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Mnostvo. Rat I Demokracija U Doba Imperija

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Mnostvo. Rat I Demokracija U Doba Imperija michael hardt / antonio negri Mnoštvo – rat i demokracija u doba Imperija MICHAEL HARDT / ANTONIO NEGRI Michael Hardt / Antonio Negri MNOŠTVO – RAT I DEMOKRACIJA U DOBA IMPERIJA naslov izvornika: Michael Hardt / Antonio Negri Mnoštvo MULTITUDE rat i demokracija u doba Imperija – WAR AND DEMOCRACY IN THE AGE OF EMPIRE Penguin Press, New York, 2004. preveli s engleskog: Tomislav Medak i Petar Milat Multimedijalni institut Edicija past:forward isbn: 978-953-7372-05-7 CIP zapis dostupan u računalnom katalogu Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu pod brojem 724812. Zagreb, studeni 2009. Sadržaj Predgovor: Zajednički život — 11 1. RAT — 19 1.1 simplicissimus — 20 Iznimke — 20 Golem — 26 Globalno ratno stanje — 28 Biomoć i sigurnost — 33 Legitimno nasilje — 40 Samuel Huntington, Geheimrat — 47 1.2 protupobune — 50 Rođenje novog rata — 51 Revolucija vojnog djelovanja — 54 Plaćenik i patriot — 61 Asimetrija i dominacija čitavim spektrom — 63 1.3 otpor — 74 Primarnost otpora — 74 Od narodne vojske do gerilskog ratovanja — 79 Izum mrežne borbe — 87 Inteligencija roja — 98 Od biomoći prema biopolitičkoj proizvodnji — 100 2. mnoštvO — 103 3. DEMOKRACIJA — 221 2.1 opasne klase — 107 3.1 dugi marš demokracije — 222 Kako rad postaje zajedničkim — 107 Kriza demokracije u eri oružane globalizacije — 222 Sumrak seljačkog svijeta — 118 Nedovršeni demokratski projekt modernog doba — 228 Dva Talijana u Indiji — 128 Pobuna dužnika — 236 Bogatstvo siromašnih (iliti: Mi smo siromasi!) — 130 Nerealizirana demokracija socijalizma — 238 Demonska mnoštva: Dostojevski čita Bibliju — 138 Pobuna, Berlin 1953. — 243 Ekskurs 1.: Metoda – Marxovim stopama — 140 Od demokratskog zastupanja do globalnog javnog mnijenja — 246 Smrt sumorne znanosti? — 152 Bijeli kombinezoni — 252 2.2 de corpore — 156 3.2 globalni zahtjevi za demokracijom — 255 Globalni apartheid — 157 Cahiers de doléances — 255 Posjet Davosu — 164 Okupljanje u Seattleu — 271 Jaka vlada se vraća — 173 Eksperimenti globalne reforme — 274 Život na tržištu — 175 Povratak u osamnaesto stoljeće — 290 Ekskurs 3.: Strategija – geopolitika i nova savezništva — 296 2.3 tragovi mnoštva — 184 Ikonoklasti — 307 Čudovišnost tkiva — 185 Invazija čudovišta — 189 3.3 demokracija mnoštva — 310 Proizvodnja zajedničkog — 191 Suverenost i demokracija — 310 S onu stranu privatnog i javnog — 196 Neka te sila prati — 321 Karneval i pokret — 201 Nova znanost demokracije: Madison i Lenjin — 327 Mobilizacija zajedničkog — 204 Ekskurs 2.: Organizacija – mnoštvo na ljevici — 211 Bilješke — 339 Kazalo — 383 Mnoštvo rat i demokracija u doba Imperija PREDGOVOR: ZAJEDNIČKI ŽIVOT Danas se prvi put ukazuje mogućnost demokracije na globalnoj razini. Ovo je knjiga o toj mogućnosti, o onome što nazivamo projektom mnoštva. Projekt mnoštva ne samo da izražava želju za svijetom jedna- kosti i slobode, ne samo da traži otvoreno i uključivo demokratsko glo- balno društvo, već i nudi sredstva da ga se ostvari. Time ćemo našu knjigu zaključiti. Ali, ne možemo tu i započeti. Danas je, izgleda, mogućnost demokracije zastrta i ugrožena stal- nim stanjem sukoba diljem svijeta. Naša knjiga mora krenuti od toga 11 ratnog stanja. Demokracija je, doduše, ostala nedovršeni projekt tije- Predgovor: kom čitavoga modernog doba u svim svojim nacionalnim i lokalnim Zajednički oblicima, a procesi globalizacije posljednjih desetljeća donijeli su nove život izazove, pa ipak primarna prepreka demokraciji je to globalno ratno stanje. U naše doba oružane globalizacije moderni san o demokraciji mogao bi se učiniti bespovratno izgubljenim. Rat je oduvijek bio ne- spojiv s demokracijom. Tradicionalno, demokracija bi se suspendirala tijekom ratnog razdoblja, a moć bi se privremeno povjeravala snažnom središnjem autoritetu da riješi krizu. Budući da je trenutno ratno sta- nje globalno u razmjerima i dugotrajno, bez doglednog cilja, suspenzija demokracije također postaje nedogledna ili čak trajna. Rat poprima opći karakter, gušeći sav društveni život i namećući svoj politički pore- dak. Demokracija se stoga čini nepovratno izgubljenom, zakopanom duboko ispod oružja i sigurnosnih režima našega stalnog stanja sukoba. Ova knjiga nastavak je naše knjige Imperij, u čijem se fokusu nala- zio novi globalni oblik suverenosti. Ta knjiga pokušala je interpretirati tendenciju globalnoga političkog poretka u procesu njegova formiranja, to jest prepoznati kako iz raznovrsnih suvremenih procesa tu nastaje novi oblik globalnog poretka koji nazivamo Imperij. Naše polazište bila je spoznaja da se suvremeni globalni poredak više ne može adekvatno pojmiti pod vidom imperijalizma kakav su provodile moderne sile i kakav se temeljio primarno na suverenosti nacionalne države koja se međutim, bila je dio prethodne knjige i nema potrebe da je tu širila preko stranog teritorija. Naprotiv, sada se pojavljuje “mrežna ponavljamo. moć”, novi oblik suverenosti, i ona kao primarne elemente, odnosno čvorove, ima dominantne nacionalne države, nadnacionalne instituci- je, velike kapitalističke korporacije i druge sile. Mrežna je moć, tvrdi- Ova knjiga fokusirat će se na mnoštvo, živu alternativu koja stasa- mo, “imperijalna”, a ne “imperijalistička”. Dakako, nisu sva središta va unutar Imperija. Moglo bi se reći, vrlo pojednostavljeno, da postoje moći jednaka – naprotiv, neke nacionalne države imaju pozamašnu dvije strane globalizacije. Na jednoj strani Imperij globalno širi svoju moć, dok neke nemaju gotovo nikakvu, a isto vrijedi za raznorazne mrežu hijerarhija i podjela koje održavaju poredak pomoću novih me- druge korporacije i institucije koje također tvore tu mrežu – no, unatoč hanizama kontrole i stalnog sukoba. Međutim, globalizacija je ujedno nejednakostima one moraju surađivati ne bi li stvorile i odr žale trenu- proizvod novih krugova kooperacije i suradnje koji se protežu diljem tni globalni poredak, sa svim njegovim unutarnjim podjelama i nacija i kontinenata te omogućuju bezbrojne susrete. Kod te druge hijerarhijama. strane globalizacije ne radi se o tome da svi u svijetu postanu isti, već Naše shvaćanje Imperija siječe dijagonalno kroz rasprave koje po- ona naprotiv dopušta da zadržavajući različitost otkrijemo zajedničk- stavljaju unilateralizam i multilateralizam ili proamerikanizam i anti- ost koja nam omogućuje da zajedno komuniciramo i djelujemo. Mno- 12 amerikanizam kao jedine globalne političke alternative. S jedne strane, štvo bi se također moglo zamisliti kao mreža: otvorena i ekspanzivna 13 utvrdili smo da nijedna nacionalna država, čak ni najmoćnija, čak ni mreža u kojoj se sve razlike mogu slobodno i ravnopravno iskazati, Sjedinjene Američke Države, ne može “ići samostalno” i održati global- mreža koja nudi sredstva susretanja kako bismo mogli raditi i živjeti Predgovor: Zajednički ni poredak bez suradnje s drugim velikim silama u mreži Imperija. S zajedno. život druge strane, utvrdili smo da trenutni globalni poredak ne odlikuje i Kao prvi korak u razumijevanju trebali bismo na konceptualnoj ne može održati jednako sudjelovanje sviju, pače ni skupa elitnih naci- ravni razlučiti mnoštvo od drugih koncepcija društvenih subjekata, onalnih država, kao što to predviđa model multilateralne kontrole pod kao što su narod, mase i radnička klasa. Narod je tradicionalno unitar- paskom Ujedinjenih naroda. Naprotiv, duboke podjele i hijerarhije, kao na koncepcija. Stanovništvo dakako odlikuju svakojake razlike, dok na- i regionalne, nacionalne i lokalne razdjelnice, određuju naš trenutni rod tu različitost svodi na jedinstvo i iz stanovništva stvara jedinstveni globalni poredak. Naša tvrdnja nije samo da unilateralizam i multilate- identitet: “narod” je jedan. Mnoštvo je, naprotiv, mnogo. Mnoštvo se ralizam, takvi kakvima ih se predočava, nisu poželjni, nego da nisu ni sastoji od bezbrojnih unutarnjih razlika koje se nikad ne mogu svesti mogući s obzirom na naše trenutne uvjete, i da nastojanja da ih se pro- na jedinstvo ili jedan identitet – različitih kultura, rasa, etničkih skupi- vede u djelo neće uspjeti održati trenutni globalni poredak. Kada kaže- na, rodova i spolnih orijentacija, različitih oblika rada, različitih oblika mo da je Imperij tendencija mi želimo reći da je on jedini oblik moći življenja, različitih pogleda na svijet te različitih žudnji. Mnoštvo je koji će uspjeti održati trenutni globalni poredak na dugi vijek. Stoga bi mnogostrukost svih tih singularnih razlika. Mase su, također, kontra- na unilateralističke globalne projekte SAD-a trebalo odgovoriti ironič- stirane narodu, jer se ni one ne mogu svesti na jedinstvo ili identitet. nom zapovjedi parafrazirajući Marquisa de Sadea: “Américains, encore Mase dakako sazdaju svakojaki tipovi i sojevi, ali ne može se baš reći da un effort si vous voulez être imperials!” (“Amerikanci, jače se potrudite mase tvore različiti društveni subjekti. Srž masa je njihova nerazlič- želite li biti imperijalni!”). nost. Sve boje stanovništva pretapaju se u sivo. Te mase sposobne su Imperij vlada nad globalnim poretkom koji nije samo fragmenti- kretati se unisono samo zato jer su one nerazlučiv, jednoobrazni kon- ran unutarnjim podjelama i hijerarhijama, već je i zaražen stalnim ra- glomerat. Međutim, u mnoštvu društvene razlike ostaju različite. tom. Ratno stanje je neizbježno u Imperiju, a sam rat funkcionira kao Mnoštvo je šaroliko, poput Josipova čudesnog ogrtača. Stoga je izazov instrument vladavine. Današnji imperijalni mir, Pax Imperii, poput što ga koncept mnoštva postavlja pred društvenu mnogostrukost taj onog u antičkom Rimu, lažna je utvara mira koja zapravo upravlja stal- da ona uspije komunicirati i djelovati
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