International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue-Number2-April, 2016, pp843-853 http://www.bipublication.com

Case Report

Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province)

Hamidreza Naderifar1, Maryam Valadkhani2 and Ardavan Behzad3 1 Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) [email protected]

ABSTRACT The prerequisite for sustainable development of river is getting reliable information about quality and quantity of needs of different users. In order to investigate status of water resources and to provide development plans of utilization and allocation of water to different uses, density and type of mineral in water of rivers should be tested. For this purpose, eco-geomorphologic studies of basin of rivers can show effect of different natural and unnatural parameters on these resources. Geomorphic parameters are determinant and effective factors in ecologic quality of rivers. Physical and chemical quality of water of rivers can be affected by lithology of existing formations in basin, type of sediments carried to the river and biologic factors. In this study, factors affecting chemical water quality of Siyahrud River have been investigated using quantitative method. Expansion of limestone formations in upstream of the basin, abundant rainfall,forest and rangeland, water runoff and canals (water drainage) from rice cultivation in spring can affect dissolved minerals in water of river, especially in its estuaries. In zones that morphology of river has smooth and flat mode, it can have generally no impact on ecology of the zone. Using hydrometric station on this river, qualitative statistics of the water have been obtained in minimum, average and maximum sections and were analyzed using Water Quality software. Obtained results from dissolved minerals in water of Siyahrud River show that under normal conditions, geological and geomorphological factors can have no negative effect on water quality and with the interference of ecological factors such as entrance of canals of agricultural activities in spring, dissolved minerals in water would be increased to an extent and this has the most effect on electrical conductivity of the river. Dissolved minerals in water under minimum conditions and geomorphologic and geologic factors under maximum conditions show effect of ecologic factors.

Key words: eco-geomorphology, dissolution load, Siyahrud

1.INTRODUCTION Geomorphic parameters are determinant factors different natural and unnatural parameters on affecting ecologic quality of rivers. Physical and these resources. In general, Eco-geomorphology is chemical quality of water of rivers can be affected the combination of results of geomorphology, by lithology of existing formations in basin, type ecology and biology studies (Isayi et al, 2010). of sediments carried to the river and biologic The variables are usually depended on factors factors. For this purpose, eco-geomorphologic such as type of geological formations of basins, studies of basin of rivers can show effect of geomorphology of basin; drainage regime of river;

Ardavan Behzad, et al. Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) wastewaters resulted from human activities geomorphology. In this study, wetland feedbacks, andExchange of surface and groundwater in the sedimentary lands and highlands have been basin. Data production, data collection and data compared.According to the mentioned, the study analysis technique can be useful for further studies is aimed in investigating geomorphologic, and using them in other basins.The amount of ecologic and hydrochemical factors of Siyahrud sediment produced and carried by rivers can be River basin during 2009-2011. also among factors affecting quality of water in Siyahrud basin is one of the largest and full of rivers. Certainly, through identifying qualitative water basins of Sefidrud River. Majority of rock properties of water, one can plan on utilization of units of Siyahrud basin are calcareous masses. water resources of a zone in best manner. Dorfak Mountain that has the largest glacier of Concentration of substances in water, even in low Gilan has covered northern part of the basin as the amount, can play key role in status of using the largestcalcareous mass. Water storage of the water for drinking, agricultural and industrial masses and expansion of abundant lakes in their purposes (Isayi et al, 2010). foot has led to high discharge of Siyahrud River. Moghimi Ibrahim (2009) has published the first According to morphology and lithology of book in this field under the title of "Eco- formations in Siyahrud basin, forest – pasture geomorphology and River Law in Iran". The book coverage and rainfall has made sediments is the linking chain of 4 audiences including containing carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, thinker of rivers, ecology, geomorphology and calcium and magnesium and other minerals enter law. Isayi et al (2009) have conducted a study to the main drainage of the basin in form of under the title ofeffect of eco-geomorphologic solution as a result of leaching by precipitation. In factors on chemical quality of water of Kor River final section that the river has smooth and flat and Dorudzn Dam Lake and obtained results from mode, agricultural lands are created in margins of the study were compared to standards of drinking the river because of physiography conditions, so water. Keith Hamill (2006) has presented results that considerable area of plain flood and adequacy of investigating 153 lakes in New Zealand country of sediments for agriculture has made the zone by 13 companies of Consultant Engineers in terms suitable to cultivate rice. These factors play key of nutrition, ecologic status and water quality. role in regard with changing physical, chemical Marani et al (2008) has also studied eco- and microbiological properties of water. Entrance geomorphology of intertidal zones and feedback of agricultural canals containing pollutants that are in this section. John W. Day (2008) has resulted from usingchemical fertilizers, pesticides divided climatic factors affecting eco- and herbicides can increase pollution of the river geomorphology to 3 groups:water level rise and in some seasons. storm intensity and frequency, changes in fresh In this study, according to geological, water, sediment and nutrients in the water. Behzad geomorphological and ecological parameters, et al (2012) have also studied two Zilaki and factors affecting dissolved minerals in this river Disum rivers with emphasis on dissolution load. are studied and their water quality is compared in Nduku W.K et al (2008) have conducted a study terms of agricultural and drinking purposes. onthe effect of catchment geochemistry and 2.Studied area geomorphology on the productivity of a tropical Siyahrud Basin is located in Gila and Rudbar City African montane, lake Little Connemara Dam and of Iran. The main drainage enters to Sefidrud found that most nutrient in the lake are resulted before TarikDam and from east. Northern part of from leakage of wastewater from septic location basin is surrounded by highlands of Dorfak of tanks. Joseph M. Wheaton et al (2011) have Mountain and southern part is surrounded by studied multi-scale feedbacks in eco- highlands of Shirkand Mountain, Shiranak,

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 844 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province)

Ghalagh, Anbarje and Cheshmaki Mountains. The distance of east of Rudbar City. Geographical main branch of the river is sourced from Laleband location and information of Siyahrud basin are Mountain with height of 2137m located in 38-km presented in table 1. Table 1: geography of Siyahrud basin Name of basin Longitude Latitude Max height Min height Ave height 36 40 57 – 36 54 siyahrud 49 30 51 – 49 51 10 2700 160 1430 06 Source: Research findings

Source: Research findings based on GIS software Figure 1:Situation map of Siyahrud basin

3.Methods and materials manner that a part of it is mountainous and This study has been conducted based on field another section related to discharge has foothill observations and library-analytical method using and plain nature. Hence, in order to investigate 1: 50000 topography maps ofArmed Forces climate of the basin, 4 meteorological stations as Geographical Organization, Geology Map 1: nearest stations to the Siyahrud station were 100000 of Geology Organization, 1:250000 maps selected. Two stations includingevapo- of geology, soil and vegetation of Forests and transpiration station of Shah ShahidanandPirkooh Pastures Organization,Meteorological data with mountainous nature and Manjil's Synoptic Meteorological Organization and the Department Station and rainfall-measurement station of of Water Resources, qualitative and quantitative Tutkabon with foothill and plain nature were Statistics of hydrological stations of the center. considered. Statistical period in the 4 stations has Firstly, area of Siyahrud basin has been specified been 1989-2011. According to rainfall and height on 1:50000 topography maps using Arc GIS equations, constants to estimate rainfall and software and in this software, physiography temperature in this basin were presented. properties of the basin such as area, from and Discharge of Siyahrud River has been also highlands have been determined. Geology of estimated using hydrometer stations of Tutkabon. basin has been determined according to Statistical period in this station is considered stratigraphy, permeability and erosion rate for from 1989 to 2011. According to the mentioned each basin. Physiography of the basin is in such hydrometric station, dissolution load of the river

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 845 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) is derived in 3 sections of minimum, maximum waters are classified in 16 groups (based on and average levels. The extracted data were Wilcox diagram for classification) as follows analyzed and then, water quality of the river was (Behzad, 2009): evaluated for agricultural, drinking and ionic - Excellent waters with class C1S1 (EC frequency using Water Quality Software. below 250µmohs/cm) Qualitative structure of water in agriculture: - Good waters with class C2S1, C2S2, in order to classify water in agriculture in terms C1S2 (EC to 250-750µmohs/cm) of quality, two factors of salinity and sodium are - Average quality waters related to one of very important. Through combination of salinity the classes C3S3, C1S3,C2S3, C3S2 and C3S2 and sodium by Soil Lab of the U.S, a method is (EC to 750-2250µmohs/cm) presented to classify irrigation waters widely - Waters with inadequate quality in classes applicable in field of agriculture. In this method, C1S4, C2S4, C3S4, C4S4, C4S1, C4S2, C4S3 electric conductivity index per µmohs/cm is used (EC to 2250-5000µmohs/cm) for salinity and sodium adsorption ratio Meq/L is Quality structure of drinking water: in order to used for sodium (Behzad, 2009). Electric measure quality structure of water in terms of conductivity is shown by C and sodium drinking, , So4 , Cl , T.D.S , Na , Mg , CaHCo3 adsorption is shown by S. C1 refers to low minerals are used. electric conductivity and C2 refers to average Water ion frequency: using concentration of electric conductivity, C3 refers to high electric minerals of anions and cations in water of river, conductivity and C4 refers to very high electric ion frequency is specified and based on ion conductivity. Also, S1 refers to low sodium frequency, type and facies of water are specified. adsorption ratio; S2 average sodium, S3 high 3.1.Geology sodium and S4 refers to very high sodium In terms of geology, structure of studied area is adsorption. Hence, salinity and sodium located in West Alborz Zone (its northern adsorption ratio of waters are divided each to 4 hillside) and geological establishment in it from groups. Through combining the two indices, old timed to the date are as follows:

Table 2:Information of geological formations of Siyahrudbasin Geology Erosion Age Type of formation Permeability Erosion intensity unit class Pr Precambrian Rote Limestone Ave to good IV Moderate TRJs Jurassic Shemshak Low III Low Jk Jurassic Kashfrud Low III Low Conglomerate With layers of Pgkc Paleo - Eocene Moderate V Moderate sandstone Ek Eocene Karaj Formation Moderate V Moderate Conglomerate with Low to E3c Eocene VI Moderate sandstone moderate Middle Ebv Mainly basalt and andesite Low II Low Eocene Qft1 Quaternary Old alluvial fan Good-excellent VI Moderate Source: Research findings based on Iran’s digital Geological layers

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 846 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province)

Source: Research findings based on Iran’s digital Geological layers Figure 2: Geological map of Siyahrud basin

3.2.Climate regional rainfalls is from September. Downward Overall rainfall in Siyahrud Basin is estimated to process of temperature in basin also begins in 528.56mm per year.Because of wide area and September, so that its minimum level is equal to topographic conditions, the basin has rainfall in all 2.11°C in January and its maximum temp is equal seasons, so that maximum rainfall in this basin in to 20.39°C in August. The average annual December is equal to 81.12mm and minimum temperature of basin is equal to 11.70°C. rainfall is in August to 12.21mm. Beginning of Table 3: rainfall and temperature values in studied area during statistical period (1989-2011) Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Rainfall 50.66 79.03 41.66 79.16 54.09 44.58 37.75 12.21 27.77 32.39 67.42 81.12 528.56 Temperature 2.11 2.64 5.13 8.92 13.26 17.40 20.28 20.39 18.71 15.85 9.67 3.80 11.70 Source: Research findings 3.3.River discharge are used. Accordingly, discharge statistics of the In order to study discharge level of river, statistics river during statistical period of 1989-2011 have of Tutkabon hydrometer station on Siyahrud River been analyzed monthly. Table 4: discharge of Siyahrud River during statistical period (1989-2011) Basin Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Siyahrud 2.88 4.06 6.29 9.42 5.66 1.93 1.45 1.32 2.05 2.88 3.74 3.66 3.78 Source: Research findings based on Data from TutkabonHydrometer Station Average annual discharge in Siyahrud River is process since Jun and the process continues to Sep estimated to 3.78m3/sec. Discharge of the river and beginning of rainfalls of the basn. begins with beginning of regional rainfalls (Sep) Role ofgeomorphologic factors in chemical and reaches its peak point in Apr. Maximum quality of water discharge in this month is because of melt of snow Siyahrud basin is among elongated basins and has in highlands dominant on Siyahrud basin. an area more than 442.74km2. Slope However, discharge of the river gains downward measurements in this basin indicate that the most slope expansion is in classes 30-60, 20-30 and >60

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 847 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province)

with frequencies of 47.49, 17.92 and 17.04%, calcium and magnesium and other minerals enter which refers to mountainous nature of the basin. to the main drainage of the basin in form of Main stone units in the basin include limestone. solution as a result of leaching by precipitation. Water storage of the Calcareous masses and On the other hand, entrance of agricultural canals expansion of abundant rivers in their foot has led containing pollutants resulted from using chemical to high discharge of Siyahrud River. fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides has led to Siyahrud River has flat and smooth bed, so that no enhancement of pollution of the river in some pothole is in its path. Length of main canal of the seasons. river is equal to 34.44km and average slope of the bed is estimated to 4.53%. Hypsometric curve of 4.Data analysis the river indicates that Siyahrud River is in late of Type and amount of physical, chemical and its maturity. In margin of the river, because of its biologic properties of water can in fact determine physiography conditions, agricultural lands are water quality (Isayi et al, 2010). created and considerable level of plain flood and Water of Siyahrud River is important in terms of adequacy of sediments of the zone for agriculture agricultural and drinking uses. Hence, has made the zone talented to cultivate rice. The identification of water quality in this river can be factors play important role in changing physical, useful in field of environmental planning in future. chemical and microbiological properties of In order to investigate qualitative parameters of water.According to morphology and lithology of water, Tutkabon hydrometer stations are used. formations in Siyahrud basin, forest – pasture During statistical period, maximum, minimum and coverage and rainfall has made sediments average results of the parameters are extracted and containing carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, analyzed. Table 5:Dissolution load of river during statistical period (1989-2011) Hydrometer Parameter sar K Na Mg Ca So4 Cl Hco3 Co3 PH Ec TDS stations max 5.887 0.15 11.4 5.2 5.4 11.25 10.8 4.46 0.23 8.59 1966 1239 Tutkabon min 0.024 0.1 0.04 0.16 1 0.05 0.08 1.9 0.1 5.79 225 142 mean 0.49 0.04 0.76 1.54 2.67 0.93 0.72 3.37 0.01 7.73 484.89 305.74 Measurement Meq/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l NTU µmohs/cm Mg/l unit 1.3- 5.1- 13- 8.3- 4.5- Index value 4 - 0 70 73-89 2.3 6.3 15 11.2 8.5 Variation 0.02- 0- 0.5- - 0-379 - 1-9 40-1500 5-317 range 189 954 2

- Total dissolved salt (TDS): TDS or total geomorphologic features of basin shows that due dissolved salt is an important factor in water to area of limestone formations in Siyahrud basin quality and has significant effect on Displacement, and as a result, entrance of sediments containing chemical transformations and ionization of calcium carbonate to this river has made PH ratio materials. The parameter can also affect in Siyahrud River to be between minimum level of determining proportion of water in agricultural, 5.79 and maximum level of 8.59NTU. Mean value drinking and industrial uses (Mahdavi, M, 2010, of the parameter in this river is equal to 7.73NTU. p.272). - Electrical conductivity (EC): electrical - PH: PH or water acidity is resulted from conductivity is an index to measure ability of a existence of acidic or alkaline ions dissolved in solution to transmit electricity flow and can be water (Moghimi, I, 2009, p.260). Assessment of also a good indicator for total dissolved salt in

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 848 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) water (Moghimi, I, 2009, p.260). The valuesfor be measured based on calcium carbonate. The Siyahrud show max of 1966, min of 225 and most hardness of water is related to calcium and average level of 484.89µmohs/cm. The reason for magnesium ions referring to total hardness. The increase in electrical conductivity in this river value is obtained per mg/L as follows: should be considered entrance of agricultural canals. Using EC in Wilcox is for irrigation TH = Ca *( CaCo3 /Ca ) + Mg * (CaCo3 / Mg ) purpose. - Calcium and Magnesium (Ca and Mg): Value of the index in water is obtained to 47-54 total concentration of Ca and Mg ions per mg/l in and the variation range is obtained to 1-1000mg/l water indicates total hardness. Presence of the (Mahdavi, M, 2010, p.272). minerals in irrigation water can modify Accordingly,minimum, maximum and average agricultural land. According to calcareous levels of chemical parameters of Siyahrud have formations in Siyahrud basin and entrance of been measured and total hardness of the river is sediments of the formations, whether in solid or obtained. According to table 6, water of the river solution form, increase in concentration of the has permanent hardness only under maximum mentioned ions along the river is expected (Isayi conditions. According to W.H.O, hardness of et al, 2010). Assessment of the results in Siyahrud drinking water should not be over 500 and under River indicates that amount of calcium and good conditions, it must be below 80. Lightness or magnesium in Siyahrud River is lower than hardness of water can be classified as follows standard level. (Mahdavi, M, 2010, p.273): - Total hardness (TH): one of the quality indices of drinking water is hardness, which can Table 6:estimation of hardness of water in Siyahrud River Temporary Permanent Water quality Sampling place Abbreviation TH hardness hardness based on TH Max 526.45 457.31 69.14 Total hardness Tutkabon Min 57.84 57.84 0 Light hydrometer station Average 209.14 209.14 0 Relatively hard Light Moderate Hard Very hard Water hardness standard 0-50 51-120 121-180 >180 Source: Research findings based on Data from TutkabonHydrometer Station

- Chlorine (Cl): geological formations (Behzad, 2009). Concentration of sodium in river leading to increase in chlorine in water of is estimated to min level of 0.04, max level of Siyahrud River are not extended in this basin. 11.4 and average level of 0.76mg/l. Maximum Hence, concentration of chlorine in Siyahrud condition of the parameter is also result of River is very low. The values have been estimated entrance of agricultural canals to the river. to minimum level of 0.08, maximum level of 10.8 - Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR): SAR and average level of 0.72mg/l for the river. refers to sodium amount to square of total value of Maximum conditions of the parameter are the calcium and magnesium dissolved in water per outcome of entrance of agricultural canals to the MEq/l as follows (Behzad, 2009): river at the end of its path. SAR = Na / ((Ca + Mg ) /2)0.5 - Sodium (Na): in addition to toxicity in Using SAR in agriculture is in Wilcox's some vegetables as a result of bad effect of classification. exchangeable sodium percent (ESP), sodium can - Water sulfate (SO4): in case of presence affect structure of soil and its permeability of calcium sulfate layers in geological formations,

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 849 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) sulfate minerals would be formed in water. forest, Co3 is existed. Co2 in atmosphere is

Obtained results from concentration of sulfates in combined with H2O and creates carbonic acid

Siyahrud River shows that amount of the minerals H2Co3. The acid can lead to dissolution of in water is very low and the reason is inexistence limestone. Bond H2Co3 is an unstable bond and of calcium sulfate layers in Siyahrud basin. Co3 may be separated from the bond. In this case, Concentration of sulfate in Siyahrud River is its gains two negative loads and can be created as estimated only under maximum conditions to carbonate ion in natural environment. 11.25mg/l that is because of agricultural water - Potash (K): concentration of Potash in drainages. Siyahrud River is also insignificant. Potash - Water bicarbonate (HCo3): extension of existed in water of this river is formed mostly as a Calcareous masses in upstream of Siyahrud basin, result of entrance of canals from agricultural high rainfall level and forest vegetation have led activities containing potash. to erosion and dissolution of calcium carbonate 5.Results and entrance of bicarbonate ion to the river, which Qualitative structure of Siyahrud River in can lead to increase in concentration of the agriculture: using concentration of dissolved bicarbonate (Isayi et al, 2010). Obtained results minerals under maximum, minimum and average from concentration of bicarbonate in Siyahrud conditions in Siyahrud River, Wilcox diagram has River indicate that concentration of the minerals been traced to determine qualitative structure of in this river are estimated in minimum level to 1.9, water of the river. Water quality of this river under in maximum level to 4.46 and in average level, maximum conditions has class C3S1 (high salinity they have been estimated to 3.37mg/l. and low SAR); has class C1S1 under minimum - Water carbonate (Co3):Co3 conditions (low salinity and low SAR) and has concentration in Siyahrud River is insignificant. In class C2S1 under average conditions (average zones with high rainfall level and extension of salinity and low SAR).

Source: Research findingsz1: maximum; z2: minimum; z3: average

Figure 4: Wilcox diagram for Siyahrud River

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 850 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province)

Qualitative structure of water for drinking: in level to measure water quality of the river. Water order to measure water quality in terms of of the river has moderate quality under maximum drinking, , So4 , Cl , T.D.S , Na , Mg , CaHCo3 conditions and has good quality under minimum minerals are used and Schoeller diagram has been and average conditions. traced under maximum, minimum and average

Source: Research findingsS1: maximum; S2: minimum; S3: average Figure 5:Schoeller diagram for Siyahrud River Ionic frequency of water: type of water of under minimum and average conditions in in kind Siyahrud River is bicarbonate under minimum and of calcic dissolved minerals. This type of facies maximum conditions, which shows expansion also refers to expansion of Calcareous masses. ofCalcareous masses in upstream of the river and Only under maximum conditions of concentration this type is sulfate only under minimum and in this river, facies of the river changes and average conditions. Facies of water of the river appears as sodic type. Also, expansion of this

Ardavan Behzad, et al. Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) facies indicates increase in concentration in water agricultural drainage waters to the river. only in some seasons because of entrance of Table 7: ionic frequency of water in Siyahrud River Sampling Anion Cation Water Type and Abbreviation Water type location concentration concentration facies facies SO4 >Cl> Na+K>Ca> Sulfate Max Sulfate Sodic HCO3 Mg Sodic HCO3 >Cl> Ca> Mg Bicarbonate Tutkabon Min Bicarbonate Calcic SO4 >Na+K Calcic HCO3 > SO4 Ca> Mg Bicarbonate Average Bicarbonate Calcic >Cl >Na+K Calcic Source: Research findings 6.CONCLUSION Geomorphologic processes in network of rivers can play key role in quality of water resources ecological and geomorphological factors, water (Jenifer L, et al, 2004). Geomorphologic, quality of Siyahrud River for different uses is ecogeologic and hydrochemical investigations of evaluated as follows: Siyahrud Basin showed that lithology of Qualitative structure of river in terms of formations surrounding the basin can be one of the agriculture: according to Wilcox diagram, water most important factors affecting quality of surface quality of Siyahrud River in Tutkabon water resources. Erosional processes, surface run hydrometric station has class C3S1 under off and dissolution of different compounds of the maximum conditions (high salinity and low sediments by waters, due to type of geological SAR);has class C1S1 under minimum conditions formations, can be determinant factors of (low salinity and low SAR) and has class C2S1 concentration of dissolved ions in water. Obtained under average conditions (average salinity and result from the investigations show that water low SAR). The reason for salinity of Siyahrud can drainages resulted from agricultural activities can be entrance of agricultural water drainages in affect water quality in a special period. On the spring to the river. Under such conditions, water other hand, self-refinery power of the river, which quality of the river is suitable for agricultural uses is enhanced by increase in topographical slope, and irrigation. turbulence and increase in oxygenation of water, Qualitative structure of river in terms of can affect improvement of water quality of the drinking: according to Schoeller diagram, water river significantly. Obtained results from of Siyahrud River is good for drinking under concentration in Siyahrud River show that under minimum and average conditions and is moderate normal conditions, geological and under maximum conditions for drinking. This geomorphological factors have no negative effect conditions show that river has been able to refine on water quality and with the interference of harmful minerals by itself. ecological factors such as entrance of agricultural Water ionic frequency: water ionic frequency of canals in spring, the concentration is increased to the river indicates expansion of limestone an extent and this can have most effect on formations in upstream of the basin, so that electrical conductivity of the river. Concentration dominant type of water in this river is bicarbonate of minerals in water of Siyahrud River under type and the dominant facies is calcic facies. minimum conditions indicates effect of According to facies and type of water, Siyahrud geomorphologic and geologic factors and River has very high and adequate qualitative indicates effect of ecologic factors under structure. maximum conditions. According to geological,

Ardavan Behzad, et al. 852 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province)

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