TABLE OF CONTENTS ODI REM AUTE VENIS ARCIAE PA VENIS SINCIDEM.................................................................... 5 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem que que corrum quo tem expererum cum . 5 BORRO EOS SENTO CUSCIUS QUIS EXPLANT QUI BLABORRUNT.......................................................... 6 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem que que corrum quo tem expererum cum . 6 SEQUIS DOLUPTAT QUAM, SED MAIO QUIA CUS VOLLAME DENDICITATEM NIM.............................................. 7 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem . 7 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem . 7 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem . 7 1 2013: NATURAL REFRIGERANTS SEQUIS DOLUPTAT QUAM, SED MAIO QUIA CUS VOLLAME DENDICITATEM NIM.............................................MARKET GROWTH FOR N. ORTH AMERICA8 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem . 8 eate volorun tiandit, voluptatur apelis debis autatem . 8 EATE VOLORUN TIANDIT, VOLUPTATUR APELIS DEBIS AUTATEM . 8 2 The information in this report, or upon which this report is based, has been obtained from sources the authors believe to be reliable and accurate . While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, shecco does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication . © 2013 shecco All rights reserved . GUIDE 2013: NATURAL REFRIGERANTS MARKET GROWTH FOR NORTH AMERICA 3 This project was supported by TABLE OF CONTENTS USER'S GUIDE TO NATURAL REFRIGERANTS IN NORTH AMERICA . 10 ABOUT NATURAL REFRIGERANTS . 11 NATURAL REFRIGERANT ECOSYSTEMS . 15 The Food Chain . 16 City & Buildings . 20 Transport Applications . 24 Industry & Special Applications . 26 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES . 30 NATURAL REFRIGERANTS IN NORTH AMERICA TODAY . 37 LIGHT COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION IN NORTH AMERICA . 38 CO2 SUPERMARKETS IN CANADA . 40 CO2 SUPERMARKETS IN THE US . 42 NORTH AMERICAN POLICIES AND POLIcy DRIVERS . 46 4 Key Initiatives Affecting the Uptake of "NEW" Technologies . 48 Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program (US EPA) . 49 California’s Refrigerant Management Program (RMP) . 51 UL Standards on Hydrocarbons and Transcritical CO2 . 52 Québec's Refrigeration Optimization Program (OPTER) . 53 US federal §608 Leak Repair Regulations . 54 Refrigerant Venting Prohibition under US Clean Air Act . 54 AHRI Standards 571 (SI) and 570 (I-P) . 55 US EPA GreenChill Partnership . 56 Canada’s Revised Environmental Code of Practice for Elimination of Fluorocarbon Emissions from Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems . 57 CASE STUDIES . 60 Transcritical CO2 Solution as a Replacement Solution to HFC'S in Supermarkets . 61 NH3/CO2 Refrigration System at COURCHESNE LAROSE (MICHAL INC .) . 63 Carnot's Ice Rink Refrigeration System, CO2OL Series . 65 Industrial Heat Pump at Food Processing Plant . 67 Latest Dorin CO2 Transcritical Compressors . 69 CO2/Ammonia Brine System For Distribution Center . 71 Alfa Laval’s CO2 Refrigeration System at the S-Market Building in Helsinki, Finland . 73 Water Source CO2 Refrigerant Hot Water Heat Pump Application . 75 Low Refrigerant Charge Ammonia/CO2 Chiller in a Supermarket Application . 77 Energy Efficient Hydrocarbon Ice Machines . 79 Transcritical CO2 Booster System in North America . 81 NATURAL REFRIGERANTS IN NORTH AMERICA TOMORROW . 83 end-user VIEWS ON NATURAL REFRIGERANTS . 84 NORTH AMERICA INDUSTRY SURVEY . 86 North America Industry Survey on Natural Refrigerants . 88 Familiarity with Natural Refrigerants . 90 Natural Refrigerant Products Today & Tomorrow . 92 Business & Policy Climate . 98 5 Purchasing Criteria for HVAC&R Technology . 99 Strengths & Weaknesses of Natural Refrigerants . ..

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121The Market for Voluntary Carbon Offsets: a New Tool
121GATEKEEPERSERIES THE MARKET FOR VOLUNTARY CARBON OFFSETS: A NEW TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? Nadaa Taiyab 2005 THE GATEKEEPER SERIES of the Natural Resources Group at IIED is produced by the Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods Programme. The Series aims to highlight key topics in the field of sustainable natural resource management. Each paper reviews a selected issue of contemporary importance and draws preliminary conclusions for development that are particularly relevant for policymakers, researchers and planners. References are provided to important sources and background material. The Series is published three times a year and is supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the Rockefeller Foundation. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily represent those of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Rockefeller Foundation, or any of their partners. NADAA TAIYAB is a Masters student at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in the USA, studying international business and international environmental policy. Her research focuses on climate change policy and carbon markets, as well as institutional investors and climate risk. 2 GATEKEEPER 121 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Heightened public awareness of climate change and its impacts has led to rapid growth in the market for voluntary carbon offsets over the past two years. By buying into a carbon offset project, organisations and individuals can negate their CO2 emissions by helping to prevent a similar amount of CO2 from being emitted else- where.
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