Potency and Aquifer Spread of Groundwater

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 11, November 2018, pp. 1325–1332, Article ID: IJCIET_09_11_128 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

POTENCY AND AQUIFER SPREAD OF GROUNDWATER

Mohammad Bisri and Tri Wahyono Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study intends to predict the availability of groundwater based on the potency of an area and it conducted in Kedungkandang District-Malang City-East Java Province of Indonesia, The methodology is by using hole test on every well in this area, Theis method is used for aquifer test by using several parameters that are transmisibility coefficient (T),storage coefficient (S), and permeability coefficient (K), however for well test is used Step Drawdown Test which uses several parameters that are Qmaximum, Smaximum, and Qoptimum. In addition, the water quality test is regarding to the Healthy Ministereal Regulation of Indonesia. Result indicates which wells in the study area are recomended either in quantity as well as the quality. Keywords: groundwater, potency, quality, aquifer Cite this Article: Mohammad Bisri and Tri Wahyono, Potency and Aquifer Spread Of Groundwater, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp. 1325–1332. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=11

1.INTRODUCTION The contamination of groundwater from anthropogenic as well as natural sources with some social impacts has turned to be a big environmental concern (Mangkoedihardjo, 2010a, 2010b) in the different parts of world. However, millions of people in many countries are exposed to the high levels of via intake of groundwater. Elevated level of groundwater has been well documented in Chile, Mexico, China, Argentina, USA, and Hungary (Smedley. and Kinniburgh, 2002 and Bhattacharya et.al. 2002) as well as in the Indian State of West Bengal, Bangladesh, and Vietnam (Bhattacharya et.al., 1997, Bhattacharya et.al., 2002, Bhattacharya et.al., 2007, Bundschuh et.al., 2009, and Bhattacharya et.al., 2001). There are about 150 million people in the world are estimated to be influenced with an increasing prospect as new influenced areas are discovered continuously (Ravenscroft et,al., 2009). Groundwater is by far the largest clean water resource on earth than the water stored from the other resources. Groundwater is relatively fresh, clean, effective cost resource, and reliable mainly in the areas with the limited water supply (Bovolo and Parkin. 2009).

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Therefore, it is no surprise that groundwater plays an important role as drinking water and for irrigation in agriculture (Shiklomanov 1997). However, groundwater also indicates a significant role in maintaining surface water systems by flowing into base flow to the rivers. The whole functions become increasingly vulnerable as changes in climate occur (Sedayu and Mangkoedihardjo, 2018; Tharme, 2003). In the study area (Kedungkandang), all this time there has not some studied before mainly about geology and aquifer. Therefore, the study about aquifer and the potency of groundwater in unconfined and confined aquifer in the Kedungkandang District-Malang City becomes as very important and interesting.This study tries to describe the potency and aquifer spread in the study area for obtaining the clarity about the aquifer geometry and potency of groundwater. The aim of this study is to investigate the vertical spread of groundwater aquifer, to analyze the potency of grounswater, and to investigate the quality of groundwater in the Kedungkandang area.

2.MATERIALS AND METHODS The study área is including the whole of Kedungkandang District. Administraviely, this district has 12 villages that are Kota Lama, Mergosono, Kedungkandang, Lesanpuro, Sawojajar, Madyopuro, Bumiayu, Wonokoyo, Buring, Cemorokandang, Arjowinangun, Kelurahan Tlogowaru. The study área is 38.89 km2. Kedungkandang área is as the hills área with the average of elevation between 440-660 m over the sea with the average temperature is between 18-23oC, the relative humidity is between 2,000-3,000 mm, and most of the soil type is brown mediteran. Map of study location is presented as in the Figure 1.

Study locati on

Figure 1. Map of study location This study conducted in Kedungkandang District, Malang Regency and it is carried out by using 6 well points which spread in the various area in Kedungkandang District. Well-1 is located in RW-04 Kedungkandang District, well-2 is located in Baran Buring village, well-3 is located in Puncak Buring Indah residential, well-4 is located in Citra Pesona Buring Raya residential, well-5 is located in Bumi Perkemahan Wonokoyo, and well-6 is located in Tlogowaru terminal. Location of the 6 wells is presented as in the Figure 2.

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Figure 2 The location spread of well point

(Sumur means well)

Source: Google Earth.com

2.1.Hole test Hole test is an research activity for knowing the behavior of groundwater, the physical behavior of transmisivity coefficient value (T), content coefficient (S), and the other parameters that related to the groundwater hydraulics (Marta and Edidarma, 1982). Based on the objective of analysis, this hole test is divided into two types that are aquifer test and well test.

2.1.1.Aquifer test The formula that is used in aquifer test is as follow (Bisri, 2002): t S = 4..T 2 r (1) Where S = storage coefficient, T = transmisibility coefficient (m2/day), T = K.D; r = radius of obervation well which is measured to the well that is pumped (m)

2.1.2. Well test To analyze the capacity of well (qs), the formula is as follow (Bisri, 2002) Q qs = sw (2)

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According to Jacob, the groundwater level subsidence in the well is due to the pumping that consists of 2 components as follow: 1) Aquifer loss (BQ), and 2) Well loss (CQ2). However, according to Walton and Biershenk, the productive well is a well that has the small C value of C and Fd (development factor) which Fd is as follow (Bisri, 2002): Fd = 100. B Table 1 present the value of C according to Walton and Table 2 presents the value of Fd according to Biershenk.

Table 1 The value of C according to Walton C Condition of well (minute2/m5) < 0.5 Good 0.5 – 1 Experience a slight blockage 1 – 4 Blockage in several places > 4 Silhouette is returned to the beginning

Table 2 The value of Fd according to Bierschenk : Fd (day/m3) Class < 0.1 Very good 0.1 – 0.5 Good 0.5 – 1 Moderate >1 Bad

To analyze the value of Qmax, it can be calculated by using the Sichardt Curve, however the formula that is used is as follow (Bisri, 2002):

 K  Q = 2 r D  (3) max w    15 

2.2.Groundwater quality test In the environmental health program, there is known 2 types of water based on the healthy aspect that is feasible used by the society for fullfiling their daily life demand. The 2 types of water are drinking water and clean water. Based on the ministerial regulation of Healthy Ministry of Indonesian Republic No 416/Menkes/Per/IX/1990 about the monitoring and the terms of water quality, the drinking water is defined as water that qualifies to the healthy term which is directly able to be drunk. However, the clean water is defined as water that qualifies to the healthy term which has to be cooked formerly before it is drunk. The healthy terms is including the physical, chemical, microbiological, and radioactive terms.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. The vertical spread of aquifer ➢ Well-1 is located in the RW-04 Kedungkandang village with the height of  480 dpl, the depth of 135 m, and the rock structure consists of lava, breksi, tufa, and sand.

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➢ Well-2 is located in Buring village (Baran Buring hamlet) with the height of 595 dpl, the depth of 203 m, and the rock structure consist of sandy clay, sand and medium sand.. ➢ Well-3 is located in Puncak Buring Indah residential, Buring village, with the height of  520 dpl, the depth of 191 m, and the rock structure consists of tufa, clay, sandy rock, and andesit. ➢ Well-4 is located in Citra Pesona Buring Raya residential, Buring village, with the height of  550 dpl,, the depth of 149 m, and the rock structure consists of tufa, clay, sandy rock, and andesit. ➢ Well-5 is located in Bumi Perkemahan Wonokoyo Wonokoyo village, with the height of  570 dpl,, the depth of 189 meter, and the rock structure consists of tufa, clay, and andesit. ➢ Well-6 is located in Tlogowaru Terminal, Tlogowaru village, with the height of  405 dpl,, the depth of 56 m, and the rock structure consists of tufa, clay, and sandy rock. The structure of aquifer layer is presented as in the Table 3.

Table 3 Structure of well aquifer layer

Depth (m) Thickness (m) Type of rock Well-1 46 until 53 8 Diorite 53 until 66 13 Breksi rough sands 68 until 73 5 Diorite Aquifer thickness total 26 Well-2 72 until 82 10 Sand and medium sand 100 until 127 27 Sand and rough sand 136 until 157 21 Sand and medium sand 160 until 164 4 Sand 180 until 189 9 Rough sand Aquifer thickness total 71 Well-3 72 until 88 16 Tufa 95 until 103 8 Rough sand and sand 109 until 126 17 Tufa 126 until 149 23 Sandy rock 168 until 176 8 Rough sand and sand Aquifer thickness total 72 Well-4 50 until 70 20 Breksi rough sand 74 until 90 16 Breksi rough sand 103 until 118 15 Rough sand Aquifer thickness total 51

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Well-5 60 until 64 4 Sandy rock 67 until 80 12 (Breksi) rough sand 94 until 98 4 Medium sand Aquifer thickness total 20 Well-6 30 until 50 20 Breksi 50 until 56 6 Rough sand Aquifer thickness total 26

3.2. Aquifer test Aquifer test in this study intends to determine several values that are transmisibility coefficient (T), content coefficient (S), and permeability coefficient (K). Based on the hole test, it is obtained the transmisibility coefficient (T), content coefficient (S), and permeability test each is presented as in the Table 4, 5, and 6.

Table 4 The average of transmitability coefficient The value of T (m2/minute) Test Well-1 Well-2 Well-3 Well-4 Well-5 Well-6 step 1 0.01467 0.005073 0.008140 0.052596 0.09960 0.31247 step 2 0.01324 0.004514 0.006210 0.038823 0.01438 0.39650 step 3 0.01204 0.002752 0.007404 0.014809 0.01944 0.34395 step 4 0.03344 0.003740 0.008627 0.011317 0.02669 0.30915 step 5 0.04299 0.007223 0.02040 0.38065 step 6 0.01615 0.02177 0.28779 Mean 0.02209 0.004020 0.007521 0.029386 0.03371 0.33842

Table 5 The average of content coefficient (S) The value of S Test Well-1 Well-2 Well-3 Well-4 Well-5 Well-6 step 1 0.05867 0.020293 0.032561 0.021038 0.398408 0.012499 step 2 0.06620 0.018057 0.024841 0.310586 57.51592 0.079299 step 3 0.04815 0.011006 0.148089 296.1783 129.6178 13.75796 step 4 0.00223 0.014962 0.034510 226.3376 1.779618 0.020610 step 5 0.17198 0.014962 41.60408 163.1847 0.152259 step 6 0.00108 2.902548 0.019186 Mean 0.05805 0.016080 8.368815 130.7119 59.23317 2.340302

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Table 6 The average of permeability coefficient (K) The value of K (cm/second) Test Well-1 Well-2 Well-3 Well-4 Well-5 Well-6 step 1 0.0009402 0.00011909 0.0001884 0.0017188 0.0083002 0.0200299 step 2 0.0008487 0.00010597 0.0001438 0.0012687 0.0011983 0.0254165 step 3 0.0007717 0.00006459 0.0001714 0.0004839 0.0016202 0.0220480 step 4 0.0021436 0.00008780 0.0002025 0.0002657 0.0022245 0.0198172 step 5 0.0027560 0.0001672 0.0016998 0.0244005 step 6 0.0010350 0.0018141 0.0184483 Mean 0.0014159 0.00009436 0.0001765 0.0009343 0.0028095 0.0216934

3.2.1. Well test Well test in this study intends to determine the well ability that will be produced. Based on the discharge (Q) and well water level subsidence that is measured, can be obtained the capacity of well type. The method that is used is the Step Drawdown Test, The result produces the value and classification of each well as presented in the Table 7.

Table 7 The value and classification of well based on the Step Drawdown Test Item Well-1 Well-2 Well-3 Well-4 Well-5 Well-6 Coefficient of aquifer loss (min/m2) 13.560 319.766 147.643 1.734 4.322 1.485 Coefficient of well loss (minute/m5) 277.777 -1,111.11 -277.77 61.006 8.392 4.1358 Fd (day/m3) 1.423 -0.241 -0.13 2.443 0.135 0.193 Well classification Bad Good Good Bad Good Good Max discharge (l/s) 8.972 6.325 3.01 14.297 9.722 35.122 Max subsidence (m) 82.093 52.934 15.86 45.067 2.595 69.679 Optimum discharge (l/s) 5.75 3.2 1.3 8.9 4.3 22.5

3.2.2. Groundwater quality test The gorundwater quality test is carried out in laboratory. Based on the ministerial regulation of Healthy Ministry of Indonesian Republic No 416/Menkes/Per/IX/1990 about the monitoring and the terms of water quality, well-1, 3, 4, and 6 meet to the standard of clean water quality, however for the well-2 and 5 do not meet to the standard of quality because number of iron, organic, and turbidity are more than the quality standard.

4. CONCLUSION Based on the quantity as well as the quality of well potency test for each well, it can be consluded that the best potency of well is well-6due to the permeability coefficient is big so the value of Qoptimum become high.

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