecration of the work which give it signifi- his part. It is true that each individual soul cance,\value, in the eyes of God. Let each moves along in its own particular groove, one, go forth, then, resolved to do. the work alone, as it is in its innermost thoughts, in its that is given into his hands-as faithfully, nobly, will, in its distinctness from any other life, and grandly, as he may^ satisfied that, when life's yet it is: so inextricably bound up with the fitful dream is overhe; shall hear the words of great mass of humanity and persons around the Master: " Well done, thou, good and faith- it, that it can not foregothe ties and. duties fill serva:nt;. because thou hast been faithful imperative upon -all,; which; unite and bind oyer a few things, I will set,thee over many so closely the separate individuals of the things: enter thoV into thb joy of the Lord. NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, 605 Interpretations of President Monroe's mes I.—The Monroe Doctrine.* sage have been many and various. It seems to me that it should be interpreted after the man- GEORGE W. BURKITT, A. B. I902. . ner of a law, and the most reasonable method of interpreting a law is to consider the will of HE Federal Constitution the• legislator, and to.ascertain his .intentions marked out the course of the at the time the law was made. I shall, American Union. The great therefore, state briefly the original Monroe forces that guide our destiny Doctrine and the reasons for its promulgation. and policy along that course In 1823, Great Britain, Russia and the United are the Declaration of Inde- States were disputing about their interests President Adams, in 1826, and Presidents Polk, Buchanan and Grant, in 1845 to 1877, n.—The SMp-Subsidy BiU. thought that the United States was not bound ALBERT L. KRUG, LITT. B. I902. to resist colonization in South America. A few years after the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine, the South Americans asked for its HE United States was first application, but the United States kept out settled along the thin strip of of, their troubles and refused them anj' land that borders the Atlantic. material assistance. Because the Falkland [ At that time railroads had not Isles were so distant. President Jackson did become the important factor not apply the doctrine, nor was its applica S^"^ 1 in the commerce of the world tion deemed necessary in the dispute about that they now are. The speed Uruguay in 1835, "or in the case of San Juan iest and easiest means of communication was in 1842; in fact, it was never thought that by water. The country was new; there was a the United States should offer material aid great abundance of timber and all material whenever South America so desired. necessary for the construction of - the old If the Monroe Doctrine is to apply to wooden ships. It cost almost nothing, and South America, we must be prepared to vessels of every variety—sloops, brigs and accept one of two alternatives: we must schooners—were built, for the coasting trade. enforce it by arms when necessary, or we Not content with that alone, the American must look fearfully on while nations defy mariners crossed the broad Atlantic and our declared policy and take possession of penetrated into every port in the Old World South America. Perhaps there- is no man It has been said with the greatest truth that that takes so much pride in his country as in those days our vessels whitened every the American does. Is he then going to harbour in the Mediterranean. stand idle when other nations trample upon Those old wooden ships were staunch and his flag? If not, then he mjist resist dj> force swift; the material was excellent, abundant any violation of the Monroe Doctrine in and cheap. While such conditions lasted we South America. But since self-defense and had a sufificient share in the,carrying trade of self-preservation, the fundamental principles the world, and the American clipper had of that doctrine, do not require its applica not its equal in the world for speed and tion farther south than the Caribbean Sea, safety. But the time came when wooden ships what would this resistance mean? It would were replaced by iron ones, and with that mean the interference of the United States new departure came the decline of our mer in the affairsv of other powers. Yes; we are chant marines. The inhabitants of the new a mighty nation. But does might ' rnake country were unaware of its great resources. right? We may defy other powers, we may They as yet knew nothing of the vast deposits intermeddle in the affairs of South America, of iron that lay but a short distance to the we may appropriate or forcibly annex islandsi west. On the other hand, England, the infant we may march from Alaska on the north, nation's greatest rival in the field of commerce, to Terra del Fuego on the south; but what was not slow to take advantage of the weak will be the result? The historian of the ness of her opponent. Her iron and steel future will tell of the progress of the United industries were well developed, and with the States in industrial and commercial lines, he advent of the new ships came the supremacy will describe our inventions and discoveries, of her merchant marine. So great was the and he will tell of the young republic that decay of our commercial fleet that where one in the first century of her existence rose to hundred years ago only eight and one-half a place among the foremost nations of the per centum of our exports and imports were world,— a republic not the object of almost carried by foreign vessels; now not only most universal enmity, but a repository of universal of our mail but over ninety per centum of our friendship and respect. Then before telling exports and imports are carried by ships that of avarice,and ambition, of injustice and of fly the flags of other nations. conquest, and of ultimate ruin, the historian Now, the United States is trying to regain will pause and raise a warning voice to all her prestige on the sea, and as a means to that young nations, saying: "This was the United end, the Ship-Subsidy.Bill was introduced into States." Congress by Senator Frye of Maine. The bill 6o8 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, is an act to provide for ocean mail service government were to adopt the same policy? between the United States and foreign ports, One of the characteristics of American man- and for the defence of the country to promote hood is self-reliance, and yet here are millions commerce and encourage deep-sea fisheries, of Americans relying upon foreign ships for It therefore has three distinct aims in view, the carrying of their mail. Here are eighty By the first title it provides that out-going millions of people whose hearts throb with mail be carried in American vessels of regis- patriotism at the mere mention of the names tered types, and that they be paid according like Washington, Franklin and Grant—here to tonnage and speed. A fixed per centum of I say, are all these people allowing letters the crew must be American, and in time of bearing the portraits of these men to be war these vessels are to be at the disposal of carried about under foreign flags, the government as an auxiliary fleet. Those who are opposed to the measure The second part is a general subsidy. By claim that our present postal service is efficient this section the secretary of the treasury is ' enough, that the measure if passed would empowered to pay a fixed sum to all vessels involve the unnecessary expenditure of a built in America or under American registry large sum of money to insure a doubtful end. that are engaged in foreign trade. The com- We admit that the present service is good, pensation shall be according to the gross that the new system will mean an increased tonnage of the ship and, the mileage covered, expenditure, but the measure is something The last title in the bill provides for the more than the mere carrying of letter-bags, encouragement of our deep-sea fisheries. All There is more for the United States in the vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing for at least proposition than dollars and cents, and never three months during any fiscal year, provided till now were our citizens able more fully to at least one-third of the crew .be American, understand the transportation question. The shall receive a fixed compensation for every value of a postal service is dependent entirely gross ton. on its regularity and its expedition. American Let us now take each title of the bill people have grown to want things done separately and give it a brief examination, quickly and regularly. The business man is To take first the question of carrying our just as disappointed without his morning paper mails. The amount of mail sent to and from as he is without his breakfast. The people the United States every year is growing larger want their business dispatched with speed, and larger. Our merchants and manufacturers It is no mere question of money or postage; have pushed their way into every corner of otherwise why is the telegraph used in the world and will necessarily increase the ' preference to the mail, or the telephone in amount of mail matter. Furthermore, the preference to either?. What Americans are government has assumed a new position striving for are better general results, and among the powers of the world by taking they wish to get those results as quickly under.its protection Hawaii and the Phil- and as cheaply as possible. What Americans ippines. Then at once began an influx of are demanding to-day with regard to this colonists into all those lands. But men will great transportation question is that they not willingly go to a place whence commu- shall have results that will place us alongside nication with the mother-country is difficult any other nations, if not in advance of them. or cut off altogether. True, we have mail It is the second title, regarding the general routes to all quarters of the globe; but are subsidy, that has provoked the warmest they regular and speedy? By what manner debates. The United States is as rich in of ships is our postal matter carried? . ' deposits of iron as any country in the world. The postmaster-general is. empowered to. The great steel mills of Pittsburg are equal at make contracts with the lowest responsible least to those of England if not in advance bidder and it is, a well-known though sad fact of them. The American labourer is more that the majority of our mails is carried by efficient than any other, and yet we can not foreign vessels., England pays a fixed sum compete successfully with - the ship-builders for her foreign postal service every year, and of the Clyde., Why does this state of affairs requires that all out-going mails be carried exist?/First arid chiefly because of the higher in English ships. Would it not.be a thou- wages paid to Ariierican labour, sand times better for American, shipping in The American labourer has a standard of particular and the country at large, if our living much higher than that of any other NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 609 workman; and below that • standard he can and the answer to this ever beckons us on to not and will not fall. If he can not maintain the Orient. Third, lower freight rates on it by one employment he will seek another agricultural exports. that \yill enable him to do so. It is just; this And:here.we are brought face to face with that makes the cost of production in the another question. Will the effect of the bill United States higher than in Europe. Begin be to lower, freight rates generally? We answer, with the ore in the ground, and following it yes; by bringing more competitors into the through all the ramifications of the manu field it will have that effect. However,- the facture, you will find labour the important rule of competition must play.as importantla factor in the cost of production. From ore part in the matter of freight rates as.in any to pig-iron, from pig-iron to billet, and from other business. It must be less liable to that to the steel plate, all is labour, and it be overcome by combinations when the may be safely said that ninety-five per centum competition is not between citizens of the of the cost of a ship is labour. same country but between people,of nations But we may go still further and take the foreign to each other and whose natural actual cost of operating a ship. The foes of competitive policies necessitate application the subsidy,have carefully prepared statistics, of the rule. Of course, freight rates should not and shown that on the average the wages paid be expected to cease to be profitable to those to officers—I mean all above the common engaged in carrying; but we have a right seamen—are the same the world over. That to expect a reduction compatible with the is true. They will say also that the wages of higher, wages paid for American, ship-building, a seaman depend not upon the flag under the higher prices paid for American ships, which he sails, but upon the port from which the higher salaries paid to American seanien, he is shipped. We can admit that also. But and the higher expenses of operating American there is one thing absolutely certain, namely vessels. that a seaman will seek a berth in an American At present the mercantile nations of the vessel in preference to any.other. The men world are in a state of peace. The great are better treated; the food and the sanitary powers, though still keeping close watch on conditions of the ship are far better than one another in the Orient, refrain from open in ships of any other nationality. Since violence. But how long will this harmony then it costs more to construct and operate last? Who knows but that at any day, the American vessels, are we supposed. to be terrible tidings may reach us that the dogs of able to compete successfully with foreign war have been let slip on, the European conti shipping without aid from other sources? nent? May that time never come, for whenit It has .been objected to the measure that does it, will prove a hard blow to American it is an instance of class legislation that it commerce. If England should ever become will in fact benefit only the ship - builders. involved in a war articles .fouHd in a vessel This statement is also erroneous. For.a time flying.the Union Jack will be. contraband of the,United States ranked first-in agricultural war. American merchants- and American products. The out-put.increased: steadily, and , producers would.not expose.their commodities soon an immense quantity remained over to such a risk; and.what vvould.be the result? and above the amount needed for home con Large quantities of grain, food , and. other sumption. Our grain, cloth and steel found , products will lie rotting on the wharves .or markets throughout ,the world. But those spoiling in the elevators and storehouses; conditions ihaye ceased to exist. Russia factories will be obliged to close down Roumania and British India are forging to the in part if not entirely for want of/a .market front.and :with the. present high freight rates for their goods; the clanking of ,.haramers it will be impossible for American.producers and the pounding of drills will cease, and to.compete. The.American,producer cannot thousands of men will be : thrown put of stop foreign .industry, which is ever forcing employment. . .; the value of his product downward. There are But the United. States has had still,another but:three remedies left him: First, increase experience .which the people should eyer bear :the demand:,for:,home consumption by such in mind. Everyone-knows the fear and anxiety, legislation as will increase the manufacturing that, prevailed ;along the Atlantic.coast, espe and commercial population of the country. cially. in .Florida,; during the ,late, war,,.,when ; Second, secure new fields ; for consumption; the.report came that the Spa.niards.were plan- 6io NOTRE DAME SCHGLAStlt. ning a descent on the coast. Everyone knows in this country the highest standard of wages' also the sigh of relief that went up from that known to the world, and we have done so part of the country when the two ocean liners under the policy we are pursuing. We intend went into commission as scout ships. England to maintain that standard. We do not want to at present owes much to her merchant marine lower it; but if we maintafn that standard and for the readiness with which transports were at the same time tryto carry on the building placed at her disposal to carry men to South of ships we must overcome the disadvantage Africa. Wh}' may not the same thing happen to which we are subjected on account of to us? At any time our country may become cheaper wages elsewhere. This is a- bill the involved in trouble, and then it will be purpose of which is to overcome that disad absolutely necessary to have close at hand an vantage. It proposes to pay out of the treasury auxiliary fleet to be used as transports, colliers of the United States to the ships carrying our and scout-boats. God forbid that such a neces mails to the "freight-bearing vessels and to sity should ever arise, but if it does, in what those engaged in deep-sea fishing, a portion of way could it be better met than by having our revenue, limited, reasonable, and enough within easy call a merchant fleet, staunch and to overcome the disadvantage to which our swift, manned by well-trained American sea ships have been and are yet subjected. It men ready at any moment to defend the proposes to aid agriculture by reduction of honor of their country and the peace and freight rates; it aims at saving our commerce, security of their homes? should the European powers ever engage in There remains still a last title regarding war, and it purports to supply our own country our deep-sea fisheries. That the country will with an auxiliar}'^ fleet should the necessity be benefited by this clause is almost beyond ever arise. question. The United States spends annually It has been well said that it is humiliating an immense sum of money to promote agri to Americans who travel, abroad, that scarcely culture and enable the staple products to be anywhere do they find the flag of the United produced to better advantage. Moreover, the States in the commerce of the world. We government" appropriates certain sums yearly read in the reports of consuls in Asia and to fish-hatcheries throughout the country. Africa that they have not seen an Amer Why then can she not help the men who are ican flag among the crowded shipping of engaged in taking salt-water fish; men who the places to which they were accredited. risk their lives daily to supply the citizens Our minister to Siam says that for four years of the United States with food? in going up and down the whole coast of the Moreover, it is well known that in the Orient, he never once saw an American flag early wars of our country, the men who on a merchant vessel among all the vast fleet manned our infant fleet and helped to humble that carries the interchanges of that coast. It England's pride on the sea were the fishermen is no wonder that Americans feel humiliated from New England.. True, our battle-ships to see only foreign flags flying everywhere. It are now propelled by steam, but most heavy is our duty to remedy this condition. If the freight is still carried in sailing-vessels; and expectations of this bill are realized this if there were some inducement given to men reproach will be removed from American to take up fishery, what an excellent training- enterprise and American progress. It will school would be established for sailors. Our enable us in our own ship-yards, employing ships would be manned by that good old our own mechanics, the best and most type of manhood, the stout-hearted, brave, intelligent, the brainiest and most capable honest, fisherman who, in the early days, made workmen in the world, to build our own ships. - our merchant marine and our war vessels the Laden with Americari products and manned best in the whole world. : by American seamen, they can then sail the This, with all its wealth and influence, with seas and go into every port in the world. With all its power and all its strength, ought to the American flag and the American skipper have again a merchant marine of which every will come the American commercial agent and one will be proud. We can not have it to-day the American financial exchanges, and we can because American labour will not accept, and have the methods for that competition in nobody ought to want American labourers to which we believe we should be more successful accept the wages that would enable them -than any other nation, but which- is as yet successfully to compete. We have established. only a dream and a hope. NGtRh DAMh SCHOLASTIC 6ii was lacking in the trust elements that .'are Governmental Control of Trusts. the essentials of the combination, .namely, economy and efficiency; but we can show FRANCIS C. SCHWAB, A. B. I902. . this .best by. examples. A few years ago,, before combinations were Y thesis can best be rnade the rule, we might have found in one state, clear by an illustration. Sup ten small railroad companies, operating in pose the case of a man who different, sections of the state. Each had its had been . experimenting on full quota .of officials, who received large a new chemical.combination, salaries. Travelling on these roads any dis which when diffused in the tance meant . frequent changes and long atmosphere was .to drive disease from a delays. Under the trust system the stocks plague-stricken district. If, before all was of the , different companies were trusted : ready for the test, others who lacked this into the hands "of a few men, who had or that essential ingredient, ignorantly or power to do what they saw fit. The opera with an eye to.self gain, performf'd an ex tion of the individual roads went on the periment: similar., to what his was to be,,and same .as before; the old officials remained; the result was'an addition to the afflictions there was no new efficiency in the schedule. of the• people, what.a wail of indignation One road might be shut down, men thrown •would arise! How.hard it wo.uld be ever to out of employment;. but the. officials and the try the experiment again! And if it was stockholders still received their salaries and done" secretly and people got well and knew their dividends. The system was manifestly not why, could .the experimenter, convince a scheme to do away with the competition them that he was their benefactor? Would that was ruining them, but the only advan he not rather be looked upon as a dangerous tage such a system, gave was to raise prices person? And if, here and there, owing to and lower wages. This was almost invari the ignorance or malice of an operator, his ably dpne in an excessive degree; the result discovery had-, failed, how .• the suspicion was. a burden to the people. The Trust was against him .vyould be heightened and what a greedy tyrant, who forced tritaute from protests would, be . made to put a .stop to the people of a nation. It developed in the all^similar attempts. ... •. atmosphere of conspiracy and as such was , Yet such- is the .history of the. so-called justly made illegal. The recent meat affair .'"•trusts." -The idea of combination of industry was a survival of the.trust sqheme, and its . developed naturally under the eye of progress fate shows that no more legislation is needed to counteract the. abnormal conditions .that for trusts. ; were already rnanifesting, themselves in. the Nowadays, however, when we speak of; the industrial world. . But before .this idea was "trust," we usually, mean, the combination, .perfectly-realized, unscrupulous men, who saw and in order to see just what would, be the the necessity of combination, accomplished best legislation for combinations, let us ex- it in an artificial manner; monopolies, were amine.; the principles, underlying thein and -formed,, prices raised, wages lowered, the the practical working of these principles. people, consequently- burdened,- and, a .just . The: principle of combination has run indignation was aroused, against the . origi through the whole history of man. Com nators" of. such a scheme. Such, in .fact, was bination of interests results from,a division of J the trust of a few years ago;-and its power labor.. Suppose a primitive community.. Each for harm did..not-cease, when it was . made .man fished for himself; each man hunted.for illegal;- for the prejudice .aroused against it himself.. Suppose that one - acquired a great -lingiered; :to: vent ^ itself .upon-the so-^called ability in fishing, aiiother in hunting. Soon "trust"' of our- day, the combination,,which each would realize the advantage to both in is a perfectly legitimate organization. .People combination. In partnership they could get will not make the distinction, because the more fish and_ more game because each could majority ofc them do not know it,, between devote himself exclusively to the occupation .the combination of .our; day and the trust .in which he excelled. Time would be saved of a few years ago; yet:there is-here all the for traversing from the woods to, the,.,cpast; difference, between, a health-giving industrial there would be economy; in. various ways, arid remedy and an injurious medicine. There a greater efficiency the.,result. .It makes no 6l2 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. difference in the case if you substitute for the seasons of cheap freight-rates taken the two rude inhabitants the modern indus advantage of. Economy in buying; for the tries; for each has special advantages and purchases were made in large quantities and, disadvantages, and the same good in combin consequently, at lower rates; or, what was ation accrues to them. better, the sources of supply were controlled Let us see further how economy and and their own railroads carried the goods. efficiency is brought about in the formation There was economy in production, for the of a combination. We saw how a railroad larger the output the less the cost. It costs trust worked; let us see how a railroad twice as much per ton to make a hundred combination works. The ten companies we tons of steel as it does to make a thousand. used as examples would actually under the There was economy in .saving bad. debts; for new system be combined into one company. the powerful organizations could establish a Nine sets of officials would be dispensed system of credits that greatly reduces losses with; economy right away. Everything would on debts. In one industry alone the losses be done more cheaply because on a larger of $100,000 before consolidation were reduced scale. Efficiency would be enhanced. Better to $1000 -after consolidation. There was service would be the result. The roads would economy in having the power to run the be more prosperous; more men given employ best mills always on full time; for running ment, wages raised, rates lowered, the whole the mills on full instead of half time saves scheme an advantage to the community. from four to eig'ht per centum. Finally, Everybody, however, admits this for the there was economy in controlling the several railroads, but strange to say they look askance operations to which materials must be sub at a big formation like the steel corporation. jected; because smaller profits are needed Yet this was simplx' a combination of different on each-operation. companies like the Carnegie Company. Before Nor is this economy at. the expense of in turn the Carnegie Company had reached efficiency. The contrary is the case. It is its development, the ore was controlled by the experience of every observing man that one company, the coal by another, coke was when combinations are formed into those made in different places, mills and furnaces industries that are most under the public were separately owned. So from the getting eye, efficiency is immediately heightened. In of the ore till the finished steel was pro-' railroads, for example, no sooner do small duced, think of the hands the raw material companies combine, than there is a more must have gone through and the transpor fixed scheduled, better service. The reason tation necessary before it was finished. The .for this is that the economy I pointed out, Carnegie Company combined these different is the economy that results from eliminating companies; for it was a combination just as waste energy. First, there is the efficiency truly as the U. S. Steel Company is, but on in management. Officials whose principal a smaller scale, and it had not received the function is to draw salaries, who are respon odious name of trust. What was the result? sible to no one, are replaced by a few Economy and efficiency in the whole system, officials of high ability, who can do the and when it in turn combined with other work better, who are responsible to a large companies, it was on the same principle of number of stockholders, and who direct for mutual advantage. the general good and not for the individual To go somewhat into detail, there was industry. Then there is the efficiency that economy in management. Useless officers the increased wealth gives to use always were dropped in every department; middle the most highly developed machinery; More men were done away with. There was than this, latent resources can be developed. economy in selling. Instead of having a Sources ' of raw imaterial that private organ set of salesmen to represent each company izations could : never develop, can be opened in each district, each traversing the same up by the combinations; and this only means ground, one set 'would sell for 'all, and the that'more men Will be given employment. expenses-of offices and telegraph lines greatly Then there are'a host of special advantages • diminished. There was economy in dis in combination "to different industry. In the tributing. The mill nearest- the' place of sale steel industry; forexample, there is a chemical could fill a particular order, warehouses adyantage.^Jthat - can be obtained by mixing could'be established over the country, - and ores. This greatly enhances the value of NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 613 the product; but it could be obtained only firms may go under. The country-is strewn with great expense and difficulty, when the with, debris, the result, of unintelligent corn- different ores were owned separately. In petition. short, there is economy and efficiency in the In regard to over-capitalization, we may whole system, because combinations are run bring forth but one conclusive fact. Mr: on precise business methods, not by the Flint shows that in forty-seven combinations irresponsible, slipshod ways of individual the average earning capacity on the total owners. < capitalization at par is 7.44 per centum, far There are, however, persons that admit the above the percentage of a good investment, advantages of combination, but they look at Hence the only objection left is the concen- the large proportions of the organizations tration of wealth. Phrases that sound very and they fear that these advantages will go- patriotic are formed to express the danger to the combinations and not to the people, to the country of the reign of plutocracy. Some really believe that coriibinations raise But we must remember that, our populatioa prices and lower wages. Others that do not^ is increasing at the rate of two millions a fear the danger of over-capitalization, con- year, that it has doubled in thirty-five years, centration of wealth and abolition,, as they We must remember that only wealth "con- think of competition. Let us examine these centrated can. develop the vast new fields objections. of production that are to give employment In regard to wages, the bulletin of the U. S. to that increasing population and supply their Department of Labor, July, igoo, shows that needs. And if some make fortunes, it is in nine so-called "trusts," the average annual only by causing the whole scale of workmen, wages had risen 13.71 per centum, and 19.39 from the lowest to the highest share in the per centum in the case of skilled and unskilled prosperity. Besides the managers of fortunes labourers, while the number employed had in America have no inherited prejudices increased 23.34 per centum and 20.06 per against the working class. Most of them centum respectively. In regard to prices, have risen from that class, for the combi- the history of "trusts" has been one of low nation is a democratic institution. Its manager prices. The railroads were the first combina- is not born to the office, but must rise to his tions, and they, as. everyone knows, lowered position by the sheer force of ability. The "rates. Next, the Standard Oil Company which result is that the managers' of fortunes in has reduced the price of oil from 45 cents to America lavish their wealth upon the people 7 or 8 cents a gallon. Then the Sugar Trust in charitable gifts. The land is dotted with which has reduced the price of sugar from Carnegie Libraries and other generous con- 1800 to March, 1901, from 9.8 cents to 5.04 tributions, and there is no reason why this cents. The Steel Trust has reduced the price state of affairs should not last. As soon of steel almost steadily since its existence, as combinations depart from their spirit of except when prices were high in England democracy, their death knell is sounded, also. So it has. been with every combination- Their very-existence depends upon the ability The trusts had to raise prices, but the com- of their managers, from the highest to the bination could easily afford to lower prices lowest. Hence the best men,—men that and raise wages on account of the increased have risen by stages, must be the directive economy. force. Combinations do not abolish competition. In the combination, capital, labour and The largest combination, the Steel Company, direction go hand, in hand. The workingmen is not a monopoly. There are steel industries can, be identified with the combination for capitalized at as much as $20,000,000 in com- which he works. He may- be a stockholder petition with it, and competition is not and share in its profits. The workingmen necessarily sharpest where there are the of America have ;§2,400,ooo,ooo in the United greatest number of . competitors. Besides States Savings Banks. Even now the stock- competition when unintelligent is ruinous, holders of some combinations run into the It forces business men to.sell for less than thousands. Capital is powerless without the they can afford. This will benefit the people co-operation of labour,,for.labour has the'vote only for a time; for soon there will have to in his hand and can control capital at the be an agreement to raise prices high enough polls. The President of a combination, is to make up the deficit, or one or both the not an arbitrary ruler; but is responsible to 6i4 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, a large number of stockholders. ; Thus, hand in hand go capital, labor and direction. And The College Man in Llfe.^ combinations have made America the envied one among the nations; for America supplies BY THE HON. WILLIAM P. BREEN, LL. D.;'o2. countries whose wages are forty pe.r centum lower, and eighty-per centum of her exports QUARTER of a century ago, are made by the so-called "trusts." . as valedictorian, I stood, upon . We all know the internal prosperity the the stage of thiis University country enjoys. In every department of to %\ve. utterance to the feel industrial activity, more men are employed ings which every college man than ever before. The combinations have has experienced at leaving effected what promiscuous competition could his^Ahna Mater. Then, without any exp^erience, never have effected. Our land gleanis with I conjecturally thought that there was, in the shining rails that span the country. Ships battle of life, an advanced .place.which the laden with the products of our mills are college man should fill.. The. abstract thought leaving our ports. Workingmen are con of twenty-five years, ago has been supplanted tented; strikes are rare, and all this because by concrete knowledge, and, with all the large combinations have stepped in to do emphasis which a busy life can impart, I beg what ' private owners could not do, what leave to say to-night a word on what is business partnerships could not do, what joint expected of the college man in life. stock companies could not do, because the Few, if any, are the people, particularly in time had come for another step in advance. this, great land of ours, who believe to-day The old trust, the conspiracy against prices that in the race of life the uneducated is as and for the restriction of trade is now illegal. well conditioned as the educated man. The The law merely has to crush any such spirit of the age makes so vigorously for attempt. But shall we legislate against the combination? Shall unintelligent prejudice education,,— for higher education,—.that the cause us to fetter this movement for good, only deterrent to-dav which constrains the which terrifies the people only on account father to keep his sons from college is the of its proportions? Let us hope not, for' absolute lack of means. No senisible, broad-, combinations in themselves are a great .good. guaged American contents himself with any • Is it not better to protect both them and other excuse. the people from the power they might give Centuries ago Dionysius gave expression, to unscrupulous leaders? This can be done to the_never-to-be-forgotten truth, that "the by throwing light upon them, so that no foundation of ev.ery state, is the education of dark designs may thrive under their shelter.' its youth."- The man who .enters .the .areiia The Chicago Conference on Trusts recom of active life armed, and mailed with an. mended publicity. The combinations were education, has the discipline, discernment, and to publish annually a report for'governmental strength for the contests whose. prizes are inspection. Hence they would be controlled the prombtipns of life. ^Education, in. this, as banks are controlled. Such publicity would day of progress, so admirably fits a map for. be an. advantage both to the public and to business life, for professional life, for every the combination. The people and investors walk of life, including even religious life, would cease to fear deception! The com that it is the indispensable requisite for station bination would enjoy the increased confidence and place. We are living in.an, age of culture.. of the people. The trust could hot rise in By ciilture I meari,;" the knowledge of the,best this light of publicity." The combination that has been thbughtbr said in the world;'." would .flourish, sustained by the gobd-=will The object of education is cultiire, the highest, of the people. - . / . -:" C and the loftiest worldly aim that we know. This is the suprerne purpose to which! are- dedicated and consecrated all rightly bottpmed MORAL education is the,, development; ,of schools', in this Heaven-kissed land, includihg. individua:lity, iind - individuality .cah> hot • be this great schpol [ under whose auspices \ye. developed S by : formulas' r • and mechanical are prbcesses'.it isithie work'of^^the master .who The college man. shbulii'se^,'the gpod iii brings to his task -a genuine and lovihgantefest , in the iridi.viduaL-fT«S^«/ everything. The acquisition of money and the provide scope for every talent which he commercialization of.mental gifts should not. possesses. In the pulpit, the greatest rostrum, be his aim. , Life's highest ideals and best in the world, he will be noted because he will examples should at all times be the objects bring cultured manners, profound learning of his emulation. His gaze should ever be and trained intelligence to the interpretation fixed upward. In business, in. social life, he of. the divine mandates and the "exposition should never swerve from morality, and his of the canons of theology. He will diffuse an inclinations and aspirations should be always air of learning and urbanity in his. ministra permeated with loftiness of purpose. There tions in life, contact with which will make.'the fore the place of the college man should, be world better and brighter.. in the forefront of all the callings of life. The man who steps beyond the confines, of If he enters the profession of medicine, he the college, walks not uncharged with respon will have a deep appreciation of the stu sibility,—the responsibility of doing his best pendous responsibility which rests upon the with the gifts vyith which nature and education follower of /Esculapius. His. education will have endowed him and of doing that for which., enable him to put himself in thorough touch he finds himself fit with all the strength which: with the great principles of medicine and God has given him. Work, is for the. college, surgery, so as to grasp their newest appli man an imperative duty. It is the touchstone cations and their most modern refinements. of success. Without work of the brain, or work He will bring, to his work that sensibility of of the heart, or work of the hand, you can conscience and that cool, penetrating judgment not have true manhood, true nobility of soul. which should be found in the high-minded In the economy of successful life this proposi practice of that exalted profession to whose tion is fundamental, unchangeable, indisputable. keeping is committed the preservation of By the. Ahna Mater, which fondly, nurtured: health, the most precious gift of the Creator him, and by the God who created him,-is this to His creatures. tribute of work imperiously demanded of the If he enters the profession of law, he will man with collegiate training. Neither wealth, learn intelligently, accurately, and fully.the nor genius can dispense with the performance* basic principles of civil conduct upon which of this bounden duty. The genius, the history, r the family, society, and. the State depend, the traditions, and the memories of this pur- and his practice of that greatest of all pro magnificent republic, this golden, land of limit fessions will be marked by ability, probity, less opportunity, prescribe- that noman shalL integrity, and a high sense of honor. He will climb the heights of success unaided by work.. realize that he must rise above mediocrity, I know, of no more practical illustration, of that his place is in the higher circle, where thetruth of this proposition than the present the educated, working, successful, honorable, President of the Republic,Theodore Roosevelt.. and best members of the profession are found. Since he stepped.from the threshold;of college, If he casts his fortune in business lines, he he has been an earnest, strenuous worken will be known, as the intelligent, modern man Although not compelled by necessity, he has of affairs. He will be enabled to think clearly, worked in the avenues of literature, and made, and to , discuss, -perspicuously the problems profound studies in history, in philosophy, in: with which the business atmosphere is filled. political economy and in sta.tesmanship. No To political questions, in which he will always man can deny his versatility. And when within, be- interested, he will bring a consideration a few days past. Governor Taft, in his name, matured by experience and common sense, presented to Leo XIII. a set pf his works, the- and to his employees and those about him he venerable Pontiff must have thought that the willr;prove an exemplar of intelligence and. executive of the best and greatest government polished manners, eliciting the respect, esteem, on earth was a conspicuous illustration of the.* and admiration of all who know or meet him. principle that work is in sooth the duty of the In. the other li.nes of secular life to which the. college man, and that devotion to that duty; college man may'address himself, he can and leads to the sumniit of successful, honorable, will take.place in the front rank, where the. ambition—the headship of this august republic.- impress of his character and intelligence will Why has the college man given his time be" felt and appreciated. and exercised his mind in the acquisition of- the knowledge taught in the school?, Was? If his-inclinations are for the Church, that itrsolely for: the pleasure afforded by the/; high mission will enlist all his energies and 6i6 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. reception of a collegiate course of learning? Dr. John B. Murphy is the honoured and Was there no ulterior object which gave birth distinguished guest of to-night, because heart to ennobling aspirations in his soul? Aye, in makes the gentleman and brains make the man. his reading, in his study, in his every work in He alone is the true, genuine college man college, he must have builded an ambition to who never forgets the primal necessity, of emulate the lives of the great and the good work, who heartfeltly appreciates the benefits with whom he was in daily converse, who of education and the great future which have proclaimed along the corridors of the devotion to culture insures, not alone for centuries the great truth so tersely and himself but for all the world about him. Of beautifully set forth by Ovid, that "It is the him is expected that he will infuse staunch mind that makes the man, and our vigor is character into civic life; that he will uplift in our immortal soul." The University of the moral plane of social life; that he will Notre Dame has to - night given forceful • broaden the intellectuality of those about him; exemplification of this truth in the bestowal of that he will elevate our educational methods-; her highest and greatest honor—the Ljetare that he will energize the spirit of culture until Medal,—upon one who believes in work, who it shall have mantled in its folds every citizen is a devotee of culture, and who has wrought of this republic, which we pray God may grow for himself an international name and fame in intellectuality, in glory, in morality, and in in the list of the world's greatest surgeons. splendor until the end of time. Valedictory. FRANCIS F. DUKETTE, A. B. '02, ANY indications would go to We trust that we have made good use of our show that the y/orld outside our time, for the future is close on the present now. campus has felt little inconve Consideration- for personal feelings shall nience at its long wait for this scarcely hold in the world as it has held in class of Nineteen Hundred and Two. the University. When our outside neighbor Very likely the sun and seasons would refuses to respect our furrowed forehead and of necessity continue their movement were classical quotation, let us endeavor to sup none of us much-bachelored young men let press the furrow in our forehead and to out to take his place in the ranks. Probably forget the self-conscious quotation; for very no world-disturbing genius is contained within likely our neighbor will in many ways prove our well-brushed mortar-boards, and no great wiser than we. But then, at its worst, the amount of erudition yet oppresses this world is not such an awful place. It is the smooth - cheekied j^oung class. However, if best place we can find to live in while years of application amid Christian example possessed of our present combination of soul and Christian teaching count for aught,-there and body. A.hd if sound principles of right should be graduated this year from Notre living and a broad education—one embracing Dame some sincere, Christian-hearted young God and the best in the human intellect— men! ' ' have failed; to sink sufficiently into our To-day, the gown and the tassel shall be impressible minds, ours is the pity. We laid aside;:hereafter, the companionable frank do not take this change wholly undeceived; ness of the student; to an extent, shall" be we do not take it at all self-satisfiedly; we restrained; but from civilian:or clerical dress mean, though^ from our hearts to take it the same -moral strength of mind and heart manfully. ; - • > shall find - its expression. For our lessons at They say that at one time in: the Lapland 'RoXrc jyaxne cut deep. Stored in our sometime reindeer's life his. master can not, restrain overworked ' brains may be' that' fortitude him. This is when; thei reindeer .first sniffs sufificient- to build a home, save a soul, or the salt -breath; blown from the North Sea. aid a nation. • Still, all that- lies in the future, Somewhat like that animal, is the young and wheiii if= ever, such opportunities come graduate, too anxiously contemplating . the they will be in:the; present; since there is world; from, his college: elm. \. And ilike the nieither:past nor future to the: tireless worker.. reindeerf.; wheri^; his .: unruly herd takes its NOTRE DJiMF SCHOLASTIC. 611 stampede to drink of that salt, sharp sea, is the killing hurry of the over^ ambitious Address of Dr. John B. Murphy.* and unscrupulous man. The taste of, the sea is as strong an. impulse as life is to the I desire to express my great appreciation of the honor which you have conferred on me, and to thank you reindeer; while concern in marts and trades "sincerely for this coveted but unexpected recognition. may become stronger than life to the man. To be honored by the University of Notre Dame is But deeper than that which is merely human to be honored indeed; an educational institution of the first magnitude, which sprang from a humble beginning is our desire to do our very best; and as in 1842 in the middle West and has always kept abreast, selfish as our impulse toward happiness and if not in the lead, in every line of educational develop ment, scientific, literary and ecclesiastic, its student body success is our resolve not to forget our home has now reached a thousand. In that position, what an and our training. influence this University has exerted in the development of this nation! In science its alumni have been equipped We shall find that there is not only room with and trained in the use of educational tools, from at the top, but plenty of room at the bottom, the simplest mathematics to the depths of paleontology; mdeed a.professor of this institution has given the of that old, metaphorical ladder called success. most scientific elucidation of the mosaic hexameron. If we are halted for a long time at the bottom This University has taught that social advancement is rung, patience,,with other virtues learned in completely controlled by natural laws; that intellectual growth is not sporadic or spontaneous,.but evolutionary, our collegiate course, should sustain our on definite and well-recognized physiologic principles; courage. Not one of us shall. leave the it has taught that the immediate purpose of education is the accumulation of facts or the development of some bottom rung until he has learned to make faculty; it has taught that the -acquirements fn the the best of its nearness to the ground; and University are means and not ends of education; they are mertns to greater individual and collective pro should he climb high, experience will have ductiveness in later life. The principle has been taught him how uncomfortable it might prove inculcated that education is, not for the purpose of avoiding labor, but to encourage it and make it rather if. he should fall. Much must be done in an act of love than of compulsion. The best are happy the living of our lives, and we sincerely hope at their work, and have no time to estimate the probable that this Class, collectively and individually, reward. The reward of honest labor is inevitable. No more striking example can be brought to the attention of may meet its responsibilities. the young men occupying the gallery than that of Mr. Schwab, sitting in the audience, who, from a humble To THE FACULTY, we now say thanks from beginning, aided by naught but honest labour, attained our hearts. The Christian-like and unselfish the Presidency of the mightiest corporation in the example of the Gentlemen of the Faculty world's history, the United States Steel (Tompany. Labor in intellectual pursuits is equally certaia ot its reward.. has proved to us that there is something Bishop Spalding says:, "He who has painted one in this world besides a money success and a divine picture or written one true poem, may enter unbidden the company of the immortals. They ask not mere survival of the fittest; and that the how much he has done, but what height he has attained,- fear of God is the beginning of wisdom. though but for once and for a Itttle while." Results from the sacrifice and teaching of The alumni of this University appreciate what a delight it is to have been pupils under great intellectual the Gentlemen of the Faculty shall be found masters. The individual admiration of their Alma in the most out-of-the-vyay places and come Mater increases in geometrical proportion as time advances. This University has received loyal support, to light when least expected. However, since continued encouragement and flattering patronage deeds and not words, should best prove the from the commonwealth. In return, you have given to the community, through your alumni, in every field of permanence of your teachings, vve pledge human endeavor, men of high ideals, of sterling integ ourselves for the deeds. We here give public rity, of indefatigable energy and of inestimable value testimony of our obligation to the Gentlemen in elevating the commonweal. One of the highest manifestations of intellectual of the Faculty and add to that a heartfelt attainment is the recognition and respect of the pre farewell. rogatives and rights of others. The individual is the miniature archetype of the family; the family the min GENTLEMEN OF THE CLASS,.we, are about to iature of the nation; therefore, if the iiidividual has disband...Our. Latin and Greek, our Philosophy impressed on him the value of the love of truth and honesty, he can be depended upon for integrity of and Science, and our. wrestlings, with the Law thought, integrity of action and integrity of duty.- have' at! last brought, us. to. the day set 'for While the alumni have been taught their obligations to their fellowman and to the State, and urged to graduation. From now on: our walks, in life delve into the secrets ot nature in original research will be: widely, separate. But: we can truth they have also been taught the deepest admiration, respect and love for nature's. God. With these fully, say- that; at whatever^ point on God's principles instilled into the hearts of the alumni, their, earth' the scattered- members of this Class, future position in the community, social and political,' may take lodging, there. youcwilL meet with is assured. They will always be conspicuous forces for good government, for protection of property arid the same good fellowship-for-the old class personal - rights—^law-abiding citizens, an honor to mate, the. same reverence-:for. our common themselves, and reflecting honor on \h€\x Ahna Mater^ starting-ground, the same, love for Notre * Delivered in .Washington Hall, June iS, on occasion of the Dame. Gentlemen of the Glass—farevvell! formal presentation of,the Ljetare Medal. 6i8 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. tion of the work that gives it worth in the eyes of God." Father McLaughlin's sermon NOTRI DAME SCHOLASTIC, made a profound impression on his listeners. Notre Dame, Jane 28, J902. Immediately after the morning services, the Published every Saturda-y during Term Time at Notre Dame University. senior collegians assembled in the parlour of _ p—^ the mainbuilding where they had the dignity Entered a second-class matter at the Post Oflice. Notre Daine.Tnd. of alumnus conferred upon them. The same honour was reserved for the lawyers until Tenns, $T.^O per Annum. Postpaid. they had finished their three days' examina .'Address: THE EDITOR NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, tion on Monday afternoon. Notre Dame, Indiana. Sunday evening. Father Morrissey, Father French, with other members of the Faculty, The Board of Editors. visitors and students, assembled in Saint Edward's ' Hall to witness the- giving of JOSEPH J. SULLIVAN, I9OI inedals' to the individual members of the FRAMCIS DUKETTE, Ig02 JOHN L. CORLEY, I902 seven successful baseball teams that g-o to H. EWING BROWX, lg02 GEORGE BURKITT, I902 represent the Minim department. The evening JOHN P. O'HARA, Ig02 FRANCIS SCHWAB, I902 was a rare one. Father French read a letter P. J. MACDONOUGH, 1903 ALBERT L. KRUG, 1902 from the President of the University to the LEO J. HEISER, 1902 JOHN J. HENNESS/Y, I902 little men, and when each' successful baseball VITUS G. JONES, 1902 WILLIAM A. SHEA, I902 player came to carry away his honours, Father JOSEPH L. TOOHEY, I902 JOHN P. CURRY, I90I Morrissey's greeting to him made him feel JOSEPH KELLEHEK, I902 FRANCIS J. BARRY, I903 very happy. With the "serving of ice-cream REPORTERS and cakes and many all around speeches, the ROBERT E. L\NCH J. PATRICK O'REILLY medal exercises came to a close. ' P. P. MCELLIGOTT JOHN HARTE The final examinations for the-year took L DOHAN. place on Monday and Tuesday, closing on Wednesday morning at-9:30. Meanwhile large delegations of distinguished visitors, including The Fifty-Eighth Annual Commencement. many eminent clergymen from Chicago, ke.pt coming in. Then came HE Commencement exercises of the year began on Sundaj'^ morning, June ..THE REGATTA 15, with the celebration of Solemn which had been planned with that exactness High Mass by Father Morrissey, which has ever characterized all similar events Father French and Father Regan acting as on the lake. By 10:30-= a. m., large crowds- ministers. The examinations of the candidates filled the shores, and among them was Mr. for degrees had taken place on Friday and Charles 'Schwab, President -of the United Saturday, and the naturally elated, newly- States Steel Company, who had come with made graduates assembled in cap and gown his party on a special train from Cresson. . to listen to the Pennsylvania, to be present at the gradua tion of his cousin, Francis C. Schwab, of BACCALAUREATE SERMON Holy Cross Hall. At 10:30 a. m., Joe Kinney by the Very Rev. Edward J. McLaughlin, fired the shot that opened up the regatta A. B., '75, A. M., '95, of Clinton, Iowa. Father and started the -freshman race. The • start McLaughlin's reputation as a speaker was was even, but the Montmorency made the known to us, and there was rapt attention turn first and was -three lengths ahead when while his clear, ringing, metallic voice filled the Yosemite swung into her course. She every corner of the church. He held that seemed to gain. At the second turn,Capt. this life essentially was a life of action; that Rush lost his seat twice in quick succession, "there is no room in this world of ours for and the Yosemite forged ahead. He recovered the idler, the dreamer, the observer," but only himself, however, and his crew settled down, for him who will work. He said: "It is not winning by one-half a length. Here it is well the deeds that are done by each one that to say that- .owing to circumstances the make the difference between man and man; Yosemite crew had not-the training necessary but it is the end, the purpose, the consecra to show their best results. . NOTRE DAME SCH0LA:S77C. 619 RIontmorency Yosemitc D..[H. Madero No. 4 M.'lL.'Portillo C. E. Rush(C.) No. I... D.J. O'Connor W. N. Langkneclit...;.. ^No. 5 F. Cano J. T. McGowau No. 2... W. A. Draper E. O. Canedo (C.) No. 6 F. Gallastequi J. J. Cullinan No. 3... T. A. Toner G. F. Ziegler : Coxswain V. Rayneri A. S. Funk No. 4... J. I. O'Phelan (C.) The greatest interest centred in the Senior R. R. Clark Coxswain. ....W. H. Halloran race. For the past three years the two cap The Sophomore race came next. This race tains, Shea and Krost, have rowed together. bore the earmarks of an international contest. This year each captained a crew, each at his Mexicans for the greater part under E. O. favorite position—Shea as stroke and Krost Canedo manned one shell, and Cubans, with as coxswain. Interest was also added to the R. A. Trevino as captain, made up the other race from the fact that Fortin, this year's crew. The struggle for first place was a football captain, rowed in one crew, and w^^ severe one. The shells took the first turn Salmon, the captain-elect for next year, almost together.- At the second both swung rowed in a similar position with Shea. Great into the stretch at the same .instant, but spirit was shown among the spectators at Mexico proved too powerful fpr her younger this race, and those who looked for a hard- sisterrepublic, and half-way down the stretch fought contest were not disappointed. The the Minnehaha forged ahead, winning by half two crews were almost even in weight and a length. their strokes were much alike. Shea's pos-- Minnehaha • Evangeline sibly being a little longer finish. Shea's men won their race on the first stretch. When a I. I/. Canedo- No. i .E. P. Rayneri B. Madero No. 2 R. A. Trevino (C.) quarter of a length behind, a spurt brought E. C." Ruiz No. 3 C. Borja them into the turn ahead, and they came 620 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. out of it a little in the lead. This was held "THE BELL IN THE FOREST." from then till the last stretch, when the men settled for a second spurt, and came A Romantic Operetta in Two Acts by A. Schindler. in winners by a third of a length. This was the prettiest race seen in 5'-ears, and entitles Cast of Characters. Shea to the reputation he has earned in Prince Percival, Regent of the Pro\dnce . G. Shannon never having set stroke for a losing crew. The Misses Henrietta O'Brien and Elinor S""t uSX'} *^'-^«"'='° '"^ ''""=«• £ SS Alexis Forster, the Gamekeeper's Son E. O'Brj'an Tong pinned prizes to the persons of the Karl Krag, a Notorious Poacher T. SmitliAvick winners. Bluster, One of the Finest G. Freese Silver Jubilee Golden Jubilee Screech, Town Crier B. Mulligan F. J. Lonergaii No. i H.' J. McGlew Franz Staub, a Wanderer D. Randle H. H. Hoover No. 2 .D. C. Dillon Stitchem, Tailor, J. McBride W.P.Wood No. 3 P. W. O'Grady Chopem, Butcher, Village Tradesmen-;;£"^^'Jg^J^y D. K. O'Maliey .No. 4 M. I,. Pansier Waxem, Shoemaker, L.J. Salmon No. 5 A. C. Fortin Kneadem, Baker, J John Young W. A. Sliea(C.) No. 6 F. J. Kasper At the close of these exercises, medals and G- H. Kellej^ Coxswain R. A. Krost (C ) honours were conferred by the President on Judges—Messrs. Ewing, Powers and McCulloughj the different members o£ this hall. Then Starter, J. C. Kinnej'. Father Morrisse}'^ made a few. felicitous re ST. EDWARD'S HALL EXERCISES IN marks in which he referred to the progress WASHINGTON HALL made in St. Edward's Hall during the year, In the afternoon, St. Edward's Hall staged progress which entitled it to a separate in Washington Hall, "The Bell in the Forest," commencement in Washington Hall. a two act operetta. This operetta had been given some time before in welcoming our WEDNESDAY EVENING EXERCISES. Reverend President after his return from Wednesday evening, Washington Hall was the West, where he was convalescing on taxed to. its utmost capacity to seat- the account of. illness. Then the rendition of large and distinguished audience, leaders in it was so clever that there was immediately theology, law, medicine and. finance, who a demand for a repetition of it during the had assembled to do honour to N'otre^ D^me Commencement, and in the opera house and to wish her graduates Godspeed. The little fellows certainl}/- came up to Half an hour before the exercises began, expectations. There was cleverness in the the auditors began to file into the theatre. execution of ever}'- line. It is hard to pick The stage was simply decorated.. In the out any one in particular that shone much forepart, supported by an easel, was an above the others, for relative^ all were elaborately carved frariie, containing a square exceptionall}'- good. G. Freese as the Bluster, of silk beautifull}'^ lettered. This was the one of the finest, furnished a great deal of presentation address that accompanied' the amusement to the audience in his true in Lcetare medal. Hanging.by a ribbon from the terpretation of this character. In- fact, in frame was a gold'disc that shone brightly. keeping \yith the character--to. use -a line This was the Laetare medaL But few times from the. S3mopsis—he ever as "the Bluster has Washington Hall been honoured "by such came in. like a lion- and went out like, a an address . and medal, and its . appearance lobster." E. Rousseau as Waxem, the shoe there on that night added a heightened maker, and T. Smithwick as Karl Krag, a charm to the Commencement exercises: notorious poacher, read their lines very well. ' When the large audience was seated. The dancing of the minuet between the President Mbrrissey and Bishop Alerding, acts was artistically, done^ andi reflects great closely followed .by Dr. John B. Murphy of credit on Professor Roche and- the others Chicago, Hon.- William P. Breen of: Fort that trained the. dancers. The. costumes were Wayne, Mr. Charles -Schwab, President of the beautiful- things,;.and when ther-little- men United States "Steel? Company, Father Zahm^ went through, the.'artistic: turns and -graceful Provincial of I the Order of the Holy Cross- gyrations characteristic of the minuet, the- and a number of distinguished Chicagoansj house: came down with great applause, so came .through the. northwest entranced into much so, that the dancers could, do: nought" Washington Hall. Then began the programme but:- respond, to the /encore: :The programme: of the evening.:.\. _: .. , . . NOTRE DAME- SCHOLASTIC. 621 PROGRAMME). they can be regulated by publicity. He traced March—American Cadet Hall the development of the trust tothe economic Universit}' Orchestra. necessity of combination of capital and BACHEI,ORS' ORATIONS. I. Oration I The Monroe Doctrine concentration of efforts, and then went on Mr. George W. Burkitt (Texas.) to show the practical benefits toyman as an economic being. At the close of his discourse Chorus-{- ItnfHfroes: ^^^^'"'' 'f ^'ormandy he was greeted with prolonged applause. II. Oration The Ship Subsidy Bill Mr. Albert L. Krug (Ohio.) PRESENTATION OF THE LiETARE MEDAL. > Chorus—Servants Chimes of Nonnandy III. Oration Governmental Control of Trusts After a song-by the University quartette, Mr. Francis C. Schwab (Pennsylvania.) President Morrissey, Bishop Alerding. 'Mr. Quintet—Cold Sweat on My Brow—Chimes of Normandy Breen and Dr. John B. Murphy took the stage. Formal Presentation of the Lfetare Medal to John B. Then occurred the formal presentation-of the Murphy, A. M., M. D., Chicago. Laetare Medal to Dr. Murphy who is perhaps ' Oration of the Day by the Hon. William P. Breen, the most widely known surgeon in the United A. B., '77, A. M., 'So, Fort Wayne. States and whose fame is world wide. The The University Orchestra, under the leader Reverend President's presentation speech was. ship of Prof. Roche, played the "American simple and earnest. After tracing the history Cadet" (^Hall). The orchestra was exceptionally of the medal he said in part: good during the entire Commencement. Then "This year the medal is given to a man came the bachelor orations. These dealt with who has gained a world-wide reputation as.a subjects that are filling the American polit surgeon. He has followed his profession with ical stage to-day: "The Monroe Doctrine," an eye especially fixed on the benefits,he may "The Ship Subsidy Bill" and "Governmental give his species. His hand has been guided Control of Trusts." by the accumulated wisdom of generations of -Mr. George Burkitt of Texas in his expo renowned surgeons, and his heart has been" sition of the Monroe Doctrine gave its history, intimately concerned with the welfare of those its various interpretations, and the reasons for under his care." its being brought into being. He held that by Dr. Murphy appeared to be visibly affected, no manner or means could we justify its but quickly controlling his emotions he gave enforcement farther south than the Caribbean utterance to thoughts that gave his hearersan Sea. If the application were to go to South insight into his character not only as a surgeon America this would be a misapplication of but as a speaker and a man. Dr.'Murphy the principles of the Monroe Doctrine and was frequently and heartily applauded. ultimately a great injury to the United States, commercially arid politically. Mr. Burkitt's MR. BREEN'S ADDRESS. gestures were graceful, his -delivery forcible, This was the treat of the evening, and was . and he was attentively listened to. delivered by Mr. Breen in that eloquent The university chorus sang a sprightly lyric manner which ever lends a-charm to alLhis from the "Chimes of Normandy." After that utterances. Time and again was he interrupted came the second bachelor's discourse by Mr. with great; bursts of applause. He took for- Albert Krug of Ohio. He traced the general his theme "What is expected of the college decline of our merchant marine to a-want of nian." He quoted with Dionysius "The never- subsidy; and went on to show .that it was to-be-forgotten truth that the 'foundation of necessary for our .postal service, or naval every state is in the education of its yoiitb;-'" defense in warfare, our commerce and our and then went on to show in his eloquent fisheries. Mr. "Krug's arguments were eco manner ' that in every walk of life— in the nomic, cleverly reasoned out, and he -was Church, law, politics, letters and commerce- interrupted during his discourse with applause. it is the college man that comes to the^froht.- A song from the "Chimes of "Normandy" Mr. 'Breeh's eloquence was one half"Kis preceded the last of the bachelor discourses, speech, and no printed page, can do justice . "The Governmental Contrbl of Trusts." Here to his thoughts. This ended the exercises of Mr. Francis Schwab of Pennsylvania held the evening. - ." that trusts are the logical outgrowth of the On Thursday morning-Washington :Hall economic laws of to-day; that theit evils are was again filled with students and i-elatives purely accidental,.their good innate, and that to listen to the programme and to join-the; 62: NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. demonstrations over,the awarding of degrees, honors and medals. First came an excellently CONFERRING OF DEGREES. rendered overture by' the orchestra. After the quartette sang " Home, Sweet Home," Mr. Henry E. Brown of Ohio read the class poem The Degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred on which was built after the fashion of an acrostic Hon.- William P. Breen, A: B. 'jj, A. M. '80, necessarily placing many limitations on the Fort Wayne, Indiana. author. Mr. Francis F. Dukette of Michigan Degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred on followed with the Valedictory. George W. Burkitt, Jr., Houston, Texas. Mr. Dukette spoke in a subdued voice, Timothy J. Crowley, Kilmalloch, County one in harmony with the occasion; and the Limerick, Ireland. perfection of the Valedictory can easily be Francis Flanders Dukette, Mendon, Michigan. seen by reference to it in another part of the Marcellinus Charles Gorski, Chicago, 111. SCHOLASTIC. Leo J. Heiser, South Bend, Indiana. Thursday evening the graduates gave a John Joseph Hennessy, Kilmalloch, County "Senior Prom " in the gymnasium to honour Limerick,Ireland. the visitors and to add to their pleasure. The Joseph P. S. Kelleher, Newburyport, Mass. gym was handsomely decorated with gold and Thomas F. McKeon, New Haven, Conn. blue bunting and the "Prom" a strong success. Francis Charles Schwab, Altoona, Penn. This ended the programme. By Friday morn . Joseph Lawrence Toohey, St. Martins, Ohio. ing the walks and campus and halls of the The Degree of Bachelor of Letters was con University were deserted save for a tew that ferred on lingered behind. Many had gone out to begin Henry Ewing Brown, Lancaster, Ohio. the battle of life. But in the memory of all of Vitus George Jones, Dowagiac, Michigan. them there was engraved a picture of dear Albert Louis Krug, Dayton, Ohio. old Notre. Dame that can never fade, and William Albert Shea, Ashland, Wisconsin. which will ever be with us in our saddest and The Degree of Bachelor of Philosophy was our happiest hours; for this picture is in our conferred on souls since we love her. . Edward Dubs Gilbert, Chicago, Illinois. The work on the beautifully illuminated Francis B. O'Brien, South Bend, Indiana. address read by President^ Morrissey at the John Patrick O'Hara, Lanesboro, Minnesota. presentation of the Lietare medal, was done The Degree of Civil Engineer was conferred on by the art department of St. Mary's Academy. Jose Maria Falomir, Chihuahua, Mexico. A cut of the address is in .another part of Francisco J. Gaston, Havana, Cuba. - the SCHOLASTIC. Ralph Maher Wilson, Blairsville, Penn! This is a partial list of the distinguished The Degree of Mechanical Engineer was con clergymen present at the Commencement Ex ferred on . ercises. From Indiana: Bishop Alerding, Fort Enrique Luis Guerra, Sauces Jalisco, Mexico. Wayne, Revs. J. F. De .Groot, D. Duehmig, Thomas Francis Dwyer, Worcester, Mass. D. T- McLaughlin,' George M. Schramm, L. A. Moench, J. M. Schmitz, J. Gallagher, The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical W. J. Houlihan, E. Houlihan, C; Guendling, Engineering was conferred on' T, H. Corbett, Thos. Vagnier, J. ,H: Guendling, . -Rodolfo Maria= Garza, Saltillb, Mexico. L. J. L'Etourneau, J. B. Scheier, P. F. Roach, The Degree of Bachelor of Science was con Jos. F. Delaney, Fathers Dinnen, Oechtering, ferred on ' "''.'^ J. Oechtering; from Illinois:; P. A. Clancy, Orrin Augustine White, Hanover, Illinois. B. P. Murray, Hugh O'GararMcShane, LL. D., The Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology E:M. Griffin, P. A. Schott, G. PP. S... T. F. was conferred on O'Gara, N. J. Whalen, J.}v[. ,Dennison, J. J. Robert A. Krost, Crown Point, Indiana. Byrnes, F. Purcell, J. Durham, T.-0-Sullivan, The Degree of Master of'Laws \yas conferred on Geo. Blatter, J. Fortin; from--Wisconsin: H. John P. Curry, Hartford, Connecticut. Wilnies, Fathers Condon, Harlan and Collins; . Albert C.Fprtin, Chicago, Illinois. from Pennsylvania: Fathers . Ward and P. ; Phillip Bernard O'isreill.Anderson,.Indiana. Sheedy; from Michigan: R.W. Grace and A.R. The Degree pf Bachelor of Laws was .con- Dooling; I?; A. Neville, ..New-York;. P. M. • ferred .qn . . 4 \ / Saettele, O.S.B., Arkansas;• A. Kreidt, Ontario. .William H-Gamerorij Benton Harbor, Mich. NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 62'3 . Timothy Crimmins, Aurora, Illinois. The Mason Gold Medal, presented by Mr. John Louis Corley, St..Paul, iVIissouri. George Mason of Chicago for the stu William Fleming Dinnen, Fort Wayne, Ind. dent of Carroll Hall having the best Francis Earle Hering,. South Bend, Indiana. record for the scholastic year was Charles Victor Hilding, South Bend, Ind. awarded to Joseph C. Kinney, Rock Springs, Wyoming. James, R. Record, Paris, Texas. George Henry Kelly, Menasha, Wisconsin. The Meehan Gold Medal, for English Essays, Oscar Lippman, South Bend, Indiana. presented, by Mrs. James Meehan, Cov . Frederick William Meyer, Petersburg, 111. ington, Kentucky, was awarded to Clement C. Mitchell, Lapeer, Michigan. Francis C. Schwab, Altoona, Pennsylvania. Peter Patrick McEUigott, New York City. The Breen Gold Medal for Oratory, donated •John B. F. -Pick. West Bend, Wisconsin. by the Hon. Wm. P. Breen, 'jj, of Fort Joseph John Sullivan, Chicago, Illinois. Wayne, was awarded to The Degree of Graduate in Pharmacy was John L. Corley, St. Paul,. Missouri. conferred on . The Chicago Alumni Association Gold Medal George Justus Lins, Wilmington, Illinois. for Christian Doctrine- in Sorin Hall, Harry PL Hoover, Pontiac, Illinois. was awarded to Rafael Urbano Gali, Sancto Espiritu, Cuba. Arthur E. Steiner, Monroe, Michigan. The Degree of Pharmaceutical Chemist was The Ellsworth C. Hughes Gold Medal, pre conferred on sented by Mr. A. S. Hughes, Denver, John Robert Kelly, Muncie, Indiana. for the best record in Mathematics Certificate for Telegraphy was awarded to (Civil Engin. Course) was awarded to Frederico L. Gallastequi, Nombre de Dios, Jose Maria Falomir, Chihuahua, Mexico. Durango, Mexico. . The CKMalley Gold Medal for Gaelic, presented by Prof. Austin O'Malle'y, was awarded to Certificates in Short Course of Electrical Engi John Joseph Hennessy, Limerick, Ireland. neering were awarded to Ritchie J. Emerson, Dallas, Texas. The Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine in Moral James L. Doar, Cumberland, Wisconsin. Course B,.ist Division, was awarded to William J. Manier, Versailles, Ohio. -•••- The Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine in Moral Commercial Diplomas. Course A was awarded to Edward H. Schwab, Loretto, Pennsylvania. Commercial Diplomas • were awarded to The Fitzsimmons Gold Medal for Christian Edward L. Breen, Glens Falls, New York. Doctrine in Moral Course B, 2d Division, • Francis. T. Greene, Wapella, Illinois. presented by the Very Reverend M. Harry H. Hurley, Newell, Iowa. J. Fitzsimmons, Vicar-General of the. Francis J. Kehl, Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin. Archdiocese of Chicago, was awarded to William E. Maloney, Lenox, Iowa. Arthur S. Funk, La Crosse, Wisconsin. Matthew J. Kenefick, Michigan City. The Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine in Moral George T. Moxley, Chicago, Illinois. Course B, 3d Division, was awarded to Robert D. Murphy, Rock Springs, Wyoming. Joseph P. O'Reilly, Toledo, Ohio. Marion J. Parker, Frankfort, Indiana. The Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine in Moral Arthur G.. Strassheim, Chicago, Illinois. Course B, ist Division, was awarded to B.Theodore,.Notre Dame, Indiana. John W. O'Neill, Mineral Point, Wisconsin. Burt W. Thorp, Greene, Iowa. The Mooney Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine in Carroll Hall, First Course, presented by Rev. Nathan J. Mooney, 'jj, Rector Prize Medals. of St. Columbkille's Church, Chicago, was awarded to The Quan Gold Medal, presented by Mr. Henry Albert A. Kotte, Cincinnati, Ohio. , Quan of Chicago,, for the student having The Commercial Gold Medals for the best the best record in the Classical Course, record; in Senior. Class, Commercfal; senior year, was. awarded .to Course, was awarded to Francis Flanders . Dukette," Mendon, Mich. ; Francis J. Kehl, Sheboygan Falls, Wis. 622 rsOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. The Barry Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine Walter M. Daly, Madison, South Dakota. in Carroll Hall Second Course, presented Gallitzen A. Farabaugh, Ghambersburg, Penn. by Rev. F. J. Barry, Chancellor of. the John H.Neeson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Archdiocese of Chicago, was awarded to John P. O'Hara, Lanesboro, Minnesota. Harry N. Roberts, Wilmington, 111. Albert L. Krug, Dayton, Ohio (renewal). Seventy-Five Dollars in Gold^ presented by Phillip B. O'Neill, Anderson,.Ind. (renewal). the late Hon. Clem Studebaker, South Francis J. Petritz, Rockford, 111. (renewal). Bend, Indiana, for debating work, was Arthur E. Steiner, Monroe, Michigan. awarded as follows: Anton C. Stephan, Scales Mound, Illinois. Forty Dollars to Byron V. Kanaley, Weeds- (renewal). port, New York. Orrin A. White,'Hanover, Illinois (renewal). Twenty Dollars to John L. Corley, St. Paul, Mo. Edward C. Wolfe, Germantown, Ohio. Fifteen Dollars to John P. O'Hara, Lanesboro, CORBY HALL. Minnesota. First Honor Gold Medals were awarded to The Barry Elocution Medal in Brownson Hall, Louis A. D.e Lone, Harrisburg, Penn. donated by the Hon. P. T. Barry, of Lawrence H. Luken, Richmond, Indiana. Chicago, was awarded to BROWNSON HALL. William M. Wimberg, Cincinnati, Ohio. The Gold Medal for Elocution in Preparatory First Honor Gold Medals were awarded to Course was awarded to Lawrence M. Antoine, Somonauk, Illinois Anthony J. Burger, Brooklyn, New York. (renewal). John D. Quinn, Scranton, Pennsylvania. ST. EDWARD'S HALL. The Sorin Elocution Gold Medal was awarded to Clarence J. Kennedy, Chicago, Illinois. Francis J. Baude^ SORIN HALL. The Elocution Gold Medal was awarded to First Honor Diplomas were awarded to Charles Thurston McDermont. Francis P. Burke, Rich wood, Wisconsin. The Gold Medal for Christian Doctrine was Thomas R. Donnelly, Bay Cit)'^, Michigan. awarded to Benjamin R. Enriques, Chihuahua, Mexico. Bernard J: Mulligan. Joseph A. Fahy, Rome, Georgia. The Gold Medal for Letter-Writing awarded to Jose M. Falomir, Chihuahua, Mexico. Edward L. Rousseau. Omer D. Green, Lagro, Indiana. The Gold^ Medal for Improvement, in Piano Enrique L. Guerra, Sauces Jalisco, Mexico. was awarded to Vitus G. Jones, Dowagiac, Michigan. Herbert A. Spengler. Frederick J. Kasper, Evanston, Illinois. The Silver Medal for Improvement in Composi Byron V. Kanaley, Weedsport, New York. tion was awarded to Charles P. Kahler, Baltimore, Maryland. Charles H. Kelley. Joseph C. Kinney, Rock Springs, Wyoming. The Silver Medal for Penmanship awarded to Patrick W. O'Grady, Glens Falls, New York. Thomas J. Smithwick. Michael J. Shea, Holyoke, Massachusetts. The Silver Medal for Letter-Writing awarded to Edward C. Wurzer, Detroit, Michigan. Edward H. Johnston. Ralph M. Wilson, Blairsville, Pennsylvania. Harry W. Zolper, Mendota, Illinois. First Honor Awards. CORBY HALL. First Honor Diploma was awarded to . Miguel Losoya, Durango, • Mexico. SORIN HALL.. [ First Honors are awarded to students of- Sorin, Corby BROWNSON HALL. and .BroWson Halls who have attained an average of at First Honor Diplomas were awarded to leastgo per, cent for scholarship and deportment during the. scholastic year. The first honor, awarded for the Clement C. Mitchell, Lapeer, Mich. first year takes the form of a diploma; that awarded Daniel L.-Murphy, Odell, Illinois. for two years of satisfactory work is a gold medal. This Peter P. McElligott, New York City. medal .may be rene\yed-from year to year.] . _ Peter J. McNamara, Worcester, Mass. First Honor Gold-Medals were awarded to . ; Washington J. McCormick, Missoula, Mont. ;/:Henry E.Brown, Lancaster, Ohio. - Clement? J. Sibila, Columbus,; Ohio.: George W. Biirkitt, Houston, Texas, / , Francis J. Shaughnessy, Amboy,? Illinois. \ FrancisvF. Dukettej Mendon, Michigan. * ;5Robert :E. Scott, Havre, Montana.^ ;•, NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 62i Deportment Prize Medals. ST. EDWARD'S HALL. ^ Walter F. Upman, Francis J. Flook, Emil [Gold Medals for Deportment are awarded to pupils Frossard, Francis E. Spengler, Edwin C. Stout, of Carroll and St. Edward's Halls who have spent two Gerald A. Shannon, George B. Cornelius, full years at Notre Dame and whose deportment during Lester W. Rempe, Shorb C. Floyd-Jones, the whole time has been unexceptionable;] Edward O'Bryan, Walker S. Browne, Joseph C.\RROLL HA.LL. A. Ouinlan, Ramond A. Farrell, Howard Gold Medals for Deportment were awarded F. Farrell, Charles Thurston McDermont, to Thomas W, Graham, August J. Hackman, Thomas J. McFadden, John B. Stoner, Robert D. Murphy, Jose Antonio Villanueva, McKeen Boyce, Roger J. Houze, Howard Aloysius J. Dwan, Jose E. Rosado, Joaquin H. F. Smith, Enrique Castillo, Earl H. Wilson, Medrano; Leport R. Van Sant, Joseph T. John A. Maginn, Porter W. Munson. Lantry (renewal), Bryan M. Taylor (renewal). ST. ED;WARD'S HALL. Premiums. John W. Young, John F. Berteling, William F. Gasman, Leo C. Robinson, Grover F. Casey, SORIN HALL. Huntington St. Clair Conover, William H. Arana, Victor—2d Premium in Physics IV., Shop Kasper, Clarence J., McFarland. . Work, Kinematic Drawing, Kinematics and Machine [Silver Medals for Deportment are awarded to pupils Design. of Carroll and St. Edward's Halls who have spent two Brown, Henry—1st Premium in Political Economy L; full years at Notre Dame and whose deportment has 2d Premium in Dogma; Mention in Ethics and Belles given general satisfaction]. Lettres. Barry, Francis—ist Premmm in Dogma and Criticism; CARROLL HALL. 2d Premium m 2d Latin arid Political Economy L; Silver Medal for Deportment was awarded to Mention in Elocution. Albert A. Kotte. Burkitt, George—ist Premium in Ethics, Latin and ist Greek; 3d Premium in Oratory and Belles ^ettres; 2d ST. EDWARD'S HALL. Premium in Vocal Music. Carol Von Phul, Franklin E. Sabin, Leon E. Burke, Francis—Mention in 2d Greek and Literature; Knight, Everett C. Van Zandt, William A. 2d Pj-emium in Moral; 3d Premium in English History, Carey, Louis,—2d Premium in Parliamentary Law; McBride, Louis E. Hoffman, James A. Woods, ist Premium in Orchestra. George A. Rempe, Claire E. Schohlau. Davitt, Harold—^2d Premium in Literature. Dwyer, Thomas—2d Premium m Thermodynamics, Steam Engine Design and Experimental Engineering, Dinnen, J. Francis—^3d Premium in Composition. Deportment Certificates. Daly, Walter—Mention in 2d French and Literature; 3d Premium in Psychology; 2d Premium in Dogma. [Certificates are awarded- to those pupils of Carroll Dubs, John—Mention in Literature; ist Premium in and St. Edward's Hall who have followed the courses Music. of the University at least two terms, and whose deport Dukette, Francis—2d Premium,in Ethics, ist Latir ment during the whole time has been unexceptionable.] 1st Greek. and Parliamentary Law; ist Premium in CARROLL HALL. Oratory and Orchestra; 3d Premium in Belles Lettres Donnelly, Thomas'—Mention in Calculus; 2d Premium Richard R. Benson, Charles E. Brown, in Physics H. and Mechanical Draw^ing; 3d Premium Maurice J. Brown, Fred T. Berkley, John B. in Choir. Cogan, James Callico, William , M. Duffy, Enriquez, Benjamin—^3d Premium in RR. Engineering and Christian Doctrine; ist Premium in Advanced Lawrence V. Dougherty, Joseph M. DeLone, Surveying and^Calculus; 2d Premium in, Descriptive Francis T. Farrell, John J. Fitzgibbon, Francis Geometry and Mechanical Drawing. A, Gilmuray, Francis T. Greene, John D. Farabaugh, Gallitzen—ist Premium in 3d Latin, 3d . liarrington, Ormond L. Houze, Leo Keiler, Greek, Medi^eva^ Historj-', 3d French, 3d German and Matthew J. Kenefick, Daniel T. Kelly, James* Parliamentary Law; 3d Premium in Psychology and Dogma; 2d Premium in Literature.- L. Markey, Edward Malia, Nestor Mambourg, Fahy, Joseph—2d Premium in Astronomy, Geology Marion J. McAuley, Luke L. Norris, Francisco and iS'Iechanical Drawing; 3d Premium in Theoretical . G.. Nieto, Leo C. Rumbaugh, James A. Ryan, Mechanics; ist Premium in Geodesy, Mineralogy and J, Hugh Rapier, Maurice J. Riley, J. Record, Mechanics of Materials. Clarence A. Reitz, Manuel G: Rubio, Walter J. . Fink, ;Henry—Mention in Spanish. Falomir, Jose—2d Premium in Civil Engineering and Spengler, Fred H. A. Strauss, Francisco Toba, Mechanical Drawing; ist Premium in. Mechanics of Raymond.Thompson, George C. Ziebold, Luis -Materials, Gra.phic Statics, Roofs and Bridges; Sanitary B. G. Portugal, Manuel G. Portugal. Engineering and Hydraulics. 62 6 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. Gaston,[ Francisco—Mention in. Civil Engineering, Lettres; ist Premium in Parliamentary Law; Premium Graphic Statics and Roofs and Bridges; 3d Premium in American History, Political Economy HL and Polit in Mechanical Drawing, ical Science V. Garza, Rodolfo — ist Premium in Electricit)' Y., O'Grady, Patrick—3d Premium in Geology. Dynamo Machine and Electrical Drawing; 2d Premium Petritz, Francis—ist Premium in Theoretical Mechan in Thermodynamics and Experimental Engineering. ics, Physics IV., Qualitative Analysis, Mechanics of Gorman, Charles—2d Premium in Philosophy; Mention Materials, Shop Work and Kinematic Drawing; Mention in 2d Latin and Dogma; ist Premium in 2d Greek, in Dogma. Political Economy L and Psychology. Quigley, Edward—2d Premium ili Literature. Guerra, Enrique—ist Premium in Thermodynamics, Rincon, Francisco—3d Premium in Mineralogy and Elementary. Surveying, Steam Engine Design and Mechanical Drawing. Experimental Engineering. - Rebillot, Paul—Mention in Mineralogy; 2d Premium Gilbert, Edward—Mention in Oratory; ist Premium in in Mechanics of Materials; 3d Premium in Mechanical Music. Drawing. Gali, Rafael—ist Premium in Qualitative Analysis, Rayneri, Eugenio—Mention in Calculus; ist Premium Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy; 2d Premium in ill Architectural Drawing. Pharmacy. Sweeney, Robert—ist Premium in Philosophy; Men Gaflne)-, Joseph—ist Premium in Rhetoric. tion in 2d Latin and 2d Greek. Green, Omer—3d Premium in Rhetoric and Parlia Shirk, John—2d Premium in Composition. mentary Law; Mention m Moral. Shea, William—Mention in Political Economy I. Hanley, Robert—Mention in 3d German and Political Shea, John—ist Premium in 2d French; 3d Premium Science V.; 2d Premium in Criticism; Premium in in Rhetoric. Modern History. Shea, Michael—2d Premium m 3d Latin and Elocution; Hoover, Henry—2d Premium in Organic Chemistry Mention in 3d Greek; 3d Premium in Psychology. and Pharmacognosy; ist Premium in Qualitative Anal Steiner, Arthur—ist Premium in Railroad Engineering ysis and Pharmacy. and Choir; 2d Premium in Advanced Surveying; Mention Higgins, William—ist Premium in Elocution. in Descriptive Geometry; 3d Premium in Mechanical Jones, Vitus—Mention in Dogma and Oratory. Drawing. Krost, Robert—ist Premium in Food Analysis, Bacte Stephan, Anton—3d Premium in Railroad Engineering riology and Advanced Botany; 2d Premium in Dogma. and Dogma; 2d Premium in Advanced Surveying and Kahler, Charles—3d Premium in Astronomy; Mention Calculus; ist Premium in Descriptive Geometry, in Theoretical Mechanics and Dogma; 2d Premium in Advanced Chemistry' and Mechanical Drawing. Geodesy; ist Premium in Mechanics of Materials and Stephan, Raymond^—ist Premium in Dogma. Mechanical Drawing. Stanford, Gratton—3d Premium in Moral. Kasper, Fred -3d Premium in Spanish; 2d Premium Trevino, Richard—ist Premium in Analytic Geometry; in Music; ist Premium in English History. 2d Premium in ist Algebra and Christian Doctrine. Kelly, George—Mention in Moral. Toohey, Joseph—Mention in Ethics • Kelly, John—^2d Premium in Food Analysis. Voigt, John R.— ist Premium in Rhetoric, Human Kanaley, Byron—ist Premium in Parliam'entary Law Histology, Physiological Laboratory and Elementary 3d Premium in 3d Greek; Mention in 3d Latin and Physiology; 3d premium in Advanced Chemistry. Literature. Wilson; Ralph—3d Premium in Mechanical Drawing; 1st Premium in Civil Engineering; 2d Premium in Krug, Albert—ist] Premium in Ethics," Dogma, ist Mechanics of Materials, Graphic. Statics, Roofs and Latin, Music, Belles Lettres and Constitutional History; Bridges, Sanitary Engineering and Hydraidics. 2d Premium in Political 'Economy L; Mention in Whaley, Earle—3d Premium in Literature. Oratory. White, Orrin — ist. Premiurn in Philosophy, Food Lynch, Robert—3d Premium in \'^ocal Music. Analysis and Psychology; 3d Premium in Artistic Lins, George—3d Premium in Organic Chemistry; 2d Drawing. Premium in Qualitative Analysis-and Materia Medica. Wolfe, Edward—3d Premium in 4th Latin and Parlia Meyer, Fred—3d Premium in English History. mentary Law; Mention in 3d French; ist Premium in Manier, William-^Mention in Spanish; 2d Premium 2d' German arid Music. in Elementary Chemistry and Roman History; ist Wolfe, Harry—^3d Premium in 3d Latin and Psy Premium in Moral. chology; 2d Premium in 2d French; ist Premium in Madero,Benjaniin-^ist Premium in Christian Doctrine Parliamentary Law. and Analj'tic^ Geometry. Wurzer, Edward—3d Premium in Astronomy and Murphy, Francis—ist Premium in Composition; 2d Mechanical Drawing; 2d. Premium in Theoretical Premium inHbetoric; 3d,Premium in Vocal.Music. Mechanics, Geodesy and Mineralogy; Mention in Geol McKeever, Francis - ist Premium in Constitutional ogy; 1st' Premium in,Mechanics of Materials. History. ~ . . Zolper, Harry—3d Premium in Calculus and'Mechan- MacDoiiough, Patrick—1st Premium in Spanish; 3d ical Drawing; 2d Premium iii Elementary Surveying Premium in Parliamentary Law and Criticism; Mention and Moral. _ . -. in Political Economy" HL and English History, Neeson, John—ist Premium-in Astronomy, Geodesy, Geology and Mechanical Drawing; 2d Premium in - ,= CORBY HALL. Railroad Engineering; Mentionin Advanced Surveying; Aguirre, Enrique—2d Premium in Christian Doctrine; 3d Premium in Dogma. ;. , ^ . 1st Premium in Special Orthography. ,. O'Malley, Dominick—2d Premium in Elocution; Bauman,= Wa.lter—Mention, in :4th-Algebra. O'Hara,; JohnT—2d .Premium in Dogma and Belles Browne, ^Paiilr-Merition in "3d Algebra. NGTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 627 Barker, Fred~2d Premium in 2d Geometry. 1st Premium in ist German and Shop Work; 2d Pre Corbett, Vincent—Mention in Shop Work. mium in Moral and Drawing. De Lone, Louis—ist Premium in Spanish and Music; Beacom, Patrick—Mention in 8th Latin; ist Premium 3d Premium in Moral and Roman History. in 4th Algebra; 3d Premium in 2d Arithmetic; 2d Pre Dempsey, Neal 3d Premium in Moral. mium in 3d Grammar. Dunne, James—^3d Premium in Mechanical Drawing. Borja, Caniilo—2d Premium in Music. Dohan, Joseph—ist Premium in Phonography^ Breen, Edward—1st Premium in Composition and 1st Feeney, Joseph—2d Premium in Special Orthography. Bookkeeping; 3d Premium in Moral. Gaukler, Francis—2d Premium in Composition and Bfauchler, William—ist Premium in Applied Elec Mandolin; ist Premium in Vocal Music. tricity L; 2d Premium in Shop Work.- Geringer, John—Mention in Moral; 2d Premium in Bailey, Francis—2d Premium in 2d Grammar.' English History. Beechinor, Herbert—Mention in Advanced Chemistr}% ^ - Guerra, Samuel — Mention in Trigonometry and Cells, F. Javier—Mention in 3d Algebra; 3d Premium Christian Doctrine; 2d Premium in Composition ist in 2d Grammar. Premium in Elementary Chemistry. Goodall, Harry—2d Premium in Composition. ' Cano, Florencio—2d Premium in Christian Doctrine. Hurst, Noble—Mention in 2d Arithmetic; ist Premium Carton, James—3d Premium in Composition. in ist Grammar and Special Orthography. Campbell, Matthew—Mention in Analytic Geometry'. Hernandez, Rafael—3d Premium in ist Grammar. Corley, John—ist Premium in Parliamentary Law. Kasper, Robert—1st Premium 7th Latin; 2d Premium Cullinan, Charles—2d Premium in IMechanical Drawing. in Music. Castillo, Manuel —ist Premium in Music and 3d Kinsella, William—Mention in Moral. Arithmetic. Kasper, George—Mention in 8th Latin; 3d Premium Carroll, Charles—Mention in 7th Latin; Mention in in Composition. Moral. ' . ^ . Luken, Laurence -1st Premium in Pharmacy and Clarke, Robert—ist Premium in 2d Geometry. Materia Medica; 2d Premium in Pharmacognosy; 3d Dwan, Leo - ist Premium in Rhetoric and Artistic Premium in Elementary Botany. - Drawing; 2d Premium in Advanced Chemistry, and Losoya, Miguel—1st Premium in Christian Doctrine, General Biology; 3d Premium in Human Histology; Mandolin, Spanish-English and Special. English; 2d Mention in ist Geometry. Premium in 2d Arithmetic. Davey, Frank—Mention in ist Algebra. Losoya, Juan—^2d. Premium in Spanish-English; 3d Dumanois, Arthur—ist Premium in Music, s ^ Premium in Special English; Mention in Christian Duttle, George—2d Premium in 2d Bookkeeping;- ist Doctrine. Premium in ist Arithmetic. Moran, Charles—2d Premium in Rhetoric and 3d Daly, Bernard^-3d Premium in 5th Greek; ist Pre German; ist Premium in Drawing; Mention in mium in Composition; 2d Premium in Moral. Advanced Chemistry. Deasey, James—ist Premium in Composition. Muriel, Jose — 2d Premium in 2d Algebra and Dunnington, Rex — ist Premium in Band and,2d, Christian Doctrine; ist Premium in Music and, ist Reading. . ,-. Grammar. Erdelen, G. Joseph—Mention in Moral. Muriel, Ignacio—3d Premium in Composition; Mention Flynn, Bernard—ist Premium in Composition; Mention in Christian Doctrine. in 2d Geometry. Meyers, Joseph—2d Premium in Rhetoric; 3d Premium Fernandez, Bernardo—^lention in ist Grammar. in Moral. Fetherston, Louis—2d Premium in 6th Latin. McNeil, William—2d Premium in 4th Algebra. Fansler, Michael—Mention in ist Geometry; 3d Pre Oliver, James—3d Premium in 2d Algebra. mium in 2d Algebra. ' ^^ Reed, Gail—2d Premium in 7th Latin; 3d Premium in Funk, Arthur—ist Premium in Geometry; 1st.Pre-. 5th Greek; ist Premium in Composition; Mention in mium m Elementary Chemistry; ist Premium in Moral; 3d Algebra. 2d Premium in Composition; 4th Premium In Elemen Sherlock, Charles—3d Premium in Composition; 2d tary Physics. ' , Premium in Moral. Fisher, Robert-^ist Premium in 8th Latin; 2d Pre Schaab, Alfred—^3d Premium in ist Geometry, Ele mium ill 4th Algebra. '• mentary Physics and Mechanical Drawing; Mention Gavigan, Edward—2d Premium in Pharmacy; Mention, in Moral; 2d Premium in Shop Work. in Elementary Botany. Stopper, Anthony—3d Premium in Rhetoric and Georg, Oscar—3d Premium in Pharmaceutical Chem Trigonometry; ist Premium in Zoology and Elementary istry; 1st Premium in Materia Medica. Botany. Gormley, George—Mention in Mediseval History. - . Schwab, Edward—2d Premium in Trigonometry; . Gerraughty, Thomas—2d Premium in Zoological 1st Premium in Moral. Laboratory and Zoology. Steinle, Arthur—ist Premium in 3d Grammar. -» Gerraughty, William—^3d Premium in Zoplogfcal Thompson, Walter—^2d Premium in Composition. Laboratory; ist Premium in Composition. ; Wertin, John—2d Premium in Composition and Music. Gallastequi, Frederico — ist Premium, in Telegraphy. Welty, Louis—2d Premium in Applied Electricity; Gillen,Charles—ist Premium in Composition; Mentiori' Mention in 2d Geometry. - in 3d Algebra. , . , -, .'., Glenn,.Edward—ist Premium in Composition; Men-C BROWNSON' HALL. tion in Moral; 2d Premium in Music, , Antoine, Laurence—Mention in Descriptive Geometry; Gage, Roy—ist Premium in Trigonometry, ist Algebra 3d Premium in Physicsj H. andj Qualitative Analysis; and ist Geometry. /" - ..:, 7 628 NGTRE DAME . SCHOLASTIC. Huffman, William—ist Premium in 7th Latin; '2d Rush, Charles—ist Premium in Music. Premium in 4th Alerebra. Sibila, Clement—ist Premium in Composition 4th Huffman, Charles—ist Premium in 2d Grammar; 2d Algebra and Elementary Physics; 2d Premium in Premium in Special Orthography. German, 7th Latin and Elementary Botany; Mention in Hurley, Harry—2d Premium in Composition and Ancient History and Moral; 3d Premium in Mus.ic. Music; 3d Premium m Moral. Smith, Robert—2d Premium in Composition. Hogan, Joseph—ist Premium in 2d Grammar. Sirrims, Thomas—2d Premium in Christian Doctrine. Hatfield, W. Everett—ist Premium in 2d Arithmetici Sheekey, Charles—ist Premium in Christian Doctrine. Reading and Orthograph)% 3d Grammar and- jst Shaughnessy, Francis—ist Premium in Pharmaceutical Geography and History. Chemistry; 2d Premium in Elementary Botany. Ill, Alphonse—2d Premium in Artistic Drawing. Schmidt, Henry—3d Premium in Drawing. Kehl, Frank—ist Premium in Composition and Scott, Marc—3d Premium in Rhetoric and Elementary Advanced Arithmetic; 2d Premium in Music; 3d Pre Chemistry; 2d Premium in Pharmaceutical Chemistry; mium in 1st Bookkeeping ist Premium in Pharmacognosy, Elementary Botany and Kennedy, Clarence—Mention in Human Histology; Music; Mention in Elementary Physics. 1st Premium in Microscopy; 2d Premium in Elementary Stevens, Walter—3d Premium in Analytic Geometry Chemistry and Artistic Drawing. and 1st Algebra; Mention in Moral. Krieger, John—Mention in 2d German; 1st Premium Salmon, Louis — Mention in Analytic Geometry and in Composition; 2d Premium in 3d Algebra. 1st Algebra; 3d Premium in Elementary Surveying. Litzelmann, Joseph—2d Premium in ist Grammar. Sullivan, David—2d Premium in Special Orthography. Lonergan, Frank—^3d Premium in Rhetoric. Thorp, Burt—ist Premium in Composition; 2d Pre Lippman, Oscar—2d Premium in English History. mium in ist Bookkeeping. Lomelin, Ignacio—2d Premium in Christian Doctrine; Talcott, Harrison—Mention in 3d French, and 5th 3d Premium in Mechanical Drawing. Latin;' 1st Premium in Music. Mulligan, Edward—^3d Premium in 2d Bookkeeping; Uffendell William—ist Premium in Architectural Mention in ist Grammar; 2d Premium in Special and Artistic Drawing. Orthography. Villanueva, Luis—Mention in Christian Doctrine; 2d Mohan, Joseph—ist Premium in Composition. Premium in 2d Reading and Orthography. • Munsch, Albert—2d Premium in Physiological Labora Villanueva, Jose—Mention in Christian Doctrine; 2d tory and Elementary Physiology; 3d Premium in 2d Premium in 3d Arithmetic. Geometry* and Elementary Botany; ist Premium in 3d Villanueva, Santiago—ist Premium in Christian Doc Algebra and Ancient History. trine; 4th Premium' in 2d Bookkeeping. Merson, Edsvard—3d Premium ist Grammar. Wagner, Frederick—2d Premium in 7th Latin; ist Mitchell, Clement—2d Premium in Parliamentary Law. Premium in 4th Algebra. .jMolumphy, David—Mention in 3d Algebra and Moral. Wagner, Lucius—^3d Premium in Shop Work. Maloney, William—1st Premium in Composition; 3d Willard, John—ist Premium in Artistic Drawing. Premium in 1st Bookkeeping and Advanced Arithmetic. Wagner, Louis—3d Premium in 7th Latin and Com Murphy, Daniel—3d Piemium in Rhetoric and 3d position; Mention in 2d Geometry; ist Premium in Algebra; 1st Premium in 7th Latin; Mention in Moral. Elocution. Murphy, M. Leo—^3d Premium in Special Orthography. Montes, de Oca, Juan—3d Premium in 4th Algebra and - CARROLL HALL. Christian Doctrine; Mention in 2d Arithmetic, Spanish- • Brand, Harry---Mention in 4th Algebra. English and Special English. ^ Benson, Richard—3d Premium in 2d Bookkeeping ; McGlew, Henry—2d Premium in Composition. Mention in ist Arithmetic. McElligott, Peter—ISIention in English History. Brown, Charles—Mention in Rhetoric; 2d Premium McDermott, Edward—3d Premium in Composition. in Analytic Geometry and Moral; ist Premium in McNamara, Peter—3d Premium in Moral; Mention Elementary Surveying. 1 in English History. Berggreh, Henry-rMentiou in 2d Grammar. McCormick, Washington—Mention in 4th Greek; Burger, Anthony—ist Premium in Elocution; 3d 1st Premium in Rhetoric and Parliamentary Law; 2d Premium in 2d Arithmetic. Premium in 3d French and.Moral. Bro\uu, Maurice—ist premium in Christian Doctrine McAuley,.John—1st Premium in Composition; 2d and ist Reading and Orthography; 4th Premium in ist Premium in Ancient History and Special Orthography. Geography; 2d Premium in ist History. McAuley,'Milo—1st Premium in 2d Arithmetic. Berkley, .Charles — 2d . Premium in 2d Grammar; McAulej% J. Robert—1st Premium in - Elementary Mention in-Phonography. . . Physiology. Berkley, Fred—Mention in 2d Grammar and Pen O'Neill, John—^Mention in 4th Latin; 2d Premium manship.. - . • in 2d German; 3d Premium in Physiological Laboratory; Baker, Clarence —ist Premium in 2d Reading and 1st Premium in Moral. Orthograiihy; 2d Premium in 2d Geography. Opfergeit,.Edward—^3d Premium in Composition. Cuesta, Bona Ventura — Mention in Spanish - English O'Reilly, Joseph—1st Premium in Moral. * and Special English. . Padden, Dominic—3d Premium in 8th Latin; ist Pre Cuesta,- Ramon—Mention in Spanish-English, Special mium in Composition. , ' . English and'Typewriting. • _ Quinn, John-^Mention in Advanced .Surveying and Cahill,Th6mas-^Premium-in-Penmanship; ist Pre Descriptive Geometry; ist - Premium , in Physics H.; mium in 2d Bookkeeping! - • . | , '2d Premium in 2d German; 3d-Premium.in Drawing. CampbelU'Jolm—1st.Premium'in 6th Latin; Mention Ruiz, Enrique-rrMention in ist Grammar. ^ in.2d Algebra and-Christian. Doctrine, NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 629 Carr, Carlyle — Mention in Music and Special 1st Premium in Special Orthography. Orthography. Keiler, Leo—Mention in ist Arithmetic; 3d Premtfum Gary, Clarence—Mention in 2d Grammar. in 2d Grammar. Cogan, John—Mention in 7th Latin and ist Arithmetic; Keegan, William—3d Premium in 2d History; Mention, 3d Premium in Moral. in Orthography. Casparis, Kenneth — Mention in 4th Algebra and Kenefick, Matthew—ist Premium in Composition; 3d 2d German. Premium in ist Bookkeeping. _ . Castillo, Fernando — Mention in Christian Doctrine Kasper, Francis—ist Premium in Elocution: 2d Pre and Special English. mium in Composition; 3d Premium in Vocal Music. DufEy, William—Mention in 2d Grammar; ist Premium Kotte, Albert—ist Premium in ist Geometry and in 1st Reading and Orthography; 4th Premium in ist Moral; 3d Premium in Advanced Chemistry. Geography. Kelly, Daniel—2d Premium in 7th Latin and Christian Dougherty, Lawrence — 3d Premium in Christian Doctrine; 3d Premium in ist Arithmetic; Mention in ist "Doctrine and ist Geography; .2d Premium in 2d Grammar. Arithmetic. Kennedy, Edward—Mention in Ancient History and Dierssen, Paul—3d Premium in 4th Algebra; Mention Christian Doctrine. in ist Arithmetic and 2d German. Lantry; Joseph—Mention in ist Geometry, Christian Dierssen,, Walter — Mention in ist Arithmetic and Doctrine and Elementary Chemistry. . 4th German. Lawton, Jasper—Mention in 4th German and Music. • Dwan, Aloysius—2d Premium in Composition ; 3d Lyman, Paul—Mention, in ist Arithmetic and Com Premium in 2d Geometry. position. ; De Lone, Joseph—3d Premium in 7th Latin and 2d Medrano, Joaquin—Mention in 7th Latin and Christian •Geometry; 1st Premium in 3d. Algebra; Mention in Doctrine; ist Premium in 2d Grammar and Special .Moral. Orthography. Dunham, Charles—Mention in Ancient History and Mills, John—Premium in Penmanship; 3d Premium Penmanship. in ist Arithmetic; 2d Premium in ist Grammar. Eimer, John—2d Premium in 2d Bookkeeping; ist Markey, James—Mention in ist Arithmetic, Ancient Premium in Special Orthography. History, Drawing and Zoology. Eaton, William— ist Premium in 2d Algebra;^ Mention Malia, Edward—2d Premium in 3d Grammar; Mention- in Botany, Drawing and Elementary Chemistry. in 2d Reading. • . Ehrke, Frederick — Mention in Drawing and Special Mooney, -Charles—2d Premium in Elocntion; 'ist Orthography. Premium in 3d Grammar. Fleming, Shirley—Mention in 3d German- and 2d Mambourg, Nestor—Mention in Christian Doctrine, Geometry. 2d Reading, Penmanship and Music. Farrell, Francis—Mention in Special Orthography Murphy, Robert—Mention in Christian Doctrine;- 2d and Christian Doctrine Premium in Phonography and Advanced Arithmetic; Fitzgibbon, John — 3d Premium in 7th Latin; 2d ist Premium in ist Bookkeeping. Premium in Composition; ist Premium in Mandolin. Menagh, Harry—Mention in Penmanship and 2d Foley, Frank—Mention in 7th Latin; 2d Premium in Reading. 1st Arithmetic. Morrison, Jos.—ist Premium in Special Orthography; Gilmurray, Francis — Mention in 2d Grammar and Mention in 4th Algebra and Ancient History. 1st Reading. Morrison, Denis—^3d Premium In Sth Latin; Mention Greene, Edward—Mention in Penmanship and 2d in Ancient History and Special Orthography. Reading. McCarty, J. Gerald—Mention in 4th Algebra.. - Greene, Francis—3d Premium in ist Bookkeeping. McLean, William—2d Premium in Trigonometry and Graham, Thomas—1st Premium in 2d Geography and ist Geometry; ist Premium in Composition. History. McMahon, John—^2d Premium in Ancient History and Gray, Richard—Mention in 2d Reading and Instru 7th Latin. mental Music. McBride, Paul—Mention in Instrumental Music and Gallart, Jose—3d Premium in 7th Latin; 2d Premium 4th Algebra. in 2d Geometry and .Christian Doctrine; ist Premium McFarland, Alex.—ist Premium in 6th Latin, Ancient in 3d Algebra, Music and .Orchestra; Mention in History and Mandolin; 3d Premium in Zoology. Elementary Botany, McCauley, Marion—ist Premium in Christian Doc " Hernandez, Rafael—Mention in Special English and trine; Mention in ist Reading and Orthography. Christian Doctrine." Norris, Luke—3d Premium in Moral; Mention in Hurtado, Angel—Mention in Typewriting and Special Roman History and Greek. English. Nieto, Francisco—Mention in Special English -and Harrington, John—^3d Premium in Christian Doctrine; Drawing: . Mention in-2d-Grammar; 2d Premium in ist Reading. O'Sullivan,Timothy—Mention in 3d French; 2d Pre- Hart, Lawrence—Mention in 7th Latin. • mium in7th Latin; ist Premium In 2d Geometry. • Hall, William — Mention in ist Arithmetic and O'Donnell, James—^4th Premium in 2d Bookkeeping; Drawing. • Mention in ist Arithmetic. . " Hanford, George—Mention in Phonography. . Prj'or, Frank—Mention in Bbonography and Elocution. Hoff, Arthur—2d Premium in Composition and Artistic . Pollitz, William—Mention in Penmanship, Geography Drawing. v ' . and'U.S. History. . . Houze, Ormond—Mention.in United States History, Peery, Francis—Mention in ist Arithmetic, Music and Christian Doctrine and Music. . * Composition. • Hackman, August—2d Premium in Christian Doctrine; 6^o NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC Portugal, Manuel—Mention in Special English and Taylor, Bryan-^2d Premium in ist Geometry and Christian Doctrine. Elocution; Mention in 2d Algebra and Moral. Portugal, Louis—ist Premium in Christian Doctrine Toba, Francisco — Mention in Christian Doctrine, and 3d Arithmetic; Mention in Special English. Special English and Music. Ouinlevin, Venius—2d Premium in 2d Bookkeeping Usera, Julio—3d Premium in Music and Composition. and Music; Mention in ist Arithmetic. .Villanueva,Jose—Mention in Christian Doctrine and Ouertinmont, George—Mention in Christian Doctrine Special English. . • and 1st Grammar. Van Sant, Leport—ist Premium in 2d Algebra and . Quertinmout, Edgar—Mention in Christian Doctrine Elocution. and ist Reading and Orthography. • Wenter, Henry—ist Premium in Music, 2d Bookkeep Rosado, Jose—ist Premium in Spanish-English; 2d ing and ist'Arithmetic. Premium in Special-English. White, Mark—Mention in ist Arithmetic and Penman Roberts, Harry—2d Premium in 2d Geometry, Ele ship. mentary Botany and ist Grammar; Mention' in 3d Winter, William—Premium in German; Mention in" Algebra; ist Premium in Christian Doctrine and ist ist Arithmetic and Christian Doctrine. Reading. Winter, Charles—2d Premium in ist Arithmetic; Ryan, James—2d Premium in Christian Doctrine; 3d Mention in 4th German and Violin. Premium in ist United States History. , Winter, August—Premium in ist German; 2d Premium Rapier, J. Hugh^3d Premium in 8th Latin; Premium in Instrumental Music. in Penmanship; ist Premium in ist Grammar. White, Benjamin—2d Premium in 7th Latin; Mention Runibaugh, Leo—2d Premium in ist Geography; 3d ill Ancient History, ist Grammar, ist Arithmetic and Premium in ist History. Drawing. > , • ' Record, James—^34 Premium in 4tb Latin and Rhetoric; Williams, Robert — 3d Premium in 2d Arithmetic; ist Premium in 4th Greek and Roman History; 2d Mention in Reading and Penmanship. Premium in Moral. Ziebold, George^ist Premium in Zoological Labor Rothwell, Hariy—Mention in 3d German, Composition atory, Composition and Zoology; 2d Premium in' 6th and 2d Algebra. Latin; 3d Premium in Christian Doctrine. Reile}', John—Mention in Penmanship. Ziebold, Gottlieb—Mention in 2d Grammar, Piano, Reitz, Clarence—3d Premiurii in 2d Geography; 2d Penmanship and 3d German." Premium in 2d History; Mention in ist Reading and Orthography. Rubio, Marcellino—Mention in Special English, Draw ST. EDWARDS HALL. ing and Penmanship. Burke, C.—^Premium in .Reading and Arithmetic, .Rubio, Manuel — Mention in Spanish-English, Pen Bassett, R.—Premium in Piano and Arithmetic. ^ manship and Christian Doctrine. Baude, F.—Premium in Arithmetic, Piano and Reading. Rennolds, William—1st Premium in MandoHn; 2d Berteling, J.—Premium in Algebra, Arithmetic, Vocal Premium in 2d Arithmetic and ist History; 3d Premiurii Music and Grammar. in 1st Geography. Beers, H.—Premium in Arithmetic, Orthography and . Rocheford, Ector—^4th Premium in 2d Arithrnefic; ist Geography. Premiurn in ist Geography and History. Brennan, F.—Premium in Reading, United States His- Riley, Maurice—^Mention in ist Arithmetic, 4th Algebra tbrj'^vand 'Arithmetic. • • and Ancient History. - ' Brennan, J.—Premium in Reading and Arithmetic. Spengler, Walter—Mention in, ist Arithmetic;. 2d Boyce, M.-^Premium in Reading, Graminar and Arith Premium in Special Orthography. metic. - . . Scbaus, Herbert—^3d Premium in 2d Arithmetic; Men Bonus, R,—Premium in Reading. Browne, W. ^-Premium in Mandolin,. United States His- tion in Penmanship and 2d Grammar. torj-^ and Grammar. Sweenj', Francis—Mention in Elocution and in 2d Butler, j.-r-Premium in Arithmetic and Geographj-. Geometry. , Connolly, E.—Preniium in Reading, Geography and Swan, Albert—2d Premium in Elocution; Mention in Orthography. > ; " Penmanship and ist Reading. •_ ' . Cotter, W.—Premium in Orthography and Penmanship. ' Schmidt, Harry—Mention in Ancient History, Music Cartier,-A.—Premium in Arithmetic and Orthography. and Drawing. ^ / Casey, , G.—Premium ^ in" Mandolin, Arithmetic and ,, Sheble; Ernest—2d Premium in 2d Geometry; 3d Penmanship.;., ,; - .-; "r ... ' - ,'- Premium 3d Algebra; .Mention^ in Elementary Botany. Castillo,'R.—Premium ill Mandolin and Penmanship. Scott,^ Robert—2d Premium in 2d Grammar; Mention Castillo, H."—Premium in Arithmetic and Spanisli- in • 1st Arithmetic. ,.. , '. ; . ; - - , • Euglish.-. . ••_• '- ' ""-'r/ Strauss,.Frederic^Mention- ill' Gerni'an, Penmanship . Coleman,* E.^^Premium.in.Arithmetic, Geography and and 2d Grariiraar. , , V " .. •. Christian Doctrine. ;\. •., ., . . SwanjEdward-^Meiition in.1st Reading, Orthography CprneliuSjG-^Premium: in; Grammar, Reading aiid and Eenrnanship..-".' . . ', ' ," ^." , .' -'•,•'/.. , . - -Arithmetic.':. •':•'.'/;;.%:.-••• ".„^^ , " \;Tansey,.Lbuis.^2d /Premium; in' Composition;, 3d. C6nolly,;G.7^Pfeniium in Reading and Arithmetic. . Premium in •.Phonography. • ..;':••,.-•; -'•-.• ' --• -'-'.' / .C.onover, H.;St:;,Clair^P in Reading, Grammar., \ Jhompson, Rayiiiond^id Premium in 7th ;Latin;; 3d :,(Reveling,--H.-jT-Premum in and-Arithmetic. -Premiiirnin Christian Doctrine;; Mention: ih^Elemehtary :D%,.W.4^Preniium in!-7\'^6cal Miisicaiid Arithmetic. ,. -iChernistry.-/'. ,-.:=_';.-V-"-.-'--^'"-'. Vv; •'.-::'-.:;•;>%•..\-, '".-,'. •'-,-;. peaii, ^J.V7;;Premium;.in..;Qrthbgf^^ and Penmanship. ); Tailcottjt Rodney^ 1st Premium in; Music; Mention in poiialioe, }H. ^-Premium.- in^^^ Grammar arid ; •;i\jicierit j.Histbry.:.-;/ ;! ':J:_i --••':- i Downer, H.^—Premium in Grammar, Mandolin and Prada, J.—Premium in Penmanship, Spanish-English Penmanship. and Reading. • Ewart, D.—Premium in Piano and Reading. Purdy, W.—Premium in Arithmetic, Orthography and Farrell. R.—Premium in Arithmetic, Orthography and Geography. Reading.. • Quinlan, J.—Premium in Arithmetic, Grammar and Farrell, H.—Premium in Arithmetic, Penmanship and Orthography. Grammar." ' . Randle, D.—Premium in Algebra, Grammar, Reading. Flook, F.—Premium in Orthographj'- and Reading. Rayencroft, G.—Premiiun in Piano, Arithmetic and Frossard, F-—Premium in Piano, Arithmetic and Geography. -• Grammar. • -Rempe, G. —Premium in Arithmetic, United , States Floyd-Jones, S.—Premium in Grammar, Geography History and Reading. and Reading, Rempe, L,.—^Premium in Arithmetic and Reading. .• , Freese, G.—Premium in Christian Doctrine, Grammar R illy, C.—Premium in Algebra. Orthography and and United States Hi.stor}-. Grammar. j , Gasman, \V.—Pren'iium in Grammar, Orthography and Rousseau, E.—= Premium in Arithmetic, Alijebra and~ Reading. ' Grammar. Gelder, J.—^Premium in Arithmetic and United States Robinson, L.—Premium' in Piano, Geography and History. Grammar. Graham, —Premium in Mandolin and Arithmetic. Rudolph, W.—^Premium in Orthography. Green, C.—Premium in Ariilmietic aiid Geography. Rudolph, M.—Premium in Vocal Music. Green, H.—Premium in Arithmetic and Reading. Sabin, F.—Premium in Arithmetic, Elocution and Huffman, C-.—Premium in Piano and Orthograph\'. Grammar. . _ •_ , Henness}', W.—^Premium in Arithmetic, Grammar and Sa^v>-er, H.—Premium in Penmanship and Grammar. Reading. Schonla'u, C.—^Premium in Arithmetic and Geography. • Hall, R.—Premium iu Christian Doctrine, Arithmetic Shannon, G-—Premium in Algebra, Orthography and and Orthography. Reading. Healy, W.—Premium in Algebra, Grammar and Piano. Smith, B.—Premium in Piano and Arithmetic. Houze, R.—Premium in Vocal Music and Orthograplty. Smith, H.—Premium in Arithmetic and Orthography. Houser, B.—Premium in Penmanship and Vocal Music. Small, E.^-Premium in Orthography. Hoffman, L.—Premium in Piano, Reading, Geography. Stoner, B.—Premium in Arithmetic and Grammar. Johnston, E.—Premium in Grammar and Penmanship. Stout, E.—Premium in Grammar, Arithmetic and Jones, W.—^Premium in Reading and Orthography. Reading. Kasper, W.'—^Premium in Arithmetic, Grammai- and Stout, M.—Premium in Arithmetic, Geography and Piano. Reading. Kelle}'-, C. — Premium in Arithmetic, United States Spengler, H.—Premium in Grammar, Arithmetic and Historj' and Reading. Algebra: Knight, D.—Premium in Piano and Arithmetic. Spengler, F.—Premium in Piano and Arithmetic. Kellj', E.—Premium in Reading, Arithmetic and Vocal Smithwick, T.—Premium in Algebra, Grammar and Music. Piano. Lavaii, T.—Premium in Grammar and Reading. Tillett, G.—Premium in Arithmetic, Geography and "Lavaii, H.—Premium in Reading. Orthography, I,ynch, J.:—Premfum in Arithmetic and Vocal Music. Taprell, G.—Premium in Orthography and Reading. Lowther, G.—Premium in Arithmetic. Taprell. S.—Premium in Orthography. I Lowther, A.—Premium in Reading. " * Upman, W.—Premium in. Piano, United States History Miles, C.—Premium in Geography and Orthography. • and Reading. ' Moone}'. L.—Premium in Arithmetic, Grammar and Van Zandt, E.—Premitun in Geography and Arithmetic. Geography. ' . . Villanueya, A.—Premium in Piano, Penmanship and Mulligan, B.—Premium in Algebra, Arithmetic- and Spanish-English. Grammar. Von Phul, C.—^Premium in Graminar, Arithmetic and Muhso'n, —Premium in Arithmetic,. Grammar and Christian Doctrine. . Penmanship. ' Wiest, L.—Preinitim in Piano and Grammar. Maginn, F.—Premium in Penmanship and Grammar. U ilson, R.—Premium in Arithmetic and Orthography. Maginn, J.—Premium in Reading and Arithmetic. Wilson, E.—Premium in Arithmetic and Reading: McBride, J.—Premium in Algebra, Grammar,Piano and Wilson, C.—Premium in Orthography. Elocution.. - , Woods. J.—^Premium in Orthography and Penmanship. McBride, W. — Premium in Piano, .Christian Doctrine AVeisskopf, L.—Premium in Arithmetic. and Reading. Young, J.—Premium in Algebra, -Arithmetic and. McDermont,' .T. —; Premium in Arithmetic, Grammar Piario. . aiid Elocution. - - . McDermont, C.—Premium in Penmanship, Arithmetic. HOLY-CROSS HALL. • ,. V- . McFadden, T.—Premium in Piano and Geography. McFarland, C.—Premium in Arithmetic, Grammar Boyle, Joseph—Mention in Elementary Physiology. : and Reading. - Burke", Joseiph—Mention in 3d Greek and Medifeval. . McGill, R.—Premiimi in Geography, Orthographj'and History . . .' , - .; - . ,^ Christian Doctrine. . . . Burke, Eugene—2d Premium in Rhetoric; 3d Premiuni O'Bryan, E.—Premium in Algebra, Arithmetic and in Pariiamentary Law. ; . Grammar. . - _ Crowley, Timothys-Mention in istXatin; ist Premium. 632 NOTRE DAMl SCHOLASTia in 1st Greek; 2d Premium in Oratory. 2d Premium in Medijeval History; ist Premium iii Collins, Harry—ist Premium 7th Latin, 5th Greek and Oratory. Ancient History; Mention in 3d Algebra. Zerhusen, Francis—2d Premium in Elocution. Corbett, James—ist Premium in Composition. Cunningham, William—3d Premium in ist Geometry; Mention in 5th Latin. ST. JOSEPH'S HALL. Davis, Ernest—Mention in 3d Latin and Literature; Bolger, William—3d Premium in Rhetoric; 2d Pre 2d Premium in 3d Greek. mium in 3d French; ist Premium in 5th Greek and 5th Devereux, Arthur—Mention in 4th Latin and 3d .Latin. German; 2d Premium in 4th Greek; 3d Premium in Brown, Edward—2d Premium in Ancient'History, Rhetoric. Casey, Daniel^2d Premium in Composition and De Wulf, Emiei—ist Premium in 2d Latin; 2d Pre ist Arithmetic. mium in 2d Greek. Casey, Charles—ist Premium in Composition. Durcan, Patrick—2d Premium in 5th Latin. Callicrate, Dominic—3d Premium in 3d Algebra. Finnegan, Edward—Mention in Elocution. Crotty, Robert—ist Premium in ''2d Arithmetic. Foik, Paul—2d Premium in ist .Geometry; Mention Feeley^vWiiliam—2d Premium in 2d Algebra. . in 5th Latin. Gormley, John — ist Premium in Composition; 3d Forrestal, Peter—2d Premium 3d Arithmetic and Premium in 2d Algebra; 2d Premium in Elementary 2d Grammar; ist Premium in 1st Reading and Orthog- Physiology. Gorka, Stanislaus—2d Premium in 5th Greek anci -. Garland, Harry—3d Premium in Composition and 2d Algebra; ist Premium in 5th Latin. Artistic Drawing. . Gorski, IMarcellinus—2d Premium in Oratory. Goff, John—^3d Premium in 8th Latin. Griffin, John—2d Premium in 2d Grammar. Herbert, Peter—2d Premium in 8th Latin; ist Pre Hagert}', Cornelius—2d Premium in 4th Latin and 4th mium in 2d Grammar. Greek; 3d Premium in Parliamentary Law. Hannigan, James—3d Premium in •2d Grammar. Hanyz, Martin—ist Premium in 5th Greek; 2d Pre-, Jenkins, Joseph—ist Premium in Gerieral Biology and mium in 4th Algebra and 5th Latin. . » 6th Latin; 2d Premium in Human Histology. ~ Heiser, Leo—Mention in Ethics; 3d Premiiim in Jones, Harry—^3d Premium in 2d Arithmetic and 2d Oratory. Grammar. Hock, Fred—2d Premium in 3d Algebra, Kane, Michael—Mention in 2d Grammar; 3d Premium Isaacs, William—^2d Premium in 8th Latin; Mention in Special Orthography. in ist Grammar. Kurowski, Francis—^IMention in 2d Grammar. Irvine William—3d Premium in 7th Latin; Mention Leppert, Charles—2d Premium in Composition; ist in. 1st Grammar. Premium in Ancient History. Irving, Thomas—Mention in 3d Greek and Mediaeval Lyons, Thomas—ist Premium in 3d Latin and Litera History; 3d Premium in 3d French. ture; 3d Preriiium in Mediaeval History; 2d Premium Kelleher, Joseph—2d Premium in Ethics; Mention in in 2d French. 1st Latin and ist Greek; 3d Premium in Parliamentary Murphy, John—2d Premium in 7th Latin. Law. Murphy, Wni.—ist Premium in Special Orthography. Kelly, Louis—3d Premium in ist Geometry; ist Pre O'Connor, Daniel—ist Premium in 3d German; Men mium in Elementary Physics. tion in Zoology. - Kennedy, Leo—2d Premium in 4th Algebra. O'Neill, James—2d Premium in Composition. Mathis, Michael—2d Premium in 7th Latin. O'Keefe, Don Paul—i.st Premium in Composition. Mannion, Thomas—rst Premium in 8th Latin. Piel, Edward—2d Premium in Composition; 3d Pre Miller, Desire—Mention in Rhetoric and Elocution. mium in Elocution. Moloney, William—2d Premium in 5th Greek; ist Robert, Hubert—Premium in ist French; ist Premium • Premium in Composition; 3d Premium in 5th Latin. • in Zoological Laboratory. Mulcare, Michael—3d Premium in 8th Latin; ist • Robinson, .William—2d Premium in 7th Latin. Premium in Composition. ; Swantz, Thomas—1st Premium in Organic Chemistry McAuley, Hugh^Mention in 4th Latin and 4th Greek. and General Biology; 2d Premium in Qualitative McGinn, John—3d Premium in 3d French. Analysis; Premium, in ist French. , .'McNamara, George—2d Premium in Psychology; -3d Toner, Thonias—3d Premium in 7th iatin; ist Pre Premium in Elpcution. , - mium' in Elementary Chemistry; 2d Premium in '.O'Dpnnell, Charles—Mention, in.4th Greek; ist Pre-, Elementary Physics. . - rhium in Rhetoric- - , . • -Trester, Anthony—Mention in Rhetoric and Analytic . "O'Donneii, Walter—3d Preniium^ in 3d German; Geometry; ist Premium-in Advanced Chemistry. -Mention ill ;3d-Spanish. _ . , . ' Worden, John—ad. Premium in General Biology, O'Neill, Thomas—^2d Premium in 2d\German; Human Histology, Microscopy and Artistic Drawing; 3d Piila,-. Joseph—1st Premium iu; 2d Grammar; 2d. Premium in Elementary Chemistry; ist Premium in Premium in ist Reading, and Orthography. Painting. .: . - - . " : Quinn,-William—3d Premium in Elocution. Zeiger, Harry—r-3d Premium in Mechanical Drawing, ,. Ryan, John—3d Premium. iii 2d German. . [ r Rafter, Gerald-^2d Premium in ,3d Germaii. , Schwab; Fraiicls—Mention in-Oratory. ."-. . - ..Sypniewski, StanisJausr^Mention,in, 5th Greek. UNDERSTANbC.that there-'.can be no great -} •: rWalsK Leo—isf.Premium ,in 2d French. ' ,_, , = ' go6d> for ;thee:unless years .of effort and - Wimberg,.V^illiam—Mention in 3id Latin and 3d Greek;, discipline have made, thee good.—Spalding.. ^ pendence, Washington's Fare on the Northwest coast of this continent. well Address and the Seventh Annual Message "In the discussions to which this interest of President Monroe. None of these, the has given rise," said President Monroe, in his greatest instruments in the history of the Annual Message of December 2, 1823, "and United States, is a constitution, a charter, or in the arrangements by which they may a law; but in the heart of every American they terminate, the occasion has been judged bind by a force stronger than positive law; proper for asserting as a principle in which they bind us by our natural love of the the rights and interests of the United States nation's life. The Declaration of Independence are involved, that the American continents sent -the message of American liberty by the free and independent condition which resounding throughout the world. Washington's they have assumed and maintained, are hence Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine, forth not to be considered as subjects for many years later, were echoes of that future colonization by any European powers Declaration in the hearts of Americans. The In the wars of the European powers, in matters' Declaration of Independence proclaimed: relating,to themselves, we have never taken "We are a free people!" any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are Washington's address said: "Foreign nations, invaded or seriously menaced that we resent hands off; and we shall not meddle in your injuries or make preparation for our defence. affairs!" The Monroe Doctrine declared: With the movements in this hemisphere we "Our safety is threatened! European powers, are of necessity more immediately connected, take notice! We shall suffer no injury." That and by courses which must be obvious to is the substance of the' Doctrine that has all enlightened and impartial observers exerted so paramount an influence over the "We owe it to candour and to the amicable policy of the United States from the day of relations existing between the United States ' its enunciation down to the present time. As and those powers (The Holy Alliance), to a rule, the misconceptions of it have been declare that ive sJiould consider any attempt on proportionate to its influence. There have their pari: to extend their system to any portion been republican doctrines, there have been of this hemisphere as dangerous to _ our peace democratic doctrines, there was an "Olney and safety. With' the existing colonies or Doctrine," there have been other doctrines,— dependencies of any European powers we all called " Monroe Doctrines,"—but there is have not interfered, and shall not interfere.. one genuine Monroe Doctrine. These various .But with the governments who have declared forms were either revivals of the original ' their independence and maintained it and doctrine or misconceptions of it. .whose independence we have, on great con Contention- has arisen in regard to its sideration and on just principles, acknowledged, author. I shall not attempc to trace the we could not view any interposition for the Doctrine to its origin, and cite the successive purpose of oppressing them, or controlling stages in its growth. ' Whether Governor in an}'^. other manner their destiny, by, any . Pownall, Monroe, Jefferson, Washington, Mad-' European power, in any other light,than as ison, Adams or Channing-is the author is the manifestation of - an tmfriendly disposition immaterial in this discussion; - the doctrine •toivardthe. United States." ' - ' . was" a formal announcement of American President Monroe enunciated a doctrine . sentiment with regard to foreign interference. that applied tO:certain existing cases; namely,. * Orations appear in the order of delivery. the dispute about the northwest coast- the; 6o6 NOTRE DAME SCHOLAb'JJt. increasing strength and steady growth of considerations in this question are those aids the Holy Alliance, and the retaking of the to self-preservation and self-defense;, namely, Spanish-American- states; but his will and commerce and proximity; and neither of intention went farther. The very foundation. these demands the application of the Monroe of his doctrine is self-defense. Doctrine in South America. Are there conditions existing to-day that The United States gets but fifteen per require an application of the Monroe Doctrine? centum of the total South American trade. No; our boundary disputes have long been Does this small amount justify the applica settled, objectionable colonization is not con tion of a doctrine that may lead us into templated, the Holy Alliance has long since disputes, even into war? But our trade been dissolved, our rights are neither invaded with South America is increasing.. Is that nor menaced; no power is attempting to due to the Monroe Doctrine? Suppose a new extend its sj'^stem of government to any colony were established in South America. portion of this hemisphere, or to control the That would mean an increase of inhabitants,' destiny of any independent government on it would mean an increase of commerce; it these continents. However, the Monroe Doc would mean an increase of South American trine exists, and conditions may arise to justify commerce with, the United States. With its enforcement. many English colonies, England's trade is Are there any limitations to its application? less than that of the United States; our When the doctrine was promulgated. President trade with man}'' French colonies is greater Monroe saw fit to say that the "American than that of France. As far as we are Continents" were "not to be considered as, concerned, is any part of South 'America subjects for future colonization," and that any the key to the great commerce of any attempt on the part of the allied powers "to country? Are we then willing to hazard extend their system to any portion of this war to preserve a comparatively insignificant hemisphere" should be considered as "danger commerce with republics thousands of miles ous to our peace and safety." We should not, away. however, construe President Monroe's message The more important consideration, however, literally or without- considering the condition is the proximity of colonies . under foreign of affairs at the time of its enunciation; control. How, then, would the occupation because, as Mr. Calhoun said, "it would have of South America by foreign powers affect involved the absurdity of asserting that the the military and naval strength of the United attempt of any European state to extend its States? Is South America, near enough to system of government to this continent, alarm us? Caracas, Venezuela, the nearest the smallest as well as the greatest, would South American port, is two thousand miles endanger the peace and safety of our country." from New Orleans or Jacksonville. A hostile The dangers imminent during President fleet, could not reach us in less than five Monroe's administration no longer exist, and days. At the present day, Europe is practi as self-defense and self-preservation are the cally as near as is South America; in fact, only conditions that can justify the enforce the greater part of South America is farther ment of his doctrine, hence, I say that its from the United States than either Europe application should be limited. Surely, as Mr. or Africa. Santo Domingo commands the Howard said, "every settlement upon any entrance to the Caribbean Sea; Cuba, Porto sand-bank oh this continent is not an offence Rico and Jamaica would be advantageous which is to result in war." "It is 07dy when military positions for the enemy on our very our rights are invaded that we resent injuries coast; the. Bermudas would be a station for or make preparation for our defense." almost, all vessels crossing .the Atlantic from It is plain then that if the Monroe Doctrine our southern states; the Sandwich Islands are is still in force, it applies to any considerable the Bermudas of the.Pacific; Central America country, near the United States: as Cuba, Porto has been regarded as, one of the keys to the Rico, Santo Domingo and Jamaica. But to commerce of the. world. Can this be said of^ extend its application at the present, day to any part of South America? Does any part of the whole Western Hemisphere is to disregard' -South America offer a military surveillance its fundamental principles. Where then shall over,the United States? If so, then so do we set the southern limit?: At. the islands of Europe, Asia and Africa; and the Monroe,. the Caribbean Sea. Why? Because the chief Doctrine should apply, to ,the whole world. NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC, 607
Dotre Dame Scholastic •Dl5ce-9Va5l-5£Mpg!2'Vlctvyr\/S- •VIV£-9\Yasl-Jcras-Imoieitv/Ie\Y5
