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Observatorio Astronómico Félix Aguilar Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales San Juan ANUARIO ASTRONÓMICO 2015 Volumen XXV 2 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN JUAN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS, FÍSICAS Y NATURALES OBSERVATORIO ASTRONÓMICO “FELIX AGUILAR” ANUARIO ASTRONÓMICO 2015 Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez San Juan - República Argentina - 2015 4 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Contenido Nota por los 25 años 6 Introducción 7 Fenómenos 9 Sol 11 Fases de la Luna 11 Eclipses y Tránsitos 11 Artículos del calendario 12 Entrada del Sol en los signos del Zodíaco 12 Reporte de las estaciones 12 Perigeo y apogeo de la Luna 12 Fenómenos planetarios geo y heliocéntricos 13 (Mercurio, Venus y planetas superiores) Datos de Planetas 13 Configuración diaria del Sol, Luna y Planetas 14 Sol 19 Luna 27 Tiempo sidéreo y coordenadas del Sol 35 Planetas 43 Posiciones aparentes de estrellas 53 Tablas 95 Refracción Astronómica Normal 95 Correcciones a las Refracciones Normales 96 Calendario 97 5 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan 25 años del Anuario Astronómico Con esta edición del Anuario Astronómico 2015 del Observatorio Astronómico Félix Aguilar cumplimos 25 años ininterrumpidos llevando a la comunidad una publicación que intenta brindar información general sobre los principales fenómenos astronómicos del año para el que se publica (comienzo de las estaciones, eclipses, fases de la Luna, referencias del calendario, configuración diaria del Sistema Solar, coordenadas del Sol, la Luna y los planetas, etc.), como también así información particular para la comunidad local de San Juan (salida y puesta del Sol, la Luna y los planetas). Desde su comienzo, en el año 1991, ha ido evolucionando poco a poco, tratando de mejorar la información ofrecida, tanto en su aspecto técnico como también intentando una mejor presentación a la vista de los usuario. Estos 25 años del Anuario Astronómico son un momento oportuno para agradecer a todos los que han utilizado sus datos, los han divulgado, consultado o distribuido. En especial un agradecimiento a las universidades argentinas, radios, escuelas y diarios locales y aficionados de la Astronomía para quienes, en un principio, fue pensada esta publicación para satisfacer sus pedidos de información. Seguimos, año a año, trabajando para que este Anuario Astronómico pueda encontrar en todos los aficionados y amantes de la Astronomía, aquel dato que necesita, aquel número que precisa. Esa es nuestra tarea y compromiso para el futuro. 6 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Introducción Este anuario astronómico, preparado y publicado por el Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar", tiene como objeto principal proporcionar, a docentes y aficionados en general, datos útiles sobre temas astronómicos. La publicación fue originalmente pensada para proveer, fundamentalmente, las circunstancias locales (San Juan) de las salidas y puestas del Sol y la Luna, pues esta información es la que con mayor frecuencia se nos solicita. Sin embargo, hemos creído interesante incluir, además, datos generales sobre planetas, estrellas y eclipses, como así también algunos elementos del calendario y el cómputo eclesiástico. Las secciones "Sol", "Luna", "Tiempo sidéreo y coordenadas del Sol", "Planetas" y "Posiciones aparentes de estrellas" fueron calculadas por nosotros en nuestro Observatorio en tanto que la sección "Fenómenos" se obtuvo de la siguiente publicación: - Fenómenos Astronómicos 2015 Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada San Fernando-Cádiz España Importante Todos los tiempos indicados en este Anuario han sido calculados en Tiempo Universal por lo que habrá que hacer la conversión para el Huso Horario que esté en vigencia. Si por ejemplo la salida de un astro es a las 09h 28m 15s de Tiempo Universal, para el huso de -3h al Oeste de Greenwich habrá que restar 3h a dicho tiempo (09h 28m 15s -3h = 06h 28m 15s). Si el huso horario fuese -2h, entonces habrá que restarle 2h. Las circunstancias de salida y puesta del Sol y la Luna están calculadas para el lugar geográfico que ocupa nuestro Observatorio (latitud = -31°30'38.5" y longitud = -4h 34m 28.8s) y para un horizonte teórico sin montañas ni irregularidades. Por lo tanto las horas calculadas deben ser tomadas sólo a modo orientativo. Todas las observaciones y sugerencias que se puedan hacer sobre el contenido y el aspecto de esta publicación serán bienvenidas y agradeceremos nos las hagan llegar a nuestra dirección. Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Av. Benavidez 8175 oeste - 5407 Marquesado e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] San Juan - República Argentina 7 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Agradecemos a la siguiente Institución el envío de la publicación que se indica, la que ha sido utilizada para la realización de esta publicación: - Real Instituto Y Observatorio de la Armada, San Fernando, Cádiz, España, "Fenómenos Astronómicos". Agradecemos también la colaboración del personal del Círculo Meridiano de nuestro Instituto, quienes colaboraron en la revisión del anuario. Claudio Carlos Mallamaci - José Alberto Pérez 8 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos En esta sección se dan las fechas de las circunstancias más notables por las que pasan el Sol, la Luna y los planetas, durante el año, con la precisión suficiente para una primera localización del fenómeno. Para el Sol se dan las fechas y los tiempos de los equinoccios y solsticios, es decir los comienzos de las cuatro estaciones, como también sus máximos acercamientos y alejamientos respecto a la Tierra (perigeo y apogeo). Los cambios de fases de la Luna están dados en horas y minutos y las lunaciones allí indicadas se enumeran siguiendo la serie de Brown, en la que la número 1 comenzó el 16 de enero de 1923. Se presentan, también, los fenómenos geocéntricos y heliocéntricos de los planetas, es decir aquellos que son medidos tomando a la Tierra y al Sol como cuerpo de referencia, respectivamente. Por último se detallan algunos fenómenos que, por su importancia, merecen ser destacados para su eventual observación y/o estudio. 9 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan 10 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Fenómenos Astronómicos para 2015 Sol (UT) d h d h m d h m Perigeo: Ene 04 07 Equinoccios: Mar 20 22 45 Sep 23 08 21 Apogeo : Jul 06 20 Solsticios : Jun 21 16 38 Dic 22 04 48 Fases de la Luna (UT) Lunación Luna Nueva Cuarto Creciente Luna Llena Cuarto Menguante d h m d h m d h m d h m 1138 Ene 05 04 53 Ene 13 09 46 1139 Ene 20 13 14 Ene 27 04 48 Feb 03 23 09 Feb 12 03 50 1140 Feb 18 23 47 Feb 25 17 14 Mar 05 18 05 Mar 13 17 48 1141 Mar 20 09 36 Mar 27 07 43 Abr 04 12 06 Abr 12 03 44 1142 Abr 18 18 57 Abr 25 23 55 May 04 03 42 May 11 10 36 1143 May 18 04 13 May 25 17 19 Jun 02 16 19 Jun 09 15 42 1144 Jun 16 14 05 Jun 24 11 03 Jul 02 02 20 Jul 08 20 24 1145 Jul 16 01 24 Jul 24 04 04 Jul 31 10 43 Ago 07 02 03 1146 Ago 14 14 53 Ago 22 19 31 Ago 29 18 35 Sep 05 09 54 1147 Sep 13 06 41 Sep 21 08 59 Sep 28 02 51 Oct 04 21 06 1148 Oct 13 00 06 Oct 20 20 31 Oct 27 12 05 Nov 03 12 24 1149 Nov 11 17 47 Nov 19 06 27 Nov 25 22 44 Dic 03 07 40 1150 Dic 11 10 29 Dic 18 15 14 Dic 25 11 11 Eclipses Central total de Mar. 20 Visible en Europa, Groenlandia, NW de África Sol y NW de Asia. Principio del eclipse a 7h 40.m8 UT; Fin del eclipse a 11h 50.m2 UT. Total de Luna Abr. 04 Visible en América, Asia y Oceanía. Principio del eclipse total a 11h 54.m1 UT; Fin del eclipse total a 12h 06.m4 UT. Parcial de Sol Sep. 13 Visible en el Sur de África y en la Antártida. Principio del eclipse a 4h 41.m7 UT; Fin del eclipse a 9h 06.m4 UT. Total de Luna Sep. 28 Visible en América, Europa, África y oeste de Asia. Principio del eclipse total a 2h 10.m7 UT; Fin del eclipse total a 3h 23.m5 UT. 11 Anuario Astronómico 2015 – C.C. Mallamaci - J.A.Pérez - Observatorio Astronómico "Félix Aguilar" Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales - Universidad Nacional de San Juan Artículos principales del calendario Eras cronológicas Año de periodo juliano 6728 Año de la era de los judíos, que comienza el 14 de Septiembre † 5776 Año de la era de la fundación de Roma, que comienza el 14 de Enero 2768 Año de la era de Nabonasar, que comienza en 20 de Abril 2764 Año de la era española, según "L'art de verifier les dates" 2053 Año de la Hégira, que comienza el 15 de octubre† 1437 † Comienza al ocaso del día anterior Todas las fechas se refieren al calendario gregoriano.
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