Catlin's claims were reinforced by the work of pauo- House and MHS sternwheeler paintings include an ramists who traveled the river painting what they saw on array of detafl. From red curtains in the windows and long canvasses that, when unrolled before the viewer, smoke curling from the stacks to passengers standing produced a 19th-century equivalent of today's travel behind ornate wooden railings, the scenes are recorded film. Artists visiting Minnesota like Henry Lewis, who in meticulously. The log raft that appears in the Washing 1848 painted a panorama some 1,200 yards long and 12 ton oil contributes to the picturesque quality of the feet high, also produced many smaller works depicting scene, but it also suggests some of the hazards of steam- scenes along the Mississippi. Lewis' numerous paintings boating on the Mississippi, where traffic was heavy, and of the Falls of St. Anthony, several of which are in the industry and natural obstacles such as sand bars some MHS and other local collections, exemplify the artists' times disturbed the tranquility of tourist travel on the fascination with the river.'* river. The two closely related paintings were probably Reichardt's paintings reveal his feeling for the ro executed iu New York, where Reichardt worked from mance of the Mississippi. His 18.57 painting of the Falls 1856 to 1859, but they were presumably based on of St. Anthony, also in the society's collections, is a bril sketches and material gathered from travel in the Missis liant representation of the cataract and the industry that sippi Valley. was growing up around it; it is rendered in fine detail, remarkable in an oil of such a dynamic subject on a very smafl canvas. His success in depicting the cascade might •'Blegen, in Minnesota History, 20:380-382; Henry Lewis, be attributed to his considerable experience in painting The Valley of the Mississippi Illustrated, 3-7 (St. Paul, 1967); Niagara Falls, a favorite subject for artists of the time. Bertha L. Heilbron, ed.. Making a Motion Picture in 1848: Reichardt's larger river boat paintings are leisurely in Henry Lewis' Journal of a Canoe Voyage from the Falls of St. Anthony to St. Louis, 3-11 (St. Paul, 1936). pace, pastoral in view, and dlumined by the diffused sunlight characteristic of a summer afternoon. THE PAINTING on p. 249 is in the White House collection For all their evocative quality, Reichardt's White and is used with permission.
BOOK REVIEWS Minnesota Rag: The Dramatic Story of the Land the Vietnam War; the Nixon administration, never fond of the mark Supreme Court Case That Gave New press under the best of circumstances, moved quickly to pre Meaning to Freedom of the Press. By Fred W. vent publication of further excerpts. Conflicting decisions in Friendly. lower federal courts propelled the case into an unusual Satur (New York, Random House, 1981, 241 p., $12.95.) day session of the United States Supreme Court. Four of this century's leading First Amendment theorists (absolutists Hugo MINNESOTA HISTORY has not been unaware of the impor Black and William O. Douglas; William Brennan, who revolu tant Near v. Minnesota case. In December, 1960, John E. tionized libel law with New York Times Co. v. SuOivan; and Hartmann's article, "The Minnesota Gag Law and the Four Potter Stewart, who has advocated special analysis of the press teenth Amendment," appeared in these pages. The Winter, clause of the First Amendment) sat on the court which heard 1978, is.sue carried Friendly's address to the 1979 MHS annual the arguments. meeting, "Censorship and Journalists' Privilege: The Case of Yet the Pentagon Papers case has proved to be more of a Near versus Minnesota — A Half Century Later." The editors historical footnote than a legal landmark. Nine justices pro prevailed upon two authorities to review this book, which duced nine separate opinions, none of which mustered more marks the 50th anniversary of the decision. Their fields of than three votes. A majority of the court could agree only to specialization give them particular insights into its .significance: reaffirm that, whatever subsequent punishment may be im one is a lawyer, the other a newspaper editor. Each was told posed for abuses of freedom of the press, nothing less than the that the other was writing a review, but they did not collabo most extraordinary circumstances will allow expression to be rate. It is our hope that readers will find the two approaches to cut off at its source. That principle of "no prior restraint on Friendly's book worth while and, perhaps, intriguing. expression" had become a central precept of American juris prudence 40 years earlier, in a case involving a sleazy bigot IN 1971, this country watched national security clash with from Minnesota named Jay M. Near. freedom of the press in a court struggle which promised to be a Near v. Minnesota is a landmark case for freedom of the landmark decision. The New York Times and the Washington press, yet even many lawyers and journalists know little of its Post had published excerpts from a secret Pentagon study of facts or background. In Minnesota Rag, Fred Friendly de- 250 Minnesota History scribes the narrow 5-4 margin by which the Supreme Court Court is not detailed enough to explain Near's reported fury at decided Near and the historical accidents which made even Elhs' ""limp showing in court." Perhaps most disappointing is that slim margin possible. The triumph of Chief Justice Charles the lack of explanation for the critical votes of Justices Harlan Evans Hughes's majority opinion, which has not only endured Fiske Stone and, especially, Owen Roberts to hold the gag law but grown over the past half-century, is all the more remark unconstitutional; as Friendly himself emphasizes, without able when contrasted with the failure of the Pentagon Papers either of their votes. Near v. Minnesota would stand for cen case to produce the expected legal landmark. sorship, not for freedom of the press. It is understandably Friendly traces the Near decision from its unlikely roots in difficult to divine the reasoning of two justices who did not the Rip-saw, the cantankerous product of a priggish publisher write separately in a case 50 years ago. Nevertheless, Friend who exposed the hypocrisies of the Duluth elite of the 1920s. ly's detailed discussions of the arguments of Hughes, Holmes, One issue of the Rip-saw touched the nerve of an influential and Brandeis against the gag law and of Butler against Jay state lawmaker, who introduced legislation authorizing courts Near's ""malicious, scandalous and defamatory articles, " mag to halt the publication of any "malicious, scandalous and de nify the mystery concerning the reasoning of Stone and famatory newspaper. " Despite the law's obvious potential for Roberts and leave the reader frustrated. abuse, much of Minnesota's establishment press hailed it as a Such omissions aside, however, Minnesota Rag vividly much-needed control on the scandal sheets which so emliar- illustrates a familiar but invaluable lesson: the true strength of rassed respectable journalists. The law's eventual victim was this country's principles of liberty is best tested when those Jay Near, after he wrote articles in the Minneapolis Saturday principles are used by the least respectable or least popular Press that assailed alleged links between city officials and organ elements of society. Many of Minnesota's "respectable " news ized crime in terms which also vented Near's anti-Semitic papers supported the gag law in 1927, sure that it would be spleen. Floyd B. Olson, then Hennepin County attorney, suc used only against such riff-raff as Jay Near. Yet it was Near's cessfully sued to shut down Near's publication. (Later, as Min victory in 1931, after three and a half years of enforced silence, nesota's governor, Olson had second thoughts and futilely which led to the speedy vindication of the New York Times and sought to have the law repealed.) A district court judge si the Washington Post in the Pentagon Papers case 40 years lenced the Saturday Press on November 21, 1927. Nearly three later. The principle of Near v. Minnesota had become so in and a half years dragged by before the United States Supreme grained in American law that an enforced silence of 15 days was Court ruled (on June 1, 1931) that the Minnesota law was an widely — and properly — viewed as an affront to the First unconstitutional prior restraint. Amendment. Friendly embellishes the saga of Jay Near's legal odyssey with portraits of the characters who played a role in the land Reviewed by JOHN BORGER, a Minneapolis attorney who has mark decision: Jay Near himself an unprincipled and nearly represented the news media in lawsuits involving libel, inva destitute bigot, who wrote for other publishers under an sion of privacy, and access to public records and proceedings. assumed name during the long legal proceedings that pre His article, "Newsgathering vs. Privacy: Tension around vented him from publishing his own venomous paper; Robert the First Amendment," appeared in the 1978 Hamhne Law Review 1. R. (""Bertie ") McCormick, conservative and megalomaniacal publisher of the Chicago Tribune, who was incensed by the Minnesota gag law and bankrolled Near's appeal to the United States Supreme Court; Weymouth Kirkland, McCormick's la'wyer, who felt that no one in the country could argue the case before the United States Supreme Court as well as he could; MANY a Minnesota newsman, civil libertarian, and Vietnam Chief Justice Hughes, who was appointed to the Supreme War foe thrilled to the Supreme Court's Pentagon Papers Court long after Jay Near's legal battles began in Minnesota decision ten years ago. It was high drama, this classic effort of the district court but who wrote the majority opinion in the case; president of the United States to keep the IVeti' Yor^- Times and Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis, who the Washington Post from publishing official secrets. Then came joined the majority opinion without writing separately, but the Supreme Court's 6-3 ruling on June 25, 1971, that matter whose strong prior support of the First Amendment un intended for print in America may not be suppressed by govern doubtedly helped to shape the opinion; and Justice Pierce But ment before it appears. ler, the archconservative who wrote the dissenting opinion in What Minnesotans and others who cheered the victory for the Near case and whose family in Duluth had been a frequent press freedom on that day probably did not realize was that the target of the Rip-saw. The book gives well-deserved tribute to decision was a direct legal descendant from a case 40 years Minneapolis attorney Thomas Latimer, who disliked the before which originated with Duluth and Minneapolis scandal Saturday Press but represented its publishers without charge sheets. Near v. Minnesota paved the way for the Pentagon in the early stages of the litigation because he believed in their Papers to see the light of day — President Ni.xon to the con cause. trary — and author Fred Friendly deftly tells the story. Although it is extensively researched and engagingly writ This is not just a lawyers' book, although the\' will enjoy its ten, Minnesota Rag seems incomplete. Friendly details the exposition of First and Fourteenth Amendment constitutional personal backgrounds and opinions of the justices who decided doctrines and Friendly's reconstruction of what transpired in the case but provides only a brief description of the lower side the Charies Evans Hughes court of 1931, (Justice Oliver courts' decisions. His description of attorney Howard Ellis' Wendell Holmes, still serving then, played a critical role in argument on Near's behalf before the Minnesota Supreme Near.) It is not just a newspaperman's book, either, although it
Summer 1981 251 is must reading for every man and woman who cherishes the Friendly outlines the intrigues of Chief Justice William How First Amendment guarantee of press freedom. ard Taft up to 1930 to make sure that successor appointees Rather, Friendly's book is for every American who enjoys kept the high court on Taft's firmly conservative track. If Taft looking behind the scenes and knowing the earthy human stuff, and Associate Justice Edward T. Sanford had lived a year or so the inglorious mixed with the more laudable, the strivings of longer, the Supreme Court might never have given birth to the contending political men and iiione\-seekers whose conflicts constitutional reasoning that was to mean free publication have fleshed out the concepts of liberty which James Madison, rather than legal suppression for the Pentagon Papers revela Thomas Jefferson, et al. put on constitutional paper so many tions about United States conduct in Vietnam. years ago. As it was, the Near victory was only 5-4, and that day's Describing in detail the blackmail-prone "joumahsm" of ringing dissent came from another Minnesotan — Associate Jay M. Near— one of Minneapolis' most virulent anti-Semites Justice Pierce Butler. "To his dying day, " Friendly records, — author Friendly brings out the truth of Justice Felix Frank "Butler could not understand why the government had censo furter s words; "It is a fair summary of history to say that the rial power against obscenity and not against malicious, false safeguards of liberty have frequently been forged in con defamation." But thanks to the Near majority. United States troversies involving not very nice people. " Near, says Friendly constitutional doctrine has for 50 years held that, while the in a summing-up chapter, was "near to being an unprincipled defamed may find recourse in libel actions after the fact of bigot." publication, government may impose no prepublication "prior The racket-ridden pohtics of pre-Hubert Humphrey, pre- restraint. " Ed Ryan Minneapolis stand out sharply as Friendly traces the For lawyers, newsmen, history-minded Minnesotans, and course of events that brought Near v. Minnesota through the simply the general reader, Friendly's carefully researched tale courts. Curiously, the slice of Minnesota history that the read moves along rapidly and makes an exciting story about this er picks up along the judicial way reverses the roles in which phase of development of an idea so central to American liberty. two prominent figures of the 1930s are traditionally seen. Floyd B. Olson is more or less a white-hat hero of Minnesota Reviewed by PHILIP S. DUFF, JR., a working newspaperman politics — certainly in the liberal scheme of history. But it was since 1947 and the editor and publisher of the Red Wing Re Hennepin County Attorney Olson, declaiming against the yel publican-Eagle since 1960. low press, who seized upon .Minnesota's 1925 public nuisance law in his legal attempt to "'put out of business forever the Saturday Press' [Near s paper] and other sensational weeklies. " Near had been attacking Olson's performance in office, and Beyond Geography: The Western Spirit against the Olson reached for this statute to club Near into permanent Wilderness. By Frederick Turner. silence! So much for liberty of the press. (New York, Viking Press, 1980. xviii, 329 p. $16.95.) Publisher "Bertie " McCormick of the Chicago Tribune, on the other hand, was the biased and benighted super- "THIS eloquently maudlin book might fairly be retitled 'Be isolationist of the years leading up to World War II — a man yond Reason." These words by Francis Jennings in the Ameri who spoke habitually about "kikes' and "niggers. " But in Min can Historical Review (December, 1980) clearly signaled that nesota Rag McCormick is the principled publisher, willing to the work in question, whatever its faults or merits, had touched put his money on the line in defense of press freedom — the a raw nerve. Going on to read that "the book is gracefully writ hero who shames the cautious American Newspaper Pub ten, and much of what it says so sweepingly will please readers lishers Association into endorsing his cause and then bankrolls disposed against rationalism and materialism," I suspected that Near v. Minnesota to its final great victory on behalf of liberty. it would be deeply thought-provoking. It is, and I thank (Minnesota newspapers, at least those Friendly cites, hardly Jennings for calling it to my attention. covered themselves with glory.) Frederick Turner taught at the University of Massachusetts It was an era when Minnesota's chief justice, affirming the and is the author of several works on American Indian history. 1925 gag law, could state for his unanimous court: "There is no In Beyond Geography he undertakes to establish a reason for constitutional right to publish a fact merely because it is true." the vast eruption of conquest and migration that spread the But the Minneapolis Tribune, today in the forefront for press civilization of Western Europe around the globe in the mo freedom, not only helped draft the 1925 gag law but chastised ment of time between 1500 and 1900. Why, he asks, did Ren the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union for being dis aissance society suddenly thrust outward beyond known turbed by the law's use to suppress Near's newspaper. geography as none ever had before? What impulse drove it on In 1931, when the federal court struck its ringing Near v. to engulf all of the planet's wilderness areas and peoples — to Minnesota blow for press freedom, the Tribune also grumbled chart, to convert, and to exploit them? about the decision and then called on the bar to search out The conventional answers given by today's historians and 'constitutional means whereby these scandal and blackmailing social scientists are fundamentally economic and technological. sheets may be put out of existence. " (This reviewer shudders to Turner looks further. The reason he finds is a spiritual malaise research old files of the then separate Red Wing Republican embedded at the heart of the Judeo-Christian tradition. and Red Wing Eagle lest his own editor-predecessors turn out Humankind, he argues, has traditionally expressed its spiritual to have been equally blind to the principle of press freedom.) unity with nature through the medium of myth; modern man Setting the stage for Near's and McCormick's final triumph has abandoned myth for history. A sense of eternal cycles has in the old Supreme Court chambers on June 1, 1931, author been replaced by a linear chain of events. 252 Minnesota History In adopting monotheism, the early Jews not only turned tional or the supernatural. He maintains that myth has a great away from a pantheon of nature deities; they also rejected the and necessary influence over both individuals and societies. concept of divinity within nature. Their god was pure spirit, That is hard to deny. What historical myth, for example, has and even to symbolize him with a material or natural object had more practical impact than the myth of economic man was forbidden as idolatry. Thus the duality of spirit and matter governing the world's economy through rational, informed cal was estabhshed, and man was severed from his ties with the culations of marginal utihty and diminishing returns? Like rest of nature. Moreover, the Jews were a marginal people, many other myths, it expresses a basic truth, but a truth that existing on the desert fringes of more powerful civilized cannot be interpreted literally. societies. In time they came to identify wilderness (untamed Perhaps the nub of the question is in what we mean by nature) not only with hardship and misfortune but with abso history. Turner and other writers like him have never sug lute evfl. gested that we abandon careful, factual recording and inter Christianity, Turner finds, inherited this tradition and preting of the past. But they have suggested that man's interac added an obsession of its own. Originating as one of many tion with nature and the cosmos around him may be a more mystery cults spawned by the collapse of classical ci\ilization, it important theme than his progressive conquest of geography. estabhshed its primacy on the basis of historical evidence. God Myth, as Turner says, is timeless. Its value lies in illuminating had in fact entered human history at a verifiable time and recurring patterns of thought and action, rather than in chart place. This sense of literal reality allowed Christianity to out ing events over time. Western man has traditionally viewed strip its myth-based rivals, but it also placed faith and inspira history as a simple, linear inarch of events, with a beginning, a tion at the mercy of time. The historical events receded middle, and (presumably) an end. The effective beginning, for through generations and could not be renewed by fresh revela many generations, was the beginning of the Christian calendar tion. As the church became institutionalized, the essentially — the point at which God intervened. The scientific world mystical doctrine preached by Jesus became a barely tolerated view pushed that back by millions of years — and it was a undercurrent, for authority and inspiration are antithetical. So wrenching experience. But though time was vastly extended, Christians were denied the ongoing personal experience of its centrality was maintained. spiritual reality that is vital to human well-being. The age of Now perhaps the drama of Western man is about played miracles was gone, and Western man was left alone on Mat out, and our perceptions not only of history but of man's rela thew Arnold's "darkling plain' — at least until the Judgment tionship to time will change. Those perceptions have never Day. been universal. They may be superseded just as the Newtonian Driven by an undefinable hunger and inhibited by no sense concept of time has been superseded in physics. If this is true, of kinship with the natural world. Christians turned outward then history — in one sense at least — may be at an end. The with unparalleled fury. This was first expressed in the Cru thought seems inconceivable to some historians. sades against the Moslem world and in persecution of deviant Christian sects that groped vainly for new inspiration. Next it Reviewed by RHODA R. GIL.MAN, MHS assistant to the director turned to wholesale destruction of the hapless inhabitants of for education and folklife. the Western Hemisphere and of nature itself Christianity's obsessive need to impose itself and civihzation throughout the planet was a measure of its own inner sterility. Powerline: The First Battle of America's Energy This is the new frontier thesis proposed by a second Tur War. By Barry M. Casper and Paul David Well- ner. Whether it will be as influential as the first remains to be stone. seen. Although the author supports it with a sophisticated use (Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press, 1981. 312 p. of broadly chosen sources and sweeping rhetorical skfll, it is Cloth $18.50, paper $7.95.) more a passionate challenge to the historical and scholarly mainstream than a developed framework of thought. Great IN 1977 plans to construct a high-\oltage powerline across chapters of the story are left out, both in factual and theoretical western Minnesota sparked a furious protest by farmers whose terms. Nevertheless, it comes at a time of crisis. Non-Western lands lay in its path. During the succeeding three years, the peoples and philosophies are struggling for a place at center protest grew into a national cause celebre. Originally formed to front on the world's stage, and there are many predictions that dispute the construction issue in public hearings, the protest industrial man's abuse of nature will soon prove to be his un movement later involved the destruction of building equip doing. Some such challenge is desperately needed. ment, rifle damage to insulators, the toppling of giant towers, Is it history? Jennings thinks not. "The word for this in and numerous clashes with the Minnesota State Patrol, county Enghsh is theology," he sniffs. Not philosophy — theology. sheriffs, and private security personnel. This is the social scientists' code word for aU that is unknow Like many loosely organized grass-roots movements, the able, imaginary, and therefore a waste of time to discuss. Yet powerline protest created little documentary evidence of its surely the development and social consequences of the world's evolution and seemed destined to lea\e only a sheaf of press great religious traditions are valid subjects for historical study. clippings to chronicle its development. In 1977, however, the What, then, in Turner's work draws such a stinging re Minnesota Historical Society launched a major oral history proj sponse in a leading scholarly journal? Where is that exposed ect to document the controNersy. The Minnesota Powerline nerve? Unlike most modern scholars. Turner does not a priori Construction Oral History Project, carefuUy constructed to rule out the reahty or significance of a spiritual dimension to document all sides of the issue, was completed in 1979. It holds life. Nothing in his argument, however, depends on the nonra- more than 2,200 pages of transcription from interviews with 50
Summer 1981 253 people, and includes interviews with virtually all the chief A Heritage Deferred: The German-Americans in personalities involved. Minnesota. Edited by Clarence A. Glasrud, with Although the society's effort was the first to document the Diana M. Rankin. powerline issue, it was followed by a variety of others. The (Moorhead, Concordia College, 1981. 168 p. Illustra made-for-television movie "OHMS," aired on CBS-TV in Janu tions. Paper $7..50.) ary, 1980, was one such attempt; another and far more compre hensive story is that presented in Casper and Wellstone's GERMAN AMERICANS constitute the largest ethnic group in Powerline. This lengthy study of the powerline construction Minnesota but, whereas the Norwegian-American Historical issue is both compelling and disappointing. On the one hand, it Association has published more than 60 volumes, "there has combines a clever use of oral history with excellent narrative been no similar effort among German-Americans. " An ex and considerable analysis of the protesters and their motives. amination of Minnesota's German heritage is, therefore, long On the other hand, it studiously avoids examination of the very overdue. A fine step in that direction is this collection of pa issues that brought the Minnesota controversy to national pers, originally prepared for two 1979 conferences on the Ger attention. man-American heritage held at Moorhead, October 12, and America's schizophrenic attitude toward energy and size St. Paul, October 19-20. were symbolized in the Minnesota controversy, but the au The resulting, richly illustrated volume is appropriately en thors bypass those questions and instead draw conclusions that titled A Heritage Deferred, since German Americans were seem rather high in drama and lacking in clear-eyed perspec forced to submerge their ethnicity as a result of the anti- tive. In avoiding the real implications of current energy German hysteria and prejudice engendered by two world sources and the cold reality of Minnesota's distance from Unit wars. It was especially World War I, which Hugo Miinsterberg ed States oilfields and its vulnerability to changing Canadian described as "'one of the saddest chapters of American history," policy, the authors fail to address issues at the heart of the that left scars and a legacy of bitterness. Gradually these have construction and the controversy it produced. Had they tack receded, and the election in November, 1978, "of two U.S, led those issues, as they could so easily have done — while senators from Minnesota with German names was a notable leaving the moralizing aside — Casper and Wellstone could phenomenon and a signpost." The victories of Rudy Boschwitz have created a work of signal power. and David Durenberger "signaled the end of any stigma For aU its impressive display of information, the book is a attached to Germanness in Minnesota. " straightforward apologia for the protest cause. Its authors are A Heritage Deferred contains an introduction to the state's quite frank about their position, and the book reflects that bias, German-American history by Glasrud, as well as an excellent (One of them became protestor Alice Tripp's running mate for bibliography on Minnesota Germans by Rankin. Each of the lieutenant governor in her powerline-based challenge to Rudy volume's four sections offers a major paper with three shorter Perpich's DFL nomination in 1978.) Once their basic premise "reactor" papers. In the first part ("The Ethnic Experience"), is accepted, one can settle down to absorb the remarkable Rachel Bonney's "Was There A Single German-American Ex detail the authors provide about their cause and the people it perience? " describes the social, rehgious, cultural, and linguis involved. It is not a scholarly and objective study, however, tic diversity of the Germans, concluding that "There has not and its silence on the position of the co-operatives and the been a single German experience in Minnesota, but a variety 1,600 farmers who signed petitions favoring construction of the of experiences, and the German-American identity is one line is troubling. The MHS project's personnel found that util which has been imposed upon persons from these backgrounds ity officials and powerline supporters were perfectly willing to by outsiders as a simple way of simplifying the categorization of people." In the same section, Hildegard Binder Johnson de discuss the line and to reflect on the protest and its conse flates the myth of "rapid assimilation" with her comments that quences. there were many instances of "a strengthened ethnic aware The authors, in fact, do considerable disservice to the pro ness " after World War I. test leaders by omitting comment on the actual outcome of their struggle and its implications for the future. The book's La Vern J. Rippley's fine essay on "Patterns and Marks of closing rhetoric leaves the impression that the line is barely in German Settlement in Minnesota," in the second part of the operation, despite the fact that it has been energized for many book ("Architectural Styles and Material Culture"), sur\'eys the months, and incidents of vandalism dropped dramatically in impact of German immigration on the landscape of the state. In 1980. It is hardly popular in the land it crosses, but it is up, the third section ("Religion and Language Experience"), Col- fully operating, and likely to continue so for many years. man Barry provides an overview of the German Catholic ex The grave issues correctly suggested by the authors — with perience in America. Here, Diana Rankin's "reactor" paper regard to America's energy future and the substantial difficul contributes some useful comparisons between the German ties faced by the co-operatives in dealing with their own mem Lutheran and Catholic experiences. She observes that "Each bers — are left untouched, and one must wait for a further and religion provided a sense of identity for the immigrants and more comprehensive study of the controversy. In the mean offered them a center of conimunity activity. " time, this book provides a very readable, if incomplete, chroni Carl H. Chrislock explores "The German-American Role in cle of one side of an issue with ominous implications. Minnesota Politics, 1850-1950" in part four ("Pohtics and Education"), He concludes that by 1950 "ethnically derived Reviewed by JAMES E. FOGERT^-, deputy state archivist at values continued to influence the voting behavior of indi MHS and director of oral history projects for the division of viduals, and candidates bearing a German name might enjoy a archives and manuscripts. slight advantage in bidding for German votes, but the high
254 Minnesota History priority issues were no longer uniquely German. " Kathleen N. The report is disappointing, for it offers up httle that is new Conzen comments that closer examination of German rural or original. It recommends more money, more institutionaliza areas may uncover "a more complex process of ethnic survival tion as its 1964 predecessor did in recommending a federal and evolution. " agency for the humanities. It blithely urges more institutional A weakness in the work pertains to the selection of some of involvement in determining the direction of the humanities the authors of'"reactor " papers. Participants included scholars and more centralization of scholarship without addressing the from a variety of fields and disciplines, but unfortunately, some disturbing fact that humanistic research is becoming in of them were handicapped by a basic lack of knowledge and creasingly narrow, specialized, and pedantic at a time when we understanding of German-American history and culture. desperately need broad syntheses of humanistic scholarship. In Some, indeed, are strangers to the field of Gernian-Aiiierican urging the enrichment of the humanities in schools and col studies. Nevertheless, A Heritage Deferred represents a con leges, the commission fails to tell us where to find the teachers tribution to the beginnings of an understanding of the German- who will bring about this revitalization. A generation of American e.xperience in Minnesota. teachers has suffered from a lack of training in a common his tory and the chronological development of institutions, move Reviewed by DON HEINRICH TOLZMANN, associate librarian ments, and ideas. The stark fact is that there is a diminishing in the University of Cincinnati libraries and the author of three number of teachers who have a general education and who are books and many articles on German-Americana. He is presi qualified to teach general, historical, or interdisciplinary sub dent of the Society for German-American Studies. jects. Virtually everyone agrees that students should be edu cated in the core of the humanities, but we lack adequately The Humanities in American Life: Report of the trained teachers to teach them and do not have enough teachers to teach the teachers. Commission on the Humanities. Humanists in nonacademic institutions will be dis (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of Califor appointed by the passive role assigned to museums and histor nia Press, 1980. xiii, 192 p. Cloth $12.50, paper $3.,50.) ical societies, disappointed because the Rockefeller commis sion exhibits little awareness of the active role these off-campus THE HUMANITIES, we are told in this report, are in crisis. institutions perform not only as preservers and collectors but as Yet, more money has been spent on these disciplines during interpreters of the humanities. This deficiency is perhaps the last decade than at any time in our history. There are understandable when one looks at the makeup of the commis greater numbers of trained humanists than ever before, and sion which is largely drawn from colleges and universities. humanistic research is far flung; more institutions, societies, While the report is well worth reading for the information it and commissions exist to promote the mission of the humani purveys, it plows no new ground, confines the humanities ex ties. Ironically, there has never been so much confusion over perience largely to the conventional classroom, places too the role the humanities should play in American life. The re sults of all this effort and expenditure are unimpressive. Sup much emphasis upon money as the solution to retard the de port of the discipline within educational institutions has de cline of the humanities in formal education, and holds out clined; flliteracy is rising, foreign languages go unlearned, and unrealistic expectations for the expansion of the field in a time general education is in rough shape. of narrowed academic vision and fiscal restraint. Rather than treating the humanities as a large-scale industry and a com These ironies should tell us that there are limits to what modity to be consumed, the commission would have done well great infusions of money, institutionalizing of the humanities, to stress to a greater degree the humanities as a way of life and and promotional efforts can do to restore health to these fields reread a definition of the discipline by one of its lineal of study. This report, popularly known as the Rockefeller Com ancestors. In 1944, Lionel Trifling, as a member of the Com mission Report, provides a profile of the declining status of the humanities and offers a long agenda for heightening public mittee on the Humanities, wrote: "Really [the humanities] are appreciation of them. Specific recommendations include con only a lot of great books, music, and pictures, extremely in tinued support from public and private funding sources in teresting for teachers to talk about, extremely interesting to greater amounts, instruction in writing across a broad span of students when they are required to turn their minds to them. study, courses integrating themes from all humanistic fields, They wfll not save society or reform it. Their only effect is the clear sequences of classes in each field of the discipline, de one they have been traditionally observed to have — they give velopment of new materials for teaching these subjects, and a kind of pleasure which, as their name implies, makes men use of resources from local cultural institutions. The most ur more human. " gent need, the commission believes, is a "dramatic improve Reviewed by RUSSELL W. FRIDLEY, director of the Minnesota ment in our elementary and secondary schools. " Historical Society.
Summer 1981 255 •NEWS & NOTES
THE WINNER of the Solon J, Buck first time. Minnesotans will take and Pull of Migration" are followed by Award of $400 for the best article to particular notice of Ross R. Cotroneo's pioneer settlement, the Depression and appear in Minnesota History during 1980 The History of the Northern Pacific World War II years, and Norwegian is Bryn Trescatheric. His work, entitled Land Grant, 1900-1952 (1979), which organizations — with a heavy emphasis "Furness Colony in England and examines the railroad's sale policies on on Lutheranism. Loken goes on to Minnesota, 1872-1880," appeared in the acquired land, as well as the reprint of discuss acculturation and Spring issue. Mr. Trescatheric is the Jay Cooke and Company's 1872 Canadianization, noting contributions assistant curator of the Furness Museum publication. Guide to the Lands of the that Norwegians have made to the of Barrow, England, a graduate of Northern Pacific Railroad in Minnesota. nation. The final chapter looks at Southampton University, and a immigration to Canada from Norway in candidate for the Master of Letters A SECOND EDITION of Colman J. the 1970s and at modern Norway as it degree at Lancaster University, Barry's history. Worship and Work: St. has been discovered by visiting This year's Theodore C Blegen John's Abbey and University Norwegian Canadians. The volume Award of $200 for the best article by an (Collegeville, 1980), first published in concludes with an examination of MHS staff member was divided between 1956 to commemorate that institution's current ethnic activities among Nina Marchetti Archabal for "In centennial, provides updated Canada's Norwegians and a brief view of Memoriam, Cameron Booth, 1892-1980: information to 1980. In a 69-page their future. A Chronicle from His Scrapbooks, " "Epilogue," Father Barry describes the The book has several Minnesota which was published in the Fall issue, multitude of changes at St. John's connections, among them the author's and Carolyn Gilman for "Grand Portage during the past 14 years: new buildings, opinion of the Kensington rune stone. Ojibway Indians Give British Medals to reactions to Vatican Council II, many "It is generally believed, " says Loken, Historical Society," published in the facets of both the religious community "but has so far not been definitely Spring number. Archabal is a deputy and the student body, and a wide proven, that the Stone was set up by a director of the society, and Gilman, who variety of programs innovated since group of Norx\'egians and Swedes under won the award in 1978, is a writer and 1956. Among these are Minnesota the leadership of one Paul Knutson. " exhibits researcher in the education Public Radio; a local government Loken is on safer ground when he division. center; and, of particular interest to writes of the pull of Canadian The Buck-Blegen Award Committee historians, the Hill Monastic immigration on Minnesota Norwegians members for this year were Carol Manuscript Library, begun in 1964. like those who left the Crookston area Jenson, professor of history in the for Alberta in the early 1890s. University of Wisconsin — La Crosse; AS A RESULT of "growing interest in George S. Hage, professor of journalism Canadian social history, which includes IN 1937, Gilbert H. Doane, then and mass communication in the immigration and ethnic history, " the director of libraries at the University of University of Minnesota; and Kenneth citizenship branch of the Canadian Wisconsin, published Searching For Carley, former editor of this magazine. Department of the Secretary of State Your Ancestors, written in a style which commissioned a number of histories to was authoritative, easy to understand, form a series entitled Generations: A and a delight to read cover-to-cover. TWO NEW SERIES dealing with the History of Canada's Peoples. One Not an easy task to accomplish in a basic public lands of the United States have contribution to the series is Gulbrand reference tool. Over the years, the book been originated by Arno Press. The Loken's From Fjord to Frontier: A has remained one of the best guides to first, entitled The Development of History of the Norwegians in Canada family research and is often used as the Public Land Law in the United States, (Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, textbook in genealogy classes. The fifth contains 29 reprints dealing with 1980, 264 p.). The volume provides a edition (Minneapolis, University of changing laws and the moving forces traditional treatment of the subject, Minnesota Press, 1980, 270 p., $10.95) behind those changes; Fremont P. concentrating on 20th-century has been revised by James B. Bell, Wirth's The Discovery and Exploitation Noi-wegian settlement in Canada's four director of the New England Historic of the Minnesota Iron Lands, originally western provinces. It is documented, Genealogical Society, and remains a published in 1937, is one of this series. has a variety of appendixes, a "classic guide. " The second series considers The bibliography, and a brief index, as well The revisions include more Management of Public Lands in the as some photographs. Short conveniently subdivided chapters with United States and consists of 43 books introductory chapters on "Early headings; expansion of the section on — 15 of which are published for the Transient Migration" and "The Push resources in foreign countries; and a
256 Minnesota History new chapter which discusses the booklet contains maps, a glossary, an company towns, labor relations, research challenges for American e.xplanation of survey lines, township mechanization of the lumber industry, Indians, French Canadians, and boundaries, and an index. the operation of logging railroads, and Spanish-speaking people. The chapter attitudes toward forest resources. on joining the D.A.R. has been omitted THE NEIGHBORING Minnesota Included are over 400 illustrations, many as information is readily available community of Estherville, Iowa, is the of them illuminating important changes elsewhere. subject of Deemer Lee's inviting in technology, advertising techniques, Appendixes contain a selected contribution to community history, and the lives of people who worked for bibliography, a complete address list of Esther's Town (Ames, Iowa State Red River, state offices of vital records, and University Press, 1980, 267 p., $12.95). addresses of aU National Archives and A grandson of the town's founders and ROY W. MEYER'S History of the Santee Records Service centers. It should be the editor of a local newspaper for over Sioux: United States Indian Policy on 40 years, Lee drew on that experience noted here that since publication of this Trial, first published by the University and his wide-ranging interests to book, it has been determined that only ofNebraska Press in 1967 and reviewed produce a town history that is basically the Fort Worth office handles in the Summer, 1968, issue of this chronological in its approach, well interlibrary loans of census microfilms. magazine, has been issued in paper illustrated, and often humorous. The A companion volume by Bell, cover by Bison Books ($7.95). book is strongest on the 20th century Family History Record Book and describes early days of motoring, (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota the uproar surrounding the annual THE PUBLICATION of The Press, 1980, 263 p., paper $7.9.5), is circus visits, and repercussions of a Mapping of America by Seymour I. designed to aid the researcher in falling meteorite, interspersed with Schwartz and Ralph E. Ehrenberg (New compiling famdy records. This contains many boyhood anecdotes of small-town York, Harr>' N, Abrams, Inc, 1980, ,363 pull-out sheets suitable for a loose-leaf life. The author did some careful p,, $60,00) brings together for the first binder with descriptions of how to use research on World War I Liberty Loan time a history of North American the various forms (supphed in multiple drives and the agricultural depression of cartography. This essentially copies) such as ancestor charts, family the 1920s and pointed out an interesting chronological treatment covers the years and individual biographical forms, causal relationship between the two. from 1500 to the present, with particular military service records, immigration Lee has included useful appendixes attention given to the United States. and naturalization records, and land covering the Enimett County census, Within that chronology the authors records. Single copies of forms to record local residents elected to state office, attempt a detailed, analytical history of census data, 1790 to 1900, are also amounts subscribed to war loans, dates the continent's cartography; they also included, Patricia C. Harpole and organizers of fraternal and social show, by means of a series of maps, the groups, and a list of churches. The book progression from an early mixture of art A CONTRIBUTION to the is indexed and annotated but, and science to the predominantly ever-growing number of county unfortunately, the only good map is on scientific endeavors of today. The first histories is Swift County Minnesota: A the book jacket. seven chapters, written by Schwartz, a Collection of Historical Sketches and noted surgeon and map collector, Family Histories (Dallas, Taylor concern American cartography from the Publishing Company, 1979, 962 p.). IN Red River: Paul Bunyan's Otvn time of discovery to 1800. This part of The bulk of the text consists of Lumber Company and Its Railroads the volume treats the continent as a family histories, arranged by township (Chico, Caf, 304 p., [1980]), Paul M. and illustrated by portraits and whole. The final three chapters b>- Hanft traces the history of the firm Ehrenberg, a member of the Librar) of snapshots. The county historical society, Thomas Barlow Walker established in which undertook the project, included Congress geography and map division, 1882 as the Red River Lumber Company deal almost exclusively with the United extensive material relating to the from its genesis in earlier partnerships to county's development. Here are stories States, its internal development, the end of its corporate life in 1944. Like westward expansion, rising about early days of electrification and many other lumbermen of the time. conservation, a chronology of district industrialism, and urban growth. The Walker and his descendants operated a schools, and a discussion of local scope of their subject is so large that the mobile business, the migrations geological features. In each township authors have of necessity left the history influenced by timber supphes and section, the authors recount the growth of mapping various regions and states to emancipation from waterways that came of towns, churches, and businesses. The other studies. Their well-illustrated with the railroad age. While maintaining book contains an index to family names work pro\'ides 223 maps — many in color headquarters in Minneapolis where he — more than 300 entries under — and a large amount of related pictorial first began sawing lumber. Walker in the Johnson! — and maps of each township. material which enhances the text. At a 1880s and 1890s moved on to time of increasing interest in the Crookston, Grand Forks, and Akeley, In coflection of maps, their history, their INTERVIEWS with 12 pioneer settlers 1913 he made the leap to Westwood, use as interpretive tools and as modern of Itasca and Koochiching counties, California, to begin logging timberland prerequisites in recreation and planning, reproduced from notes taken during the he had been acquiring for almost two this volume is rewarding reading. 19,30s by Works Projects Administration decades. With the company as its symbol employees, have been edited by Robert went the merry image of Paul Bunyan, Jon L. Waistrom B. Porter under the title Northwoods legendary logger whose exploits earlier TWO SEMIANNUAL publications Pioneers (Center City, 1980, 32 p,). All recounted in folk tales were elaborated recently launched by Bowling Green those interviewed had settled in the in the firm's advertising. State University (Ohio) should appeal to region around the turn of the century. Important aspects of the book are readers interested in the richness and In addition to the recollections, the assessments of Akeley and Westwood as diversity of American cultural
Summer 1981 257 expressions. The Journal of Regional of raw material — stone, fired clay, and with government to solve society's major Cultures ($10 a year, approximately 150 animal bone. Each section begins with a problems. pp. per issue) tackles a specific area discussion of manufacturing techniques, Writing under the title "Business each issue — with one on the Midwest followed by a description of artifact types Opportunities in Addressing Societal planned — while the Journal of Cultural typical of the prehistoric cultural Problems,' Norris explains in some Geography focuses on all facets of human traditions in the state. There are seven detail the commitment of the firm he spatial behavior, such as Finnish chapters that constitute a useful founded in 1957 to the inner cities, farmstead organization in Finland and overview of Iowa prehistory, a chapter where Control Data has built five plants Wisconsin, prairie-style houses, roadside pleading the case for archaeological site since 1968, to education, and to motels, and country music. Both conservation, and a concluding chapter technology transfer and aid to small journals are published in co-operation — "Opportunities in Archaeology " — business. Describing Dayton Hudson's with the Popular Culture Association, followed by a glossary of terms and two "Creative Corporate Philanthropy, " and both offer an interdisciplinary appendixes (one detafling the Iowa Andres points out that his firm is one of format with perspectives drawn from archaeological site form and one listing 45 in Minnesota which give to the social sciences and the humanities federal and Iowa state laws protecting worthwhfle efforts the full 5 per cent of such sites). References listed at the end taxable income permitted, whereas the PAMELA ANDERSON'S Iron Range of each chapter direct the reader to more national average for such giving is below Country: A Historical Travelogue of detailed literature. Although the 1 per cent and only 20 per cent of the Minnesota's Iron Ranges (St. Paul, Iron description of common artifact types is nation's companies make any Range Resources and Rehabilitation marred by a few poorly drawn potsherds, contribution at all. He goes on to Board, 1979, 2,32 p,, $9,95), gives the illustrations are generally adequate. describe the program administered by the Dayton Hudson Foundation, information on the Mesabi, Vermilion, The discussions of archaeological theory stressing its longevity, professionafism, and Cuyuna ranges of today and and methodology are somewhat and accomplishments. yesterday. Concise, interesting essays abbreviated and may be of value only to sketch the geological, social, and the novice. On balance, the book is a economic development of the ranges and good introduction to Iowa prehistory for A FEW Minnesota examples appear in their people. Interspersed throughout the general reader and a useful synopsis Power and Morality: American Business the text are a number of stories, for the scholar. Ted Lofstrom Ethics 1840-1914 by Saul Engelbourg apparently quoted from local sources, (Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, but unfortunately not attributed. THE MOST RECENT addition to the 1980, 181 p., $22.50). They include Important tourist information is also Minnesota Archaeological Society's Charles A. Pillsbury, Richard Sears, 3M, included. Occasional Publication series is a and James J. Hill's Great Northern and Bibliography of Ojibwe Resource Northern Pacific railroads. Since much BICYCLE TOURS of Minneapolis, with Material (St. Pauf 1981, 24 p., paper of the pace for change during the period notes on historical sites and convenient $3.50). Based on the 1973 compilation was set by the railroad industry, it is not resting places, are the subject of A. H. that resulted from the research for The surprising that the Minnesotan most Mayer's Guide to Bicycle Riding in and Ojibwe: A History Resource Unit by the often mentioned is Hill, who is quoted around the Twin Cities (privately education division of the MHS, the concerning freight rate discrimination pubhshed, 1980, x, 66 pp., $4.95 plus present work has been revised and and the necessity for secrecy in business $.85 tax and handling). Trips around the updated to 1981. Copies may be operations — "You know a railroad in lakes and into the suburbs are included. obtained by writing to the Treasurer, order to get its right of way has got to do Minnesota Archaeological Society, it quietly. "His handling of the potential EXPLORING IOWA'S PAST: A Guide to Building No. 27, Fori Snelling, St. Paul conflict of interest between the railroad Prehistoric Archaeology (Iowa City, .55111. and his purchase of Mesabi iron ore University of Iowa Press, 1980, 169 p., lands in the early 20th century is used to paper $7,95) joins a filmstrip series and THE COMMITMENT of Uvo major illustrate changing business attitudes a training program for avocational Minnesota firms to the improvement of toward this problem. In an attempt to archaeologists as part of an ambitious "the quality of life in communities where assess whether business ethics changed effort by that state's archaeologist to we operate " is articulated in over the 74 years covered, the author popularize Iowa archaeology. Written by Corporations and Their Critics: Issues examines five elements — conflict of Lynn Marie Alex, a schoolteacher- and Answers to the Problems of Social interest, restraint of trade, competitive turned-archaeologist, the Responsibility, edited by Thornton tactics, stock watering, and financial reporting. He describes the maiden book attempts to do the two tasks Bradshaw and David Vogel (New York, efforts of the federal government to implied by the title: introduce the reader McGraw-HiHBookCo., 1979, 285p., serve as regulator and concludes that to prehistoric archaeology and outline $14,95), In chapters by Wflliam C improvements did indeed occur, "The Iowa's prehistory. The first five chapters Norris and William A, Andres, chairmen key element in the drive for external introduce the discipline of archaeology; of Control Data and Dayton Hudson change in business morality, at least in the history of archaeological research in corporations, respectively, the two chief terms of initiating the process, " he Iowa; and archaeological methodology, executive officers outline the differing writes, "was the victim. " with a good deal of attention paid to the programs their firms have devised to specifics of doing archaeology in Iowa meet corporate social responsibilities in (where to get topographic maps, to an environment Norris feels has changed THE CENTENNIAL of the Minneapolis whom one should report discoveries, greatly since the first half of the 20th Grain Exchange is observed by the etc.). Artifacts commonly found at Iowa century. Both men point out that Greater Minneapolis Chamber of archaeological sites are discussed in the business exists to serve society and that Commerce with a special issue of its next three chapters, organized by kinds it must form intelligent partnerships magazine. Greater Minneapolis 258 Minnesota History (November-December, 1980). A short offers a discerning look at changing is by Frank G. Nelson of the University history of the Exchange complements student life, examines career choices, of Hawaii at Hilo, who furnishes a articles on most aspects of the current and provides a clear account of the biographical introduction. Eleven operation, including handling of grain education nurses at Swedish received. chapters comprise the account, plus two and the mechanics of the trade. Other Copies of the book may be obtained from descriptive letters that appeared in a notable items are brief histories of the the Swedish Hospital Alumnae Norwegian newspaper in 1846 and 1847, Cargill, General Mills, Peavey, and Association, 900 South Eighth St., There is a portrait of the narrator, a Pillsbury companies and discussions of Minneapolis .5.5405. facsimile of the original tide page, and an the new trade in sunflower futures and index. the appearance of women on the trading THE ELLERBE TRADITION: Seventy Reiersen's investigations were floor. Years of Architecture h- Engineering directed mainly at farming conditions in (Minneapolis, 1980, 143 p.,^$24.9.5),' America, and he emphasized such A VALUABLE FINDING AID is the edited by Bonnie Richter, is based on details as agricultural methods, climate, Compiled Table of Contents to the the papers of Thomas Farr EUerbe, head favorable locations, travel routes, and Publications of the State Historical of the widely known Minnesota firm for costs of such things as land, housing, Society of North Dakota, 1906-1980, over half a century. In addition to livestock, and feed. During his search he issued as that institution's Occasional presenting a straightforward account of journeyed by river boat, wagon, Publication No. 3 (Bismarck, N. Dak., the beginnings and successful growth of horseback, and railroad — and often on 1981, $8.00 plus a $1.00 handling one of the nation's oldest and largest foot. He himself preferred Texas, where charge). The compilation contains architectural and engineering he and a number of his relatives settled author, title, and subject indexes. The enterprises, the volume provides a very in 1845. North Dakota society has also reprinted large number of excellent photographs, OF SPECIAL INTEREST to readers in Waheenee: An Indian Girl's Story Told many in color. The architectural history by Herself to Gilbert L. Wilson (1981, shown through these alone gives a good St. Paul and Minnesotans of Czech $4.50 plus a $1.00 handling charge). This look at the diversity of work done by the ancestry is Patricia Hampl's new work was first published in 1921 and was firm — from Gothic and Colonial to Art memoir, A Romantic Education reprinted in 1971 as part of volume 38 of Deco and the contemporary concepts of (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1981, 308p., North Dakota History. Both these the 1970s. $11.95), which was awarded a Houghton editions are out of print. The new edition Mifffin Literary Fellowship. The book's three sections discuss Hampl's childhood includes a revised preface by James E, THE SWEDISH Pioneer Historical in St. Paul's West Seventh Street Sperry and a selected bibliography of Quarterly for January, 1981, contains works by Gilbert Wilson. two items of particular Minnesota neighborhood, her preoccupation with interest. Enieroy Johnson's "Swedish beauty, and her trip to Czechoslovakia as an adult "living out the past" of her FRANK M. WHITING, director Academies in Minnesota " traces the grandmother's Czech heritage. Several emeritus of the University of Minnesota histories of St. Ansgar's, Hope, Theater Arts Department, recounts his Emmanuel, and Lund academies, particularly vivid descriptions of part in that school's development since Gustavus Adolphus, Northwestern, and Hampl's family life bear the stamp of 1937 in an engaging, privately published Minnesota colleges, and the Ansgar truth, making the reader want to know narrative entitled One of Us Amateurs School. Marie-Louise Salinas' article on more about these people. But an editor (Provo, Utah, 1980, 115 p,). The story "Emil Meurling and Svenska with a keener eye for repetition of ideas includes candid accounts of backstage Amerikanska Posten" examines that and a sharper pencil on sections that dramas: the struggle and growth of the man's twice-interrupted career as editor indulge in self-analysis would have department to become one of the finest of the paper from 1902 to 1938. Salinas tightened the passages that detract in the country; its mixed relations with discusses Meurling's comic stories, his slightly from the book's impact. the university's administrators; the liberalism, and his direction of the Jeanne E. Fischer paper's policies and development over persuading of Tyrone Guthrie to build CALVIN W. GOWER discusses these years. his theater in Minneapolis; and "Christopher C Andrews and American Whiting's own memorable successes and Blacks: From Apologist for Slavery to painful failures. Copies are available for IN 1843 a Nonvegian newspaper editor, Champion of Freedmen " in the Spring, use in the MHS reference library and Johan Reinert Reiersen, spent almost a 1981, issue oi Midwest Review. The Wilson Library at the University of year in America, searcfiing out favorable article delineates the Minnesotans Minnesota. sites for settlement. A group of championship of civil rights for blacks, prospective emigrants had sponsored the an attitude Andrews maintained for over *^rip, during which Reiersen investigated TWO MEMBERS of the MHS staff, Pat half a century following his service with the Middle West and the Republic of Gaarder of the education division and black soldiers during the Civil War. In Texas. In 1844 he published a volume Tracey Baker of the audio-visual library, the same issue Annette Atkins examines about his findings in Christiania, now are the authors of From Stripes to "Women on the Farming Frontier: The Oslo. An English version of Reiersen's Whites: A History of the Swedish View from Fiction," pointing out the work, issued by the Norwegian- Hospital School of Nursing, 1899-1973 influence of Ole Rolvaag's novel. Giants American Historical Association, (Minneapohs, Swedish Hospital in the Earth, on historians' portrayals of Pathfinder for Norwegian Emi Alumnae Assn., 1980, 113p., $12.00). frontier women. Based on records, photographs, grants (Northfield, 1981, xi, 239 p., reminiscences, and nearly 700 $12.00), is now available. It is the fourth THE FIRST ZOOKEEPER in the Twin questionnaires answered by alumnae of America book to be issued by the Cities is described in "The Unforgettable the school, the well-illustrated book is association and the ninth in its Travel 'Fish' Jones," by James Eriandson, more than an institutional history; it and Description Series. The translation printed in Mpls./St. Paul (April, 1981).
Summer 1981 259 The zoo, an outgrowth of a live fish attitudes toward energy use, surveys volatile character; they also provide the display at the fish market Jones started in changing energy systems in the obligatory accounts of his celebrated 1876, made its home in the Longfellow state, and reveals how those systems confrontations with various baseball Gardens near Minnehaha Falls in 1906, affect our lives and the appearance of our figures (as well as with a marshniallow Jones, an a\'id horse racer who cities. A study guide offers discussion salesman). The volume captures Martin's "discovered' the famous Dan Patch for questions, suggested activities, and a list uncanny ability to motivate players with Marion W. Savage, finally deeded the of related resources. Each issue of Roofs a blend of emotion and baseball gardens to the city of Minneapolis; focuses on a different aspect of fundamentals and his affinity for the key many of the animals e\entually ended up Minnesota history; a list of past titles is players who performed consistently, in the Como Park Zoo. available from the education division, intelligentb', and aggressi\eb without James J. Hill House, 240 Summit much attention from the media. ENERGY IN MINNESOTA is the subject Avenue, St. Paul 55102. For a number of years Martin figured of the Spring issue of Roots magazine, prominently in Minnesota sports history published for young people three times BASEBALL historians and fans will want — as a player in the late 1950s and early during the school year b\' the education to take note of another in a long (and 1960s, as a scout and a coach, and finally division of MHS (1981, .32 p., $1.50). often undistinguished) line of sports as manager of the Minnesota Twins in Older readers will also find this subject "autobiographies. " This time it is the American League. His book sheds interesting and pertinent. Author Number 1, coauthored by BiUy Martin light not only on those years but also on Jeffrey A. Hess provides a historical and Peter Golenbeck (New York, persons such as Calvin Griffith, Robert framework for the current energy crisis Delacorte Press, 1981, 272 p., $11.95). Short, and others who have played vital by looking back to 1872 when an Essentially a biography, the book roles in state sports circles. The book, epidemic of horse fever, called epizooty, presents Martin as most baseball fans which is not up to some of the excellent swept the country. With all their horses understand him — an intense and writing that has appeared in recent sick, Minnesotans faced an energy crisis intelligent manager who never backs years, would have been improved by an of major proportions that affected fuel down from a fight, on or off the playing index, but it is worthwhile biography supplies, transportation, and business field. The authors offer the cruel lessons and will be enjoyed by most baseball acti\ ity. Hess examines American of Martin's early life in explanation of his aficionados. Charles Lamb
THE 1901 STATE CHAMPION ba.seball team ofWa.seca, .sponsored by the local flour-milling firm of Everett and Aughenbaitgh Company (EACO)
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