DOCSLIB.ORG

Improving Python with Fortran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Setting up the computing environment • I will be demonstrating on MAC. • Linux environment is very similar to MAC and should be easy to follow • Windows might be hardest to set up In the past we provided virtual machine, light linux ubuntu, with all software installed. Such virtual machine can be run on any operating system. If there is sufficient interest for a virtual machine, we will create it. Native installation is more efficient, and probably a good idea to try it out. Essential Software: • Python, and its packages : numpy, scipy, matplotlib (easy installation with Anaconda www.anaconda.com) • C++ compiler, such as gcc, but other C++ compilers should be fine too. • Text editor for coding (anaconda includes Spyder, which I am learning, Emacs, Aquamacs, or similar) • make to execute makefiles Recommended Hardware: It is impossible to demonstrate this algorithms on different platforms, therefore we need to choose one of the common platforms. I will be demonstrating algorithms on Mac platform, and if you have Windows or linux machine, you will need to translate installation to your platform, which might be technically demanding at times. If you want to follow the course on similar system, you can choose, for example: MacBook Pro, Intel i7, 16GB DDR RAM, and 512 GB hard drive. Recommended Software: • Fortran compiler, such as gfortran, or intel fortran (it is getting harder to install nowadays). • blas&lapack libraries. They come preinstalled in most computers or one needs to install vendors libraries (intel mkl for linux). On mac it is contained in Xcode • openMP enabled C++ compiler (native gcc rather than apple clang, which is invoked by gcc,g++) • gnuplot for fast plotting. Installation on MAC: • Install Xcode package from App Store (Essential) • We will need specific part of Xcode namely “Command Line Tools”, which might be already installed in your distribution. To check if they are, type: xcode-select --print-path If you do not find them, install by xcode-select —install Xcode contains C/C++ compiler (gcc/g++). It is just a link to apples native Clang. Xcode also contains many libraries. For example, it should include BLAS and LAPACK libraries. To use these libraries, we will use a linker option: -framework Accelerate. For more information see (https://developer.apple.com/accelerate/) Xcode also includes make. Installation on MAC: Multicore openMP execution: However, Xcode does not come anymore with gnu compilers (such as gnu-c==gcc and gnu-c++==g++). Instead gcc and g++ point to apple’s own Clang compiler. Unfortunately Clang does not yet support openMP (multicore) instructions. Moreover, Clang does not include fortran compiler, such as gnu compiler (gfortran). Recommended: To install openMP, fortran & gnuplot we will use homebrew. The long instructions of how to install the homebrew are available at http://brew.sh In summary, you need to paste the following into the terminal prompt: /bin/bash -c "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/HEAD/ install.sh)" and follow the instructions. After installing homebrew, you can check for any issues with the install by typing brew doctor Installation on MAC: On some OSX versions you may run into file permission issues with OSX’s SIP process. If you see permission issues that does not allow you to install homebrew, you might need to change ownership on the homebrew directory by typing: sudo chown -R $(whoami):admin /usr/local Recommended: Now that homebrew is installed, we can install gcc and gfrortran First check that gcc package exists, you can type in the Terminal prompt brew search gcc To actually install gcc and gfortran, please type: brew install gcc --without-multilib The extra option “--without-multilib” adds open mp support. You no longer need to include --without-multilib on 64-bit-only systems as it is automatically disabled but it doesn’t hurt to add it. If you arelady installed gcc before, but you do not have openMP support, you will need to rather type: brew reinstall gcc --without-multilib Warning: the installation of gcc will take a lot of time. Check installation after complete: gcc-10 --version gfortran --version Installation on MAC: Recommended: Installing gnuplot using homebrew: brew install gnuplot --with-x11 If error is returned, just type: brew install gnuplot If you previously unsuccessfully installed a package such as gnuplot, then first type: brew uninstall gnuplot followed by command brew install gnuplot --with-x11 Installation for any platform: Essential: Finally, we will install Python with its packages. It should always be installed after Xcode was installed. Xcode comes with a stripped-down version of Python, however, this native version of python usually does not contain scipy support. To check the current python installation, you can type python import scipy scipy.test() If it survives a minute or or more, the installation is OK. If not, follow the instructions below. As of this writing, the Anaconda distribution is most user friendly and easy to install, available for all operating systems: https://www.anaconda.com “Get Started”, “Download Anaconda installers”, “Graphical installer” Once installed, open: It already includes all packages we need: scipy, numpy, matplotlib, ipython,jupyter Installation for MAC: Recommended: Installing pybin11 in anaconda: conda install -c conda-forge pybind11 This is one of the easier methods to speed-up python codes through C++ More information : https://pybind11.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html Installing numba in anaconda: Usually it is already installed. Check: conda list|grep numba In nothing is listed, type: conda install numba Testing of our installation with a concrete example Which language is most popular? https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ Python is climbing up fast C/C++ are basis of operating systems and core of most software Comparison of languages by generating Mandelbrot set: KH Computational Physics- 2019 Introduction 2 Wikipedia: The Mandelbrot set M is defined by a family of complex quadratic polynomials f(z) = z + z0 where z0 is a complex parameter. For each z0, one considers the behavior of the sequence (0, f (0), f (f (0)), f (f (f (0))), · · ·) obtained by iterating f (z) starting at z = 0, which either escapes to infinity or stays within a disk of someComparison finite radius. The Mandelbrot of languages set is defined as the set by of all generating points z0 such that Mandelbrot set: the above sequence does not escape to infinity. Im z0 Re z0 black: sequence stays finite Wikipedia: The Mandelbrot set M is defined 2 by a family of complex quadratic polynomials f(z)=z + z0 where z0 is a complex parameter. For each z0,oneconsidersthebehaviorofthesequence (0,f(0),f(f(0)),f(f(f(0))), ···) obtained by iterating f(z) starting at z =0,which either escapes to infinity or stays within a disk of some finite radius. The Mandelbrot set is defined as the set of all points z0 such that the above sequence does not escape to infinity. Kristjan Haule, 2019 –23– Implementation in Fortran (mandf.f90) INTEGER Function Mandelb(z0, max_steps) IMPLICIT NONE ! Every variable needs to be declared. It is very prudent to use that. COMPLEX*16, intent(in) :: z0 INTEGER, intent(in) :: max_steps ! locals COMPLEX*16 :: z INTEGER :: i z=0. do i=1,max_steps if (abs(z)>2.) then Mandelb = i-1 return end if z = z*z + z0 end do Mandelb = max_steps return END Function Mandelb Main function which defines how many steps are needed before the value f(f(….f(z0))) explodes. program mand use omp_lib IMPLICIT NONE ! external function INTEGER :: Mandelb ! Need to declare the external function ! locals INTEGER :: i, j REAL*8 :: x, y COMPLEX*16 :: z0 INTEGER, parameter :: Nx = 1000 INTEGER, parameter :: Ny = 1000 This is how we use the above INTEGER, parameter :: max_steps = 1000 function in the main part of the REAL*8 :: ext(4) = (/-2., 1., -1., 1./) ! The limits of plotting REAL*8 :: mande(Nx,Ny) program. REAL :: start, finish, startw, finishw call cpu_time(start) Note !$OMP directives for startw = OMP_get_wtime() multicore execution. !$OMP PARALLEL DO PRIVATE(j,x,y,z0) do i=1,Nx do j=1,Ny We print 2D array to the x = ext(1) + (ext(2)-ext(1))*(i-1.)/(Nx-1.) y = ext(3) + (ext(4)-ext(3))*(j-1.)/(Ny-1.) standard output, which contains z0 = dcmplx(x,y) mande(i,j) = Mandelb(z0, max_steps) 1/#steps needed before value enddo explodes. enddo !$OMP END PARALLEL DO finishw = OMP_get_wtime() call cpu_time(finish) WRITE(0, '("clock time : ",f6.3,"s wall time=",f6.3,"s")') finish-start, finishw-startw do i=1,Nx do j=1,Ny x = ext(1) + (ext(2)-ext(1))*(i-1.)/(Nx-1.) y = ext(3) + (ext(4)-ext(3))*(j-1.)/(Ny-1.) print *, x, y, 1./mande(i,j) enddo enddo end program mand Testing example gfortran -O3 -fopenmp -o mandf mandf.f90 Execute and check the time: ./mandf > mand.dat clock time : 1.30075s with wall time=0.218432s Finally plot: gnuplot gnu.sh The codes produce three column output x, y, color and need a plotting program to display results. In gnuplot the following command plots the output: set view map splot ’mand.dat’ with p ps 3 pt 5 palette or call the script by gnuplot gnu.sh Why do we still bother with Fortran? ↑ A lot of scientific code written in fortran → we need to use it and be able to occasionally adapt it. ↑ It is very easily integrated with Python/numpy through f2py/f2py3, hence useful in combination with Python. ↓ For todays standards, it is obsolete, i.e, developed by IBM in the 1950s (John W. Backus 1953). ↓ Many releases (Fortran, Fortran II, Fortran III, Fortran 66, Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003, Fortran 2008).
Recommended publications
  • Xcode Package from App Store

    Xcode Package from App Store

    KH Computational Physics- 2016 Introduction Setting up your computing environment Installation • MAC or Linux are the preferred operating system in this course on scientific computing. • Windows can be used, but the most important programs must be installed – python : There is a nice package ”Enthought Python Distribution” http://www.enthought.com/products/edudownload.php – C++ and Fortran compiler – BLAS&LAPACK for linear algebra – plotting program such as gnuplot Kristjan Haule, 2016 –1– KH Computational Physics- 2016 Introduction Software for this course: Essentials: • Python, and its packages in particular numpy, scipy, matplotlib • C++ compiler such as gcc • Text editor for coding (for example Emacs, Aquamacs, Enthought’s IDLE) • make to execute makefiles Highly Recommended: • Fortran compiler, such as gfortran or intel fortran • BLAS& LAPACK library for linear algebra (most likely provided by vendor) • open mp enabled fortran and C++ compiler Useful: • gnuplot for fast plotting. • gsl (Gnu scientific library) for implementation of various scientific algorithms. Kristjan Haule, 2016 –2– KH Computational Physics- 2016 Introduction Installation on MAC • Install Xcode package from App Store. • Install ‘‘Command Line Tools’’ from Apple’s software site. For Mavericks and lafter, open Xcode program, and choose from the menu Xcode -> Open Developer Tool -> More Developer Tools... You will be linked to the Apple page that allows you to access downloads for Xcode. You wil have to register as a developer (free). Search for the Xcode Command Line Tools in the search box in the upper left. Download and install the correct version of the Command Line Tools, for example for OS ”El Capitan” and Xcode 7.2, Kristjan Haule, 2016 –3– KH Computational Physics- 2016 Introduction you need Command Line Tools OS X 10.11 for Xcode 7.2 Apple’s Xcode contains many libraries and compilers for Mac systems.
  • Red Hat Developer Toolset 9 User Guide

    Red Hat Developer Toolset 9 User Guide

    Red Hat Developer Toolset 9 User Guide Installing and Using Red Hat Developer Toolset Last Updated: 2020-08-07 Red Hat Developer Toolset 9 User Guide Installing and Using Red Hat Developer Toolset Zuzana Zoubková Red Hat Customer Content Services Olga Tikhomirova Red Hat Customer Content Services [email protected] Supriya Takkhi Red Hat Customer Content Services Jaromír Hradílek Red Hat Customer Content Services Matt Newsome Red Hat Software Engineering Robert Krátký Red Hat Customer Content Services Vladimír Slávik Red Hat Customer Content Services Legal Notice Copyright © 2020 Red Hat, Inc. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, the Red Hat logo, JBoss, OpenShift, Fedora, the Infinity logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux ® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java ® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS ® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp.
  • Download Chapter 3: "Configuring Your Project with Autoconf"

    Download Chapter 3: "Configuring Your Project with Autoconf"

    CONFIGURING YOUR PROJECT WITH AUTOCONF Come my friends, ’Tis not too late to seek a newer world. —Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “Ulysses” Because Automake and Libtool are essen- tially add-on components to the original Autoconf framework, it’s useful to spend some time focusing on using Autoconf without Automake and Libtool. This will provide a fair amount of insight into how Autoconf operates by exposing aspects of the tool that are often hidden by Automake. Before Automake came along, Autoconf was used alone. In fact, many legacy open source projects never made the transition from Autoconf to the full GNU Autotools suite. As a result, it’s not unusual to find a file called configure.in (the original Autoconf naming convention) as well as handwritten Makefile.in templates in older open source projects. In this chapter, I’ll show you how to add an Autoconf build system to an existing project. I’ll spend most of this chapter talking about the fundamental features of Autoconf, and in Chapter 4, I’ll go into much more detail about how some of the more complex Autoconf macros work and how to properly use them. Throughout this process, we’ll continue using the Jupiter project as our example. Autotools © 2010 by John Calcote Autoconf Configuration Scripts The input to the autoconf program is shell script sprinkled with macro calls. The input stream must also include the definitions of all referenced macros—both those that Autoconf provides and those that you write yourself. The macro language used in Autoconf is called M4. (The name means M, plus 4 more letters, or the word Macro.1) The m4 utility is a general-purpose macro language processor originally written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie in 1977.
  • Building Multi-File Programs with the Make Tool

    Building Multi-File Programs with the Make Tool

    Princeton University Computer Science 217: Introduction to Programming Systems Agenda Motivation for Make Building Multi-File Programs Make Fundamentals with the make Tool Non-File Targets Macros Implicit Rules 1 2 Multi-File Programs Motivation for Make (Part 1) intmath.h (interface) Building testintmath, approach 1: testintmath.c (client) #ifndef INTMATH_INCLUDED • Use one gcc217 command to #define INTMATH_INCLUDED #include "intmath.h" int gcd(int i, int j); #include <stdio.h> preprocess, compile, assemble, and link int lcm(int i, int j); #endif int main(void) { int i; intmath.c (implementation) int j; printf("Enter the first integer:\n"); #include "intmath.h" scanf("%d", &i); testintmath.c intmath.h intmath.c printf("Enter the second integer:\n"); int gcd(int i, int j) scanf("%d", &j); { int temp; printf("Greatest common divisor: %d.\n", while (j != 0) gcd(i, j)); { temp = i % j; printf("Least common multiple: %d.\n", gcc217 testintmath.c intmath.c –o testintmath i = j; lcm(i, j); j = temp; return 0; } } return i; } Note: intmath.h is int lcm(int i, int j) #included into intmath.c { return (i / gcd(i, j)) * j; testintmath } and testintmath.c 3 4 Motivation for Make (Part 2) Partial Builds Building testintmath, approach 2: Approach 2 allows for partial builds • Preprocess, compile, assemble to produce .o files • Example: Change intmath.c • Link to produce executable binary file • Must rebuild intmath.o and testintmath • Need not rebuild testintmath.o!!! Recall: -c option tells gcc217 to omit link changed testintmath.c intmath.h intmath.c
  • Failed to Download the Gnu Archive Emacs 'Failed to Download `Marmalade' Archive', but I See the List in Wireshark

    Failed to Download the Gnu Archive Emacs 'Failed to Download `Marmalade' Archive', but I See the List in Wireshark

    failed to download the gnu archive emacs 'Failed to download `marmalade' archive', but I see the list in Wireshark. I've got 129 packets from marmalade-repo.org , many of which list Marmalade package entries, in my Wireshark log. I'm not behind a proxy and HTTP_PROXY is unset. And ELPA (at 'http://tromey.com/elpa/') works fine. I'm on Max OS X Mavericks, all-up-to-date, with Aquamacs, and using the package.el (byte-compiled) as described here: http://marmalade- repo.org/ (since I am on < Emacs 24). What are the next troubleshooting steps I should take? 1 Answer 1. I've taken Aaron Miller's suggestion and fully migrated to the OS X port of Emacs 24.3 . I do miss being able to use the 'command' key to go to the top of the current file, and the slightly smoother gui of Aquamacs, but it's no doubt a great port. Due to the issue with Marmalade, Emacs 23.4 won't work with some of the packages I now need (unless they were hand-built). Installing ELPA Package System for Emacs 23. This page is a guide on installing ELPA package system package.el for emacs 23. If you are using emacs 24, see: Emacs: Install Package with ELPA/MELPA. (type Alt + x version or in terminal emacs --version .) To install, paste the following in a empty file: then call eval-buffer . That will download the file and place it at. (very neat elisp trick! note to self: url-retrieve-synchronously is bundled with emacs 23.
  • Ledger Mode Emacs Support for Version 3.0 of Ledger

    Ledger Mode Emacs Support for Version 3.0 of Ledger

    Ledger Mode Emacs Support For Version 3.0 of Ledger Craig Earls Copyright c 2013, Craig Earls. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are per- mitted provided that the following conditions are met: • Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of con- ditions and the following disclaimer. • Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. • Neither the name of New Artisans LLC nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBU- TORS \AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAM- AGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTER- RUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. i Table of Contents
  • Latex on Macintosh

    Latex on Macintosh

    LaTeX on Macintosh Installing MacTeX and using TeXShop, as described on the main LaTeX page, is enough to get you started using LaTeX on a Mac. This page provides further information for experienced users. Tips for using TeXShop Forward and Inverse Search If you are working on a long document, forward and inverse searching make editing much easier. • Forward search means jumping from a point in your LaTeX source file to the corresponding line in the pdf output file. • Inverse search means jumping from a line in the pdf file back to the corresponding point in the source file. In TeXShop, forward and inverse search are easy. To do a forward search, right-click on text in the source window and choose the option "Sync". (Shortcut: Cmd-Click). Similarly, to do an inverse search, right-click in the output window and choose "Sync". Spell-checking TeXShop does spell-checking using Apple's built in dictionaries, but the results aren't ideal, since TeXShop will mark most LaTeX commands as misspellings, and this will distract you from the real misspellings in your document. Below are two ways around this problem. • Use the spell-checking program Excalibur which is included with MacTeX (in the folder / Applications/TeX). Before you start spell-checking with Excalibur, open its Preferences, and in the LaTeX section, turn on "LaTeX command parsing". Then, Excalibur will ignore LaTeX commands when spell-checking. • Install CocoAspell (already installed in the Math Lab), then go to System Preferences, and open the Spelling preference pane. Choose the last dictionary in the list (the third one labeled "English (United States)"), and check the box for "TeX/LaTeX filtering".
  • Installation of R, of R Packages, and Editor Environments

    Installation of R, of R Packages, and Editor Environments

    Installation of R, of R packages, and Editor Environments John Maindonald July 11, 2013 Most users (Windows, MacOS X and some flavours of Linux) will be able to install R from binaries. Download the appropriate file, place it in a convenient folder (perhaps the desktop), click on the file icon. If in doubt, accept the defaults for the prompts that appear. Australian users should get the binaries (or source files, if needed) from an Australian Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) mirror site: http://cran.csiro.au or http://cran.ms.unimelb.edu.au/. For installation under MaxOS X, see later. 1 R under Windows 1.1 The Startup Working Directory If left at the installation default, the startup directory for a user who is not logged in as administrator, is likely to be: "C:nDocuments and SettingsnOwnernMy Documents". This can be changed to any directory that has write access, or new icons created with new startup directories. A good strategy is to have a separate working directory for each new project. In the image below C:nr-course is used, but any directory that has write access is possible. To create an icon that starts in a new working directory, make a copy of the R icon. Then right click on the copy and set the working directory (under Target, in the Shortcut tab of Properties) to the directory that you intend to use for the course. 1.2 Installation of Packages Most users will want to install R packages that are additional to those included in the initial installation.
  • CSE341: Programming Languages Using SML and Emacs Contents 1

    CSE341: Programming Languages Using SML and Emacs Contents 1

    CSE341: Programming Languages Using SML and Emacs Autumn 2018 Contents 1 Overview ................................................. 1 2 Using the Department Labs ...................................... 1 3 Emacs Installation ............................................ 2 4 Emacs Basics ............................................... 2 5 SML/NJ Installation .......................................... 5 6 SML Mode for Emacs Installation ................................. 6 7 Using the SML/NJ REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop) in Emacs ................ 7 1 Overview For roughly the first half of the course, we will work with the Standard ML programming language, using the SML/NJ (Standard ML of New Jersey) compiler. You will need SML/NJ and a text editor on your computer to do the programming assignments. Any editor that can handle plain text will work, but we recommend using Emacs and its SML Mode, which provides good syntax highlighting, indentation, and integration with an SML environment. While Emacs does not have the look-and-feel or tool-integration of many modern integrated development environments (IDEs), it is a versatile tool well-known by many computer scientists and software developers. This document describes how to install, configure, and use Emacs, SML/NJ, and SML-Mode-for-emacs (henceforth SML Mode) on your computer. These instructions should work for recent versions of Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. We also describe how to use the machines in the CSE undergraduate Allen School labs or virtual machines, where most of what you need is already installed on both the Windows and Linux machines. 2 Using the Department Labs If you use the machines in the basement labs or the Allen School virtual machines (https://www.cs. washington.edu/lab/software/linuxhomevm), then recent versions of Emacs and SML/NJ should already be installed for you, allowing you to skip Sections 3 and 5 below.
  • Assessing Unikernel Security April 2, 2019 – Version 1.0

    Assessing Unikernel Security April 2, 2019 – Version 1.0

    NCC Group Whitepaper Assessing Unikernel Security April 2, 2019 – Version 1.0 Prepared by Spencer Michaels Jeff Dileo Abstract Unikernels are small, specialized, single-address-space machine images constructed by treating component applications and drivers like libraries and compiling them, along with a kernel and a thin OS layer, into a single binary blob. Proponents of unikernels claim that their smaller codebase and lack of excess services make them more efficient and secure than full-OS virtual machines and containers. We surveyed two major unikernels, Rumprun and IncludeOS, and found that this was decidedly not the case: unikernels, which in many ways resemble embedded systems, appear to have a similarly minimal level of security. Features like ASLR, W^X, stack canaries, heap integrity checks and more are either completely absent or seriously flawed. If an application running on such a system contains a memory corruption vulnerability, it is often possible for attackers to gain code execution, even in cases where the applica- tion’s source and binary are unknown. Furthermore, because the application and the kernel run together as a single process, an attacker who compromises a unikernel can immediately exploit functionality that would require privilege escalation on a regular OS, e.g. arbitrary packet I/O. We demonstrate such attacks on both Rumprun and IncludeOS unikernels, and recommend measures to mitigate them. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Unikernels . 4 2 Threat Model Considerations . 5 2.1 Unikernel Capabilities ................................................................ 5 2.2 Unikernels Versus Containers .......................................................... 5 3 Hypothesis . 6 4 Testing Methodology . 7 4.1 ASLR ................................................................................ 7 4.2 Page Protections ....................................................................
  • AMD Optimizing CPU Libraries User Guide Version 2.1

    AMD Optimizing CPU Libraries User Guide Version 2.1

    [AMD Public Use] AMD Optimizing CPU Libraries User Guide Version 2.1 [AMD Public Use] AOCL User Guide 2.1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Supported Operating Systems and Compliers ...................................................................................... 5 3. BLIS library for AMD .............................................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Installation ........................................................................................................................................ 6 3.1.1. Build BLIS from source .................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.1.1. Single-thread BLIS ..................................................................................................................... 6 3.1.1.2. Multi-threaded BLIS .................................................................................................................. 6 3.1.2. Using pre-built binaries ................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Usage ................................................................................................................................................. 7 3.2.1. BLIS Usage in FORTRAN ................................................................................................................
  • Evaluating Elisp Code

    Evaluating Elisp Code

    Contents Contents Introduction Thank You .................... Intended Audience ................ What You’ll Learn . The Way of Emacs Guiding Philosophy . LISP? ..................... Extensibility . Important Conventions . The Buffer . The Window and the Frame . The Point and Mark . Killing, Yanking and CUA . .emacs.d, init.el, and .emacs . Major Modes and Minor Modes . First Steps Installing and Starting Emacs . Starting Emacs . The Emacs Interface . Keys ........................ Caps Lock as Control . M-x: Execute Extended Command . Universal Arguments . Discovering and Remembering Keys . Configuring Emacs . The Customize Interface . Evaluating Elisp Code . The Package Manager . Color Themes . Getting Help ................... The Info Manual . Apropos ................... The Describe System . The Theory of Movement The Basics ..................... C-x C-f: Find file . C-x C-s: Save Buffer . C-x C-c: Exits Emacs . C-x b: Switch Buffer . C-x k: Kill Buffer . ESC ESC ESC: Keyboard Escape . C-/: Undo . Window Management . Working with Other Windows . Frame Management . Elemental Movement . Navigation Keys . Moving by Character . Moving by Line . Moving by Word . Moving by S-Expressions . Other Movement Commands . Scrolling . Bookmarks and Registers . Selections and Regions . Selection Compatibility Modes . Setting the Mark . Searching and Indexing . Isearch: Incremental Search . Occur: Print lines matching an expression . Imenu: Jump to definitions . Helm: Incremental Completion and Selection IDO: Interactively DO Things . Grep: Searching the file system . Other Movement Commands . Conclusion . The Theory of Editing Killing and Yanking Text . Killing versus Deleting . Yanking Text . Transposing Text . C-t: Transpose Characters . M-t: Transpose Words . C-M-t: Transpose S-expressions . Other Transpose Commands . Filling and Commenting . Filling . Commenting . Search and Replace . Case Folding . Regular Expressions . Changing Case . Counting Things .