International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research (IJBR) ISSN 0976-2612, Online ISSN 2278–599X, Vol-7, Special Issue-Number2-April, 2016, pp843-853 http://www.bipublication.com Case Report Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) Hamidreza Naderifar1, Maryam Valadkhani2 and Ardavan Behzad3 1 Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3 Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (Corresponding Author) [email protected] ABSTRACT The prerequisite for sustainable development of river is getting reliable information about quality and quantity of needs of different users. In order to investigate status of water resources and to provide development plans of utilization and allocation of water to different uses, density and type of mineral in water of rivers should be tested. For this purpose, eco-geomorphologic studies of basin of rivers can show effect of different natural and unnatural parameters on these resources. Geomorphic parameters are determinant and effective factors in ecologic quality of rivers. Physical and chemical quality of water of rivers can be affected by lithology of existing formations in basin, type of sediments carried to the river and biologic factors. In this study, factors affecting chemical water quality of Siyahrud River have been investigated using quantitative method. Expansion of limestone formations in upstream of the basin, abundant rainfall,forest and rangeland, water runoff and canals (water drainage) from rice cultivation in spring can affect dissolved minerals in water of river, especially in its estuaries. In zones that morphology of river has smooth and flat mode, it can have generally no impact on ecology of the zone. Using hydrometric station on this river, qualitative statistics of the water have been obtained in minimum, average and maximum sections and were analyzed using Water Quality software. Obtained results from dissolved minerals in water of Siyahrud River show that under normal conditions, geological and geomorphological factors can have no negative effect on water quality and with the interference of ecological factors such as entrance of canals of agricultural activities in spring, dissolved minerals in water would be increased to an extent and this has the most effect on electrical conductivity of the river. Dissolved minerals in water under minimum conditions and geomorphologic and geologic factors under maximum conditions show effect of ecologic factors. Key words: eco-geomorphology, dissolution load, Siyahrud 1.INTRODUCTION Geomorphic parameters are determinant factors different natural and unnatural parameters on affecting ecologic quality of rivers. Physical and these resources. In general, Eco-geomorphology is chemical quality of water of rivers can be affected the combination of results of geomorphology, by lithology of existing formations in basin, type ecology and biology studies (Isayi et al, 2010). of sediments carried to the river and biologic The variables are usually depended on factors factors. For this purpose, eco-geomorphologic such as type of geological formations of basins, studies of basin of rivers can show effect of geomorphology of basin; drainage regime of river; Ardavan Behzad, et al. Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) wastewaters resulted from human activities geomorphology. In this study, wetland feedbacks, andExchange of surface and groundwater in the sedimentary lands and highlands have been basin. Data production, data collection and data compared.According to the mentioned, the study analysis technique can be useful for further studies is aimed in investigating geomorphologic, and using them in other basins.The amount of ecologic and hydrochemical factors of Siyahrud sediment produced and carried by rivers can be River basin during 2009-2011. also among factors affecting quality of water in Siyahrud basin is one of the largest and full of rivers. Certainly, through identifying qualitative water basins of Sefidrud River. Majority of rock properties of water, one can plan on utilization of units of Siyahrud basin are calcareous masses. water resources of a zone in best manner. Dorfak Mountain that has the largest glacier of Concentration of substances in water, even in low Gilan has covered northern part of the basin as the amount, can play key role in status of using the largestcalcareous mass. Water storage of the water for drinking, agricultural and industrial masses and expansion of abundant lakes in their purposes (Isayi et al, 2010). foot has led to high discharge of Siyahrud River. Moghimi Ibrahim (2009) has published the first According to morphology and lithology of book in this field under the title of "Eco- formations in Siyahrud basin, forest – pasture geomorphology and River Law in Iran". The book coverage and rainfall has made sediments is the linking chain of 4 audiences including containing carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, thinker of rivers, ecology, geomorphology and calcium and magnesium and other minerals enter law. Isayi et al (2009) have conducted a study to the main drainage of the basin in form of under the title ofeffect of eco-geomorphologic solution as a result of leaching by precipitation. In factors on chemical quality of water of Kor River final section that the river has smooth and flat and Dorudzn Dam Lake and obtained results from mode, agricultural lands are created in margins of the study were compared to standards of drinking the river because of physiography conditions, so water. Keith Hamill (2006) has presented results that considerable area of plain flood and adequacy of investigating 153 lakes in New Zealand country of sediments for agriculture has made the zone by 13 companies of Consultant Engineers in terms suitable to cultivate rice. These factors play key of nutrition, ecologic status and water quality. role in regard with changing physical, chemical Marani et al (2008) has also studied eco- and microbiological properties of water. Entrance geomorphology of intertidal zones and feedback of agricultural canals containing pollutants that are in this section. John W. Day (2008) has resulted from usingchemical fertilizers, pesticides divided climatic factors affecting eco- and herbicides can increase pollution of the river geomorphology to 3 groups:water level rise and in some seasons. storm intensity and frequency, changes in fresh In this study, according to geological, water, sediment and nutrients in the water. Behzad geomorphological and ecological parameters, et al (2012) have also studied two Zilaki and factors affecting dissolved minerals in this river Disum rivers with emphasis on dissolution load. are studied and their water quality is compared in Nduku W.K et al (2008) have conducted a study terms of agricultural and drinking purposes. onthe effect of catchment geochemistry and 2.Studied area geomorphology on the productivity of a tropical Siyahrud Basin is located in Gila and Rudbar City African montane, lake Little Connemara Dam and of Iran. The main drainage enters to Sefidrud found that most nutrient in the lake are resulted before TarikDam and from east. Northern part of from leakage of wastewater from septic location basin is surrounded by highlands of Dorfak of tanks. Joseph M. Wheaton et al (2011) have Mountain and southern part is surrounded by studied multi-scale feedbacks in eco- highlands of Shirkand Mountain, Shiranak, Ardavan Behzad, et al. 844 Eco-geomorphology of Siyahrud River with emphasis on dissolution load (Rudbar, Gilan Province) Ghalagh, Anbarje and Cheshmaki Mountains. The distance of east of Rudbar City. Geographical main branch of the river is sourced from Laleband location and information of Siyahrud basin are Mountain with height of 2137m located in 38-km presented in table 1. Table 1: geography of Siyahrud basin Name of basin Longitude Latitude Max height Min height Ave height 36 40 57 – 36 54 siyahrud 49 30 51 – 49 51 10 2700 160 1430 06 Source: Research findings Source: Research findings based on GIS software Figure 1:Situation map of Siyahrud basin 3.Methods and materials manner that a part of it is mountainous and This study has been conducted based on field another section related to discharge has foothill observations and library-analytical method using and plain nature. Hence, in order to investigate 1: 50000 topography maps ofArmed Forces climate of the basin, 4 meteorological stations as Geographical Organization, Geology Map 1: nearest stations to the Siyahrud station were 100000 of Geology Organization, 1:250000 maps selected. Two stations includingevapo- of geology, soil and vegetation of Forests and transpiration station of Shah ShahidanandPirkooh Pastures Organization,Meteorological data with mountainous nature and Manjil's Synoptic Meteorological Organization and the Department Station and rainfall-measurement station of of Water Resources, qualitative and quantitative Tutkabon with foothill and plain nature were Statistics of hydrological stations of the center. considered. Statistical period in the 4 stations has Firstly, area of Siyahrud basin has been specified been 1989-2011. According to rainfall and height on 1:50000 topography maps using Arc GIS equations, constants to estimate rainfall and software and in this software, physiography temperature