DOCSLIB.ORG

African Union Compendium 2Nd Edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
African Union Compendium 2Nd Edition African Union Compendium 2nd Edition Oxfam International Liaison Office with the African Union African Union Compendium About Oxfam International Liaison Office with the African Union Around the globe, Oxfam works to find practical, innovative ways for people to lift themselves out of poverty and thrive. We save lives and help rebuild livelihoods when crisis strikes and we campaign so that the voices of the poor influence the local, national, regional and global decisions that affect them. We believe that change happens when citizens are informed, empowered and enabled to influence policies, practices and to use mechanisms to hold their leaders accountable. We work directly with citizens, communities and we seek to influence the powerful to ensure that poor people can improve their lives and livelihoods and have a say in decisions that affect them. We are an international confederation of 17 organizations working together with partners in more than 90 countries including 35 in Africa. Following the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding with the African Union and a Bilateral Host Agreement with the Government of Ethiopia, Oxfam set up a Liaison Office with the African Union (OI-AU) in Addis Ababa to strengthen it collaboration with the African union. OI-AU together with other Oxfam affiliates and partners operating in Africa, work closely with the African Union and its member States on various issues of common interest including humanitarian policy, peace and security, social affairs, gender justice, economic affairs, governance, agriculture, citizens’ participation and communication. In line with the African Union’s mission to build an integrated, prosperous and peaceful Africa, driven and managed by its own citizens and representing a dynamic force in the international arena, our Liaison Office with the African Union, part of Oxfam Pan Africa Team works essentially on the following: 1. Active Citizenship in the Affairs of the African Union: To support citizens and civil society organizations of Africa to work with and engage the African Union, and be part of the policy processes debates and decisions that affect their life. 2. Saving Life Now and in the Future: Peace, Security and Humanitarian Affairs including direct engagement with the African Union’s peace and security organs in terms of policy advocacy and campaign, building on Oxfam’s operational presence in 35 countries in Africa including a number of conflict affected countries namely Sudan, South Sudan, DRC, Mali, Somalia etc. 3. Making African Extractive Resources Work for Africa: Support the AU’s African Mining Vision and African Mineral Development Centre objectives to ensure that African rich mineral resources are fully and best used for the socio- economic development of the continent 4. Representation of Oxfam to the African Union and management of the confederation’s relationship with the African Union, its organs and member states in the framework of the existing Memorandum of Understanding between Oxfam International and the African Union Commission. Copyright © 2014 International Designed and Printed by: AMEYIB Communication & Marketing Plc - +251 911 64 711 88 All rights reserved. Redistribution of the material presented in this work is encouraged, provided that the original text is not altered, that the original source is properly and fully acknowledged and that the objective of the redistribution is not for commercial gain. African Union Compendium African Union Compendium Oxfam International Liaison Office with the African Union 4 African Union Compendium Acronyms AACC All Africa Conference of Churches ACB African Central Bank ACBF African Capacity Building Foundation ACHPR African Commission on Human and People’s Rights AEC African Economic Community AIB African Investment Bank AMF African Monetary Fund APRM African Peer Review Mechanism APSA African Peace and Security Architecture ASF African Standby Force AU African Union AUC African Union Commission CCP-AU Centre for Citizens’ Participation in the African Union CEN-SAD Community of Sahel-Saharan States CID Citizens and Diaspora Directorate CMD COMESA ConflictCommon Management Market for Eastern Division and Southern Africa CSOs Civil Society Organisations EAC East African Community EASFCOM Eastern Africa Standby Force Mechanism ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECOSOCC Economic, Social and Cultural Council of the African Union ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EU European Union FAS Femmes Africa Solidarité Acronyms 5 FEMNET African Women’s Development and Communication Network FES Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FIDH International Federation for Human Rights GIMAC Gender is My Agenda Campaign ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development International IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance IPSS Institute for Peace and Security Studies IRRI International Refugee Rights Initiative ISS Institute of Security Studies MoU Memorandum of Understanding NARC North African Regional Capability NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OAU Organisation of Africa Unity OI-AU PAP OxfamPan Africa International Parliament Liaison Office with the African Union PRC Permanent Representatives Committee PSC Peace and Security Council PSD Peace and Security Department RECs Regional Economic Communities SADC Southern African Development Community SOAWR Solidarity for African Women’s Rights SOTU State of the Union Coalition UNOAU United Nations Liaison Office to the African Union 6 Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgement. 8 Background to the Compendium . 9 Chapter One: . 12 The Pan African Movement . 13 Chapter Two . 22 The Continental Body . 23 Chapter Three . 36 African Union Organs . 37 Chapter Four . 71 African Union Commission . 72 Chapter Five . 128 The African Union Decision-Making Process. 129 Chapter Six . 138 The Union Government Debate . 139 Chapter Seven . 146 The Process of Organizing Meetings and the AU Summit . 147 Chapter Eight. 170 Civil Society Engagement . 171 Chapter Nine . 180 Non-State Actors Engaging the African Union . 181 Table of Contents 7 Appendix . 207 AU Regions . 208 Regional Economic Communities Recognized by the AU . 209 Foreign Offices to the African Union . 225 African Union Scientific and Technical Offices . 229 Leaders of the OAU/AU . 236 Legal Instruments . 237 Bibliography . 239 8 Acknowledgment and Introduction Acknowledgment and Introduction I am delighted to introduce to you this second edition of the African Union Compendium. I would like to thank sincerely my dynamic and dedicated colleagues of OI-AU who worked hard to complete this 2nd edition, a totally revised and augmented version of the 1st edition. I am particularly grateful to Rinret Dabeng the Project Lead, Idriss Ali Nassah and Brenda Mofya the reviewers and all the other colleagues contributors in this exciting work. I would also like to thank the African Union Commission staff and the representation project.offices of the RECs, for their contributions and assistance in the realization of this The original project and the 1st Edition of this Compendium was thought by Oxfam theLiaison African Office Union’s with missionthe African to build Union an andintegrated, Fahamu pr withosperous the objective and peaceful of supporting Africa, an Africa driven and managed by its own citizens and representing a dynamic force in the international arena. Our aim was to have a comprehensive manual to support our “understanding the African Union” training programme now jointly executed by Oxfam and the African Union Commission. It is to be noted that, in preparing the African Union Compendium, we have made use of publiclydepartmental available experts, official internet AU documents, research and policy resear instruments,ch work that key has presentations taken into account by AU available information Oxfam and its partners are committed to the vision and objectives of the African Union, and continue their engagement with the continental body through different efforts of popularizing the African Union, and supporting it to promote the implementation of Acknowledgment and Introduction 9 the various policy instruments that will in essence render better conditions of life for the citizens of the continent. I sincerely hope that this Compendium will be of great use to citizens, CSOs, the media, policy makers and other interested stakeholders. Désiré Assogbavi, Resident Representative and Head of Oxfam Liaison Office of the African Union Addis Ababa, 6 January 2014 10 Why an AU Compendium? Why an AU Compendium? Since its creation in 2002 as a successor to the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) has been seeking to achieve greater unity and solidarity of African countries and to be a people-centred institution by allowing and encouraging citizens’ engagement with its organs. The AU has promised to keenly involve African citizens at large and members of the diaspora in the process of the continental integration. Over the last few years, the AU has been trying to build a partnership between governments and all segments of civil society, in order to strengthen solidarity and cohesion among the African people and to make Africans ‘both the actors and beneficiaries of the structural changes engendered by development’ (OSISA et al., 2007). In addition, the creation of organs such as the Pan African Parliament (PAP)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mass Slavery Apology FACING OUR
    SLAVERY & ITS LEGACY: Mass Slavery Apology FACING OUR UNHEALED PAST With Hope for Transformation, Justice, & Reconciliation We hope you will share this booklet with others. www.racialjusticerising.org [email protected] Mass Slavery Apology (A) nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death. Both colonizer and colonized are dehumanized, ~ Dr. Martin Luther King, Beyond Vietnam, 1967 albeit in different and very distinctive ways, within a culture of domination. Therefore if domination is to end, there must be personal transformation on both sides. ~ bell hooks If you have come to help me, you are wasting your time. But if you have come because your liberation is bound up with mine, then let us work together. ~ Aboriginal activists group, Queensland, Australia, 1970s [We see a need] to transform the thinking that All truth passes through three stages: spawned racism, namely the appetite for material First it is ridiculed. power and luxury in the Western nations, and the Second it is violently opposed. consequent reduction of human beings to the status of objects to be bought, sold, easily Third it is accepted as being self- demeaned and killed for profit, denying the evident. profound and noble spiritual nature of all people. ~ Schopenhauer ~ Ingrid Askew and Sister Clare Carter, co-founders, Interfaith Pilgrimage of the Middle Passage: Re-tracing the Journey of Slavery, 1999 Dear Readers, We invite you to join us in a very special project. We are a small group, all white, who, with guidance from African TO BE HOPEFUL in bad times is not just American and Native American activists/educators, have foolishly romantic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power to Say Who's Human
    University at Albany, State University of New York Scholars Archive Africana Studies Honors College 5-2012 The Power to Say Who’s Human: Politics of Dehumanization in the Four-Hundred-Year War between the White Supremacist Caste System and Afrocentrism Sam Chernikoff Frunkin University at Albany, State University of New York Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_africana Part of the African Studies Commons Recommended Citation Frunkin, Sam Chernikoff, "The Power to Say Who’s Human: Politics of Dehumanization in the Four- Hundred-Year War between the White Supremacist Caste System and Afrocentrism" (2012). Africana Studies. 1. https://scholarsarchive.library.albany.edu/honorscollege_africana/1 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at Scholars Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Africana Studies by an authorized administrator of Scholars Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Power to Say Who’s Human The Power to Say Who’s Human: Politics of Dehumanization in the Four-Hundred-Year War between the White Supremacist Caste System and Afrocentrism Sam Chernikoff Frumkin Africana Studies Department University at Albany Spring 2012 1 The Power to Say Who’s Human —Introduction — Race represents an intricate paradox in modern day America. No one can dispute the extraordinary progress that was made in the fifty years between the de jure segregation of Jim Crow, and President Barack Obama’s inauguration. However, it is equally absurd to refute the prominence of institutionalized racism in today’s society. America remains a nation of haves and have-nots and, unfortunately, race continues to be a reliable predictor of who belongs in each category.
    [Show full text]
  • Is SACU Ready for a Monetary Union?
    OCCASIONAL PAPER NO 1 4 3 Economic Diplomacy Programme A p r i l 2 0 1 3 Is SACU Ready for a Monetary Union? Hilary Patroba & Morisho Nene s ir a f f A l a n o ti a rn e nt f I o te tu sti n In rica . th Af hts Sou sig al in Glob African perspectives. About SAIIA The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think-tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s occasional papers present topical, incisive analyses, offering a variety of perspectives on key policy issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. A b o u t t h e e C o N o M I C D I P L o M A C Y P r o g r amm e SAIIA’s Economic Diplomacy (EDIP) Programme focuses on the position of Africa in the global economy, primarily at regional, but also at continental and multilateral levels.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Participants As of 30 April 2013
    World Economic Forum on Africa List of Participants As of 30 April 2013 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-11 May 2012 Messumbe Stanly Paralegal The ABENG Law Firm Cameroon Abane Yilkal Abate Secretary-General ICT Association of Ethiopia Ethiopia Zein Abdalla Chief Executive Officer PepsiCo Europe Switzerland Amin Abdulkader Minister of Culture and Tourism of Ethiopia Rakeb Abebe Chief Executive Officer and Founder GAWT International Business Ethiopia Plc Olufemi Adeyemo Group Chief Financial Officer Oando Plc Nigeria Tedros Adhanom Minister of Health of Ethiopia Ghebreyesus Tedros Adhanom Minister of Health of Ethiopia Ghebreyesus Olusegun Aganga Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment of Nigeria Alfredo Agapiti President Tecnoservice Srl Italy Pranay Agarwal Principal Adviser, Corporate Finance MSP Steel & Power Ltd India and Strategy Vishal Agarwal Head, sub-Saharan Africa Deals and PwC Kenya Project Finance Pascal K. Agboyibor Managing Partner Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe France Manish Agrawal Director MSP Steel & Power Ltd India Deborah Ahenkorah Co-Founder and Executive Director The Golden Baobab Prize Ghana Halima Ahmed Political Activist and Candidate for The Youth Rehabilitation Somalia Member of Parliament Center Sofian Ahmed Minister of Finance and Economic Development of Ethiopia Dotun Ajayi Special Representative to the United African Business Roundtable Nigeria Nations and Regional Manager, West Africa Abi Ajayi Vice-President, Sub-Saharan Africa Bank of America Merrill Lynch United Kingdom Coverage and Origination Clare Akamanzi Chief Operating Officer Rwanda Development Board Rwanda (RDB) Satohiro Akimoto General Manager, Global Intelligence, Mitsubishi Corporation Japan Global Strategy and Business Development Adetokunbo Ayodele Head, Investor Relations Oando Plc Nigeria Akindele Kemi Lala Akindoju Facilitator Lufodo Academy of Nigeria Performing Arts (LAPA) World Economic Forum on Africa 1/23 Olanrewaju Akinola Editor This is Africa, Financial Times United Kingdom Vikram K.
    [Show full text]
  • A PSYCHOMETRIC EXAMINATION of the AFRICENTRIC SCALE Challenges in Measuring Afrocentric Values
    10.1177/0021934704266596JOURNALCokley, Williams OF BLACK / A PSYCHOMETRIC STUDIES / JULY EXAMINATION 2005 ARTICLE A PSYCHOMETRIC EXAMINATION OF THE AFRICENTRIC SCALE Challenges in Measuring Afrocentric Values KEVIN COKLEY University of Missouri at Columbia WENDI WILLIAMS Georgia State University The articulation of an African-centered paradigm has increasingly become an important component of the social science research published on people of African descent. Although several instruments exist that operationalize different aspects of an Afrocentric philosophical paradigm, only one instru- ment, the Africentric Scale, explicitly operationalizes Afrocentric values using what is arguably the most commercial and accessible understanding of Afrocentricity, the seven principles of the Nguzu Saba. This study exam- ined the psychometric properties of the Africentric Scale with a sample of 167 African American students. Results of a factor analysis revealed that the Africentric Scale is best conceptualized as measuring a general di- mension of Afrocentrism rather than seven separate principles. The find- ings suggest that with continued research, the Africentric Scale will be an increasingly viable option among the handful of measures designed to assess some aspect of Afrocentric values, behavioral norms, and an African worldview. Keywords: African-centered psychology; Afrocentric cultural values For at least three decades, Black psychologists have devoted their lives to undo the racist and maleficent theory and practice of main- stream or European-centered psychological practice. Nobles (1986) succinctly surveys the work and conclusions of prominent European-centered psychologists and concludes that the European- centered approach to inquiry as well as the assumptions made con- JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES, Vol. 35 No. 6, July 2005 827-843 DOI: 10.1177/0021934704266596 © 2005 Sage Publications 827 828 JOURNAL OF BLACK STUDIES / JULY 2005 cerning people of African descent are inappropriate in understand- ing people of African descent.
    [Show full text]
  • Currency Union As a Panacea for Ills in Africa: a New Institutional Framework and Theoretical Consideration
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Currency Union as a Panacea for ills in Africa: A New Institutional Framework and Theoretical Consideration Abban, Stanley Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 11 December 2020 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/105459/ MPRA Paper No. 105459, posted 25 Jan 2021 20:11 UTC 1.0 INTRODUCTION A currency union is a union to which two or more countries agree to surrender their monetary sovereignty to adopt an official currency issued by a Central Bank tasked with formulating and implementing monetary policy. Currency union came to light when there was a need for choosing a suitable exchange rate regime as an improvement on the fixed exchange rate. Comparatively, currency union is superlative to fixed exchange rate due to equalization of price through the laid down nominal convergence criteria and the introduction of a common currency to ensure greater transparency in undertaking transactions (Rose, 2000; Abban, 2020a). Currency union is touted to emanate several gains and has the potential to be disastrous based on the conditionality among member-states. Empirical studies emphasize the main advantages of currency union membership lies with the elimination of exchange rate volatility to increase savings, relaxation of policies that hinder the free movement of persons and capital to improve trade and tourism, price transparency to intensify trade, and the ability to induce greater Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to stimulate intra-trade flows (Rose, 2000; Micco et al., 2003; Aristotelous & Fountas, 2009; Rodriguez et al, 2012). The key areas that benefit from currency union membership include production, the financial market, the labour market, tourism, the private sector, the political environment among others (Karlinger, 2002; Martinez et al, 2018; Formaro, 2020).
    [Show full text]
  • African Union Addressed • S/2002/979 (29 August 2002) Was Peace and Security in Africa
    SECURITY COUNCIL REPORT 2011 No. 2 10 May 2011 SPECIAL RESEARCH REPORT This report and links to all of the relevant documents are available on our website at www.securitycouncilreport.org Working TogeTher for Peace and SecuriTy in africa: The Security council and the AU Peace and Security council TABLE OF CONTENTS 9. The AU PSC-UN Security This Special Research Report 1. Introduction .................................1 Council Relationship ................23 responds to a growing interest in 2. Historical Context .......................3 10. Trying to Put Things in how to improve the joint efforts of 2.1 UN Chapter VIII Relationships ......3 Perspective .................................26 both the UN Security Council and the AU Peace and Security Council 2.2 The AU Comes into Being ............4 11. Council and Wider Dynamics ...28 to prevent and end violent conflicts 3. The AU Structural Design ..........5 11.1 Political Perspectives from in Africa. For almost six years SCR 4. The AU’s Peace and Security the Past ........................................28 has been analysing these efforts in System ..........................................6 11.2 Current Political Dynamics .........30 country-specific situations and at 4.1 The PSC’s Structure and 12. The Way Ahead ......................... 32 the thematic level. But with the tenth Working Methods..........................6 13. UN Documents ......................... 33 anniversary of the AU inauguration 4.2 The Continental Early 14. AU Documents.......................... 37 just over a year away it seemed Warning System ............................7 Appendix ................................... 38 clear that the relationship still had 4.3 The Panel of the Wise ...................7 many problems and was very far 4.4 The African Standby Force away from realising its potential for being an effective partnership.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecowas Common Currency: How Prepared Are Its Members?
    ECOWAS COMMON CURRENCY: HOW PREPARED ARE ITS MEMBERS? Sagiru Mati Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of the Near East University (Cyprus) Irfan Civcir Faculty of Political Science of the Ankara University (Turkey) Corresponding author: [email protected] Hüseyin Ozdeser Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of the Near East University (Cyprus) Received October 13, 2018. Accepted February 7, 2019. ABSTRACT This study operationalizes the Optimum Currency Area (oca) to investigate the preparedness of Economic Community of West African States (ecowas) members to form a Monetary Union (mu). Inflation and output models are estimated, with the sample 1988:01 to 2017:12 for the former and 1967 to 2016 for the latter. Analyses of ecowas convergence criteria, impulse responses, variance de- compositions and correlations of shocks of these two models, reveal that the shocks across the ecowas members are asymmetric. The conclusion is that ecowas members as a whole are not well-prepared and therefore a full-fledged pan-ecowas mu is not advisable. It is also found that members of the European Monetary Union (emu) tend to be a better fit for oca than the ecowas members. The study recommends various courses of action such as fostering coordination among Central Banks of ecowas members, and providing a fund to serve as an incentive for countries that may incur cost rather than benefit if the single currency is created. Key words: Optimal Currency Area, ecowas, emu, structural var, Blanchard-Quah decomposition. jel Classification: C13, E31, E52, E58, F33, F42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2019.308.69625 © 2019 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Economía.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Analysis of African-Centered Psychology: from Ism to Praxis
    International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Volume 35 Issue 1 Article 9 1-1-2016 A Critical Analysis of African-Centered Psychology: From Ism to Praxis A. Ebede-Ndi California Institute of Integral Studies Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies Part of the Philosophy Commons, Psychology Commons, Religion Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Ebede-Ndi, A. (2016). A critical analysis of African-centered psychology: From ism to praxis. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 35 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2016.35.1.65 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Special Topic Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals and Newsletters at Digital Commons @ CIIS. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Journal of Transpersonal Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ CIIS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Critical Analysis of African-Centered Psychology: From Ism to Praxis A. Ebede-Ndi California Institute of Integral Studies San Francisco, CA, USA The purpose of this article is to critically evaluate what is perceived as shortcomings in the scholarly field of African-centered psychology and mode of transcendence, specifically in terms of the existence of an African identity. A great number of scholars advocate a total embrace of a universal African identity that unites Africans in the diaspora and those on the continent and that can be used as a remedy to a Eurocentric domination of psychology at the detriment of Black communities’ specific needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Paper Series 2017
    International Development ISSN 1470-2320 Working Paper Series 2017 No.17-188 The Politics of Ethnic Identity in Sub-Saharan Africa Professor Elliott Green Published: November 2017 Department of International Development London School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street Tel: +44 (020) 7955 7425/6252 London Fax: +44 (020) 7955-6844 WC2A 2AE UK Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/home.aspx The Politics of Ethnic Identity in Sub-Saharan Africa Elliott Green1 Associate Professor of Development Studies Department of International Development London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE UK [email protected] Abstract: Recent literature on ethnic favouritism suggests that Presidents tend to target co-ethnics with patronage, especially in non-democracies. Coupled with evidence on the role of incentives in driving ethnic identity change, I propose that a change in the ethnic identity of presidents in non- democracies should lead to ethnic switching among citizens towards the new ruling ethnic group. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from thirteen African countries, I show that change in the ethnic identity of the President leads to a shift of women identifying with the new ruling ethnic group of around 1.5% of the population in non-democracies, or on average 10% of the President’s ethnic group. This relationship is robust to the use of a variety of control variables and different specifications as well as the use of qualitative case study evidence from Ghana and Guinea; I also suggest it may be an underestimate due to data limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • Mama Anditu Siwatu
    Issue #33, May 2004: his time of year holds great significance for murder three years later, but also could have changed the United Afrikan-centered activists and revolutionar- States that might have prevented many of the unfortunate events Ties, as it includes the 36th-year commemora- of the last 30-plus years. tion of the assassination of the Rev. Dr. Martin We chose ten issues on which Dr. King and Malcolm X Luther King, Jr. (April 4th) and the 79th birthday expressed their views regarding the situation of Afrikan people of Malcolm X (May 19th). As contemporaries, in America and the struggle of the world’s peoples against their interaction was often an intense one, since they oppression. We examine quotes from both men to demonstrate seemed to disagree on issues from non-violence to the differences but also the increasing similarities in their views. integration to spirituality. We end with quotes from them concerning their relationship to But did they, really? each other, and finally their thoughts as And did their disagree- their time on earth grew short. ments remain static or BLACK UNITY did they start to “come together” with time? In the last two years of Malcolm’s life, he We contend that their began to support coalitions with organi- views did indeed begin zations and individuals, including Dr. to converge as the years King and the NAACP, which he had once went by. We also be- considered weak in their commitment to lieve that, had Malcolm Afrikan liberation. Most of these quotes X not been cut down on come from late in Malcolm’s short life.
    [Show full text]
  • PSSOS EN.Indd
    Social Security for Trade Unions Project Project SSOS Project Management The ILO’s ITC, ILO’s Bureau for Workers’ 2010 - 2012 period Activities ACTRAV-Turin Labour Education Programme With coordination by ILO Regional Offi ce for Latin America and the Caribbean Funding State Secretary for Social Security Spanish Ministry for Employment and Social Security Partners Trade union confederations CCOO General Union of Workers of Spain (UGT) Trade Union Confederation of the Americas (TUCA) www.oit.org.pe/ssos Social Security for Trade Union Project The reality The tables below show how in the 2010/2011 period, Latin America has been characterised by strong economic growth (table 1); however, this growth has not been refl ected in a corresponding increase in salaries (table 2), nor in a reduction in informal labour (table 3). Therefore, the opportunities for greater investment in social protection given this economic growth have not been taken advantage of (table 4), there are still low levels of contributions towards the social security seystem (table 5) and regressive fi scal policies continue to be applied (table 6). SSOS Project - 2010-2012 Period Social Security for Trade Union Project Table 3: high rates of “informal labour” both in the “informal and formal economy”, creating defi cits in social security coverage SSOS Project - 2010-2012 Period Table 4: Investment in social protection lower than the opportunities offered by economic growth Social Security for Trade Union Project Table 5: Limited contributions SSOS Project - 2010-2012 Period Table 6: Regressive taxation Social Security for Trade Union Project The need for SSOS Project The Spanish government, through its Secretary of State for Social Security of the Ministry for Labour and Social Security, has funded the Project “Strengthening training on Social Security for Trade Unions in Latin America, especially in relation to the feasibility of Social Protection Systems”, promoting the dissemination and exchange of experience of the Spanish Social Security system among various countries in the Region.
    [Show full text]