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Critical Infrastructure Protection Patricia Ladnier Fostering Interagency Collaboration for Upstream Counterproliferation Matthew D. Rautio Nuclear Terrorism – Imminent Threat? Brendan G. Melley A Clear Deterrence Strategy Required for Cyber Terrence S. Allen Interagency Leadership Duane M. Blackburn The End of Operational Phases at Last Gustav A. Otto A Call for Synchronization of Civil Information Management Michael L. Jones What Were You Thinking? Biases and Rational Decision Making Ted Thomas and Robert J. Rielly Covert Action and Unintended Consequences John G. Breen The Journal of The Simons Center Vol. 8, Issue 3 (2017) Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas FEATURES | 1 About The Simons Center The Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation is a major program of the Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc. The Simons Center is committed to the development of military leaders with interagency operational skills and an interagency body of knowledge that facilitates broader and more effective cooperation and policy implementation. About the CGSC Foundation The Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc., was established on December 28, 2005 as a tax-exempt, non-profit educational foundation that provides resources and support to the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in the development of tomorrow’s military leaders. The CGSC Foundation helps to advance the profession of military art and science by promoting the welfare and enhancing the prestigious educational programs of the CGSC. The CGSC Foundation supports the College’s many areas of focus by providing financial and research support for major programs such as the Simons Center, symposia, conferences, and lectures, as well as funding and organizing community outreach activities that help connect the American public to their Army. All Simons Center works are published by the “CGSC Foundation Press.” The CGSC Foundation is an equal opportunity provider. InterAgency Journal Vol. 8, Issue 3 (2017) FEATURES Arthur D. Simons Center Critical Infrastructure Protection for Interagency Cooperation 5 Patricia Ladnier The Lewis and Clark Center 100 Stimson Ave., Suite 1149 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 Ph: 913-682-7244 • Fax: 913-682-7247 35 Fostering Interagency Collaboration Email: [email protected] for Upstream Counterproliferation www.TheSimonsCenter.org Matthew D. Rautio EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Roderick M. Cox 52 Nuclear Terrorism – Imminent Threat? Brendan G. Melley MANAGING EDITOR Elizabeth Hill 62 A Clear Deterrence Strategy Required for Cyber EDITOR Terrence S. Allen Valerie Tystad CONTRIBUTING EDITORS 69 Interagency Leadership John Mark Mattox Duane M. Blackburn Paige J. Cox 78 The End of Operational Phases at Last DESIGN/PRODUCTION Mark H. Wiggins Gustav A. Otto MHW Public Relations and Communications A Call for Synchronization of PRINTING 87 Allen Press, Inc. Civil Information Management Lawrence, Kansas Michael L. Jones What Were You Thinking? Biases and ADVISORY COUNCIL 98 Rational Decision Making David A. Anderson, DBA Professor of Strategic Studies Ted Thomas and Robert J. Rielly U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Ambassador (Ret.) David F. Lambertson Covert Action and Unintended Consequences Former U.S. Ambassador to Thailand 106 John G. Breen Wilburn E. “Bud” Meador, Jr. Assistant Professor U.S. Army Command and General Staff College James P. Pottorff, Jr., J.D., L.L.M. General Council, University of Kansas 124 WORTH NOTING 128 BOOK REVIEW Copyright 2017, CGSC Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the CGSC Foundation, Inc. SIMONS CENTER EDITORIAL BOARD David A. Anderson, DBA Professor, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Maj. Gen. Allen W. Batschelet, U.S. Army, Ret. Col. Adrian T. Bogart III, U.S. Army Jacob Bucher, Ph.D. Founding Dean, College of Applied Sciences, Dominican University G. Michael Denning Director, Kansas University Graduate Military Programs William G. Eckhardt Teaching Professor Emeritus, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law Ralph M. Erwin Senior Geospatial Intelligence Officer, National Geospatial Agency Liaison to U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command Gary R. Hobin Assistant Professor, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Col. Bart Howard, U.S. Army, Ret. Lt. Col. George Kristopher Hughes, U.S. Army U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Gene Kamena Chair, Department of Leadership and Warfighting, U.S. Air Force Air War College Jack D. Kem, Ph.D. Supervisory Professor, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Brig. Gen. Wendell C. King, Ph.D., U.S Army, Ret. Brig. Gen. Eugene J. LeBoeuf, U.S. Army, Ph.D. Executive Vice Provost for Academic Affairs, Army University James B. Martin, Ph.D. Dean of Academics, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Wilburn E. Meador, Jr. Assistant Professor, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Gustav A. Otto Defense Intelligence Agency Representative to U.S. Army Combined Arms Center and Army University William T. Pugh Assistant Professor, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College James H. Willbanks, Ph.D. George C. Marshall Chair of Military History, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Mark R. Wilcox Assistant Professor, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Donald P. Wright, Ph.D. Deputy Director, Army Press From the Editor-in-Chief This issue of the InterAgency Journal offers a variety of topics I hope you find interesting and informative. Our lead article is the 2017 Simons Center Interagency Writing Award winner from the School of Advanced Military Studies at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Patricia Ladnier puts forth that a strategic review is needed to inform the realignment of federal statutory law to allow the Department of Homeland Security to implement various recommendations to achieve its national security goal of critical infrastructure protection. Our world continues to be a dangerous place. The next three articles explore what might be done to address some of our challenges. Matthew Rautio argues that the key to successful counterproliferation is fostering interagency collaboration before a crisis emerges. He informs this conclusion with data from a formal collaboration process undertaken at a U.S. Embassy. Brendan Melley discusses the threat of nuclear terrorism. He offers that our best chance to stop nuclear terrorism is a combination of focused policies to restrict the materials needed to build nuclear bombs along with continuous efforts to deny potential terrorists the time and space to gather and assemble weapons. And Terrance Allen argues that the United States needs to take the lead for the international community and develop a treaty for international norms which set limits on offensive cyberspace operations. He also calls for the U.S. to develop and articulate a clear deterrence strategy for the cyber domain. While the “whole-of-government” approach is often necessary to address the complex problems of national security, our system does not have a professional development path for interagency leaders. Rather, we develop folks inside our own organizations and when interagency leadership opportunities arise we often are not prepared for the challenge. Duane Blackburn shares his perspective and offers informed insight on successful interagency leadership garnered from years of service at the highest levels of the federal government. The next two articles address shortcomings. Gus Otto takes to task the Department of Defense’s use of operational phases in their planning process and decries how their misuse has negatively affected other departments of the federal government. Michael Jones points out that the U.S. government faces many challenges when conducting civil information management around the world. And unfortunately one of them is an unnecessarily self-imposed problem – various departments use different information platforms which are not compatible or are redundant. He argues that our government must synchronize information systems to better facilitate information sharing. Leaders make decisions. But do we take into account the biases and psychological traps that affect our decision making? Ted Thomas and Robert Rielly use a historical case study to illustrate the traps that await if one is not aware of their own psychological baggage. And finally, John Breen provides a historical look at covert CIA actions to examine if they actually can be deemed as successful in advancing U.S. foreign policy goals. Thank you for reading this issue of the InterAgency Journal. Our readership has crested over 11,000 and I thank you for helping us meet our mission of developing interagency leaders and adding to the body of interagency knowledge. I invite you to become an author and share your interagency observations and experiences. And as always, your feedback is most welcome. – RMC Critical Infrastructure Protection by Patricia Ladnier oth the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the Department of Defense (DoD) work to secure and defend the U.S., including protecting and securing key resources and critical infrastructure (referred to collectively as critical infrastructure). The Constitution Band federal statutory law establish national security goals. The Critical Infrastructures Protection Act of 2001 (CIPA) articulates as a national security goal the protection of critical infrastructure
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