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Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection the ECOPRO Project Abstract Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection The ECOPRO Project Brendan Dollard1 Abstract In the battle to preserve land against the ravages of the sea man has created many inappropriate protection structures on the coast. Often the coastline which is being protected is, inherently, in dis-equilibrium with nature. When combined with the increased recreational usage of the coastal zone, the rise in sea level and the increased incidence of storms, accelerated erosion rates are often the result. The Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection project, or ECOPRO for short, developed a coastal erosion assessment method for the non-specialist. It devised a system for optimising erosion monitoring and developed a guide to select of an appropriate coastal protection response. The project results are contained in the ECOPRO Code of Practice. This 320-page guide explains the steps involved in assessing and monitoring coastal erosion problems, planning protective actions and evaluating their environmental impact. Prepared by the Offshore & Coastal Engineering Unit of Enterprise Ireland, it is the result of four years of work which was supported under the EU LIFE Programme and drew on expertise from Ireland, Northern Ireland and Denmark. This paper presents details of the project and the development of the Code. 1. Introduction In recent years it has become accepted that the coastline is a valuable natural resource which needs careful and sensitive management. This is especially so in the case of small island countries where the coastal zone has a direct and major influence on the economic welfare of the country. Coastal erosion has always been seen as one of the main threats to this resource and for centuries man has been fighting what was perceived as the ravages of the sea. 1 Senior Engineer, Offshore & Coastal Engineering Unit, Enterprise Ireland, Dublin 9, Ireland. 3412 COASTAL ENGINEERING 1998 3413 In the Republic of Ireland, following destructive storms in the late 1980's which caused severe damage and accelerated erosion rates, there was a perceived need to seriously address the question of coastal erosion. A National Coastal Erosion Committee, formed under the auspices of the County and City Engineers Association, produced a report in 1992 which concluded that a Coastal Management policy rather than a purely Coastal Erosion policy was needed. This report also recommended that 'A code of practice for coastal protection should be drawn up to ensure the uniformity and appropriateness of all works'. Following an initiative by Enterprise Ireland, the late Professor Bill Carter of the University of Ulster and The Department of the Marine, a proposal was developed for a coastal protection and management demonstration project and was successful in obtaining funding under the E.U. Life Programme. Managed by Enterprise Ireland, the project team consisted of the Department of the Marine and a number of local authorities in the Republic of Ireland, the Department of the Environment and the National Trust in Northern Ireland, Coastwatch Europe, and the Danish Coastal Authority (Kystinspektoratet). Inputs were also be sought from Universities in the Republic and Northern Ireland and from private firms with particular expertise in this field. The project aims were to develop a method for the assessment of coastal erosion, to devise a system for monitoring erosion and to optimise the selection of an appropriate response. The project was titled Environmentally Friendly Coastal Protection and as this suggests the emphasis was on using environmentally friendly coastal protection techniques (i.e. soft engineering) wherever possible so as to mitigate the impact of coastal protection measures on the environment. These techniques, such as marram grass planting, dune ridge re-contouring, sand trap fencing, beach nourishment, etc., attempt to emulate the natural coastal processes rather than directly oppose them. The final product of ECOPRO is the Code of Practice on environmentally friendly coastal protection. The principle behind the Code is the need to maintain as far as possible the protection afforded by the natural features of the coast. A beach is natures response to erosion and is extremely effective in dissipating the energy of the sea. Therefore the objective should be to keep beaches in place. The sand dunes backing beaches are an integral part of the system and must be allowed to fulfil their natural function of acting as a buffer zone between land and sea. This Code of Practice should be of considerable use as a guide to current best practice on coastal protection and management. It is hoped that it will avoid the instant palliative response to storm damage and also ensure that those involved in coastal protection first look at the soft engineering techniques. It was not intended that the code would attempt to supplant the technical manuals on the subject of coastal protection as it is not aimed at the coastal engineer. It is instead, to be used by the non-expert and, it is hoped, will help them to avoid making mistakes in their response to coastal erosion. The code also attempts to make the non-expert more aware of the fragility of the coastal environment and how complex and interrelated is the problem of coastal erosion. 3414 COASTAL ENGINEERING 1998 2. Project Objectives The specific objectives ofECOPRO' were: 1. To develop coastline monitoring methods which will be adaptable to various types of coastline. 2. To develop a Sensitivity Index by which a coastline's susceptibility to erosion is graded. 3. To present an assessment of performance of shoreline protection/management methods. 4. To present a report on the design, construction and success of two types of protection methods at selected sites. 5. To present all of the above as a 'Code of Practice'. These five objectives form the five main tasks of the project. Each is dealt with in the Code of Practice with the exception of the Sensitivity Index. While a lot of work was carried out on this, particularly by the University of Ulster, the Danish Coastal Authority and a private company Natural Environment Consultants Ltd., the conclusion was that at the present time it was not possible to develop a practical index which would be usable by non-experts. The work carried out in this area has been reported on separately (Dollard, B., et al, 1996). The overall aim of the project was to promote the use of soft engineering coastal protection techniques by firstly promoting a methodology which will allow the non-expert to assess the erosion problem and identify the likely causes. Secondly, it aimed to provide information on suitable coastal protection and management solutions with particular emphasis on environmental impact. Finally, the project intended to supply reference information on coastal processes and identify useful environmental and historical data sources. 3. Project Management The project organisational structure is shown in Fig. 1. Enterprise Ireland was the overall Project Manager and was responsible for the day to day running of the project. The project was directed by the Steering Committee which was chaired by the Department of the Marine. The Technical Group provides the Committee with technical analysis of its proposals and drew up specifications for project work. It also drafted the progress and interim reports of work in hand. The collaboration between the Universities, Government and local authority personnel and public volunteers was excellent and the multi-disciplined mixture of scientists, engineers and environmentalists ensured that most viewpoints were aired. The international dimension between the North and South of Ireland and Denmark helped to broaden our perspective. A successful visit to Denmark by the ECOPRO members, where a number of soft engineering coastal protection methods were viewed, was also very beneficial. COASTAL ENGINEERING 1998 3415 STEERING COMMITTEE PROJECT MANAGER Enterprise Irelana Consultants Various TECHNICAL. GROUP Sensitivity Index Sub-Group Various Coastline Monitoring Coastal Protection Coastal Protection Programme Method Assessment Demonstration Works Sensitivity Index Code of Practice Development Fig. 1 Organisational structure of ECOPRO 4. Project Tasks Undertaken 4.1 Coastline monitoring Project objective: The objective of this work was to devise and test various coastline monitoring methods in order to optimise the time and money spent in obtaining data on coastline and beach level fluctuations. The resultant techniques were to be detailed in the ECOPRO Code of Practice. Seven sites were chosen for detailed study and are shown in Fig.2. Each has a distinct soft coast and suffer from differing types of erosion. The extent of erosion also varies from place to place. Coastline monitoring is a very important tool in assessing the sensitivity of the coast to erosion. There are two stages to monitoring the coast. Firstly, it was necessary to fix the present position of the coastline so that historical changes could be compared. This we termed the baseline survey. Secondly, regular monitoring of beach levels when compared with accurate environmental data gave an insight into the overall response of the beach to external forces. The results of these exercises were used in the assessment of the nature and cause(s) of the erosion problem. 3416 COASTAL ENGINEERING 1998 Runkerry, Co. Antrim Study site Cushendun, Co. Antrim Study site Murlough, Co. Down Study site Lahinch, Co. Clare Study site Courtown, Co. Wexford WW'W&W'VfffWjr Si'.''.-"*,
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