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Managing Panama Disease of Bananas in the Philippines

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Managing Panama Disease of Bananas in the Philippines Spot on: Managing Panama Disease of Bananas in the Philippines Maricar Salacinas dŚĞƐŝƐĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ Promotor Prof.Dr Gerrit H.J. Kema Special professor Tropical Phytopathology Wageningen University & Research Co-promotor Dr Harold J.G. Meijer ^ĞŶŝŽƌ^ĐŝĞŶƟƐƚ͕ŝŽŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚWůĂŶƚ,ĞĂůƚŚ Wageningen University & Research Other members WƌŽĨ͘ƌŶĚƌĠƌĞŶƚŚ͕dŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨYƵĞĞŶƐůĂŶĚ͕ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂ WƌŽĨ͘ƌ:ŽƐD͘ZĂĂŝũŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕dŚĞEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨĐŽůŽŐLJ͕tĂŐĞŶŝŶŐĞŶ͕E> WƌŽĨ͘ƌWĂƵů͘^ƚƌƵŝŬ͕tĂŐĞŶŝŶŐĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƌ^ŝĞƚnjĞZ͘sĞůůĞŵĂ͕tĂŐĞŶŝŶŐĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ dŚŝƐƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚǁĂƐĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚƵŶĚĞƌĂƵƐƉŝĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌĂĚƵĂƚĞ^ĐŚŽŽůŽĨdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůWůĂŶƚ ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐ;W^Ϳ͘ Spot on: Managing Panama Disease of banana in the Philippines Maricar Salacinas Thesis ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚŝŶĨƵůĮůŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨĚŽĐƚŽƌ at Wageningen University ďLJƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞZĞĐƚŽƌDĂŐŶŝĮĐƵƐ͕ WƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘͘W͘:͘DŽů͕ in the presence of the dŚĞƐŝƐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĐĂĚĞŵŝĐŽĂƌĚ ƚŽďĞĚĞĨĞŶĚĞĚŝŶƉƵďůŝĐ ŽŶdƵĞƐĚĂLJϮϳƵŐƵƐƚϮϬϭϵ Ăƚϭ͗ϯϬƉ͘ŵ͘ŝŶƚŚĞƵůĂ͘ Maricar Salacinas Spot on: DĂŶĂŐŝŶŐWĂŶĂŵĂŝƐĞĂƐĞŽĨďĂŶĂŶĂŝŶƚŚĞWŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ ϭϴϬƉĂŐĞƐ͘ WŚƚŚĞƐŝƐ͕tĂŐĞŶŝŶŐĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ͕tĂŐĞŶŝŶŐĞŶ͕ƚŚĞEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ;ϮϬϭϵͿ ǁŝƚŚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƐƵŵŵĂƌŝĞƐŝŶŶŐůŝƐŚ͕ƵƚĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĂLJĂ /^E͗ ϵϳϴͲϵϰͲϲϯϯϮͲϱϰϬͲϬ K/͗ ŚƩƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϴϭϳϰͬϰϵϳϳϰϲ Contents Chapter 1 'ĞŶĞƌĂů/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ϳ Chapter 2 >ŽŽƉͲDĞĚŝĂƚĞĚ/ƐŽƚŚĞƌŵĂůŵƉůŝĮĐĂƟŽŶĂƐƐĂLJďĂƐĞĚŽŶ ϯϱ ƵŶŝƋƵĞŵĂƌŬĞƌƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵŐĞŶŽƚLJƉŝŶŐďLJƐĞƋƵĞŶĐŝŶŐĚĂƚĂ ĨŽƌƌĂƉŝĚŝŶͲƉůĂŶƚĚŝĂŐŶŽƐŝƐŽĨdƌŽƉŝĐĂůZĂĐĞϰŝŶďĂŶĂŶĂ Chapter 3 ƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨWĂŶĂŵĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞ ϲϭ DŝŶĚĂŶĂŽĂǀĞŶĚŝƐŚďĂŶĂŶĂďĞůƚŽĨƚŚĞWŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ Chapter 4 ĸĐĂĐLJŽĨĚŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƚĂŶƚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞĐĂƵƐĂůĂŐĞŶƚŽĨWĂŶĂŵĂ ϵϭ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶĂǀĞŶĚŝƐŚďĂŶĂŶĂ Chapter 5 ŶĂĞƌŽďŝĐƐŽŝůĚŝƐŝŶĨĞƐƚĂƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐWĂŶĂŵĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ϭϭϯ ĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJdƌŽƉŝĐĂůZĂĐĞϰŝŶĂǀĞŶĚŝƐŚďĂŶĂŶĂƐ Chapter 6 'ĞŶĞƌĂůŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ϭϰϱ Summaries ϭϲϯ ďŽƵƚƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ ϭϳϭ Acknowledgements ϭϳϳ CHAPTER 1 'ĞŶĞƌĂů/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ Banana: a plant at risk 1 ĂŶĂŶĂŝƐĂŵŽŶŽĞĐŝŽƵƐŵŽŶŽĐŽƚLJůĞĚŽŶŽƵƐƉůĂŶƚďĞůŽŶŐŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůLJMusaceae͘/ƚŝƐƚŚĞ ůĂƌŐĞƐƚŚĞƌďĂĐĞŽƵƐƉůĂŶƚŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŽŌĞŶĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƚƌĞĞĂƐŝƚŐƌŽǁƐŶŽƌŵĂůůLJ ƵƉƚŽĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϱŵŝŶŚĞŝŐŚƚĂŶĚŝƐĨĂŝƌůLJƌŽďƵƐƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƐƚĞŵŝƐĂƉƐĞƵĚŽƐƚĞŵ ƚŚĂƚŐƌŽǁƐĨƌŽŵĂĐŽƌŵ;^ŝŵŵŽŶĚƐ͕ϭϵϲϮ͖^ǁĞŶŶĞŶĂŶĚZŽƐĂůĞƐ͕ϭϵϵϰ͖^ǁĞŶŶĞŶet al͕͘ ϮϬϭϭͿ͘dŚĞĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚďĂŶĂŶĂƐǁĞĂƌĞŶŽǁĞŶũŽLJŝŶŐĂƌĞŵŽƐƚůLJƉŽůLJƉůŽŝĚƐŽĨĞŝƚŚĞƌMusa acuminata;͕ϮŶсϮϮͿŽƌŶĂƚƵƌĂůŚLJďƌŝĚƐǁŝƚŚM. balbisiana ;͕ϮŶсϮϮͿ;^ŝŵŵŽŶĚƐĂŶĚ ^ŚĞƉŚĞƌĚ͕ ϭϵϱϱͿ͘ dŚĞ ĐĞŶƚĞƌ ŽĨ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ ŽĨ ďĂŶĂŶĂ ŝƐ ŝŶ ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚ ƐŝĂ ǁŚĞƌĞ ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ŵĂŶLJ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ƐǁĞĞƚ ĚĞƐƐĞƌƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽŬŝŶŐ ďĂŶĂŶĂƐ ;,ĞƐůŽƉͲ ,ĂƌƌŝƐŽŶĂŶĚ^ĐŚǁĂƌnjĂĐŚĞƌ͕ϮϬϬϳ͖WĞƌƌŝĞƌet al͕͘ϮϬϭϭ͖^ŝŵŵŽŶĚƐĂŶĚ^ŚĞƉŚĞƌĚϭϵϱϱͿ͘&ƌŽŵ ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚƐŝĂ͕ďĂŶĂŶĂƐǁĞƌĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŽĂƐƚĂŶĚtĞƐƚĨƌŝĐĂďLJĞĂƌůLJŚƵŵĂŶŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƚŚĞŶƚŽƚŚĞŵĞƌŝĐĂƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĐŽůŽŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞǀĞŶƚƵĂůůLJŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ĐƵůƟǀĂƟŽŶŽĨďĂŶĂŶĂƐ;Ě͛,ŽŶƚet al͕͘ϮϬϭϮ͖<ŽĞƉƉĞů͕ϮϬϬϴ͖DĂƌŝŶet al͕͘ϭϵϵϴ͖WĞƌƌŝĞƌet al͕͘ ϮϬϭϭ͖WůŽĞƚnjet al., ϮϬϬϯ͖ZŽďŝŶƐŽŶĂŶĚ^ĂƵĐŽ͕ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ KĨƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭ͕ϬϬϬďĂŶĂŶĂĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚŝŶŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϱϬĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ŽŶůLJĂ ŵŝŶŽƌŝƚLJŝƐĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚ͘'ůŽďĂůďĂŶĂŶĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌĞůŝĞƐŽŶĂĨĞǁƚƌŝƉůŽŝĚƐ;͕͕Ϳ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐƚŽϳϱйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐĂǀĞŶĚŝƐŚƐƵďŐƌŽƵƉƐ;ϮϬĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ࡱ ϰϲйͿ͕ƉůĂŶƚĂŝŶƐ;ࡱϭϮϬĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ϭϱйͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƐƚĨƌŝĐĂŶŚŝŐŚůĂŶĚďĂŶĂŶĂƐ;ϭϱϬĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ࡱ ϯϵйͿ;>ĞƐĐŽƚ͕ϮϬϭϳͿ͘dŚĞƐĞďĂŶĂŶĂƐĂƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂƐĨŽŽĚƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJĂŶĚĐĂƐŚĐƌŽƉ;<ĂƌĂŵƵƌĂ et al͕͘ ϭϵϵϴͿ Žƌ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉŽƌƚ ƚƌĂĚĞ ;ZŽďŝŶƐŽŶ ĂŶĚ ^ĂƵĐŽ͕ ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ WŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ͕ ϴϳ ďĂŶĂŶĂĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƐƐǁĞĞƚĚĞƐƐĞƌƚ͕ĐŽŽŬŝŶŐŽƌĚƵĂůͲƉƵƌƉŽƐĞďĂŶĂŶĂƐ͕ ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϯϭĂƌĞƵŶŝƋƵĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌďĂŶĂŶĂĐƵůƟǀĂƟŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚƐŝĂ (Valmayor et al͕͘ϮϬϬϬͿ͘dŚĞŵĂũŽƌĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞƚŚĞĂǀĞŶĚŝƐŚǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ͚'ƌĂŶĚĞEĂŝŶĞ͛ and ͚tŝůůŝĂŵƐ͛ĨŽƌƚŚĞĨƌĞƐŚĞdžƉŽƌƚŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘dŚĞůŽĐĂůǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ^ĂďĂͬĂƌĚĂďĂ;ͿĂƌĞŵŽƐƚůLJ ƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĐŚŝƉƐĂŶĚĐƌĂĐŬĞƌƐĂŶĚ>ĂŬĂƚĂŶ;Ϳ͕ƵŶŐƵůĂŶ;Ϳ͕>ĂƚƵŶĚĂŶ ;ͿĂŶĚ͚^ĞŹŽƌŝƚĂ͛;ͿĂƌĞĐƵůƟǀĂƚĞĚĨŽƌĨƌĞƐŚĞdžƉŽƌƚĂŶĚůŽĐĂůŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ;DŽůŝŶĂ͕ϮϬϬϰ͖ Valmayor et al͕ϮϬϬϬͿ͘ ƐďĂŶĂŶĂƐŐƌŽǁďĞƐƚŝŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŝƚŚƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚǁĂƚĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽǁǁŝĚĞůLJĐƌŽƉƉĞĚŝŶƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶϯϬΣEĂŶĚϯϬΣ^ůĂƟƚƵĚĞŝŶŶĞĂƌůLJϭϯϱĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ;WůŽĞƚnj͕et al., ϮϬϬϯͿ͘tŝƚŚĂƚŽƚĂů ĂŶŶƵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϰϴŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶŶĞƐ;&K^dd͕ϮϬϭϲͿ͕ďĂŶĂŶĂƌĂŶŬƐŚŝŐŚĂƐ ĂŵĂũŽƌĨŽŽĚĐƌŽƉ;ƵƌŽƌĞet al., ϮϬϬϵͿ͘KĨƚŚĞƐĞ͕ŶĞĂƌůLJϴϱйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐĨŽƌ ůŽĐĂůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶĂŶĚŽŶůLJϭϱйƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĞdžƉŽƌƚďĂŶĂŶĂƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŵĂƌŬĞƚ ;&K^dd͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͘ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐůŝŬĞ/ŶĚŝĂ͕ŚŝŶĂ͕WŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ͕ƌĂnjŝůĂŶĚ/ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂĂƌĞĂŵŽŶŐ ƚŚĞƚŽƉƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ͘dŚĞƐƚĂƌĐŚLJĐŽŽŬŝŶŐďĂŶĂŶĂƐĂƌĞĂƐƚĂƉůĞĨŽŽĚĨŽƌĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϱϬϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶƉĞŽƉůĞ;ŽůůŝŶƐ͕ϮϬϭϰͿ͘/ŶhŐĂŶĚĂ͕ďĂŶĂŶĂŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐĂƐŚ;^ŚŝǀĞůLJĂŶĚ,ĂŽ͕ ϮϬϭϮͿĂŶĚƐƚĂƉůĞĐƌŽƉǁŝƚŚĚĂŝůLJĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶŽĨĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭ͘ϲŬŐƉĞƌĐĂƉŝƚĂ;dŚŽƌŶƚŽŶ ĂŶĚƌĂŵĞƌ͕ϮϬϭϮͿ͘/ƚŝƐĂŐŽŽĚƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĐĂƌLJĚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵ͕ĐĂůĐŝƵŵ͕ƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐ ĂŶĚǀŝƚĂŵŝŶ͕ǀŝƚĂŵŝŶ͕ƚŚŝĂŵŝŶĞ͕ƌŝďŽŇĂǀŝŶĂŶĚŶŝĂĐŝŶ;^ƚŽǀĞƌĂŶĚ^ŝŵŵŽŶĚƐ͕ϭϵϴϳͿ͘dŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůƚƌĂĚĞŝŶďĂŶĂŶĂƐĂƵŐŵĞŶƚĞĚĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞϭϵϳϬƐǁŝƚŚĐƵĂĚŽƌ͕ƚŚĞ WŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ͕ ŽƐƚĂ ZŝĐĂ͕ 'ƵĂƚĞŵĂůĂ͕ ŽůŽŵďŝĂ͕ ,ŽŶĚƵƌĂƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽŵŝŶŝĐĂŶ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ͕ ƀƚĞ ϵ Chapter 1 Ě͛/ǀŽŝƌĞ͕DĞdžŝĐŽĂŶĚƚŚĞĂŶĂƌLJ/ƐůĂŶĚƐĂƐŬĞLJĞdžƉŽƌƚĞƌƐ͘dŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞƐĞĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐĞdžƉŽƌƚĞĚ ϭϴ͘ϲŵŝůůŝŽŶƚŽŶŶĞƐŝŶϮϬϭϲ͕ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJƚŽƚŚĞhŶŝƚĞĚ^ƚĂƚĞƐŽĨŵĞƌŝĐĂ͕ƵƌŽƉĞ͕ŚŝŶĂ͕:ĂƉĂŶ͕ ƚŚĞDŝĚĚůĞͲĂƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞZĞƉƵďůŝĐŽĨ<ŽƌĞĂ;&K^dd͕ϮϬϭϲͿ͘ DŽƐƚ ĞĚŝďůĞ ĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƚĞƌŝůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŶŽ Žƌ ůŽǁ ƐĞĞĚ ƐĞƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ǀĞŐĞƚĂƟǀĞůLJ ƉƌŽƉĂŐĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƐƵĐŬĞƌƐŽƌƌŚŝnjŽŵĞƐ;KƌƟnjet al.͕ϭϵϵϱ͖^ŝŵŵŽŶĚƐϭϵϲϮͿ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞϭϵϳϬƐ ƟƐƐƵĞĐƵůƚƵƌĞĚƌĂŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚƚŚĞďĂŶĂŶĂďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ;ŽƌĞͲ^ǁĂŵLJet al͕͘ϭϵϴϯ͖'ŽǁĞŶ et al͕͘ϭϵϵϱͿ͕ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŵŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚLJƉůĂŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƐŚŝƉƉĞĚůŽĐĂůůLJ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJ ;sƵLJůƐƚĞŬĞ͕ ϭϵϴϵͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ďĂŶĂŶĂ ŵŽŶŽĐƵůƚƵƌĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞĂŶĚƉƌŽŶĞƚŽƐƉƌĞĂĚŝŶŐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐĂŶĚƉĞƐƚƐ͘dŚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐ ƵŶŝĨŽƌŵŝƚLJŝƐĂǀĞŚŝĐůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĂũŽƌĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞďƵƚ ĂůƐŽŵĂŶLJůŽĐĂůůLJƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐ;ůŽŵŵĞet al͕͘ϮϬϭϯ͖ŝƚĂet al͕͘ϮϬϭϯ͖'ĂƌĐŝĂ͕ϮϬϭϵ͖ :ŽŶĞƐ͕ϮϬϬϮ͖:ŽŶĞƐ͕ϮϬϬϵ͖WůŽĞƚnjet al͕͘ϮϬϭϱͿ͘DĂũŽƌǀŝƌĂůĂŶĚďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂůďĂŶĂŶĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ;:ŽŶĞƐ͕ ϮϬϬϵͿ ďĂŶĂŶĂ ďƵŶĐŚLJ ƚŽƉ ǀŝƌƵƐ ;dsͿ͕ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ĐŚůŽƌŽƐŝƐ ŽĨ ůĞĂǀĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƌŽƐĞƩĞŐƌŽǁƚŚĂŶĚůŽǁLJŝĞůĚ;,ŽŽŬƐet al͕͘ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ďĂŶĂŶĂŵŽƐĂŝĐǀŝƌƵƐ;DsͿĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJ ĐƵĐƵŵďĞƌŵŽƐĂŝĐǀŝƌƵƐ͕ŝŶŝƟĂƟŶŐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐůŝŶĞĂƌƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽĨĐŚůŽƌŽƐŝƐĂŶĚŵŽƐĂŝĐƐŝŶ ůĞĂǀĞƐĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚ;:ŽŶĞƐ͕ϮϬϬϮͿĂŶĚďĂŶĂŶĂďƌĂĐƚŵŽƐĂŝĐǀŝƌƵƐ;DsͿƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚďLJƚŚĞ aphid species Pentalonia nigronervosa, Aphis gossypii and Rhopalosiphum maidis͕ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ĂƌĞĚĚŝƐŚͲďƌŽǁŶŵŽƐĂŝĐŝŶƚŚĞƉƐĞƵĚŽƐƚĞŵŽƌůŽŶŐƐƚƌŝƉĞƐƐĐĂƩĞƌĞĚƵŶĞǀĞŶůLJŝŶƚŚĞƉĞƟŽůĞ ĂŶĚ ůĞĂĨ ůĂŵŝŶĂ͘ dŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂů ǁŝůƚƐ ĂƌĞ DŽŬŽ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďLJ Ralstonia solanacearum ďŝŽǀĂƌ ϭ ƌĂĐĞ Ϯ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƉƵůƉ ŝŶĞĚŝďůĞ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ŚĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĚŝƐĐŽůŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌƟƐƐƵĞ;&ĞŐĂŶ͕ϮϬϬϱ͖,ĂLJǁĂƌĚ͕ϮϬϬϲ͖:ŽŶĞƐ͕ϮϬϬϵ͖sĂůĚĞnj͕ϭϵϴϱͿĂŶĚ yĂŶƚŚŽŵŽŶĂƐǁŝůƚĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJXanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum ;ŝƌƵŵĂet al͕͘ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĨƵŶŐĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƐƉŽƐĞĂŵĂũŽƌƚŚƌĞĂƚŽŶŐůŽďĂůďĂŶĂŶĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘ůĂĐŬ^ŝŐĂƚŽŬĂ ŝƐĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJWƐĞƵĚŽĐĞƌĐŽƐƉŽƌĂĮũŝĞŶƐŝƐͲĂŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĂŶĚƉĂŶĚĞŵŝĐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ ĂīĞĐƟŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚĨƌƵŝƚƋƵĂůŝƚLJ;ƌĂŶŐŽet al͕͘ϮϬϭϲ͖ŝĂnjͲdƌƵũŝůůŽet al͕ϮϬϭϳ͖ŚƵƌĐŚŝůů͕ ϮϬϭϭ͖DĂƌŝŶet al͕͘ϮϬϬϯ͖ZŽŵĞƌŽĂŶĚ^ƵƩŽŶ͕ϭϵϵϳͿ͘ƵĞƚŽƚŚĞĞdžƚƌĞŵĞƐƵƐĐĞƉƟďŝůŝƚLJŽĨ ƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌďĂŶĂŶĂǀĂƌŝĞƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŐůŽďĂůůLJƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJƚŽƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůĂŐĞŶƚƐ ;ŚŽŶŐ͕ϮϬϭϲ͖ŝĂnjͲdƌƵũŝůůŽet al͕ϮϬϭϳͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶĂů ŚĞĂůƚŚĐŽŶĐĞƌŶ͕ĨƵŶŐŝĐŝĚĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŵĂŝŶŵĞĂŶƐŽĨĐŽŶƚƌŽů;ZŝƐĠĚĞet al͕͘ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ Panama disease Biology and disease development WĂŶĂŵĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŽƌ&ƵƐĂƌŝƵŵǁŝůƚŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŚƌĞĂƚŽĨ ŐůŽďĂů ďĂŶĂŶĂ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ;WůŽĞƚnj et al͕͘ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƵƐĂů ĂŐĞŶƚ ǁĂƐ ŶĂŵĞĚ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ͲĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƚĞĚĂƐ &ŽĐͲ;͘&͘^ŵŝƚŚͿt͘͘^ŶLJĚ͘Θ,͘E͘,ĂŶƐ͘ ;tĂŝƚĞĂŶĚ^ƚŽǀĞƌ͕ϭϵϲϬͿ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŽǀĞƌůŽŶŐŝƚǁĂƐƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞĚƚŚĂƚ&ŽĐŚĂƐĂƉŽůLJƉŚLJůĞƟĐ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ;ĂĂLJĞŶet al͕͘ϮϬϬϬͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůůLJŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŝŶ&ŽĐŝƐůĂƌŐĞ and that some genotypes are closer to other Fusarium ƐƉƉ͘ƚŚĂŶƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ;>ĂƵƌĞŶĐĞ et al., ϮϬϭϰ͖ K͛ŽŶŶĞůů et al͕͘ϭϵϵϴͿ͘dŚŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞĚƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶŽĨǀĞŐĞƚĂƟǀĞĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůŝƚLJŐƌŽƵƉƐ;s'ƐͿ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĚŽŶŽƚ ϭϬ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŚĂǀĞĂƚĂdžŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƌĞĐĞŶƚĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨs'Ɛ 1 ŝƐĞdžƉĂŶĚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƐĂŵƉůĞƐŝnjĞ;KƌĚſŹĞnj͕ϮϬϭϴͿ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƚĂdžŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨ Fusarium ƐƉƉ͘ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐWĂŶĂŵĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶ͘DĂƌLJĂŶŝet al͘;ϮϬϭϵͿ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƵƐĞĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚŐĞŶŽƚLJƉŝŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚŵŽƌƉŚŽůŽŐLJƚŽĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ŝŶĚĞĞĚ͕ &ŽĐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ Ă ƐƵŝƚĞ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ Fusarium ƐƉƉ͕͘ ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĞƌĞ ĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ renamed (Maryani et al͕͘ϮϬϭϵͿ͘ dŚĞĐĂƵƐĂůĨƵŶŐŝĂƌĞƐŽŝůͲďŽƌŶĞŚLJƉŽŵLJĐĞƚĞƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭϬϬĨŽƌŵĂĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůĞƐ of F. oxysporumƚŚĂƚŵŽƐƚůLJŝŶŝƟĂƚĞǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌǁŝůƚƐŝŶŇŽǁĞƌŝŶŐƉůĂŶƚƐ͘ŽůŽŶLJĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ of the FusariumƐƉƉ͘ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐWĂŶĂŵĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĂƌĞǁŚŝƚĞƚŽƉƵƌƉůĞŽŶWŐƌŽǁŝŶŐϰͲϳŵŵ ĂĚĂLJĂƚϮϰ°ĂŶĚǁŝƚŚĂŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞƚŽƉƌŽĨƵƐĞĂĞƌŝĂůŵLJĐĞůŝƵŵ;>ĞƐůŝĞΘ^ƵŵŵĞƌĞůů͕ϮϬϬϲͿ͘ dŚĞLJƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĐŽŶŝĚŝŽƐƉŽƌĞƐĐŽŵƉƌŝƐŝŶŐŵĂĐƌŽͲĂŶĚŵŝĐƌŽĐŽŶŝĚŝĂ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŽŶ ďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚĂŶĚƵŶďƌĂŶĐŚĞĚŵŽŶŽƉŚŝĂůŝĚĞƐ͘DĂĐƌŽĐŽŶŝĚŝĂĂƌĞĨŽƵƌƚŽĞŝŐŚƚͲƐŝĐŬůĞĚͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ ĐĞůůƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƐŝnjĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ϮϳͲϱϱ dž ϯ͘ϯͲϱ͘ϱ ђŵ ;&ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭͿ͘ DŝĐƌŽĐŽŶŝĚŝĂ ĂƌĞ ŽŶĞ Žƌ ƚǁŽͲĐĞůůĞĚ ƐƉŽƌĞƐƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϱͲϭϲdžϮ͘ϰͲϯ͘ϱђŵƵƐƵĂůůLJŽǀĂůƚŽŬŝĚŶĞLJͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϭͿ͘dŚĞƐĞĨƵŶŐŝ ĂůƐŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĐŚůĂŵLJĚŽƐƉŽƌĞƐ͕ŶŽƌŵĂůůLJϳͲϭϭђŵŝŶĚŝĂŵĞƚĞƌ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϭͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ ƐƉŽƌĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĨŽƌŵĞĚʹĞŝƚŚĞƌƐŝŶŐůLJŽƌŝŶƉĂŝƌƐʹŽŶƐĞŶĞƐĐŝŶŐŚLJƉŚĂĞŽƌĐŽŶŝĚŝĂƵŶĚĞƌ ĂďŝŽƟĐƐƚƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ;WůŽĞƚnjet al., ϮϬϬϯͿ͘dŚĞWĂŶĂŵĂĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĐĂƵƐŝŶŐĨƵŶŐŝƉƌŽďĂďůLJ ĐŽͲĞǀŽůǀĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌMusa ŚŽƐƚƐŝŶƚŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌŽĨŽƌŝŐŝŶŝŶ^ŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚƐŝĂ;K͛ŽŶŶĞůůet al.,ϭϵϵϴ͖'ƌŽĞŶĞǁĂůĚet al͕͘ϮϬϬϲ͖&ŽƵƌŝĞet al͕͘ϮϬϬϵ͖KƌĚſŹĞnjet al͕͘ϮϬϭϱ͖DŽƐƚĞƌƚet al͕͘ ϮϬϭϳͿ͕ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐŝŶĂǁŝĚĞŐĞŶĞƟĐĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJ;DĂƌLJĂŶŝet al͕͘ϮϬϭϵͿ͘,ŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůŐĞŶĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌ ŵĂLJ ƉůĂLJ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌŽůĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶĂƌLJ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ Fusarium spp. associated with Panama disease ;&ŽƵƌŝĞet al., ϮϬϬϵ͖DĂet al͕͘ϮϬϭϬͿ͘ Figure 1. Morphology of Fusarium ƐƉƉ͘ƐƉŽƌĞƐŵĂƌŬĞĚǁŝƚŚŐƌĞĞŶŇƵŽƌĞƐĐĞŶƚƉƌŽƚĞŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ŵĂĐƌŽĐŽŶŝĚŝĂ;Ϳ͕ŵŝĐƌŽĐŽŶŝĚŝĂ;Ϳ͕ĂŶĚĐŚůĂŵLJĚŽƐƉŽƌĞƐ;Ϳ ;ĚŽƉƚĞĚĨƌŽŵ'ƵŽet al.,ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ ϭϭ Chapter 1 dŚĞddŚĞ ŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶŝŶŶĨĨĞĞĐƟĐƟŽŶŶ ĐLJĐůĞĐLJLJĐĐůůĞĞ ŽĨŽĨĨ FusariumFFuusaaririuummƐ
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  • PANAMA DISEASE in BANANA: PAST, PRESENT and CHALLENGES for the FUTURE Fernando A
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